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Abrigo J, Morales MG, Simon F, Cabrera D, Di Capua G, Cabello-Verrugio C. Apocynin inhibits the upregulation of TGF-β1 expression and ROS production induced by TGF-β in skeletal muscle cells. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 22:885-893. [PMID: 26321737 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pure apocynin, which can be traditionally isolated and purified from several plant species such as Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth (Scrophulariaceae), acts as an inhibitor of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (NOX) activity inhibiting its production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Transforming growth factor type beta 1 (TGF-β1) is a growth factor that produces inhibition of myogenesis, diminution of regeneration and induction of atrophy in skeletal muscle. The typical signalling that is activated by TGF-β involves the Smad pathway. PURPOSE To evaluate the effect of TGF-β and the effect of apocynin on TGF-β1 expression in skeletal muscle cells. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. In vitro assays were performed with C2C12 cells incubated with TGF-β1 in presence or absence of apocynin (NOX inhibitor), SB525334 (TGF-β-receptor I inhibitor), or chelerythrine (PKC inhibitor). METHODS TGF-β1 and atrogin-1 expression was evaluated by RT-qPCR and/or ELISA; Smad3 phosphorylation by western blot; Smad4 nuclear translocation by indirect immunofluorescence; and ROS levels by DCF probe fluorescent measurements. RESULTS We show that myoblasts respond to TGF-β1 by increasing its own gene expression in a time- and dose-dependent fashion which was abolished by SB525334 and siRNA for Smad2/3. TGF-β1 also induced ROS. Remarkably, apocynin inhibited the TGF-β1 induced ROS as well as the autoinduction of TGF-β1 gene expression. We also show that TGF-β-induced ROS production and TGF-β1 expression require PKC activity as indicated by the inhibition using chelerythrine. CONCLUSION These results strongly suggest that TGF-β induces its own expression through a TGF-β-receptor/Smad-dependent mechanism and apocynin is able to inhibit this process, suggesting that requires NOX-induced ROS in skeletal muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Abrigo
- Laboratorio de Biología y Fisiopatología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas and Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Gabriela Morales
- Laboratorio de Biología y Fisiopatología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas and Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Simon
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología Integrativa, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas and Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniel Cabrera
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Biológicas, Universidad Bernardo O´Higgins, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gabriella Di Capua
- Laboratorio de Biología y Fisiopatología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas and Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Cabello-Verrugio
- Laboratorio de Biología y Fisiopatología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas and Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile.
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Holland A, Murphy S, Dowling P, Ohlendieck K. Pathoproteomic profiling of the skeletal muscle matrisome in dystrophinopathy associated myofibrosis. Proteomics 2015; 16:345-66. [PMID: 26256116 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The gradual accumulation of collagen and associated proteins of the extracellular matrix is a crucial myopathological parameter of many neuromuscular disorders. Progressive tissue damage and fibrosis play a key pathobiochemical role in the dysregulation of contractile functions and often correlates with poor motor outcome in muscular dystrophies. Following a brief introduction into the role of the extracellular matrix in skeletal muscles, we review here the proteomic profiling of myofibrosis and its intrinsic role in X-linked muscular dystrophy. Although Duchenne muscular dystrophy is primarily a disease of the membrane cytoskeleton, one of its most striking histopathological features is a hyperactive connective tissue and tissue scarring. We outline the identification of novel factors involved in the modulation of the extracellular matrix in muscular dystrophy, such as matricellular proteins. The establishment of novel proteomic markers will be helpful in improving the diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy monitoring in relation to fibrotic substitution of contractile tissue. In the future, the prevention of fibrosis will be crucial for providing optimum conditions to apply novel pharmacological treatments, as well as establish cell-based approaches or gene therapeutic interventions. The elimination of secondary abnormalities in the matrisome promises to reduce tissue scarring and the loss of skeletal muscle elasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashling Holland
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Sandra Murphy
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Paul Dowling
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Kay Ohlendieck
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
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53
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Mohamed JS, Hajira A, Lopez MA, Boriek AM. Genome-wide Mechanosensitive MicroRNA (MechanomiR) Screen Uncovers Dysregulation of Their Regulatory Networks in the mdm Mouse Model of Muscular Dystrophy. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:24986-5011. [PMID: 26272747 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.659375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscular dystrophies (MDs) are a heterogeneous group of genetic and neuromuscular disorders, which result in severe loss of motor ability and skeletal muscle mass and function. Aberrant mechanotransduction and dysregulated-microRNA pathways are often associated with the progression of MD. Here, we hypothesized that dysregulation of mechanosensitive microRNAs (mechanomiRs) in dystrophic skeletal muscle plays a major role in the progression of MD. To test our hypothesis, we performed a genome-wide expression profile of anisotropically regulated mechanomiRs and bioinformatically analyzed their target gene networks. We assessed their functional roles in the advancement of MD using diaphragm muscles from mdm (MD with myositis) mice, an animal model of human tibial MD (titinopathy), and their wild-type littermates. We were able to show that ex vivo anisotropic mechanical stretch significantly