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Identification of new DNA-associated proteins from Waddlia chondrophila. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4885. [PMID: 30894592 PMCID: PMC6426960 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40732-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional regulation in Chlamydiae is still poorly understood. The absence until recently of genetic tools is the main cause of this gap. We discovered three new potential DNA-associated proteins of Waddlia chondrophila, a Chlamydia-related bacterium, using heparin chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (Wcw_0377, Wcw_1456, and Wcw_1460). By ChIP-seq analysis, we determined the regulatory landscape of these three proteins and we showed that Wcw_0377 binds all along the genome whereas Wcw_1456 and _1460 possess a wide regulon with a large number of co-regulated genes. Wcw_1456 and Wcw_1460 interact with RpoD (σ66), emerging as potential RpoD regulators. On the other hand, Wcw_0377 is able to reach the host nucleus, where it might interact with eukaryotic histones through its putative chromatin-remodelling SWIB/MDM2 domain.
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Baud D, Vulliemoz N, Ammerdorffer A, Gyger J, Greub G, Castella V, Stojanov M. Waddlia chondrophila, a Chlamydia-related bacterium, has a negative impact on human spermatozoa. Hum Reprod 2019; 33:3-10. [PMID: 29145645 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dex342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION What is the impact of Waddlia chondrophila, an emerging Chlamydia-related bacterium associated with miscarriage, on human spermatozoa? SUMMARY ANSWER W. chondrophila had a negative impact on human spermatozoa (decrease in viability and mitochondrial membrane potential) and was not entirely removed from infected samples by density gradient centrifugation. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Bacterial infection or colonization might have a deleterious effect on male fertility. Waddlia chondrophila was previously associated with miscarriage, but its impact on male reproductive function has never been studied. STUDY DESIGN SIZE, DURATION An in vitro model of human spermatozoa infection was used to assess the effects of W. chondrophila infection. Controls included Chlamydia trachomatis serovar D and latex beads with similar size to bacteria. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Purified motile spermatozoa were infected with W. chondrophila (multiplicity of infection of 1). Immunohistochemistry combined with confocal microscopy was used to evaluate how bacteria interact with spermatozoa. The impact on physiology was assessed by monitoring cell viability, mitochondrial membrane potential and DNA fragmentation. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Using super-resolution confocal microscopy, bacteria were localized on spermatozoa surface, as well as inside the cytoplasm. Compared to controls, W. chondrophila caused a 20% increase in mortality over 72 h of incubation (P < 0.05). Moreover, higher bacterial loads significantly reduced mitochondrial membrane potential. Bacteria present on spermatozoa surface were able to further infect a cell-monolayer, indicating that sperm might vector bacteria during sexual intercourse. LIMITATIONS REASONS FOR CAUTION The main limitation of the study is the use of an in vitro model of infection, which might be too simplistic compared to an actual infection. An animal model of infection should be developed to better evaluate the in vivo impact of W. chondrophila. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Intracellular bacteria, including C. trachomatis, Mycoplasma spp. and Ureaplasma spp., are associated with male infertility. Waddlia chondrophila might represent yet another member of this group, highlighting the need for more rigorous microbiological analysis during investigations for male infertility. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This work has been funded by the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland, and by the Swiss National Science Foundation (Grant nos. 310030-156169/1, 320030-169853/1 and 320030-169853/2 attributed to D.B.). D.B. is also supported by the 'Fondation Leenaards' through the 'Bourse pour la relève académique', by the 'Fondation Divesa' and by the 'Loterie Romande'. No conflicts of interest to declare.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Baud
- Materno-fetal and Obstetrics Research Unit, Department Woman-Mother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital, Avenue Pierre-Decker 2, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - N Vulliemoz
- Reproductive Medicine Unit, Department Woman-Mother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland
| | - A Ammerdorffer
- Materno-fetal and Obstetrics Research Unit, Department Woman-Mother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital, Avenue Pierre-Decker 2, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - J Gyger
- Materno-fetal and Obstetrics Research Unit, Department Woman-Mother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital, Avenue Pierre-Decker 2, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - G Greub
- Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - V Castella
- Forensic Genetics Unit, University Center of Legal Medicine, Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - M Stojanov
- Materno-fetal and Obstetrics Research Unit, Department Woman-Mother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital, Avenue Pierre-Decker 2, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
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53
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Pellerin JL, Oseikria M, Moreno D, Rodolakis A, Vorimore F, Laroucau K, Bruyas JF, Roux C, Michaud S, Larrat M, Fieni F. Risk of Chlamydia abortus transmission via embryo transfer using in vitro produced early bovine embryos. Theriogenology 2018; 126:114-120. [PMID: 30551017 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to determine (i) whether Chlamydia (C.) abortus would adhere to the intact zona pellucida (ZP-intact) of early in vitro produced bovine embryos; (ii) whether the bacteria would adhere to the embryos (ZP-free) after in vitro infection; and (iii) the efficacy of the International Embryo Transfer Society (IETS) washing protocol. The experimentation was made twice. For each replicate 100 (8-16-cell) bovine embryos produced in vitro were randomly divided into 10 batches. Height batches (4 ZP-intact and 4 ZP-free) of 10 embryos were incubated in a medium containing 4 × 107Chlamydia/ml of AB7 strain. After incubation for 18 h at 37 °C in an atmosphere of 5% CO2, the embryos were washed in accordance with the IETS guidelines. In parallel, two batches (1 ZP-intact and 1 ZP-free) of 10 embryos were subjected to similar procedures but without exposure to C. abortus as a control group. The 10 washing fluids from each batch were collected and centrifuged for 1 h at 13,000×g. Each batch of washed embryos and each wash pellets were tested using PCR. C. abortus DNA was found in all ZP-intact and ZP-free batches of 10 embryos after 10 successive washes. For ZP-intact infected embryos, Chlamydia-DNA was also detected in all 10 wash baths for two batches (2/8) of embryos, whereas for ZP-free infected embryos, Chlamydia-DNA was detected in all 10 wash baths for 6/8 batches of embryos. In contrast, none of the embryos or their washing fluids in the control batches was DNA positive. The bacterial load for batches of 10 embryos after the 10 wash baths was significantly higher for batches of ZP-free embryos (20.7 ± 9 × 103 bacteria/mL) than for batches of ZP-intact embryos (0.47 ± 0.19 × 103 bacteria/mL). These results demonstrate that C. abortus adheres to the ZP as well as the early embryonic cells of in vitro produced bovine embryos after in vitro infection, and that the standard washing protocol recommended by the IETS fails to remove it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Louis Pellerin
- LUNAM University, Oniris, Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Sanitary Security of Reproduction Biotechnology Unit, Nantes, France
| | - Mouhamad Oseikria
- LUNAM University, Oniris, Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Sanitary Security of Reproduction Biotechnology Unit, Nantes, France
| | - Diego Moreno
- LUNAM University, Oniris, Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Sanitary Security of Reproduction Biotechnology Unit, Nantes, France
| | - Annie Rodolakis
- INRA, Animal Infectious Diseases and Public Health Tours, France
| | - Fabien Vorimore
- ANSES, Animal Health Laboratory, Bacterial Zoonosis Unit, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Karine Laroucau
- ANSES, Animal Health Laboratory, Bacterial Zoonosis Unit, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Jean-Fancois Bruyas
- LUNAM University, Oniris, Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Sanitary Security of Reproduction Biotechnology Unit, Nantes, France
| | - Cécile Roux
- LUNAM University, Oniris, Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Sanitary Security of Reproduction Biotechnology Unit, Nantes, France
| | - Sandrine Michaud
- LUNAM University, Oniris, Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Sanitary Security of Reproduction Biotechnology Unit, Nantes, France
| | - Myriam Larrat
- LUNAM University, Oniris, Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Sanitary Security of Reproduction Biotechnology Unit, Nantes, France
| | - Francis Fieni
- LUNAM University, Oniris, Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Sanitary Security of Reproduction Biotechnology Unit, Nantes, France.
