51
|
Wang W, Wu X, Tian Y. Crosstalk of AP4 and TGFβ receptor signaling in NSCLC. Tumour Biol 2014; 36:447-52. [PMID: 25266805 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2674-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular regulation of growth of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has not been fully clarified. In NSCLC, we detected significantly higher levels of activating protein-4 (AP4), significantly lower levels of p21, and significantly lower levels of phosphorylated SMAD2 as an indicator of activated transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) receptor signaling, compared to the adjacent normal lung tissue. Moreover, a strong negative correlation was detected between AP4 and p21 levels. Since p21 is a potent cell-cycle inhibitor, we were thus promoted to examine the relationships among AP4, TGFβ receptor signaling, and cell growth in NSCLC. Using a human NSCLC cell line HepG2 cells, we found that activation of TGFβ receptor signaling increased p21 levels through phosphorylation of SMAD2. Moreover, AP4 inhibited phosphorylation of SMAD2 to contradict the effect of activated TGFβ receptor signaling on cell growth inhibition in NSCLC. Furthermore, binding of TGFβ1 to its receptor also directly increased AP4 transcription, which appeared to negatively control the levels of activated TGFβ receptor signaling. Taken together, our results suggest that AP4 may inhibit the phosphorylation of SMAD2, which is induced by receptor binding with TGFβ1, to abolish the inhibitory effect of activated TGFβ receptor signaling on cell growth in NSCLC. Our study thus highlights AP4 as a novel therapeutic target for NSCLC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, 7 Weiwu Road, Zhengzhou, 450003, China,
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
52
|
Mitra R, Edmonds MD, Sun J, Zhao M, Yu H, Eischen CM, Zhao Z. Reproducible combinatorial regulatory networks elucidate novel oncogenic microRNAs in non-small cell lung cancer. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2014; 20:1356-68. [PMID: 25024357 PMCID: PMC4138319 DOI: 10.1261/rna.042754.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
While previous studies reported aberrant expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), little is known about which miRNAs play central roles in NSCLC's pathogenesis and its regulatory mechanisms. To address this issue, we presented a robust computational framework that integrated matched miRNA and mRNA expression profiles in NSCLC using feed-forward loops. The network consists of miRNAs, transcription factors (TFs), and their common predicted target genes. To discern the biological meaning of their associations, we introduced the direction of regulation. A network edge validation strategy using three independent NSCLC expression profiling data sets pinpointed reproducible biological regulations. Reproducible regulation, which may reflect the true molecular interaction, has not been applied to miRNA-TF co-regulatory network analyses in cancer or other diseases yet. We revealed eight hub miRNAs that connected to a higher proportion of targets validated by independent data sets. Network analyses showed that these miRNAs might have strong oncogenic characteristics. Furthermore, we identified a novel miRNA-TF co-regulatory module that potentially suppresses the tumor suppressor activity of the TGF-β pathway by targeting a core pathway molecule (TGFBR2). Follow-up experiments showed two miRNAs (miR-9-5p and miR-130b-3p) in this module had increased expression while their target gene TGFBR2 had decreased expression in a cohort of human NSCLC. Moreover, we demonstrated these two miRNAs directly bind to the 3' untranslated region of TGFBR2. This study enhanced our understanding of miRNA-TF co-regulatory mechanisms in NSCLC. The combined bioinformatics and validation approach we described can be applied to study other types of diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramkrishna Mitra
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | - Mick D Edmonds
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | - Jingchun Sun
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | - Min Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | - Hui Yu
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | - Christine M Eischen
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | - Zhongming Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, USA Center for Quantitative Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Expression of TGFβ-1 and EHD1 correlated with survival of non-small cell lung cancer. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:9371-80. [PMID: 24946721 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2164-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGFβ-1) signaling is regulated by endocytotic pathway. To clarify the prognostic value of TGFβ-1 and to verify the involvement of endocytosis in drug resistance, we examined the expression of TGFβ-1 and Eps15 homology domain 1 (EHD1) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and its association with tumor characteristics and survival of patients with NSCLC. Expression of TGFβ-1 and EHD1 was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in paraffin sections from 105 NSCLC patients. Overall survival (OS) was analyzed by Kaplan-Meier method, log-rank test, and multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression model. Positive immunostaining of TGFβ-1 and EHD1 was detected in 52.38 and 39.05 % of NSCLC samples, respectively. In non-adjuvant chemotherapy-treated group (P = 0.006) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) (+) group (P = 0.038), patients with TGFβ-1 expression had a longer OS. EHD1 negative expression predicted a longer OS (P = 0.003), especially in EGFR (+) (P = 0.006) and adjuvant chemotherapy-treated patients (P = 0.003). NSCLC patients with concurrent positive TGFβ-1 and negative EHD1 (combined markers) were significantly correlated with better OS (P = 0.001). American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) status and combined markers were independent prognostic indicators for OS (HR (95 % CI) 1.576 (1.112-2.232), P = 0.011 and HR 0.349 (0.180-0.673), P = 0.002, respectively). We identified concordant TGFβ-1 positive and EHD1 negative as a strong favorable prognosis factor in NSCLC. Our results may help us to select and optimize strategies for individualized therapy.
