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Penna F, Pin F, Ballarò R, Baccino FM, Costelli P. Novel investigational drugs mimicking exercise for the treatment of cachexia. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2015; 25:63-72. [PMID: 26560328 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2016.1117072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cachexia is a syndrome characterized by body weight loss, muscle wasting and metabolic abnormalities, that frequently complicates the management of people affected by chronic diseases. No effective therapy is actually available, although several drugs are under clinical evaluation. Altered energy metabolism markedly contributes to the pathogenesis of cachexia; it can be improved by exercise, which is able to both induce anabolism and inhibit catabolism. AREAS COVERED This review focuses on exercise mimetics and their potential inclusion in combined protocols to treat cachexia. The authors pay with particular reference to the cancer-associated cachexia. EXPERT OPINION Even though exercise improves muscle phenotype, most patients retain sedentary habits which are quite difficult to disrupt. Moreover, they frequently present with chronic fatigue and comorbidities that reduce exercise tolerance. For these reasons, drugs mimicking exercise could be beneficial to those who are unable to comply with the practice of physical activity. Since some exercise mimetics may exert serious side effects, further investigations should focus on treatments which maintain their effectiveness on muscle phenotype while remaining tolerable at the same time.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Penna
- a Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences , University of Turin , Turin , Italy.,b Interuniversity Institute of Myology , Italy
| | - F Pin
- a Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences , University of Turin , Turin , Italy.,b Interuniversity Institute of Myology , Italy
| | - R Ballarò
- a Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences , University of Turin , Turin , Italy.,b Interuniversity Institute of Myology , Italy
| | - F M Baccino
- a Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences , University of Turin , Turin , Italy
| | - P Costelli
- a Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences , University of Turin , Turin , Italy.,b Interuniversity Institute of Myology , Italy
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Mendes MCS, Pimentel GD, Costa FO, Carvalheira JBC. Molecular and neuroendocrine mechanisms of cancer cachexia. J Endocrinol 2015; 226:R29-43. [PMID: 26112046 DOI: 10.1530/joe-15-0170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cancer and its morbidities, such as cancer cachexia, constitute a major public health problem. Although cancer cachexia has afflicted humanity for centuries, its underlying multifactorial and complex physiopathology has hindered the understanding of its mechanism. During the last few decades we have witnessed a dramatic increase in the understanding of cancer cachexia pathophysiology. Anorexia and muscle and adipose tissue wasting are the main features of cancer cachexia. These apparently independent symptoms have humoral factors secreted by the tumor as a common cause. Importantly, the hypothalamus has emerged as an organ that senses the peripheral signals emanating from the tumoral environment, and not only elicits anorexia but also contributes to the development of muscle and adipose tissue loss. Herein, we review the roles of factors secreted by the tumor and its effects on the hypothalamus, muscle and adipose tissue, as well as highlighting the key targets that are being exploited for cancer cachexia treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Carolina S Mendes
- Department of Internal MedicineFaculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), MA: 13083-970 Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo D Pimentel
- Department of Internal MedicineFaculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), MA: 13083-970 Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felipe O Costa
- Department of Internal MedicineFaculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), MA: 13083-970 Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - José B C Carvalheira
- Department of Internal MedicineFaculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), MA: 13083-970 Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Dutt V, Gupta S, Dabur R, Injeti E, Mittal A. Skeletal muscle atrophy: Potential therapeutic agents and their mechanisms of action. Pharmacol Res 2015; 99:86-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 05/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Narici M, Conte M, Salvioli S, Franceschi C, Selby A, Dela F, Rieder F, Kösters A, Müller E. Alpine Skiing With total knee ArthroPlasty (ASWAP): impact on molecular and architectural features of musculo-skeletal ageing. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2015; 25 Suppl 2:33-9. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.12458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Narici
- MRC ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research; Faculty of Medicine; University of Nottingham; Nottingham UK
| | - M. Conte
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine; University of Bologna; Bologna Italy
| | - S. Salvioli
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine; University of Bologna; Bologna Italy
| | - C. Franceschi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine; University of Bologna; Bologna Italy
| | - A. Selby
- MRC ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research; Faculty of Medicine; University of Nottingham; Nottingham UK
| | - F. Dela
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; Xlab - Center for Healthy Aging; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - F. Rieder
- Department of Sport Science and Christian Doppler Laboratory “Biomechanics in Skiing”; University of Salzburg; Salzburg Austria
| | - A. Kösters
- Department of Sport Science and Christian Doppler Laboratory “Biomechanics in Skiing”; University of Salzburg; Salzburg Austria
| | - E. Müller
- Department of Sport Science and Christian Doppler Laboratory “Biomechanics in Skiing”; University of Salzburg; Salzburg Austria
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55
