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Anson ER, Kiemel T, Carey JP, Jeka JJ. Eye Movements Are Correctly Timed During Walking Despite Bilateral Vestibular Hypofunction. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 2017; 18:591-600. [PMID: 28593438 DOI: 10.1007/s10162-017-0626-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with bilateral vestibular hypofunction (BVH) often report symptoms of oscillopsia (the perception that the world is bouncing or unstable) during walking. Efference copy/proprioception contributes to locomotion gaze stability in animals, sometimes inhibiting the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR). Gaze stability requires both adequate eye velocity and appropriate timing of eye movements. It is unknown whether eye velocity (VOR gain), timing (phase), or both are impaired for individuals with BVH during walking. Identifying the specific mechanism of impaired gaze stability can better inform rehabilitation options. Gaze stability was measured for eight individuals with severe BVH and eight healthy age- and gender-matched controls while performing a gaze fixation task during treadmill walking. Frequency response functions (FRF) were calculated from pitch eye and head velocity. A one-way ANOVA was conducted to determine group differences for each frequency bin of the FRF. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated to determine the relationship between the real and imaginary parts of the FRF and the Oscillopsia Visual Analog Scale (oVAS) scores. Individuals with BVH demonstrated significantly lower gains than healthy controls above 0.5 Hz, but their phase was ideally compensatory for frequencies below 3 Hz. Higher oVAS scores were correlated with lower gain. Individuals with BVH demonstrated ideal timing for vertical eye movements while walking despite slower than ideal eye velocity when compared to healthy controls. Rehabilitation interventions focusing on enhancing VOR gain during walking should be developed to take advantage of the intact timing reported here. Specifically, training VOR gain while walking may reduce oscillopsia severity and improve quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Anson
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery and the David M. Rubinstein Hearing Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Johns Hopkins Outpatient Center, 601 N. Caroline Street, Ste 6030D, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
| | - Tim Kiemel
- Kinesiology Department, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - John P Carey
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery and the David M. Rubinstein Hearing Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - John J Jeka
- Department of Kinesiology, Temple University, Philadelphia, 19122, PA, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Shriners Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Wenzel A, Eck S, Hülse K, Rohr K, Hörmann K, Umbreit C, Hülse M, Hülse R. Development of a new software and test setup for analyzing hVOR in very young children by vHIT. J Vestib Res 2017; 27:155-162. [DOI: 10.3233/ves-170611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Wenzel
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Simon Eck
- Biomedical Computer Vision Group, Department Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, University of Heidelberg, IPMB, BioQuant, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Hülse
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Karl Rohr
- Biomedical Computer Vision Group, Department Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, University of Heidelberg, IPMB, BioQuant, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karl Hörmann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Claudia Umbreit
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Centre Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Manfred Hülse
- Section of Phoniatrics, Pedaudiology and Neurootology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Roland Hülse
- Section of Phoniatrics, Pedaudiology and Neurootology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
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Rizzo JR, Hosseini M, Wong EA, Mackey WE, Fung JK, Ahdoot E, Rucker JC, Raghavan P, Landy MS, Hudson TE. The Intersection between Ocular and Manual Motor Control: Eye-Hand Coordination in Acquired Brain Injury. Front Neurol 2017; 8:227. [PMID: 28620341 PMCID: PMC5451505 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute and chronic disease processes that lead to cerebral injury can often be clinically challenging diagnostically, prognostically, and therapeutically. Neurodegenerative processes are one such elusive diagnostic group, given their often diffuse and indolent nature, creating difficulties in pinpointing specific structural abnormalities that relate to functional limitations. A number of studies in recent years have focused on eye-hand coordination (EHC) in the setting of acquired brain injury (ABI), highlighting the important set of interconnected functions of the eye and hand and their relevance in neurological conditions. These experiments, which have concentrated on focal lesion-based models, have significantly improved our understanding of neurophysiology and underscored the sensitivity of biomarkers in acute and chronic neurological disease processes, especially when such biomarkers are combined synergistically. To better understand EHC and its connection with ABI, there is a need to clarify its definition and to delineate its neuroanatomical and computational underpinnings. Successful EHC relies on the complex feedback- and prediction-mediated relationship between the visual, ocular motor, and manual motor systems and takes advantage of finely orchestrated synergies between these systems in both the spatial and temporal domains. Interactions of this type are representative of functional sensorimotor control, and their disruption constitutes one of the most frequent deficits secondary to brain injury. The present review describes the visually mediated planning and control of eye movements, hand movements, and their coordination, with a particular focus on deficits that occur following neurovascular, neurotraumatic, and neurodegenerative conditions. Following this review, we also discuss potential future research directions, highlighting objective EHC as a sensitive biomarker complement within acute and chronic neurological disease processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John-Ross Rizzo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Neurology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Maryam Hosseini
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Eric A Wong
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Wayne E Mackey
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - James K Fung
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Edmond Ahdoot
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Janet C Rucker
- Department of Neurology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Preeti Raghavan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Michael S Landy
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Todd E Hudson
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Neurology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
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Teggi R, Trimarchi M, Gatti O, Fornasari F, Bussi M. Decrease of Horizontal Canal Vestibulo-Oculomotor Reflex Gain in the Elderly with Dysequilibrium without Lifetime Vertigo. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 2017; 79:178-184. [PMID: 28486231 DOI: 10.1159/000473894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Unsteadiness in the elderly is a frequent complaint and a strong predictor of falls and psychological distress. Although there is a general consensus that it is a multifactorial condition, recent studies have focused on the role of aging of the vestibular system as a possible cofactor. The aim of our work was to assess horizontal canal function in the elderly. METHODS We evaluated the gain of horizontal vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) with a video head impulse test on a sample of 58 subjects aged >70 years without lifetime episodes of vertigo and correlated the value with different clinical conditions (hypertension, diabetes, prior cardiovascular and vascular disorders of the central nervous system, and falls). RESULTS The mean value of the gain was 0.86 ± 0.12, and people aged between 70 and 80 years presented higher values (0.90 ± 0.1) compared to those >80 years (0.81 ± 0.13; p = 0.025). Previous vascular disorders of the central nervous system were a predictor of decreased VOR gain (p = 0.0003). A nonparametric analysis demonstrated that sex, age, and VOR gain (p ˂ 0.0001) were predictive of falls. CONCLUSIONS Our data support the hypothesis of a decrease of VOR gain in the elderly. The decrease of canal function may therefore play a role in the risk of falls in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Teggi