Collapse
|
54
|
The Treg/Th17 paradigm in lung cancer. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:730380. [PMID: 24872958 PMCID: PMC4020459 DOI: 10.1155/2014/730380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic mechanisms underlying the development of lung cancer are very complex and not yet entirely clarified. T lymphocytes and their immune-regulatory cytokines play a pivotal role in controlling tumor growth and metastasis. Following activation by unique cytokines, CD4+ T helper cells differentiate into Th1, Th2, Th17, and regulatory T cells (Tregs). Traditionally, research in lung cancer immunity has focused almost exclusively on Th1/Th2 cell balance. Recently, Th17 cells and Tregs represent an intriguing issue to be addressed in lung cancer pathogenesis. Tregs play an important role in the preservation of self-tolerance and modulation of overall immune responses against tumor cells. Th17 cells directly or via other proinflammatory cytokines modulate antitumor immune responses. Notably, there is a close relation between Tregs and Th17 cells. However, the possible interaction between these subsets in lung cancer remains to be elucidated. In this setting, targeting Treg/Th17 balance for therapeutic purposes may represent a useful tool for lung cancer treatment in the future. The purpose of this review is to discuss recent findings of the role of these novel populations in lung cancer immunity and to highlight the pleiotropic effects of these subsets on the development and regulation of lung cancer.
Collapse
|
55
|
QIAN QIAN, SHI XIANGGUANG, LEI ZHE, ZHAN LEI, LIU RENGYUN, ZHAO JUN, YANG BINGHUA, LIU ZEYI, ZHANG HONGTAO. Methylated +58CpG site decreases DCN mRNA expression and enhances TGF-β/Smad signaling in NSCLC cells with high metastatic potential. Int J Oncol 2014; 44:874-82. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
|
56
|
Fu ZZ, Gu T, Fu BH, Hua HX, Yang S, Zhang YQ, Gao LM, Li P. Relationship of serum levels of VEGF and TGF-β1 with radiosensitivity of elderly patients with unresectable non-small cell lung cancer. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:4785-9. [PMID: 24557540 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-1628-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the relationship of serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) with radiosensitivity of elderly patients with unresectable non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) receiving three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D-CRT). Fifty-eight elderly patients with unresectable NSCLC and 40 healthy controls were enrolled in this study. Serum levels of VEGF and TGF-β1 were detected by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method before and after 3D-CRT. Clinical performances of serum VEGF and TGF-β1 levels in predicting radiosensitivity of NSCLC patients with 3D-CRT were evaluated. Serum VEGF and TGF-β1 levels of NSCLC patients were higher than those of health controls (all p < 0.05). After 3D-CRT treatment, 41 patients achieved effective clinical response (complete response (CR) + partial response (PR)) and 17 patients were ineffective clinical response (stable disease (SD) + progressive disease (PD)). There was no significant difference in the VEGF and TGF-β1 levels between the effective and ineffective groups before 3D-CRT (all p > 0.05). Serum