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Park GH, Jeong H, Jeong MG, Jang EJ, Bae MA, Lee YL, Kim NJ, Hong JH, Hwang ES. Novel TAZ modulators enhance myogenic differentiation and muscle regeneration. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 171:4051-61. [PMID: 24821191 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) is a key controller of mesenchymal stem cell differentiation through its nuclear localization and subsequent interaction with master transcription factors. In particular, TAZ directly associates with myoblast determining protein D (MyoD) and activates MyoD-induced myogenic gene expression, thereby enhancing myogenic differentiation. Here, we have synthesized and characterized low MW compounds modulating myogenic differentiation via induction of TAZ nuclear localization. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH COS7 cells stably transfected with GFP-TAZ were used in a high content imaging screen for compounds specifically enhancing nuclear localization of TAZ. We then studied the effects of such TAZ modulators on myocyte differentiation of C2C12 cells and myogenic transdifferentiation of mouse embryonic fibroblast cells in vitro and muscle regeneration in vivo. KEY RESULTS We identified two TAZ modulators, TM-53, and its structural isomer, TM-54. Each compound strongly enhanced nuclear localization of TAZ by reducing S89-phosphorylation and dose-dependently augmented myogenic differentiation and MyoD-mediated myogenic transdifferentiation through an activation of MyoD-TAZ interaction. The myogenic stimulatory effects of TM-53 and TM-54 were impaired in the absence of TAZ, but retrieved by the restoration of TAZ. In addition, administration of TM-53 and TM-54 enhanced injury-induced muscle regeneration in vivo and attenuated myofiber injury in vitro. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The novel TAZ modulators TM-53 and TM-54 accelerated myogenic differentiation and improved muscle regeneration and function after injury, demonstrating that low MW compounds targeting the nuclear localization of TAZ have beneficial effects in skeletal muscle regeneration and in recovery from muscle degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gun Hwa Park
- College of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Global Top5 Research Program, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
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56
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Bamman MM, Ferrando AA, Evans RP, Stec MJ, Kelly NA, Gruenwald JM, Corrick KL, Trump JR, Singh JA. Muscle inflammation susceptibility: a prognostic index of recovery potential after hip arthroplasty? Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015; 308:E670-9. [PMID: 25670829 PMCID: PMC4398830 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00576.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
While elective total hip arthroplasty (THA) for end-stage osteoarthritis (OA) improves pain, mobility function, and quality of life in most cases, a large proportion of patients suffer persistent muscle atrophy, pain, and mobility impairment. Extensive skeletal muscle damage is unavoidable in these surgical procedures, and it stands to reason that poor recovery and long-term mobility impairment among some individuals after THA is linked to failed muscle regeneration and regrowth following surgery and that local muscle inflammation susceptibility (MuIS) is a major contributing factor. Here we present results of two integrated studies. In study 1, we compared muscle inflammation and protein metabolism signaling in elective THA (n=15) vs. hip fracture/trauma (HFX; n=11) vs. nonsurgical controls (CON; n=19). In study 2, we compared two subgroups of THA patients dichotomized into MuIS⁺ (n=7) or MuIS⁻ (n=7) based on muscle expression of TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) receptor (Fn14). As expected, HFX demonstrated overt systemic and local muscle inflammation and hypermetabolism. By contrast, no systemic inflammation was detected in elective THA patients; however, local muscle inflammation in the perioperative limb was profound in MuIS⁺ and was accompanied by suppressed muscle protein synthesis compared with MuIS⁻. Muscle from the contralateral limb of MuIS⁺ was unaffected, providing evidence of a true inflammation susceptibility localized to the muscle surrounding the hip with end-stage OA. We suggest MuIS status assessed at the time of surgery may be a useful prognostic index for muscle recovery potential and could therefore provide the basis for a personalized approach to postsurgery rehabilitation.
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MESH Headings
- Arkansas
- Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip/adverse effects
- Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip/rehabilitation
- Biomarkers/metabolism
- Biopsy, Needle
- Cytokines/blood
- Disease Susceptibility
- Early Diagnosis
- Female
- Hospitals, University
- Humans
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Myositis/diagnosis
- Myositis/etiology
- Myositis/immunology
- Myositis/metabolism
- Osteoarthritis, Hip/physiopathology
- Osteoarthritis, Hip/rehabilitation
- Osteoarthritis, Hip/surgery
- Outpatient Clinics, Hospital
- Postoperative Complications/diagnosis
- Postoperative Complications/etiology
- Postoperative Complications/immunology
- Postoperative Complications/metabolism
- Precision Medicine
- Predictive Value of Tests
- Prognosis
- Quadriceps Muscle/immunology
- Quadriceps Muscle/metabolism
- Quadriceps Muscle/pathology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/metabolism
- Reoperation/adverse effects
- Reoperation/rehabilitation
- TWEAK Receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcas M Bamman
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Univeristy of Alabama at Birmingham Center for Exercise Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Comprehensive Arthritis, Musculoskeletal, and Autoimmunity Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama;
| | - Arny A Ferrando
- Department of Geriatrics and Center for Translational Research in Aging and Longevity, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Richard P Evans
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Michael J Stec
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Univeristy of Alabama at Birmingham Center for Exercise Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Neil A Kelly
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Univeristy of Alabama at Birmingham Center for Exercise Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Johannes M Gruenwald
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Katie L Corrick
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Jesse R Trump
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Jasvinder A Singh
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Univeristy of Alabama at Birmingham Center for Exercise Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Comprehensive Arthritis, Musculoskeletal, and Autoimmunity Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Medicine Service, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama; and Research Collaborator, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