- ENT Department, San Raffaele Scientific Hospital, Milan, Italy
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Xie Y, Anson ER, Simonsick EM, Studenski SA, Agrawal Y. Compensatory Saccades Are Associated With Physical Performance in Older Adults: Data From the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Otol Neurotol 2017; 38:373-378. [PMID: 28192379 PMCID: PMC5308452 DOI: 10.1097/mao.0000000000001301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether compensatory saccade metrics observed in the video head impulse test, specifically saccade amplitude and latency, predict physical performance. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional analysis of the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging, a prospective cohort study. SETTING National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program Clinical Research Unit in Baltimore, Maryland. PATIENTS Community-dwelling older adults. INTERVENTION(S) Video head impulse testing was performed, and compensatory saccades and horizontal vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) gain were measured. Physical performance was assessed using the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), which included the feet side-by-side, semitandem, tandem, and single-leg stance; repeated chair stands; and usual gait speed measurements. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Compensatory saccade amplitude and latency, VOR gain, and SPPB performance. RESULTS In 183 participants who underwent vestibular and SPPB testing (mean age 71.8 yr; 53% females), both higher mean saccade amplitude (odds ratio [OR] =1.62, p = 0.010) and shorter mean saccade latency (OR = 0.88, p = 0.004) were associated with a higher odds of failing the tandem stand task. In contrast, VOR gain was not associated with any physical performance measure. CONCLUSION We observed in a cohort of healthy older adults that compensatory saccade amplitude and latency were associated with tandem stance performance. Compensatory saccade metrics may provide insights into capturing the impact of vestibular loss on physical function in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Xie
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 601 North Caroline Street, 6 Floor, Baltimore, Maryland 21287 United States
| | - Eric R. Anson
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 601 North Caroline Street, 6 Floor, Baltimore, Maryland 21287 United States
| | - Eleanor M. Simonsick
- Longitudinal Studies Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institute of Health, 251 Bayview Boulevard Suite 100, Baltimore, Maryland 21224 United States
| | - Stephanie A. Studenski
- Longitudinal Studies Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institute of Health, 251 Bayview Boulevard Suite 100, Baltimore, Maryland 21224 United States
| | - Yuri Agrawal
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 601 North Caroline Street, 6 Floor, Baltimore, Maryland 21287 United States
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56
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Helmchen C, Knauss J, Trillenberg P, Frendl A, Sprenger A. Role of the Patient's History of Vestibular Symptoms in the Clinical Evaluation of the Bedside Head-Impulse Test. Front Neurol 2017; 8:51. [PMID: 28265260 PMCID: PMC5317026 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Our aim was to identify the role of the investigators’ knowledge of the patient’s history of vestibular symptoms (PVH) in the clinical evaluation of the bedside head-impulse test (bHIT). We hypothesized that this knowledge will reduce uncertainty and improve bHIT accuracy when compared to quantitative analysis of the vestibulo-ocular reflex by video head-impulse test (vHIT). Methods We looked for changes in the clinical assessment of the bHIT in 594 consecutive patients before and after taking PVH. bHIT was performed by 12 clinical neurologists with various clinical experience in neuro-otological diseases (novices to long-standing experts). vHIT was analyzed by four experts being blinded for the patients’ clinical presentation and history of symptoms. The confidence of bHIT and vHIT was rated (0–100%). Results One hundred fifty-four (15%) of 1,030 bHIT of all eligible patients (n = 515) were rated pathological. Thirty-five (22.7%) of them were rated bilateral vestibulopathies. Sensitivity of bHIT reached 56.3%, its specificity 92.4%; the positive predictive value (PPV) was 41.5% and the negative predictive value 95.7%. These data did not differ between bHIT before and after PVH. bHIT after PVH (post-bHIT) differed from pre-bHIT in 44.3%, usually with regard to the level of confidence but also in polarity (5%). The accuracy of changes in bHIT depended on the direction of change: a “normal” post-bHIT was correct in 92.3% while only 39.8% of pathological post-bHIT were pathological on vHIT. However, sensitivity of a pathological post-bHIT depended on the clinical experience in taking PVH and bHIT: the PPV was 20.5% in novices as compared to 69.6% in experts. Conclusion The study shows that PVH changes the certainty and/or polarity of the clinical evaluation of bHIT. Unlike expected, the increase in confidence in post-bHIT is associated with a consistently high specificity but no increase in sensitivity. Accuracy of changes in post-bHIT depends on the investigators’ clinical experience: it increases only in experts but not novices. Since novices show only a poor PPV and moderate sensitivity of bHIT, pathological bHITs should be controlled by vHIT, even in patients with a positive PVH. By contrast, confirmed normal post-bHIT is usually correct.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia Knauss
- Department of Neurology, University of Luebeck , Luebeck , Germany
| | | | - Anita Frendl
- Department of Neurology, University of Luebeck , Luebeck , Germany
| | - Andreas Sprenger
- Department of Neurology, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany; Institute of Psychology II, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
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57
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Shen Q, Magnani C, Sterkers O, Lamas G, Vidal PP, Sadoun J, Curthoys IS, de Waele C. Saccadic Velocity in the New Suppression Head Impulse Test: A New Indicator of Horizontal Vestibular Canal Paresis and of Vestibular Compensation. Front Neurol 2016; 7:160. [PMID: 27721805 PMCID: PMC5033987 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2016.00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether saccadic velocity in the suppression head impulse paradigm (SHIMP) test is a reliable indicator of vestibular loss at the acute and at the chronic stage in patients suffering from different vestibular pathologies. METHODS Thirty-five normal subjects and 57 patients suffering from different vestibular pathologies associated with unilateral vestibular loss (UVL) or bilateral vestibular loss (BVL) were tested in the SHIMPs paradigm. SHIMPs were performed by turning the head 10 times at high velocities to the left or right side, respectively. The patients were instructed to fixate on a red spot generated by a head-fixed laser projected on the wall. In this SHIMPs paradigm, healthy subjects made a large anti-compensatory saccade at the end of the head turn (a SHIMP saccade). The peak saccadic velocity, the percentage of the trials completed with saccades in 10 trials, and the latency of the saccades were quantified in each group. A video-head impulse test (v-HIT) was systematically performed in all of our subjects as well as a caloric test. The dizziness handicap inventory questionnaire was also given to chronic UVL and BVL patients. RESULTS At the acute stage after a complete UVL, patients had zero or a few anti-compensatory saccades for low velocity head turns toward the lesioned side. These saccades had lower velocity than the anti-compensatory saccades recorded during head rotation toward the intact side and/or compared with the saccades measured in control subjects. At the chronic stage, some of the patients recovered the ability to perform SHIMP saccades at each head turn toward the lesioned side, but very often these saccades were of significantly lower velocity. In BVL patients, no anti-compensatory saccades, or only significantly smaller ones, could be detected for head turns to both sides. CONCLUSION SHIMP is a specific and sensitive test to detect a complete horizontal canal loss at the acute stage. In addition, it reflects the ability of patients with moderate horizontal vestibulo-ocular reflex gain decrease to generate anti-compensatory saccades in the chronic stage. In association with v-HIT, it allows determination of the residual vestibular function and to detect anti-compensatory saccades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiwen Shen