alters the miRNA expression profile in diaphragm muscles from WT and mdm mice; as a result, some of the genes associated with MDs are dysregulated in mdm mice due to differential regulation of a distinct set of mechanomiRs. Interestingly, we found a contrasting expression pattern of the highly expressed let-7 family mechanomiRs, let-7e-5p and miR-98-5p, and their target genes associated with the extracellular matrix and TGF-β pathways, respectively, between WT and mdm mice. Gain- and loss-of-function analysis of let-7e-5p in myocytes isolated from the diaphragms of WT and mdm mice confirmed Col1a1, Col1a2, Col3a1, Col24a1, Col27a1, Itga1, Itga4, Scd1, and Thbs1 as target genes of let-7e-5p. Furthermore, we found that miR-98 negatively regulates myoblast differentiation. Our study therefore introduces additional biological players in the regulation of skeletal muscle structure and myogenesis that may contribute to unexplained disorders of MD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junaith S Mohamed
- From the Pulmonary and Critical Care Section, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Ameena Hajira
- From the Pulmonary and Critical Care Section, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Michael A Lopez
- From the Pulmonary and Critical Care Section, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Aladin M Boriek
- From the Pulmonary and Critical Care Section, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
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54
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Biressi S, Gopinath SD. The quasi-parallel lives of satellite cells and atrophying muscle. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 7:140. [PMID: 26257645 PMCID: PMC4510774 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle atrophy or wasting accompanies various chronic illnesses and the aging process, thereby reducing muscle function. One of the most important components contributing to effective muscle repair in postnatal organisms, the satellite cells (SCs), have recently become the focus of several studies examining factors participating in the atrophic process. We critically examine here the experimental evidence linking SC function with muscle loss in connection with various diseases as well as aging, and in the subsequent recovery process. Several recent reports have investigated the changes in SCs in terms of their differentiation and proliferative capacity in response to various atrophic stimuli. In this regard, we review the molecular changes within SCs that contribute to their dysfunctional status in atrophy, with the intention of shedding light on novel potential pharmacological targets to counteract the loss of muscle mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Biressi
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute and Centre for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of TrentoTrento, Italy
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55
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Cabello-Verrugio C, Morales MG, Rivera JC, Cabrera D, Simon F. Renin-angiotensin system: an old player with novel functions in skeletal muscle. Med Res Rev 2015; 35:437-63. [PMID: 25764065 DOI: 10.1002/med.21343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is a tissue that shows the most plasticity in the body; it can change in response to physiological and pathological stimuli. Among the diseases that affect skeletal muscle are myopathy-associated fibrosis, insulin resistance, and muscle atrophy. A common factor in these pathologies is the participation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). This system can be functionally separated into the classical and nonclassical RAS axis. The main components of the classical RAS pathway are angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), angiotensin II (Ang-II), and Ang-II receptors (AT receptors), whereas the nonclassical axis is composed of ACE2, angiotensin 1-7 [Ang (1-7)], and the Mas receptor. Hyperactivity of the classical axis in skeletal muscle has been associated with insulin resistance, atrophy, and fibrosis. In contrast, current evidence supports the action of the nonclassical RAS as a counter-regulator axis of the classical RAS pathway in skeletal muscle. In this review, we describe the mechanisms involved in the pathological effects of the classical RAS, advances in the use of pharmacological molecules to inhibit this axis, and the beneficial effects of stimulation of the nonclassical RAS pathway on insulin resistance, atrophy, and fibrosis in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Cabello-Verrugio
- Laboratorio de Biología y Fisiopatología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
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56
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Meriggioli MN, Roubenoff R. Prospect for pharmacological therapies to treat skeletal muscle dysfunction. Calcif Tissue Int 2015; 96:234-42. [PMID: 25363509 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-014-9926-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle weakness is a leading cause of mobility disability in the elderly (sarcopenia), as a complication of acute or chronic illness (cachexia), and due to inherited or acquired muscle diseases (muscular dystrophies, myositides, etc.). As of now, there are no approved drugs that can reliably increase muscle strength and function. However, with our understanding of the regulation of myocyte signaling and homeostasis evolving rapidly, experimental treatments are now entering the clinic. We review the current status of clinical research in pharmacological therapies for muscle disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew N Meriggioli
- Department of Musculoskeletal Translational Medicine, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 220 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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57