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Polge C, Attaix D, Taillandier D. Role of E2-Ub-conjugating enzymes during skeletal muscle atrophy. Front Physiol 2015; 6:59. [PMID: 25805999 PMCID: PMC4354305 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The Ubiquitin Proteasome System (UPS) is a major actor of muscle wasting during various physio-pathological situations. In the past 15 years, increasing amounts of data have depicted a picture, although incomplete, of the mechanisms implicated in myofibrillar protein degradation, from the discovery of muscle-specific E3 ligases to the identification of the signaling pathways involved. The targeting specificity of the UPS relies on the capacity of the system to first recognize and then label the proteins to be degraded with a poly-ubiquitin (Ub) chain. It is fairly assumed that the recognition of the substrate is accomplished by the numerous E3 ligases present in mammalian cells. However, most E3s do not possess any catalytic activity and E2 enzymes may be more than simple Ub-providers for E3s since they are probably important actors in the ubiquitination machinery. Surprisingly, most authors have tried to characterize E3 substrates, but the exact role of E2s in muscle protein degradation is largely unknown. A very limited number of the 35 E2s described in humans have been studied in muscle protein breakdown experiments and the vast majority of studies were only descriptive. We review here the role of E2 enzymes in skeletal muscle and the difficulties linked to their study and provide future directions for the identification of muscle E2s responsible for the ubiquitination of contractile proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecile Polge
- UMR 1019 Nutrition Humaine, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Saint Genès Champanelle, France
| | - Didier Attaix
- UMR 1019 Nutrition Humaine, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Saint Genès Champanelle, France
| | - Daniel Taillandier
- UMR 1019 Nutrition Humaine, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Saint Genès Champanelle, France
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58
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Vermillion KL, Anderson KJ, Hampton M, Andrews MT. Gene expression changes controlling distinct adaptations in the heart and skeletal muscle of a hibernating mammal. Physiol Genomics 2015; 47:58-74. [PMID: 25572546 PMCID: PMC4346737 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00108.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Throughout the hibernation season, the thirteen-lined ground squirrel (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus) experiences extreme fluctuations in heart rate, metabolism, oxygen consumption, and body temperature, along with prolonged fasting and immobility. These conditions necessitate different functional requirements for the heart, which maintains contractile function throughout hibernation, and the skeletal muscle, which remains largely inactive. The adaptations used to maintain these contractile organs under such variable conditions serves as a natural model to study a variety of medically relevant conditions including heart failure and disuse atrophy. To better understand how two different muscle tissues maintain function throughout the extreme fluctuations of hibernation we performed Illumina HiSeq 2000 sequencing of cDNAs to compare the transcriptome of heart and skeletal muscle across the circannual cycle. This analysis resulted in the identification of 1,076 and 1,466 differentially expressed genes in heart and skeletal muscle, respectively. In both heart and skeletal muscle we identified a distinct cold-tolerant mechanism utilizing peroxisomal metabolism to make use of elevated levels of unsaturated depot fats. The skeletal muscle transcriptome also shows an early increase in oxidative capacity necessary for the altered fuel utilization and increased oxygen demand of shivering. Expression of the fetal gene expression profile is used to maintain cardiac tissue, either through increasing myocyte size or proliferation of resident cardiomyocytes, while skeletal muscle function and mass are protected through transcriptional regulation of pathways involved in protein turnover. This study provides insight into how two functionally distinct muscles maintain function under the extreme conditions of mammalian hibernation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L Vermillion
- Department of Biology, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota; and
| | - Kyle J Anderson
- Department of Biology, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota; and
| | - Marshall Hampton
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota
| | - Matthew T Andrews
- Department of Biology, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota; and
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59
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Abstract
Muscle RING finger 1 (MuRF1) and muscle atrophy F-box (MAFbx)/atrogin-1 were identified more than 10 years ago as two muscle-specific E3 ubiquitin ligases that are increased transcriptionally in skeletal muscle under atrophy-inducing conditions, making them excellent markers of muscle atrophy. In the past 10 years much has been published about MuRF1 and MAFbx with respect to their mRNA expression patterns under atrophy-inducing conditions, their transcriptional regulation, and their putative substrates. However, much remains to be learned about the physiological role of both genes in the regulation of mass and other cellular functions in striated muscle. Although both MuRF1 and MAFbx are enriched in skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle, this review will focus on the current understanding of MuRF1 and MAFbx in skeletal muscle, highlighting the critical questions that remain to be answered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue C Bodine
- Departments of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior and Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, California; and Northern California Veterans Affairs Health Systems, Mather, California
| | - Leslie M Baehr
- Membrane Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, California; and
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60
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Sakai H, Sagara A, Arakawa K, Sugiyama R, Hirosaki A, Takase K, Jo A, Sato K, Chiba Y, Yamazaki M, Matoba M, Narita M. Mechanisms of cisplatin-induced muscle atrophy. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 278:190-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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61
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Goodman CA, Hornberger TA. New roles for Smad signaling and phosphatidic acid in the regulation of skeletal muscle mass. F1000PRIME REPORTS 2014; 6:20. [PMID: 24765525 PMCID: PMC3974568 DOI: 10.12703/p6-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is essential for normal bodily function and the loss of skeletal muscle (i.e. muscle atrophy/wasting) can have a major impact on mobility, whole-body metabolism, disease resistance, and quality of life. Thus, there is a clear need for the development of therapies that can prevent the loss, or increase, of skeletal muscle mass. However, in order to develop such therapies, we will first have to develop a thorough understanding of the molecular mechanisms that regulate muscle mass. Fortunately, our knowledge is rapidly advancing, and in this review, we will summarize recent studies that have expanded our understanding of the roles that Smad signaling and the synthesis of phosphatidic acid play in the regulation of skeletal muscle mass.