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54
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Thomas PPM, Allam RR, Ambrosino E, Malogajski J, Lal JA, Morré SA, Peters RPH. An Integrated Care Model With Implementation Roadmap to Improve Chlamydia trachomatis Management and Control in India. Front Public Health 2018; 6:321. [PMID: 30474023 PMCID: PMC6237885 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2018.00321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis is the world's most prevalent bacterial Sexually Transmitted infection (STI). It is associated with a wide range of health consequences and sequelae in both the short and long term. Enhanced control of urogenital C. trachomatis infection is particularly important in low- and middle-income countries such as India, where most of the burden goes unnoticed and where limited systematic data is available to gauge the current situation. The World Health Organization (WHO) recently issued its latest strategy on STIs, which is aligned with the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Taking the WHO framework into account; this paper puts forward an integrated care model to strengthen the management and control of C. trachomatis in India. The model is compiled of five key components of STI management (awareness, prevention diagnosis, treatment and follow-up). The model considers barriers to effective C. trachomatis control into account. The barriers are discussed and compiled into different categories. A roadmap for the implementation of other similar models to enhance C. trachomatis control in the future is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre P M Thomas
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Institute for Public Health Genomics (IPHG), GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | | | - Elena Ambrosino
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Institute for Public Health Genomics (IPHG), GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Jelena Malogajski
- Department of Public Health, School of Health Professions, Long Island University, Brooklyn, NY, United States
| | - Jonathan A Lal
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Engineering, Jacob Institute of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad, India
| | - Servaas A Morré
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Institute for Public Health Genomics (IPHG), GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Engineering, Jacob Institute of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad, India.,Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Remco P H Peters
- Clinical Care and Research, Anova Health Institute, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Department of Medical Microbiology, CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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55
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Watanabe T, Yamazaki S, Maita C, Matushita M, Matsuo J, Okubo T, Yamaguchi H. Lateral Gene Transfer Between Protozoa-Related Giant Viruses of Family Mimiviridae and Chlamydiae. Evol Bioinform Online 2018; 14:1176934318788337. [PMID: 30038484 PMCID: PMC6050620 DOI: 10.1177/1176934318788337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Obligate intracellular chlamydiae diverged into pathogenic and environmental
chlamydiae 0.7-1.4 billion years ago. While pathogenic chlamydiae have adapted
to a wide range of vertebrates, environmental chlamydiae inhabit unicellular
amoebae, the free-living Acanthamoeba. However, how and why
this divergence occurred remains unclear. Meanwhile, giant viruses consisting of
protozoa-related and protozoa-unrelated viruses have been discovered, with the
former group being suggested to have more influenced environmental chlamydiae
during their evolution while cohabiting host amoebae. Against this background,
we attempted to visualize genes of giant viruses in chlamydial genomes by
bioinformatic analysis mainly with comparative genome and phylogenic analysis,
seeking genes present in chlamydiae that are specifically shared with
protozoa-related giant viruses. As a result, in contrast to protozoa-unrelated
giant viruses, the genes of protozoa-related giant viruses were significantly
shared in both the chlamydia genomes depending on the giant virus type. In
particular, the prevalence of Mimiviridae genes among the
protozoa-related giant virus genes in chlamydial genomes was significantly high.
Meanwhile, the prevalence of protozoa-related giant virus genes in pathogenic
chlamydia genomes was consistently higher than those of environmental
chlamydiae; the actual number of sequences similar to giant virus was also
significantly predominant compared with those in the environmental chlamydial
genomes. Among them, the most prevalent of giant virus was in the case of
chlamydiae with Megavirus chiliensis; total of 1338 genes of
the chlamydiae were found to be shared with the virus (444 genes specific to
environmental chlamydiae, 892 genes shared between both chlamydiae, only two
genes in the pathogenic chlamydiae). Phylogenic analysis with most prevalent
sets (Megavirus chiliensis and Protochlamydia
EI2 or Chlamydia trachomatis L2 434Bu) showed the presence of
orthologs between these with several clustered. In addition, Pearson’s single
regression analysis revealed that almost the prevalence of the genes from the
giant viruses in chlamydial genomes was negatively and specifically correlated
with the number of chlamydial open reading frames (ORFs). Thus, these results
indicated the trace of lateral gene transfer between protozoa-related giant
viruses of family Mimiviridae and chlamydiae. This is the first
demonstration of a putative linkage between chlamydiae and the giant viruses,
providing us with a hint to understand chlamydial evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Watanabe
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Sumire Yamazaki
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Chinatsu Maita
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mizue Matushita
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Junji Matsuo
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Torahiko Okubo
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yamaguchi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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56
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Detection of Chlamydiaceae and Chlamydia-like organisms on the ocular surface of children and adults from a trachoma-endemic region. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7432. [PMID: 29743637 PMCID: PMC5943520 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23887-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Trachoma, the leading infectious cause of blindness, is caused by Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct), a bacterium of the phylum Chlamydiae. Recent investigations revealed the existence of additional families within the phylum Chlamydiae, also termed Chlamydia-like organisms (CLOs). In this study, the frequency of Ct and CLOs was examined in the eyes of healthy Sudanese (control) participants and those with trachoma (case). We tested 96 children (54 cases and 42 controls) and 93 adults (51 cases and 42 controls) using broad-range Chlamydiae and Ct-specific (omcB) real-time PCR. Samples positive by broad-range Chlamydiae testing were subjected to DNA sequencing. Overall Chlamydiae prevalence was 36%. Sequences corresponded to unclassified and classified Chlamydiae. Ct infection rate was significantly higher in children (31.5%) compared to adults (0%) with trachoma (p < 0.0001). In general, 21.5% of adults and 4.2% of children tested positive for CLOs (p = 0.0003). Our findings are consistent with previous investigations describing the central role of Ct in trachoma among children. This is the first study examining human eyes for the presence of CLOs. We found an age-dependent distribution of CLO DNA in human eyes with significantly higher positivity in adults. Further studies are needed to understand the impact of CLOs in trachoma pathogenicity and/or protection.