- Cognition and Action Group, CNRS UMR8257, Centre Universitaire des Saints-Peres, Universite Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Magnani
- Cognition and Action Group, CNRS UMR8257, Centre Universitaire des Saints-Peres, Universite Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Pierre-Paul Vidal
- Cognition and Action Group, CNRS UMR8257, Centre Universitaire des Saints-Peres, Universite Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Julien Sadoun
- Cognition and Action Group, CNRS UMR8257, Centre Universitaire des Saints-Peres, Universite Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Ian S. Curthoys
- Vestibular Research Laboratory, School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Catherine de Waele
- Cognition and Action Group, CNRS UMR8257, Centre Universitaire des Saints-Peres, Universite Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- ENT Department, Salpetriere Hospital, Paris, France
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58
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Vestibular function in patients with Niemann-Pick type C disease. J Neurol 2016; 263:2260-2270. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-016-8247-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Grande-Alonso M, Moral Saiz B, Mínguez Zuazo A, Lerma Lara S, La Touche R. Biobehavioural analysis of the vestibular system and posture control in patients with cervicogenic dizziness. A cross-sectional study. Neurologia 2016; 33:98-106. [PMID: 27452617 DOI: 10.1016/j.nrl.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervicogenic dizziness is a musculoskeletal disorder mainly characterised by dizziness and disequilibrium associated with neck pain. The pathophysiology is unclear and the neurophysiological basis remains to be ascertained. The aim of this study is to compare the vestibulo-ocular reflex and postural control between patients with cervicogenic dizziness and asymptomatic subjects, and to assess the association between debilitating dizziness and other psychosocial variables. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 20 patients and 22 asymptomatic subjects were selected. Vestibulo-ocular reflex was assessed by performing the head impulse test. Computerised dynamic posturography was used to evaluate the postural control by means of the sensory organisation test. In addition, subjects self-reported their degree of disability due to dizziness, cervical disability, kinesiophobia, and state of anxiety and depression. RESULTS There were no differences in the vestibulo-ocular reflex (P>.05). However, we found differences with a medium-to-large effect size (d>0.60) in variables related to proprioception and visual information integration; the former variable set was related to disability due to dizziness. Disability due to dizziness presents strong-to-moderate associations with cervical disability, kinesiophobia, and anxiety. CONCLUSION Our data rule out changes in the vestibular system in cervicogenic dizziness, but they do point to proprioceptive impairment. According to our results, the association between dizziness-related disability and other psychosocial factors in cervicogenic dizziness is very relevant for clinical medicine and for future research projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Grande-Alonso
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, España; Cátedra de Investigación en Rehabilitación Sensoriomotora y Análisis Posturográfico, Madrid, España
| | - B Moral Saiz
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, España; Cátedra de Investigación en Rehabilitación Sensoriomotora y Análisis Posturográfico, Madrid, España; Laboratorio de Análisis del Movimiento, Hospital Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, España
| | - A Mínguez Zuazo
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, España; Cátedra de Investigación en Rehabilitación Sensoriomotora y Análisis Posturográfico, Madrid, España
| | - S Lerma Lara
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, España; Cátedra de Investigación en Rehabilitación Sensoriomotora y Análisis Posturográfico, Madrid, España; Laboratorio de Análisis del Movimiento, Hospital Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, España; Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias de Movimiento, Bioconducta y Estudio del Dolor, Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, España.
| | - R La Touche
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, España; Cátedra de Investigación en Rehabilitación Sensoriomotora y Análisis Posturográfico, Madrid, España; Laboratorio de Análisis del Movimiento, Hospital Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, España; Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias de Movimiento, Bioconducta y Estudio del Dolor, Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, España; Instituto de Neurociencias y Dolor Craneofacial (INDCRAN), Madrid, España
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60
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Anson ER, Bigelow RT, Carey JP, Xue QL, Studenski S, Schubert MC, Weber KP, Agrawal Y. Aging Increases Compensatory Saccade Amplitude in the Video Head Impulse Test. Front Neurol 2016; 7:113. [PMID: 27486430 PMCID: PMC4947583 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2016.00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Rotational vestibular function declines with age resulting in saccades as a compensatory mechanism to improve impaired gaze stability. Small reductions in rotational vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) gain that would be considered clinically normal have been associated with compensatory saccades. We evaluated whether compensatory saccade characteristics varied as a function of age, independent of semicircular canal function as quantified by VOR gain. Methods Horizontal VOR gain was measured in 243 participants age 27–93 from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging using video head impulse testing. Latency and amplitude of the first saccade (either covert – occurring during head impulse, or overt – occurring following head impulse) were measured for head impulses with compensatory saccades (n = 2230 head impulses). The relationship between age and saccade latency, as well as the relationship between age and saccade amplitude, were evaluated using regression analyses adjusting for VOR gain, gender, and race. Results Older adults (mean age 75.9) made significantly larger compensatory saccades relative to younger adults (mean age 45.0). In analyses adjusted for VOR gain, there was a significant association between age and amplitude of the first compensatory covert saccade (β = 0.015, p = 0.008). In analyses adjusted for VOR gain, there was a significant association between age and amplitude of the first compensatory overt saccade (β = 0.02, p < 0.001). Compensatory saccade latencies did not vary significantly by age. Conclusion We observed that aging increases the compensatory catch-up saccade amplitude in healthy adults after controlling for VOR gain. Size of compensatory saccades may be useful in addition to VOR gain for characterizing vestibular function in aging adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Anson
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Robin T Bigelow
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - John P Carey
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Quan-Li Xue
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Center on Aging and Health, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stephanie Studenski
- Longitudinal Studies Section, National Institute on Aging , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Michael C Schubert
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Konrad P Weber
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yuri Agrawal
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