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62
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Yaden BC, Wang YX, Wilson JM, Culver AE, Milner A, Datta-Mannan A, Shetler P, Croy JE, Dai G, Krishnan V. Inhibition of Activin A Ameliorates Skeletal Muscle Injury and Rescues Contractile Properties by Inducing Efficient Remodeling in Female Mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:1152-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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63
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Hartl WH, Jauch KW. Metabolic self-destruction in critically ill patients: Origins, mechanisms and therapeutic principles. Nutrition 2014; 30:261-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2013.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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64
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Ameri H, Liu H, Liu R, Ha Y, Paulucci-Holthauzen AA, Hu S, Motamedi M, Godley BF, Tilton RG, Zhang W. TWEAK/Fn14 pathway is a novel mediator of retinal neovascularization. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 55:801-13. [PMID: 24408972 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.13-12812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Retinal neovascularization (NV) is a major cause of vision loss in ischemia-induced retinopathy. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) and its receptor, fibroblast growth factor inducible-14 (Fn14), have been implicated in angiogenesis, but their role in retinal diseases is unknown. The goal of this study was to investigate the role of TWEAK/Fn14 pathway in retinal NV. METHODS Studies were performed in a mouse model of oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) and in primary human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMECs). Hyperoxia treatment was initiated on postnatal day (P)14. Immunohistochemistry and quantitative PCR (qPCR) were used to assess retinal vascular changes in relation to expression of Fn14 and TWEAK. RESULTS Fibroblast growth factor-inducible 14 mRNA was prominently increased from P13 to P17 in OIR retinas, whereas TWEAK level was slightly decreased. These alterations were normalized by hyperoxia treatment and were more striking in isolated retinal vessels. There was a discernible shift in the immunoreactivity of Fn14 and TWEAK from the neuronal layers in the healthy retina to the neovascular tufts in that of OIR. Blockade of TWEAK/Fn14 significantly prevented retinal NV while slightly accelerated revascularization. In contrast, activation of Fn14 positively regulated survival pathways in the B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl2) family and robustly enhanced HRMEC survival. Furthermore, gene analysis revealed the regulatory region of Fn14 gene contains several conserved hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1α binding sites. Overexpression of HIF-1α prominently induced Fn14 expression in HRMECs. CONCLUSIONS We found that the TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK)/fibroblast growth factor inducible-14 (Fn14) pathway is involved in the development of pathologic retinal neovascularization. Hypoxia inducible factor-1α is likely implicated in the upregulation of Fn14.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Ameri
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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65
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Peng QL, Shu XM, Tian XL, Lu X, Wang GC. Expression of tumor necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis and fibroblast growth factor-inducible 14 in patients with polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Arthritis Res Ther 2014; 16:R26. [PMID: 24467773 PMCID: PMC3978894 DOI: 10.1186/ar4454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of tumor necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) and its receptor fibroblast growth factor-inducible 14 (Fn14) in patients with polymyositis (PM) and dermatomyositis (DM), and their relation to clinical manifestations. METHODS Serum levels of TWEAK were detected in 98 PM/DM patients and 37 healthy controls by using the ELISA method. Total RNA isolated from fresh-frozen muscle tissue samples of 36 PM/DM patients and 10 healthy controls were used for analyzing the mRNA levels of TWEAK and Fn14 by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Immunofluorescence staining of TWEAK and Fn14 was conducted on muscle biopsy specimens from 23 PM/DM patients and seven healthy controls. RESULTS Serum levels of TWEAK were significantly decreased in the PM/DM patients compared to those in the healthy controls (P < 0.001), and serum TWEAK levels negatively correlated with serum CD163 levels in PM/DM patients (r = -0.49, P < 0.001). The expression of Fn14 mRNA was significantly increased in the muscle tissue of PM/DM patients than in the muscle tissue of healthy controls (P < 0.01), whereas the expression of TWEAK mRNA in PM/DM patients was not statistically different from that of the healthy controls (P > 0.05). Fn14 mRNA levels in muscle tissue positively correlated with muscle disease activity (r = 0.512, P < 0.01). Patients with oropharyngeal dysphagia had significantly higher Fn14 mRNA levels than patients without oropharyngeal dysphagia (P < 0.05). The results of immunofluorescence staining showed that 19 out of 23 PM/DM patients were TWEAK-positive, and 20 out of 23 PM/DM patients were Fn14-positive. No detectable expressions of TWEAK or Fn14 were observed in the healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS TWEAK-Fn14 axis may be involved in the pathogenesis of PM/DM. Further understanding of TWEAK-Fn14 function in PM/DM may help to define therapeutic targets for PM/DM.