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57
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Prasad P, Singh N, Das B, Raisuddin S, Dudeja M, Rastogi S. Cytokine-induced expression of nitric oxide synthases in Chlamydia trachomatis-infected spontaneous aborters. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2018; 32:3511-3519. [PMID: 29720007 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2018.1465914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: The aim of study was to evaluate expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in Chlamydia trachomatis (CT)-infected spontaneous aborters (SA). Materials and methods: Endometrial curettage tissue was collected from 140 SA (sporadic SA- 70; recurrent SA- 70) (Group I) and 140 age-matched controls (Group II) from Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India. Polymerase chain reaction was performed for diagnosis of CT. The expression of iNOS/ eNOS/ IFN-γ/ TNF-α was assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: 15.7% SA were CT-positive (Group I); none in controls. Sporadic spontaneous aborters (SSA) (n = 8/70), recurrent spontaneous aborters (RSA) (n = 14/70) diagnosed as CT-positive (Group-I). Significant upregulation of iNOS/ eNOS was found in CT-positive SSA/RSA compared with CT-negative SSA/RSA and healthy controls. TNF-α and IFN-γ were expressed in CT-positive SSA/RSA compared with negative SSA/controls. iNOS showed a significant strong positive correlation with TNF-α and IFN-γ in CT-infected SA. eNOS showed a significant positive correlation with TNF-α and no correlation with IFN-γ in CT-infected SA. TNF-α was positively correlated with IFN-γ. Conclusions: Significantly high expression of iNOS/ eNOS and proinflammatory cytokines affected pregnancy in CT-infected RSA, thereby implying that there occurs cytokine-induced expression of nitric oxide synthase (NOS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Prasad
- a Microbiology Laboratory , National Institute of Pathology (ICMR), Safdarjung Hospital Campus , New Delhi , India
| | - Namita Singh
- a Microbiology Laboratory , National Institute of Pathology (ICMR), Safdarjung Hospital Campus , New Delhi , India
| | - Banashree Das
- b Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Vardhaman Mahavir Medical College (VMMC) & Safdarjung Hospital , New Delhi , India
| | - Sheikh Raisuddin
- c Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology , Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard University , New Delhi , India
| | - Mridu Dudeja
- d Department of Microbiology , Hamdard Institute of Medical Sciences and Research (HIMSR) , New Delhi , India
| | - Sangita Rastogi
- a Microbiology Laboratory , National Institute of Pathology (ICMR), Safdarjung Hospital Campus , New Delhi , India
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58
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Nie LB, Liang QL, Zou Y, Gao YH, Zhao Q, Hu GX, Zhu XQ. First Report of Chlamydia Seroprevalence in Farmed Wild Boars in China. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2018; 18:504-508. [PMID: 29688824 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2018.2272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia is Gram-negative obligate bacterium, which can cause human diseases worldwide and has huge economic impact on animals. It is yet to know whether farmed wild boars are infected with Chlamydia in China. To assess risk factors of Chlamydia infection in farmed wild boars in China, from April 2015 to February 2016, a total of 837 serum samples of farmed wild boars were collected in Jilin province, northeastern China, and antibodies against Chlamydia were examined by the indirect hemagglutination assay. The investigation showed that antibodies to Chlamydia were detected in 332 (39.67%, 95% CI 33.36-42.98) of 837 serum samples of farmed wild boars, seroprevalence ranged from 33.71% to 44.42% among different regions and the differences were statistically significant by SPSS analysis (p = 0.0248). These results indicated that Chlamydia is highly prevalent in farmed wild boars in Jilin province, northeastern China, and may pose a potential risk for human health. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Chlamydia seroprevalence in farmed wild boars in China, which provided baseline data for preventing and controlling Chlamydia infection in wild boars in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Bi Nie
- 1 Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun Jilin Province, The People's Republic of China .,2 State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, The People's Republic of China
| | - Qin-Li Liang
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, The People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Zou
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, The People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Hang Gao
- 1 Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun Jilin Province, The People's Republic of China
| | - Quan Zhao
- 1 Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun Jilin Province, The People's Republic of China
| | - Gui-Xue Hu
- 1 Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun Jilin Province, The People's Republic of China
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, The People's Republic of China .,3 Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University College of Veterinary Medicine , Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, The People's Republic of China
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59
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Ndengu M, Matope G, Tivapasi M, Scacchia M, Bonfini B, Pfukenyi DM, de Garine-Wichatitsky M. Sero-prevalence of chlamydiosis in cattle and selected wildlife species at a wildlife/livestock interface area of Zimbabwe. Trop Anim Health Prod 2018; 50:1107-1117. [PMID: 29464541 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-018-1536-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A study was conducted to investigate the seroprevalence and associated risk factors of Chlamydia abortus infection in cattle and some selected wildlife species at selected interface areas at the periphery of the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Conservation Area in Zimbabwe. Three study sites were selected based on the type of livestock-wildlife interface, porous livestock-wildlife interface (unrestricted), non-porous livestock-wildlife interface (restricted by fencing), and livestock-wildlife non-interface (totally absent or control). Sera were collected from cattle aged ≥ 2 years representing both female and intact male. Sera were also collected from selected wild ungulates from Mabalauta (porous interface) and Chipinda Pools (non-interface) areas of the Gonarezhou National Park. Sera were tested for antibodies to Chlamydia abortus using a CFT. A X 2 test was used to assess differences between categories and p < 0.05 was considered as significant. In cattle, the overall seroprevalence was 32.7% (327/1011; 95% CI 29.5-35.3). A significantly lower seroprevalence was recorded for the porous interface (24.2%) compared to the non-porous (42.5%) (p < 0.0001) and the non-interface (36.2%) (p = 0.001). Overall, the wet season recorded a significantly (p = 0.015) higher seroprevalence than the dry season. In wildlife, antibodies were detected in buffaloes (47.7%) and impalas (43.8%) but not in kudus. Buffaloes from Chipinda Pools (53.4%) had a significantly (p = 0.036) higher seroprevalence than those from Mabalauta (26.1%). The results established the presence of chlamydiosis in cattle and selected wildlife and that independent infections may be maintained in buffalo populations. Further studies are required to clarify chlamydiae circulating between cattle and wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masimba Ndengu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe. .,Research Platform Production and Conservation in Partnership, P.O. Box 1378, Harare, Zimbabwe.