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Cofre C, Acuña MJ, Contreras O, Morales MG, Riquelme C, Cabello-Verrugio C, Brandan E. Transforming growth factor type-β inhibits Mas receptor expression in fibroblasts but not in myoblasts or differentiated myotubes; Relevance to fibrosis associated to muscular dystrophies. Biofactors 2015; 41:111-20. [PMID: 25809912 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a genetic disorder characterized by myofiber degeneration, muscle weakness, and increased fibrosis. Transforming growth factor type-β (TGF-β), a central mediator of fibrosis, is upregulated in fibrotic diseases. Angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)] is a peptide with actions that oppose those of angiotensin-II (Ang II). Ang-(1-7) effects are mediated by the Mas receptor. Treatment with Ang-(1-7) produce positive effects in the mdx mouse, normalizing skeletal muscle architecture, decreasing local fibrosis, and fibroblasts, and improving muscle function. Mdx mice deficient for the Mas receptor showed the opposite effects. To identify the cell type(s) responsible for Mas receptor expression, and to characterize whether profibrotic effectors had any effect on its expression, we determined the effect of profibrotic agents on Mas expression. TGF-β, but not connective tissue growth factor or Ang-II, reduced the expression of Mas receptor in fibroblasts isolated from skeletal muscle cells and fibroblasts from two established cell lines. In contrast, no effects were observed in myoblasts and differentiated myotubes. This inhibition was mediated by the Smad-dependent (canonical) and the PI3K and MEK1/2 (noncanonical) TGF-β signaling pathways. When both canonical and noncanonical inhibitors of the TGF-β-dependent pathways were added together, the inhibitory effect of TGF-β on Mas expression was lost. The decrease in Mas receptor induced by TGF-β in fibroblasts reduced the Ang-(1-7) mediated stimulation of phosphorylation of AKT pathway proteins. These results suggest that reduction of Mas receptor in fibroblasts, by TGF-β, could increase the fibrotic phenotype observed in dystrophic skeletal muscle decreasing the beneficial effect of Ang-(1-7).
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin I/pharmacology
- Angiotensin II/pharmacology
- Animals
- Cell Line
- Disease Models, Animal
- Fibroblasts/drug effects
- Fibroblasts/metabolism
- Fibroblasts/pathology
- Fibrosis
- Gene Expression Regulation
- MAP Kinase Kinase 1/genetics
- MAP Kinase Kinase 1/metabolism
- MAP Kinase Kinase 2/genetics
- MAP Kinase Kinase 2/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred mdx
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/pathology
- Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/genetics
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/metabolism
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/pathology
- Myoblasts/drug effects
- Myoblasts/metabolism
- Myoblasts/pathology
- Organ Specificity
- Peptide Fragments/pharmacology
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/genetics
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Primary Cell Culture
- Proto-Oncogene Mas
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Cofre
- Center for Aging and Regeneration, CARE Chile-UC and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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58
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Dadgar S, Wang Z, Johnston H, Kesari A, Nagaraju K, Chen YW, Hill DA, Partridge TA, Giri M, Freishtat RJ, Nazarian J, Xuan J, Wang Y, Hoffman EP. Asynchronous remodeling is a driver of failed regeneration in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 207:139-58. [PMID: 25313409 PMCID: PMC4195829 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201402079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In Duchenne muscular dystrophy, asynchronous regeneration in microenvironments within muscle tissue results in development of fibrosis in lieu of global muscle recovery. We sought to determine the mechanisms underlying failure of muscle regeneration that is observed in dystrophic muscle through hypothesis generation using muscle profiling data (human dystrophy and murine regeneration). We found that transforming growth factor β–centered networks strongly associated with pathological fibrosis and failed regeneration were also induced during normal regeneration but at distinct time points. We hypothesized that asynchronously regenerating microenvironments are an underlying driver of fibrosis and failed regeneration. We validated this hypothesis using an experimental model of focal asynchronous bouts of muscle regeneration in wild-type (WT) mice. A chronic inflammatory state and reduced mitochondrial oxidative capacity are observed in bouts separated by 4 d, whereas a chronic profibrotic state was seen in bouts separated by 10 d. Treatment of asynchronously remodeling WT muscle with either prednisone or VBP15 mitigated the molecular phenotype. Our asynchronous regeneration model for pathological fibrosis and muscle wasting in the muscular dystrophies is likely generalizable to tissue failure in chronic inflammatory states in other regenerative tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry Dadgar
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Medical Center, and Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20010 Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Medical Center, and Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20010
| | - Zuyi Wang
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Medical Center, and Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20010 Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Medical Center, and Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20010
| | - Helen Johnston
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Medical Center, and Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20010 Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Medical Center, and Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20010
| | - Akanchha Kesari
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Medical Center, and Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20010 Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Medical Center, and Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20010
| | - Kanneboyina Nagaraju
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Medical Center, and Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20010 Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Medical Center, and Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20010
| | - Yi-Wen Chen
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Medical Center, and Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20010 Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Medical Center, and Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20010
| | - D Ashley Hill
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Medical Center, and Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20010 Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Medical Center, and Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20010
| | - Terence A Partridge
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Medical Center, and Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20010 Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Medical Center, and Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20010
| | - Mamta Giri