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66
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Johns N, Hatakeyama S, Stephens NA, Degen M, Degen S, Frieauff W, Lambert C, Ross JA, Roubenoff R, Glass DJ, Jacobi C, Fearon KCH. Clinical classification of cancer cachexia: phenotypic correlates in human skeletal muscle. PLoS One 2014; 9:e83618. [PMID: 24404136 PMCID: PMC3880262 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cachexia affects the majority of patients with advanced cancer and is associated with a reduction in treatment tolerance, response to therapy, and duration of survival. One impediment towards the effective treatment of cachexia is a validated classification system. Methods 41 patients with resectable upper gastrointestinal (GI) or pancreatic cancer underwent characterisation for cachexia based on weight-loss (WL) and/or low muscularity (LM). Four diagnostic criteria were used >5%WL, >10%WL, LM, and LM+>2%WL. All patients underwent biopsy of the rectus muscle. Analysis included immunohistochemistry for fibre size and type, protein and nucleic acid concentration, Western blots for markers of autophagy, SMAD signalling, and inflammation. Findings Compared with non-cachectic cancer patients, patients with LM or LM+>2%WL, mean muscle fibre diameter was reduced by about 25% (p = 0.02 and p = 0.001 respectively). No significant difference in fibre diameter was observed if patients had WL alone. Regardless of classification, there was no difference in fibre number or proportion of fibre type across all myosin heavy chain isoforms. Mean muscle protein content was reduced and the ratio of RNA/DNA decreased in patients with either >5%WL or LM+>2%WL. Compared with non-cachectic patients, SMAD3 protein levels were increased in patients with >5%WL (p = 0.022) and with >10%WL, beclin (p = 0.05) and ATG5 (p = 0.01) protein levels were increased. There were no differences in phospho-NFkB or phospho-STAT3 levels across any of the groups. Conclusion Muscle fibre size, biochemical composition and pathway phenotype can vary according to whether the diagnostic criteria for cachexia are based on weight loss alone, a measure of low muscularity alone or a combination of the two. For intervention trials where the primary end-point is a change in muscle mass or function, use of combined diagnostic criteria may allow identification of a more homogeneous patient cohort, reduce the sample size required and enhance the time scale within which trials can be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Johns
- Department of Clinical and Surgical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Shinji Hatakeyama
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Basel, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nathan A. Stephens
- Department of Clinical and Surgical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Degen
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Basel, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Simone Degen
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Basel, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wilfried Frieauff
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Basel, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Lambert
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Basel, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - James A. Ross
- Department of Clinical and Surgical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ronenn Roubenoff
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David J. Glass
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Carsten Jacobi
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Basel, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kenneth C. H. Fearon
- Department of Clinical and Surgical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Urban RJ, Dillon EL, Choudhary S, Zhao Y, Horstman AM, Tilton RG, Sheffield-Moore M. Translational studies in older men using testosterone to treat sarcopenia. TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN CLINICAL AND CLIMATOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION 2014; 125:27-42; discussion 42-4. [PMID: 25125716 PMCID: PMC4112698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Sarcopenia is the loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength that occurs with aging. Our research group has found an efficacious administration paradigm using testosterone to combat sarcopenia in humans. In addition, our research has uncovered an important regulatory enzyme of inflammation, nuclear factor-κB-inducing kinase that may regulate human skeletal muscle catabolism, and that appears to be counter-regulated by administration of standard doses of testosterone. This is important because a number of age-related clinical circumstances trigger acute and chronic muscle loss including cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hospitalization, acute and chronic illness, and diseases in which systemic inflammation occurs. Moreover, it is often the treatment itself that can induce muscle loss. For example, glucocorticoids are tremendously effective at reducing inflammation and are a frontline therapy for many inflammatory-based diseases, yet paradoxically trigger muscle loss. We will discuss our research findings and the clinical significance of our human clinical translational research with testosterone.
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Chen JL, Walton KL, Winbanks CE, Murphy KT, Thomson RE, Makanji Y, Qian H, Lynch GS, Harrison CA, Gregorevic P. Elevated expression of activins promotes muscle wasting and cachexia. FASEB J 2013; 28:1711-23. [PMID: 24378873 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-245894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In models of cancer cachexia, inhibiting type IIB activin receptors (ActRIIBs) reverse muscle wasting and prolongs survival, even with continued tumor growth. ActRIIB mediates signaling of numerous TGF-β proteins; of these, we demonstrate that activins are the most potent negative regulators of muscle mass. To determine whether activin signaling in the absence of tumor-derived factors induces cachexia, we used recombinant serotype 6 adeno-associated virus (rAAV6) vectors to increase circulating activin A levels in C57BL/6 mice. While mice injected with control vector gained ~10% of their starting body mass (3.8±0.4 g) over 10 wk, mice injected with increasing doses of rAAV6:activin A exhibited weight loss in a dose-dependent manner, to a maximum of -12.4% (-4.2±1.1 g). These reductions in body mass in rAAV6:activin-injected mice correlated inversely with elevated serum activin A levels (7- to 24-fold). Mechanistically, we show that activin A reduces muscle mass and function by stimulating the ActRIIB pathway, leading to deleterious consequences, including increased transcription of atrophy-related ubiquitin ligases, decreased Akt/mTOR-mediated protein synthesis, and a profibrotic response. Critically, we demonstrate that the muscle wasting and fibrosis that ensues in response to excessive activin levels is fully reversible. These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of targeting activins in cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin L Chen
- 2Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, P.O. Box 6492, St. Kilda Rd. Central, Melbourne 8008, Australia.