| | - Gift Matope
- Research Platform Production and Conservation in Partnership, P.O. Box 1378, Harare, Zimbabwe.,Department of Paraclinical Veterinary Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Musavengana Tivapasi
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe.,Research Platform Production and Conservation in Partnership, P.O. Box 1378, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Massimo Scacchia
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Del Molise "G.Caporale", Via Campo Boario, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Barbara Bonfini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Del Molise "G.Caporale", Via Campo Boario, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Davis Mubika Pfukenyi
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe.,Research Platform Production and Conservation in Partnership, P.O. Box 1378, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Michel de Garine-Wichatitsky
- Research Platform Production and Conservation in Partnership, P.O. Box 1378, Harare, Zimbabwe.,UR AGIRs, Cirad, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398, Montpellier, France
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60
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Chlamydia trachomatis and chlamydia-like bacteria: new enemies of human pregnancies. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2018; 30:289-296. [PMID: 28306562 DOI: 10.1097/qco.0000000000000369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review provides an update on the roles of Chlamydia trachomatis and the related Waddlia chondrophila and Parachlamydia acanthamoebae in miscarriage, stillbirths and preterm labour in humans. A broad audience, including microbiologist, infectiologists, obstetricians and gynaecologists, should be aware of the potential threat of these Chlamydiales for human reproduction. RECENT FINDINGS Despite increasing laboratory techniques and possibilities to perform diagnostic tests, the cause of miscarriage is only identified in 50% of the cases. Intracellular bacteria, such as C. trachomatis and Chlamydia-related bacteria, are difficult to detect in routine clinical samples and could represent possible agents of miscarriages. C. trachomatis is considered the world largest sexual transmitted bacterial agent and is associated with adverse pregnancy outcome in human. In the last decade Chlamydia-like organisms, such as W. chondrophila and P. acanthamoebae, have also been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes in human and/or animals. SUMMARY We review here the current evidences for a pathogenic role in humans, the diagnostic approaches and possible treatment options of C. trachomatis, W. chondrophila and P. acanthamoebae.
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Pan Q, Zhang Q, Chu J, Pais R, Liu S, He C, Eko FO. Chlamydia abortus Pmp18.1 Induces IL-1β Secretion by TLR4 Activation through the MyD88, NF-κB, and Caspase-1 Signaling Pathways. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:514. [PMID: 29326885 PMCID: PMC5741698 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The polymorphic membrane protein D (Pmp18D) is a 160-kDa outer membrane protein that is conserved and plays an important role in Chlamydia abortus pathogenesis. We have identified an N-terminal fragment of Pmp18D (designated Pmp18.1) as a possible subunit vaccine antigen. In this study, we evaluated the vaccine potential of Pmp18.1 by investigating its ability to induce innate immune responses in dendritic cells and the signaling pathway(s) involved in rPmp18.1-induced IL-1β secretion. We next investigated the immunomodulatory impact of VCG, in comparison with the more established Th1-promoting adjuvants, CpG and FL, on rPmp18.1-mediated innate immune activation. Finally, the effect of siRNA targeting TLR4, MyD88, NF-κB p50, and Caspase-1 mRNA in DCs on IL-1β cytokine secretion was also investigated. Bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) were stimulated with rPmp18.1 in the presence or absence of VCG or CpG or FL and the magnitude of cytokines produced was assessed using a multiplex cytokine ELISA assay. Expression of costimulatory molecules and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) was analyzed by flow cytometry. Quantitation of intracellular levels of myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-κB p50/p65), and Caspase-1 was evaluated by Western immunoblotting analysis while NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation was assessed by confocal microscopy. The results showed DC stimulation with rPmp18.1 provoked the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and upregulated expression of TLRs and co-stimulatory molecules associated with DC maturation. These responses were significantly (p ≤ 0.001) enhanced by VCG but not CpG or FL. In addition, rPmp18.1 activated the expression of MyD88, NF-κB p50, and Caspase-1 as well as the nuclear expression of NF-κB p65 in treated DCs. Furthermore, targeting TLR4, MyD88, NF-κB p50, and Caspase-1 mRNA in BMDCs with siRNA significantly reduced their expression levels, resulting in decreased IL-1β cytokine secretion, strongly suggesting their involvement in the rPmp18.1-induced IL-1β cytokine secretion. Taken together, these results indicate that C. abortus Pmp18.1 induces IL-1β secretion by TLR4 activation through the MyD88, NF-κB as well as the Caspase-1 signaling pathways and may be a potential C. abortus vaccine candidate. The vaccine potential of Pmp18.1 will subsequently be evaluated in an appropriate animal model, using VCG as an immunomodulator, following immunization and challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Pan
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Chu
- Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Roshan Pais
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Shanshan Liu
- Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng He
- Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Francis O Eko
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
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Smelov V, Vrbanac A, van Ess EF, Noz MP, Wan R, Eklund C, Morgan T, Shrier LA, Sanders B, Dillner J, de Vries HJC, Morre SA, Dean D. Chlamydia trachomatis Strain Types Have Diversified Regionally and Globally with Evidence for Recombination across Geographic Divides. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2195. [PMID: 29180986 PMCID: PMC5693916 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) is the leading cause of bacterial sexually transmitted diseases worldwide. The Ct Multi Locus Sequence Typing (MLST) scheme is effective in differentiating strain types (ST), deciphering transmission patterns and treatment failure, and identifying recombinant strains. Here, we analyzed 323 reference and clinical samples, including 58 samples from Russia, an area that has not previously been represented in Ct typing schemes, to expand our knowledge of the global diversification of Ct STs. The 323 samples resolved into 84 unique STs, a 3.23 higher typing resolution compared to the gold standard single locus ompA genotyping. Our MLST scheme showed a high discriminatory index, D, of 0.98 (95% CI 0.97-0.99) confirming the validity of this method for typing. Phylogenetic analyses revealed distinct branches for the phenotypic diseases of lymphogranuloma venereum, urethritis and cervicitis, and a sub-branch for ocular trachoma. Consistent with these findings, single nucleotide polymorphisms were identified that significantly correlated with each phenotype. While the overall number of unique STs per region was comparable across geographies, the number of STs was greater for Russia with a significantly higher ST/sample ratio of 0.45 (95% CI: 0.35-0.53) compared to Europe or the Americas (p < 0.009), which may reflect a higher level of sexual mixing with the introduction of STs from other regions and/or reassortment of alleles. Four STs were found to be significantly associated with a particular geographic region. ST23 [p = 0.032 (95% CI: 1-23)], ST34 [p = 0.019 (95% CI: 1.1-25)]; and ST19 [p = 0.001 (95% CI: 1.7-34.7)] were significantly associated with Netherlands compared to Russia or the Americas, while ST 30 [p = 0.031 (95% CI: 1.1-17.8)] was significantly associated with the Americas. ST19 was significantly associated with Netherlands and Russia compared with the Americans [p = 0.001 (95% CI: 1.7-34.7) and p = 0.006 (95% CI: 1.5-34.6), respectively]. Additionally, recombinant strains were ubiquitous in the data set [106 (32.8%)], although Europe had a significantly higher number than Russia or the Americas (p < 0.04), the majority of which were from Amsterdam [43 (87.8%) of 49)]. The higher number of recombinants in Europe indicates selective pressure and/or adaptive diversification that will require additional studies to elucidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly Smelov