levels of VEGF and TGF-β1 after 3D-CRT in the effective group were lower compared with the levels before 3D-CRT treatment (p < 0.001 and 0.027, respectively). However, no significant differences in serum VEGF and TGF-β1 levels between before and after 3D-CRT in the ineffective group were observed (p = 0.196 and 0.517, respectively). We observed significant differences in serum VEGF and TGF-β1 levels between the effective and ineffective groups after 3D-CRT (p < 0.001 and 0.013, respectively). Sensitivity and specificity of VEGF combined with TGF-β1 in predicting radiosensitivity of NSCLC patients with 3D-CRT were 87.8 and 94.1%, respectively. In conclusion, our results indicate that serum VEGF and TGF-β1 levels may accurately predict radiosensitivity of elderly patients with unresectable NSCLC receiving 3D-CRT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhan-Zhao Fu
- Department of Oncology, The First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Wenhua Road No.2, Haigang District, Qinhuangdao, 066000, People's Republic of China,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
57
|
Bcl-xL silencing induces alterations in hsa-miR-608 expression and subsequent cell death in A549 and SK-LU1 human lung adenocarcinoma cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81735. [PMID: 24339958 PMCID: PMC3858247 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bcl-xL is an anti-apoptotic protein that is frequently found to be overexpressed in non-small cell lung cancer leading to an inhibition of apoptosis and poor prognosis. Recently, the role of miRNAs in regulating apoptosis and cell survival during tumorigenesis has become evident, with cancer cells showing perturbed expression of various miRNAs. In this study, we utilized miRNA microarrays to determine if miRNA dysregulation in bcl-xL silenced lung adenocarcinoma cells could be involved in regulating cell death. Short interfering RNA-based transfection of A549 and SK-LU1 lung adenocarcinoma cells was successful in inducing a reduction in bcl-xL expression levels, resulting in a decrease in cell viability. A total of 10 miRNAs were found to be significantly differentially expressed when compared between siRNA-transfected and non-transfected cells including hsa-miR-181a, hsa-miR-769-5p, hsa-miR-361-5p, hsa-miR-1304 and hsa-miR-608. When overexpression studies on hsa-miR-608 was performed via transfection of miRNA mimics, cell death was found to be induced in A549 and SK-LU1 cells in comparison to untreated cells. This effect was reversed when knockdown studies involving anti-sense inhibitors were introduced. Combination of siRNA based silencing of bcl-xL (siBcl-xL) followed by anti-sense inhibitor transfection led to a decrease in the apoptotic population of A549 and SK-LU1 cells in comparison to cells only treated with siBcl-xL, illustrating the connection between bcl-xL, hsa-miR-608 and cell death. Gene target prediction analysis implicated the PI3K/AKT, WNT, TGF-β, and ERK signaling pathways as targets of bcl-xL induced miRNA alterations. We have demonstrated that bcl-xL silencing in A549 and SK-LU1 cells leads to the occurrence of cell death through the dysregulation of specific miRNAs. This study also provides a platform for anti-sense gene therapy whereby miRNA expression can be exploited to increase the apoptotic properties in lung adenocarcinoma cells.