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Tajrishi MM, Zheng TS, Burkly LC, Kumar A. The TWEAK-Fn14 pathway: a potent regulator of skeletal muscle biology in health and disease. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2013; 25:215-25. [PMID: 24444596 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK), a TNF superfamily ligand, and its bona fide receptor, the TNF receptor superfamily member fibroblast growth factor-inducible 14 (Fn14), represent a pivotal axis for shaping both physiological and pathological tissue responses to acute or chronic injury and disease. In recent years significant advances have been made in delineating the prominent role of TWEAK-Fn14 dyad in regulating skeletal muscle mass and metabolism. Also emerging from the broad study of tissue injury in skeletal muscle and other organs is the role of the TWEAK-Fn14 pathway in promoting fibrosis. This review article highlights recent advancements toward understanding how the TWEAK-Fn14 pathway regulates the response to various skeletal muscle insults and, more broadly, engages multiple mechanisms to drive tissue fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan M Tajrishi
- Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, United States
| | - Timothy S Zheng
- Department of Immunology, Biogen Idec, 12 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
| | - Linda C Burkly
- Department of Immunology, Biogen Idec, 12 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States.
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, United States.
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Amitani M, Asakawa A, Amitani H, Inui A. Control of food intake and muscle wasting in cachexia. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2013; 45:2179-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Nazeri A, Heydarpour P, Sadaghiani S, Sahraian MA, Burkly LC, Bar-Or A. A further TWEAK to multiple sclerosis pathophysiology. Mol Neurobiol 2013; 49:78-87. [PMID: 23873135 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8490-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) is a member of the TNF super family that controls many cellular activities including proliferation, migration, differentiation, apoptosis, and inflammation by binding to fibroblast growth factor-inducible 14 (Fn14), a highly inducible cell surface receptor. Recent studies have indicated that TWEAK-Fn14 axis signaling may contribute to chronic autoimmune diseases. TWEAK expression via microglia in cortical lesions, presence of TWEAK(+) macrophages in inflamed leptomeninges, and absence of TWEAK/Fn14 expression in healthy brain implicates importance of this pathway in pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis lesions. TWEAK-Fn14 axis blockade has also shown promise in various multiple sclerosis animal models. Stimulation of the TWEAK/Fn14 pathway can result in activation of both canonical and noncanonical NF-κB signaling and could also stimulate mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. Here, we have reviewed evidence of the possible role of TWEAK-Fn14 axis in pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) via neuroinflammation, tissue remodeling, blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, neurodegeneration, and astrogliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Nazeri
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Research Program, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Sato S, Ogura Y, Mishra V, Shin J, Bhatnagar S, Hill BG, Kumar A. TWEAK promotes exercise intolerance by decreasing skeletal muscle oxidative phosphorylation capacity. Skelet Muscle 2013; 3:18. [PMID: 23835416 PMCID: PMC3711790 DOI: 10.1186/2044-5040-3-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) and its receptor Fn14 are the major regulators of skeletal muscle mass in many catabolic conditions. However, their role in muscle metabolism remains largely unknown. In the present study, we investigated the role of TWEAK on exercise capacity and skeletal muscle mitochondrial content and oxidative metabolism. Methods We employed wild-type and TWEAK-knockout (KO) mice and primary myotube cultures and performed biochemical, bioenergetics, and morphometric assays to evaluate the effects of TWEAK on exercise tolerance and muscle mitochondrial function and angiogenesis. Results TWEAK-KO mice showed improved exercise tolerance compared to wild-type mice. Electron microscopy analysis showed that the abundance of subsarcolemmal and intermyofibrillar mitochondria is significantly increased in skeletal muscle of TWEAK-KO mice compared to wild-type mice. Furthermore, age-related loss in skeletal muscle oxidative capacity was rescued in TWEAK-KO mice. Expression of a key transcriptional regulator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) and several other molecules involved in oxidative metabolism were significantly higher in skeletal muscle of TWEAK-KO mice. Moreover, treatment of primary myotubes with soluble TWEAK inhibited the expression of PGC-1α and mitochondrial genes and decreased mitochondrial respiratory capacity. Deletion of TWEAK also improved angiogenesis and transcript levels of vascular endothelial growth factor in skeletal muscle of mice. Conclusions These results demonstrate that TWEAK decreases mitochondrial content and oxidative phosphorylation and inhibits angiogenesis in skeletal muscle. Neutralization of TWEAK is a potential approach for improving exercise capacity and oxidative metabolism in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuichi Sato
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 500 South Preston Street, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
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Abstract
The tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNF-R)-associated factor (TRAF) family of intracellular proteins were originally identified as signaling adaptors that bind directly to the cytoplasmic regions of receptors of the TNF-R superfamily. The past decade has witnessed rapid expansion of receptor families identified to employ TRAFs for signaling. These include Toll-like receptors (TLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs), RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), T cell receptor, IL-1 receptor family, IL-17 receptors, IFN receptors and TGFβ receptors. In addition to their role as adaptor proteins, most TRAFs also act as E3 ubiquitin ligases to activate downstream signaling events. TRAF-dependent signaling pathways typically lead to the activation of nuclear factor-κBs (NF-κBs), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), or interferon-regulatory factors (IRFs). Compelling evidence obtained from germ-line and cell-specific TRAF-deficient mice demonstrates that each TRAF plays indispensable and non-redundant physiological roles, regulating innate and adaptive immunity, embryonic development, tissue homeostasis, stress response, and bone metabolism. Notably, mounting evidence implicates TRAFs in the pathogenesis of human diseases such as cancers and autoimmune diseases, which has sparked new appreciation and interest in TRAF research. This review presents an overview of the current knowledge of TRAFs, with an emphasis on recent findings concerning TRAF molecules in signaling and in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Xie
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, 604 Allison Road, Nelson Labs Room B336, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854.