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
- Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alison Vrbanac
- UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, United States
| | - Eleanne F. van Ess
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marlies P. Noz
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Raymond Wan
- UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, United States
| | | | - Tyler Morgan
- UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, United States
| | - Lydia A. Shrier
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Blake Sanders
- UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, United States
| | | | - Henry J. C. de Vries
- Center for Infection and Immunology Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Dermatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- STI Outpatient Clinic, Public Health Service of Amsterdam (GGD Amsterdam), Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Servaas A. Morre
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Institute of Public Health Genomics, Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Research Institute GROW (School for Oncology and Developmental Biology), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Deborah Dean
- UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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Mudau M, Peters RP, De Vos L, Olivier DH, J Davey D, Mkwanazi ES, McIntyre JA, Klausner JD, Medina-Marino A. High prevalence of asymptomatic sexually transmitted infections among human immunodeficiency virus-infected pregnant women in a low-income South African community. Int J STD AIDS 2017; 29:324-333. [PMID: 28799824 DOI: 10.1177/0956462417724908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
There is a lack of evidence on the burden of Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) and Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) among HIV-infected pregnant women in South Africa. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of HIV-infected pregnant women in two healthcare facilities in a South African township to determine the prevalence of CT, NG and TV. HIV-infected pregnant women were recruited during the first antenatal care visit for their current pregnancy and requested to self-collect vulvovaginal swab specimens. Specimens were tested for CT, NG and TV using the Xpert® assay (Cepheid, Sunnyvale, CA). Of 247 tested for CT, NG and TV, 47.8% tested positive for at least one organism; CT = 36.8%, TV = 23.9%, NG = 6.9%. Forty three (17.4%) had multiple infections, of which 42 included CT as one of the infecting organisms. Of the 118 participants who tested positive for at least one sexually transmitted infection (STI), 23.7% reported STI-like symptoms. Among women who tested positive for CT, 29.7% reported symptoms while 47.1 and 27.1% of those who tested positive for NG and TV, respectively, reported symptoms. The high STI prevalence coupled with the low symptom prevalence among infected individuals justifies the use of diagnostic screening approaches rather than syndromic management of STIs in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maanda Mudau
- 1 Research Unit, Foundation for Professional Development, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Remco P Peters
- 2 Anova Health Institute, Johannesburg, South Africa.,3 Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Lindsey De Vos
- 1 Research Unit, Foundation for Professional Development, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Dawie H Olivier
- 1 Research Unit, Foundation for Professional Development, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Dvora J Davey
- 4 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatics, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,5 David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,6 Department of Epidemiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Edwin S Mkwanazi
- 1 Research Unit, Foundation for Professional Development, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - James A McIntyre
- 2 Anova Health Institute, Johannesburg, South Africa.,7 School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jeffrey D Klausner
- 5 David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,6 Department of Epidemiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Medina-Marino
- 1 Research Unit, Foundation for Professional Development, Pretoria, South Africa
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Prasad P, Singh N, Das B, Raisuddin S, Dudeja M, Rastogi S. Differential expression of circulating Th1/ Th2/ Th17 cytokines in serum of Chlamydia trachomatis-infected women undergoing incomplete spontaneous abortion. Microb Pathog 2017. [PMID: 28648621 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed to elucidate role of Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokines in the immunopathogenesis of spontaneous abortion in Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct)-positive first-trimester aborters. Endometrial curettage tissue and serum were collected from 145 aborters (spontaneous abortion (SA) group, n = 85; recurrent miscarriage (RM) group, n = 60) and 120 controls attending Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology at Safdarjung hospital, New Delhi (India). Polymerase chain reaction was used to detect Ct plasmid/MOMP, while commercial cytometric bead array kit was utilized to estimate circulating serum cytokines. 13.7% aborters were Ct-positive, however, none was found to be infected among controls. IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2, IL-6 and IL-17A cytokines were significantly increased in SA group/RM group (Ct-infected) versus controls. IL-4 showed no difference between groups, while IL-10 was significantly elevated in controls versus Ct-infected subjects in SA group/RM group. Furthermore, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-17A cytokines were significantly elevated in Ct-positive RM group versus Chlamydia-infected SA group. However, IL-2, IL-4 and IL-10 cytokines showed no significant difference between Ct-positive SA group versus infected RM group. Positive correlation was found between few cytokines (TNF-α and IFN-γ/IL-17A; IL-17A and IFN-γ/IL-6) in Ct-positive aborters. Our study clearly established the role of Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokines in the pathogenesis of spontaneous abortion in Ct-infected subjects and found that Chlamydia-positive recurrent aborters had a predominant Th1/Th17 bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Prasad
- Microbiology Laboratory, National Institute of Pathology (ICMR), Sriramachari Bhawan, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, Post Box No. 4909, New Delhi, 110 029, India.
| | - Namita Singh
- Microbiology Laboratory, National Institute of Pathology (ICMR), Sriramachari Bhawan, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, Post Box No. 4909, New Delhi, 110 029, India.
| | - Banashree Das
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Vardhaman Mahavir Medical College (VMMC) & Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, 110 029, India.
| | - Sheikh Raisuddin
- Department of Medical Elementology & Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, 110 062, India.
| | - Mridu Dudeja
- Department of Microbiology, Hamdard Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, 110 044, India.
| | - Sangita Rastogi
- Microbiology Laboratory, National Institute of Pathology (ICMR), Sriramachari Bhawan, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, Post Box No. 4909, New Delhi, 110 029, India.