Collapse
|
58
|
DrGaP: a powerful tool for identifying driver genes and pathways in cancer sequencing studies. Am J Hum Genet 2013; 93:439-51. [PMID: 23954162 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancers are caused by the accumulation of genomic alterations. Driver mutations are required for the cancer phenotype, whereas passenger mutations are irrelevant to tumor development and accumulate through DNA replication. A major challenge facing the field of cancer genome sequencing is to identify cancer-associated genes with mutations that drive the cancer phenotype. Here, we describe a powerful and flexible statistical framework for identifying driver genes and driver signaling pathways in cancer genome-sequencing studies. Biological knowledge of the mutational process in tumors is fully integrated into our statistical models and includes such variables as the length of protein-coding regions, transcript isoforms, variation in mutation types, differences in background mutation rates, the redundancy of genetic code, and multiple mutations in one gene. This framework provides several significant features that are not addressed or naively obtained by previous methods. In particular, on the observation of low prevalence of somatic mutations in individual tumors, we propose a heuristic strategy to estimate the mixture proportion of chi-square distribution of likelihood ratio test (LRT) statistics. This provides significantly increased statistical power compared to regular LRT. Through a combination of simulation and analysis of TCGA cancer sequencing study data, we demonstrate high accuracy and sensitivity in our methods. Our statistical methods and several auxiliary bioinformatics tools have been incorporated into a computational tool, DrGaP. The newly developed tool is immediately applicable to cancer genome-sequencing studies and will lead to a more complete identification of altered driver genes and driver signaling pathways in cancer.
Collapse
|
59
|
Wang Y, Gu J, Roth JA, Hildebrandt MA, Lippman SM, Ye Y, Minna JD, Wu X. Pathway-based serum microRNA profiling and survival in patients with advanced stage non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Res 2013; 73:4801-9. [PMID: 23774211 PMCID: PMC3760306 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-3273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to identify TGF-β signaling pathway-related serum microRNAs (miRNA) as predictors of survival in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Serum samples from 391 patients with advanced NSCLC were collected before treatment. Global miRNA microarray expression profiling based on sera from four patients with good survival (>24 months) and four patients with poor survival (<6 months) was used to identify 140 highly expressed serum miRNAs, among which 35 miRNAs had binding sites within the 3'-untranslated regions of a panel of 11 genes in the TGF-β signaling pathway and were assayed by quantitative RT-PCR for their associations with survival in a training (n = 192) and testing set (n = 191). Out of the 35 miRNAs, survival analysis using Cox regression model identified 17 miRNAs significantly associated with 2-year patient survival. MiR-16 exhibited the most statistically significant association: high expression of miR-16 was associated with a significantly better survival [adjusted hazard ratio (HR) = 0.4, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.3-0.5]. A combined 17-miRNA risk score was created that was able to identify patients at the highest risk of death. Those with a high-risk score had a 2.5-fold increased risk of death compared with those with a low risk score (95% CI: 1.8-3.4; P = 1.1 × 10(-7)). This increase in risk of death was corresponding to a 7.8-month decrease in median survival time (P = 9.5 × 10(-14)). Our results suggest that serum miRNAs could serve as predictors of survival for advanced NSCLC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Jian Gu
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Jack A. Roth
- Department of Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | | | - Scott M. Lippman
- Moores Cancer Center at the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Yuanqing Ye
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - John D. Minna
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Xifeng Wu
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Lo HM, Shieh JM, Chen CL, Tsou CJ, Wu WB. Vascular endothelial growth factor induces CXCL1 chemokine release via JNK and PI-3K-dependent pathways in human lung carcinoma epithelial cells. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:10090-106. [PMID: 23665907 PMCID: PMC3676830 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140510090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer cells express different chemokines and chemokine receptors that modulate leukocyte infiltration within tumor microenvironment. In this study we screened several mediators/growth factors on CXCL1 release in human carcinoma epithelial cells. Of the tested mediators, VEGF was found to have a robust increase in causing CXCL1 release. VEGF stimulated CXCL1 release and mRNA expression in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. The release was inhibited by the VEGF receptor antagonists and the JNK, PI-3K, tyrosine kinase, and transcription inhibitors. In parallel, VEGF induced JNK, PI3K and Akt activation. Strikingly, among these inhibitors only the JNK inhibitor could reduce VEGF-induced CXCL1 mRNA expression, suggesting that JNK participated in VEGF-induced CXCL1 synthesis, whereas PI-3K was responsible for cellular CXCL1 secretory process. In addition, the steroid dexamethasone and TGF-β suppressed CXCL1 release through a transcriptional regulation. We also showed that cells stimulated with VEGF significantly attracted monocyte migration, which could be abolished by CXCL1 B/N Ab, CXC receptor 2 antagonist, TGF-β, and dexamethasone. In summary, we provide here evidence showing JNK activation for VEGF-induced CXCL1 DNA transcription and PI-3K pathway for extracellular CXCL1 release in human carcinoma epithelial cells. The released CXCL1 was functionally linked to recruiting monocytes into lung cancer cell microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huey-Ming Lo
- School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan; E-Mails: (H.-M.L.); (C.-L.C.); (C.-J.T.)