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Medical Center, and Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20010 Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Medical Center, and Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20010
| | - Robert J Freishtat
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Medical Center, and Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20010 Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Medical Center, and Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20010
| | - Javad Nazarian
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Medical Center, and Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20010 Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Medical Center, and Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20010
| | - Jianhua Xuan
- The Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Arlington, VA 24061
| | - Yue Wang
- The Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Arlington, VA 24061
| | - Eric P Hoffman
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Medical Center, and Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20010 Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Medical Center, and Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20010
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Ferreira JDLM, Chahud F, Ramalho LN, Modulo CM, Vieira LC, Reinach PS, Rodrigues MDLV, Cunha AS, Paula JS. Rosmarinic Acid Suppresses Subconjunctival Neovascularization in Experimental Glaucoma Surgery. Curr Eye Res 2014; 40:1134-40. [PMID: 25494917 DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2014.980911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Excessive subconjunctival scarring is associated with increased angiogenesis and leads to filtration failure in glaucoma surgery. In this study, we describe that rosmarinic acid (RA) has anti-angiogenic activity during wound healing in a rabbit model of glaucoma surgery. METHODS Forty New Zealand rabbits underwent an experimental trabeculectomy and were randomly allocated into two treatment groups: RA group - treated with subconjunctival injections of 0.1 ml RA (15 mg/ml; n = 20) - and control group - treated with subconjunctival injections of 0.1 ml balanced salt solution (n = 20). The in vivo effect of RA was investigated after 5 and 15 d by measuring the intraocular pressure (IOP; with Tonopen) and bleb area and vascularity (using the Moorfields Bleb Grading System). Vascularization was also studied by counting histological blood vessels and by immunohistochemistry of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) at the surgical site and by quantification of vessels in chicken's chorioallantoic membrane (CAM), treated with AR 500 μg/ml for 48 h. RESULTS On the fifth day, eyes of RA group displayed higher bleb area (3.6 ± 0.2 versus 1.8 ± 0.2; p = 0.004) and lower vascularity (3.0 ± 0.5 versus 4.0 ± 0.4; p = 0.009) than controls; however, difference in IOP reduction was not significant (-1.4 ± 0.3 versus -0.8 ± 0.3 mmHg; p = 0.226). Proportion of vessels/field (4.6 ± 0.5 versus 10.4 ± 0.9; p = 0.008) and VEGF immunostaining (15,347 ± 3788 versus 31,043 ± 3230; p = 0.019) also declined with RA treatment. However, at the 15th day, none of the parameters were different between the groups, except for vessels/field proportion (5.4 ± 1.0 versus 10.6 ± 1.6; p = 0.035). CAM exposed to AR inhibited vascularization (-45.67 ± 4.74%; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION These data indicate RA has a short-term anti-angiogenic effect and could be a potential modulator of neovascularization during subconjunctival healing at glaucoma filtration surgical sites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fernando Chahud
- b Department of Pathology , School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , Brazil and
| | - Leandra N Ramalho
- b Department of Pathology , School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , Brazil and
| | | | - Lorena Carla Vieira
- c Faculty of Pharmacy , Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
| | | | | | - Armando Silva Cunha
- c Faculty of Pharmacy , Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
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60
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Artunc F, Lang F. Mineralocorticoid and SGK1-sensitive inflammation and tissue fibrosis. Nephron Clin Pract 2014; 128:35-9. [PMID: 25377230 DOI: 10.1159/000368267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Effects of mineralocorticoids are not restricted to regulation of epithelial salt transport, extracellular volume and blood pressure; mineralocorticoids also influence a wide variety of seemingly unrelated functions such as inflammation and fibrosis. The present brief review addresses the role of mineralocorticoids in the orchestration of these latter processes. Mineralocorticoids foster inflammation as well as vascular, cardiac, renal and peritoneal fibrosis. Mechanisms involved in mineralocorticoid-sensitive inflammation and fibrosis include the serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase 1 (SGK1), which is genomically upregulated by mineralocorticoids and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), and stimulated by mineralocorticoid-sensitive phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase. SGK1 upregulates the inflammatory transcription factor nuclear factor-κB, which in turn stimulates the expression of diverse inflammatory mediators including connective tissue growth factor. Moreover, SGK1 inhibits the degradation of the TGF-β-dependent transcription factors Smad2/3. Mineralocorticoids foster the development of TH17 cells, which is compromised following SGK1 deletion. Excessive SGK1 expression is observed in a wide variety of fibrosing diseases including lung fibrosis, diabetic nephropathy, glomerulonephritis, obstructive kidney disease, experimental nephrotic syndrome, obstructive nephropathy, liver cirrhosis, fibrosing pancreatitis, peritoneal fibrosis, Crohn's disease and celiac disease. The untoward inflammatory and fibrosing effects of mineralocorticoids could be blunted or even reversed by mineralocorticoid receptor blockers, which may thus be considered in the treatment of inflammatory and/or fibrosing disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferruh Artunc
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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61