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65
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Lagier JC, Diagne N, Fenollar F, Tamalet C, Sokhna C, Raoult D. Vaginal self-sampling as a diagnosis tool in low-income countries and potential applications for exploring the infectious causes of miscarriage. Future Microbiol 2017; 12:609-620. [PMID: 28604063 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2016-0179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gynecological health is a challenge in low-income countries. Personal opposition to perineal examination has been overcome by the use of vaginal self-sampling. Here, we review the use of this procedure notably in low-income countries and the main infectious causes of miscarriage. Vaginal self-sampling was mainly used for human papillomavirus detection but also to detect microorganisms causing sexually transmitted infections or bacterial vaginosis. 58 studies have been performed in low-resource countries, mainly studies performed to detect human papillomavirus in urban and peri-urban areas and demonstrating excellent acceptability. Several infectious causes of miscarriage could be tested using self-vaginal samples. In the future, such strategies coupled with a rapid-identification point-of-care method could allow the development of screening and treatment programs in rural areas in low-resource countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Christophe Lagier
- Aix-Marseille Université, URMITE, IHU Méditerranée-Infection, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm U1095, Campus International UCAD-IRD, BP 1386, CP 18524, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Nafissatou Diagne
- Aix-Marseille Université, URMITE, IHU Méditerranée-Infection, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm U1095, Campus International UCAD-IRD, BP 1386, CP 18524, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Florence Fenollar
- Aix-Marseille Université URMITE, IHU Méditerranée-Infection, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France
| | - Catherine Tamalet
- Aix-Marseille Université URMITE, IHU Méditerranée-Infection, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France
| | - Cheikh Sokhna
- Aix-Marseille Université, URMITE, IHU Méditerranée-Infection, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm U1095, Campus International UCAD-IRD, BP 1386, CP 18524, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Didier Raoult
- Aix-Marseille Université URMITE, IHU Méditerranée-Infection, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France
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66
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Li L, Tu J, Jiang Y, Zhou J, Schust DJ. Regulatory T cells decrease invariant natural killer T cell-mediated pregnancy loss in mice. Mucosal Immunol 2017; 10:613-623. [PMID: 27706127 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2016.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Pregnancy loss is the commonest complication of pregnancy. The causes of pregnancy loss are poorly understood. It has been reported that stimulation of invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells using α-galactosylceramide (αGC) induces pregnancy loss in mice. Here we investigated the mechanisms, especially the role of regulatory T (Treg) cells, in iNKT cell-mediated pregnancy loss. We found that injection of αGC rapidly induced fetal resorption, activated decidual iNKT cells, decreased the percentage of decidual Treg cells and their interleukin (IL)-10 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β production, and upregulated the levels of interferon (IFN)-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-4, and IL-10 in serum. Adoptive transfer of iNKT cells from wild-type (WT) and IL-4-/- mice but not IFN-γ-/- mice into αGC-treated iNKT cell-deficient Jα18-/- mice restored αGC-induced pregnancy loss. Adoptive transfer of Treg cells downregulated α-GC-induced pregnancy loss in WT mice. Finally, co-culture with αGC-stimulated decidual iNKT cells decreased the production of IL-10 and TGF-β in decidual Treg cells and inhibited their suppressive activity. These findings suggest that activation of iNKT cells induces pregnancy loss in mice in an IFN-γ-dependent manner. In addition, inhibition of the function of decidual Treg cells has an important role in iNKT cell-mediated pregnancy loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - J Tu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Y Jiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - J Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - D J Schust
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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Cram ED, Rockey DD, Dolan BP. Chlamydia spp. development is differentially altered by treatment with the LpxC inhibitor LPC-011. BMC Microbiol 2017; 17:98. [PMID: 28438125 PMCID: PMC5402638 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-017-0992-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chlamydia species are obligate intracellular bacteria that infect a broad range of mammalian hosts. Members of related genera are pathogens of a variety of vertebrate and invertebrate species. Despite the diversity of Chlamydia, all species contain an outer membrane lipooligosaccharide (LOS) that is comprised of a genus-conserved, and genus-defining, trisaccharide 3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid Kdo region. Recent studies with lipopolysaccharide inhibitors demonstrate that LOS is important for the C. trachomatis developmental cycle during RB- > EB differentiation. Here, we explore the effects of one of these inhibitors, LPC-011, on the developmental cycle of five chlamydial species. RESULTS Sensitivity to the drug varied in some of the species and was conserved between others. We observed that inhibition of LOS biosynthesis in some chlamydial species induced formation of aberrant reticulate bodies, while in other species, no change was observed to the reticulate body. However, loss of LOS production prevented completion of the chlamydial reproductive cycle in all species tested. In previous studies we found that C. trachomatis and C. caviae infection enhances MHC class I antigen presentation of a model self-peptide. We find that treatment with LPC-011 prevents enhanced host-peptide presentation induced by infection with all chlamydial-species tested. CONCLUSIONS The data demonstrate that LOS synthesis is necessary for production of infectious progeny and inhibition of LOS synthesis induces aberrancy in certain chlamydial species, which has important implications for the use of LOS synthesis inhibitors as potential antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik D Cram
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, 105 Magruder Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
| | - Daniel D Rockey
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, 105 Magruder Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Brian P Dolan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, 105 Magruder Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
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Singh G, Sharma D, Singh V, Rani J, Marotta F, Kumar M, Mal G, Singh B. In silico functional elucidation of uncharacterized proteins of Chlamydia abortus strain LLG. Future Sci OA 2017; 3:FSO169. [PMID: 28344832 PMCID: PMC5351547 DOI: 10.4155/fsoa-2016-0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM This study reports structural modeling, molecular dynamics profiling of hypothetical proteins in Chlamydia abortus genome database. METHODOLOGY The hypothetical protein sequences were extracted from C. abortus LLG Genome Database for functional elucidation using in silico methods. RESULTS Fifty-one proteins with their roles in defense, binding and transporting other biomolecules were unraveled. Forty-five proteins were found to be nonhomologous to proteins present in hosts infected by C. abortus. Of these, 31 proteins were related to virulence. The structural modeling of two proteins, first, WP_006344020.1 (phosphorylase) and second, WP_006344325.1 (chlamydial protease/proteasome-like activity factor) were accomplished. The conserved active sites necessary for the catalytic function were analyzed. CONCLUSION The finally concluded proteins are envisioned as possible targets for developing drugs to curtail chlamydial infections, however, and should be validated by molecular biological methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gagandeep Singh
- Centre for Computational Biology & Bioinformatics, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Shahpur 176206, India
| | - Dixit Sharma
- Centre for Computational Biology & Bioinformatics, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Shahpur 176206, India
| | - Vikram Singh