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei 11101, Taiwan
| | - Jiunn-Min Shieh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan 71004, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Chih-Li Chen
- School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan; E-Mails: (H.-M.L.); (C.-L.C.); (C.-J.T.)
| | - Chih-Jen Tsou
- School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan; E-Mails: (H.-M.L.); (C.-L.C.); (C.-J.T.)
| | - Wen-Bin Wu
- School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan; E-Mails: (H.-M.L.); (C.-L.C.); (C.-J.T.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +886-2-2905-3497; Fax: +886-2-2905-2096
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND An understanding of the activated protein signaling architecture in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is of critical importance to the development of new therapeutic approaches and identification of predictive and prognostic biomarkers for patient stratification. METHODS We used reverse-phase protein microarrays to map the activated protein signaling networks of 47 NSCLC tumors, 28 of which were node negative, which were subjected to tumor cellular enrichment using laser capture microdissection. The phosphorylation/cleavage levels of 111 key signaling proteins and total levels of 17 proteins were measured for broadscale signaling analysis. RESULTS Pathway activation mapping of NSCLC revealed distinct subgroups composed of epidermal growth factor receptor (ERBB1), v-erb-b2 erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog 2 (ERBB2), v-erb-b2 erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog 3 (ERBB3), v-erb-a erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog 4 (ERBB4), v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog 1- mammalian target of rapamycin (AKT-mTOR), protein kinase, AMP-activated, alpha 2 catalytic subunit (AMPK), and autophagy-related signaling, along with transforming growth factor-beta-signaling protein 1 (SMAD), insulin-line growth factor receptor (IGFR), rearranged during transfection proto-oncogene (RET), and activated CDC42-associated kinase (ACK) activation. Investigation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-driven signaling identified a unique cohort of tumors with low EGFR protein expression yet high relative levels of phosphorylated EGFR and high EGFR total protein with low relative levels of phosphorylation. Last, mapping analysis of patients with NSCLC with N0 disease revealed a pilot pathway activation signature composed of linked epidermal growth factor receptor family (HER)-AMPK-AKT-mTOR signaling network along with focal adhesion kinase- LIM domain kinase-1 (FAK-LIMK) and janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) pathways that correlated with short-term survival and aggressive disease. CONCLUSIONS Functional protein pathway activation mapping of NSCLC reveals distinct activation subgroups that are underpinned by important therapeutic targets and that patients with early-stage node negative disease and poor prognosis may be identified by activation of defined, biochemically linked protein signaling events. Such findings, if confirmed in larger study sets, could help select and stratify patients for personalized targeted therapies.
Collapse
|
62
|
Key molecular mechanisms in lung cancer invasion and metastasis: a comprehensive review. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2013; 87:1-11. [PMID: 23332547 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2012.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer remains one of the most common and malignant cancers worldwide. It is most often diagnosed at late stages, when it has already presented local invasion and distal metastases. The basic stages of invasion and metastasis involve the detachment of tumor cells from the extracellular matrix, invasion of surrounding tissues and basal lamina, intravasation into the blood stream, survival and transport through the blood stream, migration, arrest and extravasation at a distal site and formation of a metastatic lesion. These steps require fundamental mechanisms such as angiogenesis, degradation of matrix barriers, disruption of cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion and inducement of cellular motility. Genes that regulate functions like unlimited growth potential, survival, genomic instability, angiogenesis, epithelial to mesenchymal transition and apoptosis evasion, are involved in giving lung cancer tumors invasive and metastatic competence. Improving of understanding of the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms remains an urgent and essential issue, in order to develop new more effective strategies in preventing and treating lung cancer.