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Minguez-Zuazo A, Grande-Alonso M, Saiz BM, La Touche R, Lara SL. Therapeutic patient education and exercise therapy in patients with cervicogenic dizziness: a prospective case series clinical study. J Exerc Rehabil 2016; 12:216-25. [PMID: 27419118 PMCID: PMC4934967 DOI: 10.12965/jer.1632564.282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a treatment for patients with cervicogenic dizziness that consisted of therapeutic education and exercises. The Dizziness Handicap Inventory and Neck Disability Index were used. Secondary outcomes included range of motion, postural control, and psychological variables. Seven patients (two males and five females) aged 38.43±14.10 with cervicogenic dizziness were included. All the participants received eight treatment sessions. The treatment was performed twice a week during a four weeks period. Outcome measures included a questionnaire (demographic data, body chart, and questions about pain) and self-reported disability, pain, and psychological variables. Subjects were examined for cervical range of motion and postural control. All of these variables were assessed pre- and postintervention. Participants received eight sessions of therapeutic education patient and therapeutic exercise. The majority of participants showed an improvement in catastrophism (mean change, 11.57±7.13; 95% confidence interval [CI], 4.96–18.17; d=1.60), neck disability (mean change, 5.14±2.27.28; 95% CI, 3.04–7.24; d=1.32), and dizziness disability (mean change, 9.71±6.96; 95% CI, 3.26–16.15; d=1.01). Patients also showed improved range of motion in the right and left side. Therapeutic patient education in combination with therapeutic exercise was an effective treatment. Future research should investigate the efficacy of therapeutic patient education and exercise with larger sample sizes of patients with cervicogenic dizziness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Minguez-Zuazo
- Departamento de Fisioterapia. Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios La Salle. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Madrid, Spain; La Salle-Optomic Balance Researching Chair: Sensorio-Motor Rehabilitation and Posturography, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica Grande-Alonso
- Departamento de Fisioterapia. Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios La Salle. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Madrid, Spain; La Salle-Optomic Balance Researching Chair: Sensorio-Motor Rehabilitation and Posturography, Madrid, Spain; Research Gruop Motion in Brains. Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios La Salle. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Moral Saiz
- Departamento de Fisioterapia. Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios La Salle. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Madrid, Spain; La Salle-Optomic Balance Researching Chair: Sensorio-Motor Rehabilitation and Posturography, Madrid, Spain; Movement Analysis Laboratory Niño Jesús University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roy La Touche
- Departamento de Fisioterapia. Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios La Salle. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Madrid, Spain; La Salle-Optomic Balance Researching Chair: Sensorio-Motor Rehabilitation and Posturography, Madrid, Spain; Movement Analysis Laboratory Niño Jesús University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Lerma Lara
- Departamento de Fisioterapia. Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios La Salle. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Madrid, Spain; La Salle-Optomic Balance Researching Chair: Sensorio-Motor Rehabilitation and Posturography, Madrid, Spain; Research Gruop Motion in Brains. Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios La Salle. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Madrid, Spain; Movement Analysis Laboratory Niño Jesús University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
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Anson ER, Bigelow RT, Carey JP, Xue QL, Studenski S, Schubert MC, Agrawal Y. VOR Gain Is Related to Compensatory Saccades in Healthy Older Adults. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:150. [PMID: 27445793 PMCID: PMC4919329 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) gain is well-suited for identifying rotational vestibular dysfunction, but may miss partial progressive decline in age-related vestibular function. Since compensatory saccades might provide an alternative method for identifying subtle vestibular decline, we describe the relationship between VOR gain and compensatory saccades in healthy older adults. Methods: Horizontal VOR gain was measured in 243 subjects age 60 and older from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging using video head impulse testing (HIT). Saccades in each HIT were identified as either “compensatory” or “compensatory back-up,” i.e., same or opposite direction as the VOR response respectively. Saccades were also classified as “covert” (occurring during head movement) and “overt” (occurring after head movement). The relationship between VOR gain and percentage of HITs with saccades, as well as the relationship between VOR gain and saccade latency and amplitude, were evaluated using regression analyses adjusting for age, gender, and race. Results: In adjusted analyses, the percentage of HITs with compensatory saccades increased 4.5% for every 0.1 decrease in VOR gain (p < 0.0001). Overt compensatory saccade amplitude decreased 0.6° (p < 0.005) and latency increased 90 ms (p < 0.001) for every 0.1 increase in VOR gain. Covert back-up compensatory saccade amplitude increased 0.4° for every 0.1 increase in VOR gain. Conclusion: We observed significant relationships between VOR gain and compensatory saccades in healthy older adults. Lower VOR gain was associated with larger amplitude, shorter latency compensatory saccades. Compensatory saccades reflect underlying rotational vestibular hypofunction, and may be particularly useful at identifying partial vestibular deficits as occur in aging adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Anson
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robin T Bigelow
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - John P Carey
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Qian-Li Xue
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimore, MD, USA; Center on Aging and Health, Johns Hopkins Medical InstitutionsBaltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stephanie Studenski
- Longitudinal Studies Section, National Institute on Aging Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael C Schubert
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yuri Agrawal
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
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63
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Video head impulse test: a review of the literature. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2016; 274:1215-1222. [DOI: 10.1007/s00405-016-4157-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Harun A, Oh ES, Bigelow R, Agrawal Y. Vestibular function testing in individuals with cognitive impairment: our experience with sixty participants. Clin Otolaryngol 2016; 42:772-776. [PMID: 27289082 DOI: 10.1111/coa.12691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Harun
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - E S Oh
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - R Bigelow
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Y Agrawal
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Test-retest and Interrater Reliability of the Video Head Impulse Test in the Pediatric Population. Otol Neurotol 2016; 37:558-63. [DOI: 10.1097/mao.0000000000001040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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66
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Vestibular Performance During High-Acceleration Stimuli Correlates with Clinical Decline in SCA6. THE CEREBELLUM 2016; 14:284-91. [PMID: 25624155 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-015-0650-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 (SCA6), the vestibular dysfunction and its correlation with other clinical parameters require further exploration. We determined vestibular responses over a broad range of stimulus acceleration in 11 patients with SCA6 (six men, age range=33-72 years, mean age±SD=59±12 years) using bithermal caloric irrigations, rotary chair, and head impulse tests. Correlations were also pursued among disability scores, as measured using the International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale, disease duration, age at onset, cytosine-adenine-guanine (CAG) repeat length, and the gain of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR). In response to relatively low-acceleration, low-frequency rotational and bithermal caloric stimuli, the VOR gains were normal or increased regardless of the severity of disease. On the other hand, with relatively high-acceleration, high-frequency head impulses, there was a relative increase in gain in the mildly affected patients and a decrease in gain in the more severely affected patients and gains were negatively correlated with the severity of disease (Spearman correlation, R=-0.927, p<0.001). Selective decrease of the vestibular responses during high-acceleration, high-frequency stimuli may be ascribed to degeneration of either the flocculus or vestibular nuclei. The performance of the VOR during high-acceleration, high-frequency head impulses may be a quantitative indicator of clinical decline in SCA6.