- Centre for Computational Biology & Bioinformatics, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Shahpur 176206, India
| | - Jyoti Rani
- Department of Botany, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, India
| | - Francessco Marotta
- ReGenera Research Group of Aging-Intervention & Montenapoleone Medical Centre, Milano, Italy
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Gorakh Mal
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Regional Station, Palampur 176061, India
| | - Birbal Singh
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Regional Station, Palampur 176061, India
- *Author for correspondence:
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Hokynar K, Vesterinen EJ, Lilley TM, Pulliainen AT, Korhonen SJ, Paavonen J, Puolakkainen M. Molecular Evidence of Chlamydia-Like Organisms in the Feces of Myotis daubentonii Bats. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:e02951-16. [PMID: 27815278 PMCID: PMC5203614 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02951-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia-like organisms (CLOs) are recently identified members of the Chlamydiales order. CLOs share intracellular lifestyles and biphasic developmental cycles, and they have been detected in environmental samples as well as in various hosts such as amoebae and arthropods. In this study, we screened bat feces for the presence of CLOs by molecular analysis. Using pan-Chlamydiales PCR targeting the 16S rRNA gene, Chlamydiales DNA was detected in 54% of the specimens. PCR amplification, sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA and 23S rRNA genes were used to classify positive specimens and infer their phylogenetic relationships. Most sequences matched best with Rhabdochlamydia species or uncultured Chlamydia sequences identified in ticks. Another set of sequences matched best with sequences of the Chlamydia genus or uncultured Chlamydiales from snakes. To gain evidence of whether CLOs in bat feces are merely diet borne, we analyzed insects trapped from the same location where the bats foraged. Interestingly, the CLO sequences resembling Rhabdochlamydia spp. were detected in insect material as well, but the other set of CLO sequences was not, suggesting that this set might not originate from prey. Thus, bats represent another potential host for Chlamydiales and could harbor novel, previously unidentified members of this order. IMPORTANCE Several pathogenic viruses are known to colonize bats, and recent analyses indicate that bats are also reservoir hosts for bacterial genera. Chlamydia-like organisms (CLOs) have been detected in several animal species. CLOs have high 16S rRNA sequence similarity to Chlamydiaceae and exhibit similar intracellular lifestyles and biphasic developmental cycles. Our study describes the frequent occurrence of CLO DNA in bat feces, suggesting an expanding host species spectrum for the Chlamydiales As bats can acquire various infectious agents through their diet, prey insects were also studied. We identified CLO sequences in bats that matched best with sequences in prey insects but also CLO sequences not detected in prey insects. This suggests that a portion of CLO DNA present in bat feces is not prey borne. Furthermore, some sequences from bat droppings not originating from their diet might well represent novel, previously unidentified members of the Chlamydiales order.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hokynar
- Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - E J Vesterinen
- Archipelago Research Institute, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - T M Lilley
- Biology Department, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - A T Pulliainen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - S J Korhonen
- Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - J Paavonen
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - M Puolakkainen
- Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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Vouga M, Baud D, Greub G. Simkania negevensis, an insight into the biology and clinical importance of a novel member of the Chlamydiales order. Crit Rev Microbiol 2016; 43:62-80. [PMID: 27786615 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2016.1165650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Simkania negevensis is a Chlamydia-related bacterium discovered in 1993 and represents the founding member of the Simkaniaceae family within the Chlamydiales order. As other Chlamydiales, it is an obligate intracellular bacterium characterized by a biphasic developmental cycle. Its similarities with the pathogenic Chlamydia trachomatis and Chlamydia pneumoniae make it an interesting bacterium. So far, little is known about its biology, but S. negevensis harbors various microbiological characteristics of interest, including a strong association of the Simkania-containing vacuole with the ER and the presence of an intron in the 23S rRNA encoding gene. Evidence of human exposition has been reported worldwide. However, there is a lack of robust clinical studies evaluating its implication in human diseases; current data suggest an association with pneumonia and bronchiolitis making S. negevensis a potential emerging pathogen. Owing to its fastidious growth requirements, the clinical relevance of S. negevensis is probably underestimated. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on S. negevensis and explore future research challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Vouga
- a Institute of Microbiology , Center for Research on Intracellular Bacteria, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University and University Hospital of Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland.,b Department "Femme-Mère-Enfant" , Materno-Fetal and Obstetrics Research Unit, University Hospital , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - David Baud
- a Institute of Microbiology , Center for Research on Intracellular Bacteria, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University and University Hospital of Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland.,b Department "Femme-Mère-Enfant" , Materno-Fetal and Obstetrics Research Unit, University Hospital , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Gilbert Greub
- a Institute of Microbiology , Center for Research on Intracellular Bacteria, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University and University Hospital of Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland.,c Infectious Diseases Unit , University hospital , Lausanne , Switzerland
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Reid F, Oakeshott P, Kerry SR, Hay PE, Jensen JS. Chlamydia related bacteria (Chlamydiales) in early pregnancy: community-based cohort study. Clin Microbiol Infect 2016; 23:119.e9-119.e14. [PMID: 27773758 PMCID: PMC5317141 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Serological case–control studies suggest that certain chlamydia-related bacteria (Chlamydiales) which cause cows to abort may do the same in humans. Chlamydiales include Waddlia chondrophila, Chlamydia abortus and Chlamydia trachomatis. Data on prevalence of Chlamydiales in pregnancy are sparse. Using stored urine samples from a carefully characterised cohort of 847 newly pregnant women recruited from 37 general practices in London, UK, we aimed to investigate the prevalence and types of Chlamydiales infections. We also explored possible associations with miscarriage or spontaneous preterm birth. Methods Samples were tested using W. chondrophila and pan-Chlamydiales specific real-time PCRs targeting the 16S rRNA gene. Samples positive on either PCR were subjected to DNA sequencing and C. trachomatis PCR. Results The overall prevalence of Chlamydiales was 4.3% (36/847, 95% CI 3.0% to 5.8%). The prevalence of W. chondrophila was 0.6% (n = 5), C. trachomatis 1.7% (n = 14), and other Chlamydiales species 2.0% (n = 17). Infection with C. trachomatis was more common in women aged <25, of black ethnicity or with bacterial vaginosis, but this did not apply to W. chondrophila or other Chlamydiales. Follow up was 99.9% at 16 weeks gestation and 90% at term. No infection was significantly associated with miscarriage at ≤12 weeks (prevalence 10%, 81/827) or preterm birth <37 weeks (prevalence 4%, 23/628). Of 25 samples sequenced, seven (28%) were positive for Chlamydiales bacterium sequences associated with respiratory tract infections in children. Conclusion In the first study to use the pan-Chlamydiales assay on female urine samples, 4% of pregnant women tested positive for Chlamydiales, including species known to be pathogenic in mothers and neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Reid
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - P Oakeshott
- Population Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, UK.