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Pessina P, Cabrera D, Morales MG, Riquelme CA, Gutiérrez J, Serrano AL, Brandan E, Muñoz-Cánoves P. Novel and optimized strategies for inducing fibrosis in vivo: focus on Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. Skelet Muscle 2014; 4:7. [PMID: 25157321 PMCID: PMC4142391 DOI: 10.1186/2044-5040-4-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fibrosis, an excessive collagen accumulation, results in scar formation, impairing function of vital organs and tissues. Fibrosis is a hallmark of muscular dystrophies, including the lethal Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), which remains incurable. Substitution of muscle by fibrotic tissue also complicates gene/cell therapies for DMD. Yet, no optimal models to study muscle fibrosis are available. In the widely used mdx mouse model for DMD, extensive fibrosis develops in the diaphragm only at advanced adulthood, and at about two years of age in the ‘easy-to-access’ limb muscles, thus precluding fibrosis research and the testing of novel therapies. Methods We developed distinct experimental strategies, ranging from chronic exercise to increasing muscle damage on limb muscles of young mdx mice, by myotoxin injection, surgically induced trauma (laceration or denervation) or intramuscular delivery of profibrotic growth factors (such as TGFβ). We also extended these approaches to muscle of normal non-dystrophic mice. Results These strategies resulted in advanced and enhanced muscle fibrosis in young mdx mice, which persisted over time, and correlated with reduced muscle force, thus mimicking the severe DMD phenotype. Furthermore, increased fibrosis was also obtained by combining these procedures in muscles of normal mice, mirroring aberrant repair after severe trauma. Conclusions We have developed new and improved experimental strategies to accelerate and enhance muscle fibrosis in vivo. These strategies will allow rapidly assessing fibrosis in the easily accessible limb muscles of young mdx mice, without necessarily having to use old animals. The extension of these fibrogenic regimes to the muscle of non-dystrophic wild-type mice will allow fibrosis assessment in a wide array of pre-existing transgenic mouse lines, which in turn will facilitate understanding the mechanisms of fibrogenesis. These strategies should improve our ability to combat fibrosis-driven dystrophy progression and aberrant regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Pessina
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, CIBER on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Dr. Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Cabrera
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Catholic University of Chile, Avenida Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins, 340, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Gabriela Morales
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Catholic University of Chile, Avenida Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins, 340, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cecilia A Riquelme
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Catholic University of Chile, Avenida Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins, 340, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jaime Gutiérrez
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Catholic University of Chile, Avenida Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins, 340, Santiago, Chile
| | - Antonio L Serrano
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, CIBER on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Dr. Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enrique Brandan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Catholic University of Chile, Avenida Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins, 340, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pura Muñoz-Cánoves
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, CIBER on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Dr. Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain ; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Dr. Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
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Zhang P, Li W, Liu H, Li J, Wang J, Li Y, Chen X, Yang Z, Fan M. Dystrophin Involved in the Susceptibility of Slow Muscles to Hindlimb Unloading via Concomitant Activation of TGF-β1/Smad3 Signaling and Ubiquitin–Proteasome Degradation in Mice. Cell Biochem Biophys 2014; 70:1057-67. [DOI: 10.1007/s12013-014-0023-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Kharraz Y, Guerra J, Pessina P, Serrano AL, Muñoz-Cánoves P. Understanding the process of fibrosis in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:965631. [PMID: 24877152 PMCID: PMC4024417 DOI: 10.1155/2014/965631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis is the aberrant deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) components during tissue healing leading to loss of its architecture and function. Fibrotic diseases are often associated with chronic pathologies and occur in a large variety of vital organs and tissues, including skeletal muscle. In human muscle, fibrosis is most readily associated with the severe muscle wasting disorder Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), caused by loss of dystrophin gene function. In DMD, skeletal muscle degenerates and is infiltrated by inflammatory cells and the functions of the muscle stem cells (satellite cells) become impeded and fibrogenic cells hyperproliferate and are overactivated, leading to the substitution of skeletal muscle with nonfunctional fibrotic tissue. Here, we review new developments in our understanding of the mechanisms leading to fibrosis in DMD and several recent advances towards reverting it, as potential treatments to attenuate disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yacine Kharraz
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), CIBER on Neurodegenerative diseases (CIBERNED), Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Doctor Aiguader 83, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joana Guerra
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), CIBER on Neurodegenerative diseases (CIBERNED), Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Doctor Aiguader 83, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patrizia Pessina
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), CIBER on Neurodegenerative diseases (CIBERNED), Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Doctor Aiguader 83, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio L. Serrano
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), CIBER on Neurodegenerative diseases (CIBERNED), Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Doctor Aiguader 83, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pura Muñoz-Cánoves
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), CIBER on Neurodegenerative diseases (CIBERNED), Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Doctor Aiguader 83, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