Collapse
|
63
|
Andreev K, Graser A, Maier A, Mousset S, Finotto S. Therapeutical measures to control airway tolerance in asthma and lung cancer. Front Immunol 2012; 3:216. [PMID: 22855687 PMCID: PMC3405289 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Airway tolerance is a specialized immunological surveillance which is activated by the cells of the lung to deal with and distinguish between innocuous and pathogenic inhalants. However, this distinction does not always occur. Airway tolerance is necessary to avoid the development of allergic disorders, such as asthma, which is dominated by a pathological expansion of Th2 and Th17 cells in the airways. By contrast, tumor cells induce tolerogenic factors in their microenvironment to evade T-cell mediated anti-tumor-immune responses. This review updates current understandings on the effect of the cytokines TGF-β, IL-10, and IL-17A on the lung immune responses to antigen, and analyzes their involvement in allergic asthma and lung cancer. The aim of the review is to evaluate where therapeutic intervention may be feasible and where it might fail. The multifunctional role of these cytokines further complicates the decision on the timing and concentration for their use as therapeutical targets. In fact, TGF-β has suppressive activity in early tumorigenesis, but may become tumor-promoting in the later stages of the disease. This dual behavior is sometimes due to changes in the cellular target of TGF-β, and to the expansion of the induced (i)-Tregs. Similarly, IL-17A has been found to elicit pro- as well as anti-tumor properties. Thus, this pro-inflammatory cytokine induces the production of IL-6 which interferes with Treg development. Yet IL-17A could promote tumor growth in conjunction with IL-6-dependent activation of Stat3. Thus, understanding the mechanisms of airway tolerance could help to improve the therapy to both, allergic asthma and lung cancer. Hereby, asthma therapy aims to induce and maintain tolerance to inhaled allergens and therapy against lung cancer tries to inhibit the tolerogenic response surrounding the tumor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Andreev
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Lung Immunology, Institute of Molecular Pneumology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Erlangen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
64
|
The Src family kinase inhibitors PP2 and PP1 effectively block TGF-beta1-induced cell migration and invasion in both established and primary carcinoma cells. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2012; 70:221-30. [PMID: 22699812 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-012-1904-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We have previously demonstrated that in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC)-derived cell lines, the common Src family kinase inhibitors PP2 and PP1 effectively inhibited morphologic alterations associated with TGFβ1-mediated epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by blocking the kinase activity of the TGF-β type I receptor ALK5 rather than Src (Ungefroren et al. in Curr Cancer Drug Targets 11:524, 2011). In this report, the ability of PP2 and PP1, the more specific Src inhibitor SU6656, and the ALK5 inhibitor SB431542 to functionally block TGF-β1-dependent EMT and cell motility in established PDAC (Panc-1, Colo 357) and primary NSCLC (Tu459) cell lines were investigated. METHODS The effects of PP2, PP1, SU6656, and SB431542 on TGF-β1-dependent cell scattering/EMT, cell migration/invasion, and expression of invasion-associated genes were measured by using the real-time cell analysis assay on the xCELLigence system and quantitative real-time RT-PCR, respectively. RESULTS In all three cell lines tested, PP1, PP2, and SB431542 effectively blocked TGF-β1-induced cell scattering/EMT, migration, and invasion and in Colo 357 cells inhibited the induction of the invasion-associated MMP2 and MMP9 genes. In contrast, SU6656 only blocked TGF-β1-induced invasion in Panc-1 and Tu459 but not Colo 357 cells. PP1, and to a greater extent PP2, also inhibited the high spontaneous migratory activity of Panc-1 cells expressing a kinase-active ALK5 mutant. CONCLUSIONS These data provide evidence that PP2 and PP1 are powerful inhibitors of TGF-β-induced cell migration and invasion in vitro and directly target ALK5. Both agents may be useful as dual TGF-β/Src inhibitors in experimental therapeutics to prevent metastatic spread in late-stage PDAC and NSCLC.