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Yip CW, Glaser M, Frenzel C, Bayer O, Strupp M. Comparison of the Bedside Head-Impulse Test with the Video Head-Impulse Test in a Clinical Practice Setting: A Prospective Study of 500 Outpatients. Front Neurol 2016; 7:58. [PMID: 27148159 PMCID: PMC4837142 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2016.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The primary aim was to determine the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of the bedside head-impulse test (bHIT) using the video HIT (vHIT) as the gold standard for quantifying the function of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR). Secondary aims were to determine the bHIT inter-rater reliability and sensitivity in detecting unilateral and bilateral vestibulopathy. METHODS In this prospective study, 500 consecutive outpatients presenting to a tertiary neuro-otology clinic with vertigo or dizziness of various vestibular etiologies who did not have any of the pre-defined exclusion criteria were recruited. Bedside HITs were done by three experienced neuro-otology clinicians masked to the diagnosis, and the results were compared with the vHIT. The patients were likewise blinded to the bHIT and vHIT findings. Patients with VOR deficits were identified on the vHIT by referencing to the pre-selected "pathological" gain of <0.7. The data were then analyzed using standard statistical methods. RESULTS For the primary outcome (vHIT "pathological" VOR gain <0.7), the three-rater mean bHIT sensitivity = 66.0%, PPV = 44.3%, specificity = 86.2%, and NPV = 93.9%. Shifting the "pathological" threshold from 0.6 to 0.9 caused the bHIT sensitivity to decrease while the PPV increased. Specificity and NPV tended to remain stable. Inter-rater agreement was moderate (Krippendorff's alpha = 0.54). For unilateral vestibulopathy, overall bHIT sensitivity = 69.6%, reaching 86.67% for severely reduced unilateral gain. For VOR asymmetry <40% and >40%, the bHIT sensitivity = 51.7 and 83%, respectively. For bilateral vestibulopathy, overall bHIT sensitivity = 66.3%, reaching 86.84% for severely reduced bidirectional gains. CONCLUSION For the primary outcome, the bHIT had moderate sensitivity and low PPV. While the study did not elucidate the best choice for vHIT reference, it demonstrated how the bHIT test properties varied with vHIT thresholds: selecting a lower threshold improved the sensitivity but diminished the PPV, while a higher threshold had the opposite effect. The VOR was most likely normal if the bHIT was negative due to its high NPV. The bHIT was moderately sensitive for detecting unilateral and bilateral vestibulopathy overall, but better for certain subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Wai Yip
- Department of Neurology, German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, University Hospital Munich, Munich, Germany; National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore General Hospital Campus, Singapore
| | - Miriam Glaser
- Department of Neurology, German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, University Hospital Munich , Munich , Germany
| | - Claudia Frenzel
- Department of Neurology, German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, University Hospital Munich , Munich , Germany
| | - Otmar Bayer
- Department of Neurology, German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, University Hospital Munich , Munich , Germany
| | - Michael Strupp
- Department of Neurology, German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, University Hospital Munich , Munich , Germany
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Yang CJ, Lee JY, Kang BC, Lee HS, Yoo MH, Park HJ. Quantitative analysis of gains and catch-up saccades of video-head-impulse testing by age in normal subjects. Clin Otolaryngol 2016; 41:532-8. [PMID: 26453356 DOI: 10.1111/coa.12558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate video-head-impulse test (vHIT) results in normal subjects, to determine the normative values of vHIT for the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) and to characterise the catch-up saccades (CSs). DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING Tertiary care academic referral centre. PARTICIPANTS Fifty healthy subjects with no history of vestibular impairment, ten each in their 20's, 30's, 40's, 50's and 60's, underwent vHITs in the lateral semicircular canal plane. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES vHIT gains and the incidence and amplitudes of covert and overt CSs. RESULTS The mean vHIT gain was 1.02 ± 0.07, and the mean gain asymmetry was 2.39 ± 1.96%, with no significant differences among age groups. CSs were observed during 22.6% of the trials and in 49% of the ears. The incidence of CSs was not associated with age. The mean velocity of CSs was 55.5 ± 16.9°/s, and its mean interaural difference was 11.8 ± 10.7°/s. CONCLUSIONS vHIT gains were consistently equal to 1.0 in all age groups (20's to 60's), suggesting that abnormal criteria for vHIT gain (e.g. 0.8) and gain asymmetry (e.g. 8%) can be used, regardless of age. CSs were observed in about half of normal ears, suggesting that VOR is a hypometric system. The amplitudes and interaural difference of CSs were also similar in all age groups, suggesting that abnormal criteria for CS amplitude (e.g. 100°/s) and interaural difference (e.g. 40°/s) can be used, regardless of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - J Y Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - B C Kang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - H S Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - M H Yoo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Korea
| | - H J Park
- Department of Otolaryngology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Mantokoudis G, Tehrani ASS, Xie L, Eibenberger K, Eibenberger B, Roberts D, Newman-Toker DE, Zee DS. The video head impulse test during post-rotatory nystagmus: physiology and clinical implications. Exp Brain Res 2015; 234:277-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-015-4458-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Epidemiology of vestibulo-ocular reflex function: data from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Otol Neurotol 2015; 36:267-72. [PMID: 25275869 DOI: 10.1097/mao.0000000000000610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine age-related changes in vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) function in community-dwelling adults, and evaluate these for associations with demographic characteristics and cardiovascular risk factors. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional analysis within the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA), a longitudinal prospective cohort study. SETTING Vestibular testing laboratory within an acute care teaching hospital. PATIENTS Community-dwelling adults enrolled in the BLSA. INTERVENTION(S) Horizontal VOR gain measurement using video head-impulse testing and visual acuity testing. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) VOR gain was calculated as the ratio of eye velocity to head velocity. Demographic and cardiovascular risk factor data were collected through study questionnaires. RESULTS One hundred nine subjects were analyzed with mean age (SD) 69.9 years (14.2), with a range from 26 to 92 years. VOR gain remained stable from age 26 to 79 after which it significantly declined at a rate of 0.012/year (p = 0.033) in adjusted analyses. Individuals aged 80 years or older had a nearly 8-fold increased odds of VOR gain less than 0.80 relative to those aged less than 80 years in multivariate models (prevalence of 13.2% vs. 2.8%; OR 7.79, 95% CI: 1.04-58.38). Otherwise, VOR gain did not differ significantly across demographic or cardiovascular risk groups. CONCLUSION We report age-related decline in VOR function in individuals aged 80 years and older. Further analyses are in progress to establish the significance of these VOR abnormalities to functional and mobility outcomes in older individuals.