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Riquelme C, Acuña MJ, Torrejón J, Rebolledo D, Cabrera D, Santos RA, Brandan E. ACE2 is augmented in dystrophic skeletal muscle and plays a role in decreasing associated fibrosis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93449. [PMID: 24695436 PMCID: PMC3973684 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the most common inherited neuromuscular disease and is characterized by absence of the cytoskeletal protein dystrophin, muscle wasting, and fibrosis. We previously demonstrated that systemic infusion or oral administration of angiotensin-(1-7) (Ang-(1-7)), a peptide with opposing effects to angiotensin II, normalized skeletal muscle architecture, decreased local fibrosis, and improved muscle function in mdx mice, a dystrophic model for DMD. In this study, we investigated the presence, activity, and localization of ACE2, the enzyme responsible for Ang-(1-7) production, in wild type (wt) and mdx skeletal muscle and in a model of induced chronic damage in wt mice. All dystrophic muscles studied showed higher ACE2 activity than wt muscle. Immunolocalization studies indicated that ACE2 was localized mainly at the sarcolemma and, to a lesser extent, associated with interstitial cells. Similar results were observed in the model of chronic damage in the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle. Furthermore, we evaluated the effect of ACE2 overexpression in mdx TA muscle using an adenovirus containing human ACE2 sequence and showed that expression of ACE2 reduced the fibrosis associated with TA dystrophic muscles. Moreover, we observed fewer inflammatory cells infiltrating the mdx muscle. Finally, mdx gastrocnemius muscles from mice infused with Ang-(1-7), which decreases fibrosis, contain less ACE2 associated with the muscle. This is the first evidence supporting ACE2 as an important therapeutic target to improve the dystrophic skeletal muscle phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Riquelme
- Center for Aging and Regeneration, CARE Chile UC and Department Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María José Acuña
- Center for Aging and Regeneration, CARE Chile UC and Department Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Javiera Torrejón
- Center for Aging and Regeneration, CARE Chile UC and Department Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela Rebolledo
- Center for Aging and Regeneration, CARE Chile UC and Department Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniel Cabrera
- Center for Aging and Regeneration, CARE Chile UC and Department Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Robson A. Santos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Biological Sciences Institute, INCT Nanobio-far, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Enrique Brandan
- Center for Aging and Regeneration, CARE Chile UC and Department Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- * E-mail:
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Cabrera D, Gutiérrez J, Cabello-Verrugio C, Morales MG, Mezzano S, Fadic R, Casar JC, Hancke JL, Brandan E. Andrographolide attenuates skeletal muscle dystrophy in mdx mice and increases efficiency of cell therapy by reducing fibrosis. Skelet Muscle 2014; 4:6. [PMID: 24655808 PMCID: PMC4021597 DOI: 10.1186/2044-5040-4-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is characterized by the absence of the cytoskeletal protein dystrophin, muscle wasting, increased transforming growth factor type beta (TGF-β) signaling, and fibrosis. At the present time, the only clinically validated treatments for DMD are glucocorticoids. These drugs prolong muscle strength and ambulation of patients for a short term only and have severe adverse effects. Andrographolide, a bicyclic diterpenoid lactone, has traditionally been used for the treatment of colds, fever, laryngitis, and other infections with no or minimal side effects. We determined whether andrographolide treatment of mdx mice, an animal model for DMD, affects muscle damage, physiology, fibrosis, and efficiency of cell therapy. Methods mdx mice were treated with andrographolide for three months and skeletal muscle histology, creatine kinase activity, and permeability of muscle fibers were evaluated. Fibrosis and TGF-β signaling were evaluated by indirect immunofluorescence and Western blot analyses. Muscle strength was determined in isolated skeletal muscles and by a running test. Efficiency of cell therapy was determined by grafting isolated skeletal muscle satellite cells onto the tibialis anterior of mdx mice. Results mdx mice treated with andrographolide exhibited less severe muscular dystrophy than untreated dystrophic mice. They performed better in an exercise endurance test and had improved muscle strength in isolated muscles, reduced skeletal muscle impairment, diminished fibrosis and a significant reduction in TGF-β signaling. Moreover, andrographolide treatment of mdx mice improved grafting efficiency upon intramuscular injection of dystrophin-positive satellite cells. Conclusions These results suggest that andrographolide could be used to improve quality of life in individuals with DMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Cabrera
- Centro de Regulación Celular y Patología (CRCP), Centro de Regeneración y Envejecimiento (CARE), Laboratorio de Diferenciación Celular y Patología, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, MIFAB, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins, 340, Santiago, Chile ; Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Biológicas, Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jaime Gutiérrez
- Centro de Regulación Celular y Patología (CRCP), Centro de Regeneración y Envejecimiento (CARE), Laboratorio de Diferenciación Celular y Patología, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, MIFAB, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins, 340, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Cabello-Verrugio
- Laboratorio de Biología y Fisiopatología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Maria Gabriela Morales
- Centro de Regulación Celular y Patología (CRCP), Centro de Regeneración y Envejecimiento (CARE), Laboratorio de Diferenciación Celular y Patología, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, MIFAB, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins, 340, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sergio Mezzano
- División de Nefrología, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Austral, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Ricardo Fadic
- Departamento de Neurología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Carlos Casar