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Bonaldo P, Sandri M. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of muscle atrophy. Dis Model Mech 2013; 6:25-39. [PMID: 23268536 PMCID: PMC3529336 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.010389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 825] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is a plastic organ that is maintained by multiple pathways regulating cell and protein turnover. During muscle atrophy, proteolytic systems are activated, and contractile proteins and organelles are removed, resulting in the shrinkage of muscle fibers. Excessive loss of muscle mass is associated with poor prognosis in several diseases, including myopathies and muscular dystrophies, as well as in systemic disorders such as cancer, diabetes, sepsis and heart failure. Muscle loss also occurs during aging. In this paper, we review the key mechanisms that regulate the turnover of contractile proteins and organelles in muscle tissue, and discuss how impairments in these mechanisms can contribute to muscle atrophy. We also discuss how protein synthesis and degradation are coordinately regulated by signaling pathways that are influenced by mechanical stress, physical activity, and the availability of nutrients and growth factors. Understanding how these pathways regulate muscle mass will provide new therapeutic targets for the prevention and treatment of muscle atrophy in metabolic and neuromuscular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Bonaldo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy.
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Protein breakdown in muscle wasting: role of autophagy-lysosome and ubiquitin-proteasome. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2013; 45:2121-9. [PMID: 23665154 PMCID: PMC3775123 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 472] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle adapts its mass as consequence of physical activity, metabolism and hormones. Catabolic conditions or inactivity induce signaling pathways that regulate the process of muscle loss. Muscle atrophy in adult tissue occurs when protein degradation rates exceed protein synthesis. Two major protein degradation pathways, the ubiquitin-proteasome and the autophagy-lysosome systems, are activated during muscle atrophy and variably contribute to the loss of muscle mass. These degradation systems are controlled by a transcription dependent program that modulates the expression of rate-limiting enzymes of these proteolytic systems. The transcription factors FoxO, which are negatively regulated by Insulin-Akt pathway, and NF-κB, which is activated by inflammatory cytokines, were the first to be identified as critical for the atrophy process. In the last years a variety of pathways and transcription factors have been found to be involved in regulation of atrophy. This review will focus on the last progress in ubiquitin-proteasome and autophagy-lysosome systems and their involvement in muscle atrophy. This article is part of a Directed Issue entitled: Molecular basis of muscle wasting.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW There are a variety of pathophysiologic conditions that are known to induce skeletal muscle atrophy. However, muscle wasting can occur through multiple distinct signaling pathways with differential sensitivity between selective skeletal muscle fiber subtypes. This review summarizes some of the underlying molecular mechanisms responsible for fiber-specific muscle mass regulation. RECENT FINDINGS Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha protects slow-twitch oxidative fibers from denervation/immobilization (disuse)-induced muscle atrophies. Nutrient-related muscle atrophies, such as those induced by cancer cachexia, sepsis, chronic heart failure, or diabetes, are largely restricted to fast-twitch glycolytic fibers, of which the underlying mechanism is usually related to abnormality of protein degradation, including proteasomal and lysosomal pathways. In contrast, nuclear factor kappaB activation apparently serves a dual function by inducing both fast-twitch fiber atrophy and slow-twitch fiber degeneration. SUMMARY Fast-twitch glycolytic fibers are more vulnerable than slow-twitch oxidative fibers under a variety of atrophic conditions related to signaling transduction of Forkhead box O family, autophagy inhibition, transforming growth factor beta family, and nuclear factor-kappaB. The resistance of oxidative fibers may result from the protection of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Wang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Diabetes Research and Training Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Jeffrey E. Pessin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Diabetes Research and Training Center, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Diabetes Research and Training Center, Bronx, New York, USA
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Schiaffino S, Dyar KA, Ciciliot S, Blaauw B, Sandri M. Mechanisms regulating skeletal muscle growth and atrophy. FEBS J 2013; 280:4294-314. [PMID: 23517348 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 962] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle mass increases during postnatal development through a process of hypertrophy, i.e. enlargement of individual muscle fibers, and a similar process may be induced in adult skeletal muscle in response to contractile activity, such as strength exercise, and specific hormones, such as androgens and β-adrenergic agonists. Muscle hypertrophy occurs when the overall rates of protein synthesis exceed the rates of protein degradation. Two major signaling pathways control protein synthesis, the IGF1-Akt-mTOR pathway, acting as a positive regulator, and the myostatin-Smad2/3 pathway, acting as a negative regulator, and additional pathways have recently been identified. Proliferation and fusion of satellite cells, leading to an increase in the number of myonuclei, may also contribute to muscle growth during early but not late stages of postnatal development and in some forms of muscle hypertrophy in the adult. Muscle atrophy occurs when protein degradation rates exceed protein synthesis, and may be induced in adult skeletal muscle in a variety of conditions, including starvation, denervation, cancer cachexia, heart failure and aging. Two major protein degradation pathways, the proteasomal and the autophagic-lysosomal pathways, are activated during muscle atrophy and variably contribute to the loss of muscle mass. These pathways involve a variety of atrophy-related genes or atrogenes, which are controlled by specific transcription factors, such as FoxO3, which is negatively regulated by Akt, and NF-κB, which is activated by inflammatory cytokines.