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VOR gain by head impulse video-oculography differentiates acute vestibular neuritis from stroke. Otol Neurotol 2015; 36:457-65. [PMID: 25321888 DOI: 10.1097/mao.0000000000000638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vestibular neuritis is often mimicked by stroke (pseudoneuritis). Vestibular eye movements help discriminate the two conditions. We report vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) gain measures in neuritis and stroke presenting acute vestibular syndrome (AVS). METHODS Prospective cross-sectional study of AVS (acute continuous vertigo/dizziness lasting >24 h) at two academic centers. We measured horizontal head impulse test (HIT) VOR gains in 26 AVS patients using a video HIT device (ICS Impulse). All patients were assessed within 1 week of symptom onset. Diagnoses were confirmed by clinical examinations, brain magnetic resonance imaging with diffusion-weighted images, and follow-up. Brainstem and cerebellar strokes were classified by vascular territory-posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) or anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA). RESULTS Diagnoses were vestibular neuritis (n = 16) and posterior fossa stroke (PICA, n = 7; AICA, n = 3). Mean HIT VOR gains (ipsilesional [standard error of the mean], contralesional [standard error of the mean]) were as follows: vestibular neuritis (0.52 [0.04], 0.87 [0.04]); PICA stroke (0.94 [0.04], 0.93 [0.04]); AICA stroke (0.84 [0.10], 0.74 [0.10]). VOR gains were asymmetric in neuritis (unilateral vestibulopathy) and symmetric in PICA stroke (bilaterally normal VOR), whereas gains in AICA stroke were heterogeneous (asymmetric, bilaterally low, or normal). In vestibular neuritis, borderline gains ranged from 0.62 to 0.73. Twenty patients (12 neuritis, six PICA strokes, two AICA strokes) had at least five interpretable HIT trials (for both ears), allowing an appropriate classification based on mean VOR gains per ear. Classifying AVS patients with bilateral VOR mean gains of 0.70 or more as suspected strokes yielded a total diagnostic accuracy of 90%, with stroke sensitivity of 88% and specificity of 92%. CONCLUSION Video HIT VOR gains differ between peripheral and central causes of AVS. PICA strokes were readily separated from neuritis using gain measures, but AICA strokes were at risk of being misclassified based on VOR gain alone.
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Abstract
Aging affects every sensory system in the body, including the vestibular system. Although its impact is often difficult to quantify, the deleterious impact of aging on the vestibular system is serious both medically and economically. The deterioration of the vestibular sensory end organs has been known since the 1970s; however, the measurable impact from these anatomical changes remains elusive. Tests of vestibular function either fall short in their ability to quantify such anatomical deterioration, or they are insensitive to the associated physiologic decline and/or central compensatory mechanisms that accompany the vestibular aging process. When compared with healthy younger individuals, a paucity of subtle differences in test results has been reported in the healthy older population, and those differences are often observed only in response to nontraditional and/or more robust stimuli. In addition, the reported differences are often clinically insignificant insomuch that the recorded physiologic responses from the elderly often fall within the wide normative response ranges identified for normal healthy adults. The damaging economic impact of such vestibular sensory decline manifests itself in an exponential increase in geriatric dizziness and a subsequent higher prevalence of injurious falls. An estimated $10 to $20 billion dollar annual cost has been reported to be associated with falls-related injuries and is the sixth leading cause of death in the elderly population, with a 20% mortality rate. With an estimated 115% increase in the geriatric population over 65 years of age by the year 2050, the number of balanced-disordered patients with a declining vestibular system is certain to reach near epidemic proportions. An understanding of the effects of age on the vestibular system is imperative if clinicians are to better manage elderly patients with balance disorders, dizziness, and vestibular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher K. Zalewski
- Otolaryngology Branch, Audiology Unit, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland
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Video head impulse testing (VHIT) in the pediatric population. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2015; 79:1283-7. [PMID: 26066850 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2015.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES VHIT is the first vestibular test to evaluate all six semicircular canals. This test has advantages over the rotary chair and caloric tests in evaluating children since it does not require fear-inducing darkness or provocation of dizziness. The goal of this study was to review our initial experience with VHIT in children and adolescents at a pediatric vestibular program. METHODS Results using the ICS Impulse VHIT device in 33 patients <20 years of age were retrospectively reviewed. Rotary chair testing was used to designate 26 subjects into groups with normal (n=20) and abnormal (n=6) lateral semicircular canal (LSC) function for comparison. RESULTS Ages ranged from 3 to 19 years (mean 13±4.3) with no statistically significant difference in mean lateral canal gains between age groups (3-10, 11-14, 15-19 years, respectively) by one-way ANOVA, p=0.111. LSC VHIT gain of <0.7 demonstrated sensitivity of 66.7%, specificity of 100%, positive predictive value of 100%, negative predictive value of 90.9% for detecting abnormal LSC function. Corrective saccades demonstrated 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity for detecting abnormal LSC function. VHIT gain <0.7 in an anterior (n=7) or posterior (n=9) canal was only found in subjects with a clinical history and abnormal findings on other tests indicative of a diagnosis involving the affected canal (e.g. benign paroxysmal positioning vertigo, vestibular neuritis, etc.). CONCLUSION VHIT is an effective test for evaluating semicircular canal function in children and offers major potential advantages over rotary chair and caloric testing.