- Departamento de Neurología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan L Hancke
- Instituto de Farmacología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Enrique Brandan
- Centro de Regulación Celular y Patología (CRCP), Centro de Regeneración y Envejecimiento (CARE), Laboratorio de Diferenciación Celular y Patología, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, MIFAB, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins, 340, Santiago, Chile
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66
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MacDonald EM, Andres-Mateos E, Mejias R, Simmers JL, Mi R, Park JS, Ying S, Hoke A, Lee SJ, Cohn RD. Denervation atrophy is independent from Akt and mTOR activation and is not rescued by myostatin inhibition. Dis Model Mech 2014; 7:471-81. [PMID: 24504412 PMCID: PMC3974457 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.014126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of our study was to compare two acquired muscle atrophies and the use of myostatin inhibition for their treatment. Myostatin naturally inhibits skeletal muscle growth by binding to ActRIIB, a receptor on the cell surface of myofibers. Because blocking myostatin in an adult wild-type mouse induces profound muscle hypertrophy, we applied a soluble ActRIIB receptor to models of disuse (limb immobilization) and denervation (sciatic nerve resection) atrophy. We found that treatment of immobilized mice with ActRIIB prevented the loss of muscle mass observed in placebo-treated mice. Our results suggest that this protection from disuse atrophy is regulated by serum and glucocorticoid-induced kinase (SGK) rather than by Akt. Denervation atrophy, however, was not protected by ActRIIB treatment, yet resulted in an upregulation of the pro-growth factors Akt, SGK and components of the mTOR pathway. We then treated the denervated mice with the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin and found that, despite a reduction in mTOR activation, there is no alteration of the atrophy phenotype. Additionally, rapamycin prevented the denervation-induced upregulation of the mTORC2 substrates Akt and SGK. Thus, our studies show that denervation atrophy is not only independent from Akt, SGK and mTOR activation but also has a different underlying pathophysiological mechanism than disuse atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M MacDonald
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Ducceschi M, Clifton LG, Stimpson SA, Billin AN. Post-transcriptional regulation of ITGB6 protein levels in damaged skeletal muscle. J Mol Histol 2014; 45:329-36. [PMID: 24488487 PMCID: PMC3983900 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-014-9567-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
We have identified integrin beta 6 (Itgb6) as a transcript highly enriched in skeletal muscle. This finding is unexpected because Itgb6 is typically associated with epithelial expression domains in normal tissue. Further we find that ITGB6 protein expression in muscle is post-transcriptionally regulated. Uninjured muscle expresses Itgb6 RNA but no ITGB6 protein is detectable. Muscle injury induces ITGB6 protein accumulation rapidly post-injury in myofibers adjacent to the site of injury. As regeneration of the injured muscle tissue progresses ITGB6 protein is found in newly formed fibers up to at least 15 days post-injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Ducceschi
- Target and Pathway Validation, Molecular Discovery Research, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Lang F, Stournaras C, Alesutan I. Regulation of transport across cell membranes by the serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase SGK1. Mol Membr Biol 2014; 31:29-36. [PMID: 24417516 DOI: 10.3109/09687688.2013.874598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase 1 (SGK1) is genomically upregulated by cell stress including energy depletion and hyperosmotic shock as well as a variety of hormones including glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids and TGFβ. SGK1 is activated by insulin, growth factors and oxidative stress via phosphatidylinositide-3-kinase, 3-phosphoinositide-dependent kinase PDK1 and mTOR. SGK1 is a powerful stimulator of Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase, carriers (e.g., NCC, NKCC, NHE1, NHE3, SGLT1, several amino acid transporters) and ion channels (e.g., ENaC, SCN5A, TRPV4-6, ORAI1/STIM1, ROMK, KCNE1/KCNQ1, GluR6, CFTR). Mechanisms employed by SGK1 in transport regulation include direct phosphorylation of target transport proteins, phosphorylation and thus activation of other transport regulating kinases, stabilization of membrane proteins by phosphorylation and thus inactivation of the ubiquitin ligase NEDD4-2, as well as stimulation of transport protein expression by upregulation transcription factors (e.g., nuclear factor kappa-B [NFκB]) and by fostering of protein translation. SGK1 sensitivity of pump, carrier and channel activities participate in the regulation of epithelial transport, cardiac and neuronal excitability, degranulation, platelet function, migration, cell proliferation and apoptosis. SGK1-sensitive functions do not require the presence of SGK1 but are markedly upregulated by SGK1. Accordingly, the phenotype of SGK1 knockout mice is mild. The mice are, however, less sensitive to excessive activation of transport by glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, insulin and inflammation. Moreover, excessive SGK1 activity contributes to the pathophysiology of hypertension, obesity, diabetes, thrombosis, stroke, inflammation, autoimmune disease, fibrosis and tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Lang
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen , Germany and
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Abstract
SummaryAlthough sarcopenia has been used to define muscle mass loss in older subjects, muscle mass is not directly linked to muscle function. Recent definitions consider sarcopenia as a syndrome characterized by progressive and generalized loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength with a risk of adverse outcomes, such as physical disability, poor quality of life, and death. It is closely linked with physical frailty, and also with other muscle wasting disorders, including cachexia and malnutrition. This review focuses on the incorporation of sarcopenia into clinical practice, reviews case finding and diagnosis of sarcopenia, proposes a syndromic approach for the diagnostic work-up of sarcopenic patients, and looks at intervention trials with physical exercise and nutrition, as drugs to treat this condition are not expected to be available in the near future.