Collapse
|
65
|
Luna C, Li G, Qiu J, Epstein DL, Gonzalez P. Cross-talk between miR-29 and transforming growth factor-betas in trabecular meshwork cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52:3567-72. [PMID: 21273536 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.10-6448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the interactions between microRNA-29 (miR-29), a negative regulator of extracellular matrix (ECM), and transforming growth factors (TGF)β-1 and TGFβ-2. METHODS Changes in expression of the miR-29 family were analyzed by quantitative-PCR (Q-PCR) after treatment with TGFβ1 and TGFβ2 (1 ng/mL). TGFβ1 and TGFβ2 were evaluated at gene expression and protein levels by Q-PCR and ELISA, respectively, in human trabecular meshwork (HTM) cells transfected with miR-29b or scramble control. TGFβ1 promoter activity was analyzed using an adenovirus with the reporter SEAP. The effects of miR-29b and TGFβ2 on ECM gene expression were evaluated in cells transfected with miR-29b or scramble control and treated with TGFβ2, and the expression of ECM genes was analyzed by Q-PCR. RESULTS TGFβ2 but not TGFβ1, downregulated the three members of the miR-29 family. Overexpression of miR-29b antagonized the effects of TGFβ2 on the expression of several ECM components. MiR-29b decreased the expression of TGFβ1 at the promoter, transcript, and protein levels but had only a minor effect on the expression of active TGFβ2. The inhibition of TGFβ1 by miR-29b was partially recovered after co-transfection with a plasmid-expressing bone morphogenetic protein 1. CONCLUSIONS Results showed some level of crosstalk between TGFβs and miR-29. Specifically, the downregulation of miR-29 by TGFβ2 contributed to the induction of several ECM components by this cytokine in TM cells. This observation, together with the inhibitory effects of miR-29b on the expression of TGFβ1, suggests that the miR-29 family could play an important role in modulating TGFβs on the outflow pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Coralia Luna
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
66
|
Zhang Y, Handley D, Kaplan T, Yu H, Bais AS, Richards T, Pandit KV, Zeng Q, Benos PV, Friedman N, Eickelberg O, Kaminski N. High throughput determination of TGFβ1/SMAD3 targets in A549 lung epithelial cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20319. [PMID: 21625455 PMCID: PMC3098871 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1) plays a major role in many lung diseases including lung cancer, pulmonary hypertension, and pulmonary fibrosis. TGFβ1 activates a signal transduction cascade that results in the transcriptional regulation of genes in the nucleus, primarily through the DNA-binding transcription factor SMAD3. The objective of this study is to identify genome-wide scale map of SMAD3 binding targets and the molecular pathways and networks affected by the TGFβ1/SMAD3 signaling in lung epithelial cells. METHODOLOGY We combined chromatin immunoprecipitation with human promoter region microarrays (ChIP-on-chip) along with gene expression microarrays to study global transcriptional regulation of the TGFβ1/SMAD3 pathway in human A549 alveolar epithelial cells. The molecular pathways and networks associated with TGFβ1/SMAD3 signaling were identified using computational approaches. Validation of selected target gene expression and direct binding of SMAD3 to promoters were performed by quantitative real time RT-PCR and electrophoretic mobility shift assay on A549 and human primary lung epithelial cells. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Known TGFβ1 target genes such as SERPINE1, SMAD6, SMAD7, TGFB1 and LTBP3, were found in both ChIP-on-chip and gene expression analyses as well as some previously unrecognized targets such as FOXA2. SMAD3 binding of FOXA2 promoter and changed expression were confirmed. Computational approaches combining ChIP-on-chip and gene expression microarray revealed multiple target molecular pathways affected by the TGFβ1/SMAD3 signaling. Identification of global targets and molecular pathways and networks associated with TGFβ1/SMAD3 signaling allow for a better understanding of the mechanisms that determine epithelial cell phenotypes in fibrogenesis and carcinogenesis as does the discovery of the direct effect of TGFβ1 on FOXA2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingze Zhang
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Richard P. and Dorothy P. Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
67
|
|