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Clinical experience with video Head Impulse Test in children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2015; 79:1288-93. [PMID: 26117666 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2015.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A standardized diagnostic protocol for children's vestibular assessment is still missing in daily clinical life. As rotatory chair testing and caloric test are usually not tolerated well by children, the aim of our study was not only to evaluate the importance and practicability of the video head impulse test performed in children with and without balance problems, but also to outline a diagnostic algorithm for children with balance problems. METHODS Fifty-five children aged 3-16 years have been included in this prospective monocentric study. Balance was assessed using results from health screening examinations of the participants and results from a specific dizziness questionnaire for children. The children were then divided in two groups: group I without any sign of vestibular development disorder and group II with possible signs for a pathological equilibrium development. Horizontal vestibulo-ocular reflex (HVOR) was assessed using a video-oculography system device (EyeSeeCam(©)). Gain at 40, 60, and 80ms and gain variance has been measured. Furthermore, it was evaluated how calibration of the system was tolerated by the participants, how the test itself was accomplishable in children, and which difficulties arose during testing. RESULTS Reproducible test results were accomplished in 42 children (75%). Children with no balance problems in history showed a median gain of 1.02 (±0.28). A significant gain reduction between 40 and 80ms was found (P<0.05). Catch-up saccades were found in none of the children. Children with balance problems had a significantly reduced gain. (0.47±0.3; P<0.05) In this group, catch-up saccades could be detected in 4 out of 6 patients. For both groups, performing the test approximately took 20min, which is significantly longer than in adults (P<0.05). Calibration of the system with laser dots was easily doable in children aged 6 and older, whereas children between 3 and 5 years had better calibration results using colorful little icons. CONCLUSIONS Video head impulse test is a sensitive and efficient vestibular test in children, which is tolerated well by children aged 3-16 years. Therefore, video head impulse test can be easily used as a screening tool to detect vestibular dysfunction in the pediatric population.
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Compensatory saccades benefit from prediction during head impulse testing in early recovery from vestibular deafferentation. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2015; 273:1379-85. [PMID: 26088345 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-015-3685-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The head impulse test (HIT) can identify a deficient vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) by the compensatory saccade (CS) generated once the head stops moving. The inward HIT is considered safer than the outward HIT, yet might have an oculomotor advantage given that the subject would presumably know the direction of head rotation. Here, we compare CS latencies following inward (presumed predictable) and outward (more unpredictable) HITs after acute unilateral vestibular nerve deafferentation. Seven patients received inward and outward HITs delivered at six consecutive postoperative days (POD) and again at POD 30. All head impulses were recorded by portable video-oculography. CS included those occurring during (covert) or after (overt) head rotation. Inward HITs included mean CS latencies (183.48 ms ± 4.47 SE) that were consistently shorter than those generated during outward HITs in the first 6 POD (p = 0.0033). Inward HITs induced more covert saccades compared to outward HITs, acutely. However, by POD 30 there were no longer any differences in latencies or proportions of CS and direction of head rotation. Patients with acute unilateral vestibular loss likely use predictive cues of head direction to elicit early CS to keep the image centered on the fovea. In acute vestibular hypofunction, inwardly applied HITs may risk a preponderance of covert saccades, yet this difference largely disappears within 30 days. Advantages of inwardly applied HITs are discussed and must be balanced against the risk of a false-negative HIT interpretation.
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A novel and inexpensive digital system for eye movement recordings using magnetic scleral search coils. Med Biol Eng Comput 2015; 54:421-30. [PMID: 26077529 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-015-1326-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
After their introduction by Robinson (IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 10:137-145, 1963), magnetic scleral search coils quickly became an accepted standard for precise eye movement recordings. While other techniques such as video-oculography or electro-oculography may be more suitable for routine applications, search coils still provide the best low-noise and low-drift characteristics paired with the highest temporal and spatial resolution. The problem with search coils is that many research laboratories still have their large and expensive coil systems installed and are acquiring eye movement data with old, analog technology. Typically, the number of recording channels is limited and modifications to an existing search coil system can be difficult. We propose a system that allows to retro-fit an existing analog search coil system to become a digital recording system. The system includes digital data acquisition boards and a reference coil as the hardware part, receiver software, and a new calibration method. The circuit design has been kept simple and robust, and the proposed software calibration allows the calibration of a single coil within a few seconds.
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77
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Outward Versus Inward Head Thrusts with Video-Head Impulse Testing in Normal Subjects. Otol Neurotol 2015; 36:e87-94. [DOI: 10.1097/mao.0000000000000698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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78
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Mantokoudis G, Saber Tehrani AS, Kattah JC, Eibenberger K, Guede CI, Zee DS, Newman-Toker DE. Quantifying the vestibulo-ocular reflex with video-oculography: nature and frequency of artifacts. Audiol Neurootol 2014; 20:39-50. [PMID: 25501133 DOI: 10.1159/000362780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Video-oculography devices are now used to quantify the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) at the bedside using the head impulse test (HIT). Little is known about the impact of disruptive phenomena (e.g. corrective saccades, nystagmus, fixation losses, eye-blink artifacts) on quantitative VOR assessment in acute vertigo. This study systematically characterized the frequency, nature, and impact of artifacts on HIT VOR measures. From a prospective study of 26 patients with acute vestibular syndrome (16 vestibular neuritis, 10 stroke), we classified findings using a structured coding manual. Of 1,358 individual HIT traces, 72% had abnormal disruptive saccades, 44% had at least one artifact, and 42% were uninterpretable. Physicians using quantitative recording devices to measure head impulse VOR responses for clinical diagnosis should be aware of the potential impact of disruptive eye movements and measurement artifacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Mantokoudis
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md., USA
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79