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Cencetti F, Bernacchioni C, Tonelli F, Roberts E, Donati C, Bruni P. TGFβ1 evokes myoblast apoptotic response via a novel signaling pathway involving S1P4 transactivation upstream of Rho-kinase-2 activation. FASEB J 2013; 27:4532-46. [PMID: 23913862 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-228528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In view of its multiple detrimental effects, transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) is recognized as critical negative regulator of skeletal muscle repair. Apoptosis of skeletal muscle precursor cells driven by TGFβ1 contributes to the negative role exerted by the cytokine in tissue repair, although the underlying molecular mechanisms are still elusive. Herein we report the identification of a new signaling pathway, relying on Rho kinase-2 stimulation, subsequent to SMAD-dependent S1P4 up-regulation and transactivation via sphingosine kinase (SK)-2, that accounts for TGFβ1-induced apoptosis in cultured myoblasts. S1P4-specific gene silencing reduced by almost 50% activation of caspase-3 and poly-ADP ribosyl transferase cleavage elicited by TGFβ1. Moreover, the selective S1P4 antagonist CYM50358 also reduced the TGFβ1 proapoptotic effects. By employing pharmacological and molecular biological approaches, the involvement of SK2 and ROCK2 in the transmission of the TGFβ1 apoptotic action was also demonstrated. These results reinforce the notion that the SK/S1P axis plays a fundamental role in TGFβ1 mode of action in skeletal muscle cells and, by disclosing a novel mechanism by which TGFβ1 exerts its harmful action, pinpoint new molecular targets that in principle could be beneficial in the treatment of several skeletal muscle disorders or aging-dependent muscle atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Cencetti
- 2Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Sperimentali e Cliniche, Università di Firenze, Viale G.B. Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy.
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Combination therapy of human adipose-derived stem cells and basic fibroblast growth factor hydrogel in muscle regeneration. Biomaterials 2013; 34:6037-45. [PMID: 23688603 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle regeneration after sport injury is inconsistent, and complete healing without fibrosis is very important. In this study, we determined whether the combination therapy using human adipose-derived stem cells (h-ADSCs) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) incorporated into hydrogel could enhance muscle regeneration in a muscle laceration animal model. The h-ADSCs and/or bFGF hydrogels were applied to the lacerated gastrocnemius muscle. Fast twitch muscle contraction improved significantly and fibrosis decreased significantly in combined h-ADSC and bFGF-hydrogel group compared to other experimental groups. Skeletal muscle differentiation of h-ADSCs was determined by immunohistochemistry (PKH-26/MyHC co-staining) and Western blot. Our data suggested that combination therapy of h-ADSCs and bFGF hydrogel resulted in functional recovery, revascularization and reinnervation with minimal fibrosis in lacerated muscle. A combination of h-ADSCs and bFGF hydrogel can be used as a promising therapy for skeletal muscle regeneration.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW There are a variety of pathophysiologic conditions that are known to induce skeletal muscle atrophy. However, muscle wasting can occur through multiple distinct signaling pathways with differential sensitivity between selective skeletal muscle fiber subtypes. This review summarizes some of the underlying molecular mechanisms responsible for fiber-specific muscle mass regulation. RECENT FINDINGS Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha protects slow-twitch oxidative fibers from denervation/immobilization (disuse)-induced muscle atrophies. Nutrient-related muscle atrophies, such as those induced by cancer cachexia, sepsis, chronic heart failure, or diabetes, are largely restricted to fast-twitch glycolytic fibers, of which the underlying mechanism is usually related to abnormality of protein degradation, including proteasomal and lysosomal pathways. In contrast, nuclear factor kappaB activation apparently serves a dual function by inducing both fast-twitch fiber atrophy and slow-twitch fiber degeneration. SUMMARY Fast-twitch glycolytic fibers are more vulnerable than slow-twitch oxidative fibers under a variety of atrophic conditions related to signaling transduction of Forkhead box O family, autophagy inhibition, transforming growth factor beta family, and nuclear factor-kappaB. The resistance of oxidative fibers may result from the protection of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Wang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Diabetes Research and Training Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Jeffrey E. Pessin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Diabetes Research and Training Center, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Diabetes Research and Training Center, Bronx, New York, USA
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