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PGC1α plays a critical role in TWEAK-induced cardiac dysfunction. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54054. [PMID: 23342071 PMCID: PMC3546975 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammatory cytokines play an important role in the pathogenesis of heart failure. We have recently found the cytokine TWEAK (tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-like weak inducer of apoptosis), a member of the TNF superfamily, to be increased in patients with cardiomyopathy and result in the development of heart failure when overexpressed in mice. The molecular mechanisms underlying TWEAK-induced cardiac pathology, however, remain unknown. Methodology and Critical Finding Using mouse models of elevated circulating TWEAK levels, established through intravenous injection of adenovirus expressing TWEAK or recombinant TWEAK protein, we find that TWEAK induces a progressive dilated cardiomyopathy with impaired contractile function in mice. Moreover, TWEAK treatment is associated with decreased expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α (PGC1α) and genes required for mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, which precede the onset of cardiac dysfunction. TWEAK-induced downregulation of PGC1α requires expression of its cell surface receptor, fibroblast growth factor-inducible 14 (Fn14). We further find that TWEAK downregulates PGC1α gene expression via the TNF receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2) and NFκB signaling pathways. Maintaining PGC1α levels through adenoviral-mediated gene expression is sufficient to protect against TWEAK-induced cardiomyocyte dysfunction. Conclusion Collectively, our data suggest that TWEAK induces cardiac dysfunction via downregulation of PGC1α, through FN14-TRAF2-NFκB-dependent signaling. Selective targeting of the FN14-TRAF2-NFκB-dependent signaling pathway or augmenting PGC1α levels may serve as novel therapeutic strategies for cardiomyopathy and heart failure.
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Current World Literature. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care 2012; 6:543-52. [DOI: 10.1097/spc.0b013e32835ad036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Sun YS, Ye ZY, Qian ZY, Xu XD, Hu JF. Expression of TRAF6 and ubiquitin mRNA in skeletal muscle of gastric cancer patients. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2012; 31:81. [PMID: 23013936 PMCID: PMC3523060 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-31-81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective To investigate the prognostic significance of tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR),-associated factor 6 (TRAF6),-and ubiquitin in gastric cancer patients. Methods Biopsies of the rectus abdominis muscle were obtained intra operatively from 102 gastric cancer patients and 29 subjects undergoing surgery for benign abdominal diseases, and muscle TRAF6 and ubiquitin mRNA expression and proteasome proteolytic activities were assessed. Results TRAF6 was significantly upregulated in muscle of gastric cancer compared with the control muscles. TRAF6 was upregulated in 67.65% (69/102) muscle of gastric cancer. Over expression of TRAF6 in muscles of gastric cancer were associated with TNM stage, level of serum albumin and percent of weight loss. Ubiquitin was significantly upregulated in muscle of gastric cancer compared with the control muscles. Ubiquitin was upregulated in 58.82% (60/102) muscles of gastric cancer. Over expression of ubiquitin in muscles of gastric cancer were associated with TNM (Tumor-Node-Metastasis) stage and weight loss. There was significant relation between TRAF6 and ubiquitin expression. Conclusions We found a positive correlation between TRAF6 and ubiquitin expression, suggesting that TRAF6 may up regulates ubiquitin activity in cancer cachexia. While more investigations are required to understand its mechanisms of TRAF6 and ubiquitin in skeletal muscle. Correct the catabolic-anabolic imbalance is essential for the effective treatment of cancer cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Shui Sun
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310014, PR China.
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Context-Dependent Regulation of Autophagy by IKK-NF-κB Signaling: Impact on the Aging Process. Int J Cell Biol 2012; 2012:849541. [PMID: 22899934 PMCID: PMC3412117 DOI: 10.1155/2012/849541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The NF-κB signaling system and the autophagic degradation pathway are crucial cellular survival mechanisms, both being well conserved during evolution. Emerging studies have indicated that the IKK/NF-κB signaling axis regulates autophagy in a context-dependent manner. IKK complex and NF-κB can enhance the expression of Beclin 1 and other autophagy-related proteins and stimulate autophagy whereas as a feedback response, autophagy can degrade IKK components. Moreover, NF-κB signaling activates the expression of autophagy inhibitors (e.g., A20 and Bcl-2/xL) and represses the activators of autophagy (BNIP3, JNK1, and ROS). Several studies have indicated that NF-κB signaling is enhanced both during aging and cellular senescence, inducing a proinflammatory phenotype. The aging process is also associated with a decline in autophagic degradation. It seems that the activity of Beclin 1 initiation complex could be impaired with aging, since the expression of Beclin 1 decreases as does the activity of type III PI3K. On the other hand, the expression of inhibitory Bcl-2/xL proteins increases with aging. We will review the recent literature on the control mechanisms of autophagy through IKK/NF-κB signaling and emphasize that NF-κB signaling could be a potent repressor of autophagy with ageing.
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