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Zulueta-Santos C, Lujan B, Manrique-Huarte R, Perez-Fernandez N. The vestibulo-ocular reflex assessment in patients with Ménière's disease: examining all semicircular canals. Acta Otolaryngol 2014; 134:1128-33. [PMID: 25315912 DOI: 10.3109/00016489.2014.919405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Abstract Conclusion: The distribution of abnormal results is not uniform between different canals in each patient; the most frequent gain reduction is obtained for the posterior canal. Gain reduction reflects the disease duration and amount of hearing loss. OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) evoked after stimulation of each semicircular canal behaves in a different manner in patients with unilateral definite Ménière's disease. METHODS We studied the VOR evoked by rapid head-impulses in the plane of the 6 semicircular canals in 36 patients. It was evaluated with a video system that analyzes the head and eye velocity and the gain was the objective measure. RESULTS In 12 (33.3%) patients the examination of both ears was normal for all the semicircular canals, in 12 patients the results from the affected ear were abnormal in at least 1 of the semicircular canals, in 11 (30.5%) patients the results were abnormal in at least 1 of the semicircular canals in both the affected and unaffected ears, and in 1 (2.9%) patient the results were abnormal only in the unaffected ear. The most frequent abnormal result was obtained from the posterior canal of the affected ear and from the coupled superior canal of the unaffected ear. The distribution of abnormal findings was dependent on the disease duration and hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Zulueta-Santos
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University Hospital and Medical School, University of Navarra , Pamplona, Navarra , Spain
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80
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Chen L, Todd M, Halmagyi GM, Aw S. Head impulse gain and saccade analysis in pontine-cerebellar stroke and vestibular neuritis. Neurology 2014; 83:1513-22. [PMID: 25253747 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000000906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We sought to quantify and compare angular vestibulo-ocular reflex (aVOR) gain and compensatory saccade properties elicited by the head impulse test (HIT) in pontine-cerebellar stroke (PCS) and vestibular neuritis (VN). METHODS Horizontal HIT was recorded ≤7 days from vertigo onset with dual-search coils in 33 PCS involving the anterior inferior, posterior inferior, and superior cerebellar arteries (13 AICA, 17 PICA, 3 SCA) confirmed by MRI and 20 VN. We determined the aVOR gain and asymmetry, and compensatory overt saccade properties including amplitude asymmetry and cumulative amplitude (ipsilesional trials [I]; contralesional trials [C]). RESULTS The aVOR gain (normal: 0.96; asymmetry = 2%) was bilaterally reduced, greater in AICA (I = 0.39, C = 0.57; asymmetry = 20%) than in PICA/SCA strokes (I = 0.75, C = 0.74; asymmetry = 7%), in contrast to the unilateral deficit in VN (I = 0.22, C = 0.76; asymmetry = 54%). Cumulative amplitude (normal: 1.1°) was smaller in AICA (I = 4.2°, C = 3.0°) and PICA/SCA strokes (I = 2.1°, C = 3.0°) compared with VN (I = 8.5°, C = 1.3°). Amplitude asymmetry in AICA and PICA/SCA strokes was comparable, but favored the contralesional side in PICA/SCA strokes and the ipsilesional side in VN. Saccade asymmetry <61% was found in 97% of PCS and none of VN. Gain asymmetry <40% was found in 94% of PCS and 10% of VN. CONCLUSION HIT gains and compensatory saccades differ between PCS and VN. VN was characterized by unilateral gain deficits with asymmetric large saccades, AICA stroke by more symmetric bilateral gain reduction with smaller saccades, and PICA stroke by contralesional gain bias with the smallest saccades. Saccade and gain asymmetry should be investigated further in future diagnostic accuracy studies. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE This study provides Class II evidence that aVOR testing accurately distinguishes patients with PCS from VN (sensitivity 94%-97%, specificity 90%-100%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Chen
- From the Central Clinical School (L.C., G.M.H., S.A.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney; and Institute of Clinical Neurosciences (L.C., M.T., G.M.H., S.A.), Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Michael Todd
- From the Central Clinical School (L.C., G.M.H., S.A.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney; and Institute of Clinical Neurosciences (L.C., M.T., G.M.H., S.A.), Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Gabor M Halmagyi
- From the Central Clinical School (L.C., G.M.H., S.A.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney; and Institute of Clinical Neurosciences (L.C., M.T., G.M.H., S.A.), Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Swee Aw
- From the Central Clinical School (L.C., G.M.H., S.A.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney; and Institute of Clinical Neurosciences (L.C., M.T., G.M.H., S.A.), Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
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81
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Blödow A, Blödow J, Bloching MB, Helbig R, Walther LE. Horizontal VOR function shows frequency dynamics in vestibular schwannoma. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2014; 272:2143-8. [PMID: 24789061 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-014-3042-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this retrospective study was to investigate the horizontal vestibulo-ocular reflex (hVOR) pathway with caloric test (low-frequency hVOR) and video head impulse test (vHIT) (high-frequency hVOR) in patients with sporadic vestibular schwannoma (69 patients, 27-86 years, mean age 58.1 years) and to compare both test methods in terms of their sensitivity and specificity to detect a retrocochlear lesion. Test results with a unilateral weakness (UWCaloric) >25 % (caloric test) or a Mean-GainvHIT <0.79/asymmetry ratio of Gain (AR-GainvHIT) >8.5 % and accompanied refixation saccades (vHIT) were considered abnormal. The overall sensitivity of the caloric test was 72 %. The evaluation of AR-GainvHIT detected more abnormal cases than did Mean-GainvHIT (44 vs. 36 %). In up to 4 %, a normal caloric test result was related to an abnormal vHIT. There was only a moderate correlation of UWCaloric and AR-GainvHIT (r = 0.54, p < 0.05) with a linear regression line intercept/slope of 32.2/0.9 (p < 0.05). Receiver operating characteristics curve analysis exhibited at a UWCaloric of 50 % a vHIT sensitivity/specificity/positive predictive value/negative predictive value of 0.45/0.9/0.94/0.42. Vestibular testing at varying frequencies provides deeper insights into hVOR function and is helpful in detecting a cerebello-pontine lesion. Whereas caloric test yields a high sensitivity for nerve dysfunction, vHIT test reveals a remaining function of hVOR in the high-frequency range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Blödow
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Communication Disorders, HELIOS-Clinic Berlin-Buch, Schwanebecker Chaussee 50, 13125, Berlin, Germany,
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Covert anti-compensatory quick eye movements during head impulses. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93086. [PMID: 24732783 PMCID: PMC3986070 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Catch-up saccades during passive head movements, which compensate for a deficient vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR), are a well-known phenomenon. These quick eye movements are directed toward the target in the opposite direction of the head movement. Recently, quick eye movements in the direction of the head movement (covert anti-compensatory quick eye movements, CAQEM) were observed in older individuals. Here, we characterize these quick eye movements, their pathophysiology, and clinical relevance during head impulse testing (HIT). Methods Video head impulse test data from 266 patients of a tertiary vertigo center were retrospectively analyzed. Forty-three of these patients had been diagnosed with vestibular migraine, and 35 with Menière’s disease. Results CAQEM occurred in 38% of the patients. The mean CAQEM occurrence rate (per HIT trial) was 11±10% (mean±SD). Latency was 83±30 ms. CAQEM followed the saccade main sequence characteristics and were compensated by catch-up saccades in the opposite direction. Compensatory saccades did not lead to more false pathological clinical head impulse test assessments (specificity with CAQEM: 87%, and without: 85%). CAQEM on one side were associated with a lower VOR gain on the contralateral side (p<0.004) and helped distinguish Menière’s disease from vestibular migraine (p = 0.01). Conclusion CAQEM are a common phenomenon, most likely caused by a saccadic/quick phase mechanism due to gain asymmetries. They could help differentiate two of the most common causes of recurrent vertigo: vestibular migraine and Menière’s disease.
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