| | - S R Kerry
- Population Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - P E Hay
- Courtyard Genitourinary Medicine Clinic, St George's NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - J S Jensen
- Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Hokynar K, Sormunen JJ, Vesterinen EJ, Partio EK, Lilley T, Timonen V, Panelius J, Ranki A, Puolakkainen M. Chlamydia-Like Organisms (CLOs) in Finnish Ixodes ricinus Ticks and Human Skin. Microorganisms 2016; 4:E28. [PMID: 27681922 PMCID: PMC5039588 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms4030028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Ticks carry several human pathogenic microbes including Borreliae and Flavivirus causing tick-born encephalitis. Ticks can also carry DNA of Chlamydia-like organisms (CLOs). The purpose of this study was to investigate the occurrence of CLOs in ticks and skin biopsies taken from individuals with suspected tick bite. DNA from CLOs was detected by pan-Chlamydiales-PCR in 40% of adult ticks from southwestern Finland. The estimated minimal infection rate for nymphs and larvae (studied in pools) was 6% and 2%, respectively. For the first time, we show CLO DNA also in human skin as 68% of all skin biopsies studied contained CLO DNA as determined through pan-Chlamydiales-PCR. Sequence analyses based on the 16S rRNA gene fragment indicated that the sequences detected in ticks were heterogeneous, representing various CLO families; whereas the majority of the sequences from human skin remained "unclassified Chlamydiales" and might represent a new family-level lineage. CLO sequences detected in four skin biopsies were most closely related to "uncultured Chlamydial bacterium clones from Ixodes ricinus ticks" and two of them were very similar to CLO sequences from Finnish ticks. These results suggest that CLO DNA is present in human skin; ticks carry CLOs and could potentially transmit CLOs to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kati Hokynar
- Department of Virology, Hartman institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
| | - Jani J Sormunen
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku 20014, Finland.
| | - Eero J Vesterinen
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku 20014, Finland.
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
| | - Esa K Partio
- Medical Center Söder, Söderkulla 01150, Finland.
| | - Thomas Lilley
- Biology Department, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA 17837, USA.
| | - Veera Timonen
- Department of Virology, Hartman institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
| | - Jaana Panelius
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki 00250, Finland.
| | - Annamari Ranki
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki 00250, Finland.
| | - Mirja Puolakkainen
- Department of Virology, Hartman institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) can lead to adverse pregnancy and neonatal outcomes. The prevalence of STIs and its association with HIV mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) were evaluated in a substudy analysis from a randomized, multicenter clinical trial. METHODOLOGY Urine samples from HIV-infected pregnant women collected at the time of labor and delivery were tested using polymerase chain reaction testing for the detection of CT and NG (Xpert CT/NG; Cepheid, Sunnyvale, CA). Infant HIV infection was determined by HIV DNA polymerase chain reaction at 3 months. RESULTS Of the 1373 urine specimens, 249 (18.1%) were positive for CT and 63 (4.6%) for NG; 35 (2.5%) had both CT and NG detected. Among 117 cases of HIV MTCT (8.5% transmission), the lowest transmission rate occurred among infants born to CT- and NG-uninfected mothers (8.1%) as compared with those infected with only CT (10.7%) and both CT and NG (14.3%; P = 0.04). Infants born to CT-infected mothers had almost a 1.5-fold increased risk for HIV acquisition (odds ratio, 1.47; 95% confidence interval, 0.9-2.3; P = 0.09). CONCLUSIONS This cohort of HIV-infected pregnant women is at high risk for infection with CT and NG. Analysis suggests that STIs may predispose to an increased HIV MTCT risk in this high-risk cohort of HIV-infected women.
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Interrogating Genes That Mediate Chlamydia trachomatis Survival in Cell Culture Using Conditional Mutants and Recombination. J Bacteriol 2016; 198:2131-9. [PMID: 27246568 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00161-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Intracellular bacterial pathogens in the family Chlamydiaceae are causes of human blindness, sexually transmitted disease, and pneumonia. Genetic dissection of the mechanisms of chlamydial pathogenicity has been hindered by multiple limitations, including the inability to inactivate genes that would prevent the production of elementary bodies. Many genes are also Chlamydia-specific genes, and chlamydial genomes have undergone extensive reductive evolution, so functions often cannot be inferred from homologs in other organisms. Conditional mutants have been used to study essential genes of many microorganisms, so we screened a library of 4,184 ethyl methanesulfonate-mutagenized Chlamydia trachomatis isolates for temperature-sensitive (TS) mutants that developed normally at physiological temperature (37°C) but not at nonphysiological temperatures. Heat-sensitive TS mutants were identified at a high frequency, while cold-sensitive mutants were less common. Twelve TS mutants were mapped using a novel markerless recombination approach, PCR, and genome sequencing. TS alleles of genes that play essential roles in other bacteria and chlamydia-specific open reading frames (ORFs) of unknown function were identified. Temperature-shift assays determined that phenotypes of the mutants manifested at distinct points in the developmental cycle. Genome sequencing of a larger population of TS mutants also revealed that the screen had not reached saturation. In summary, we describe the first approach for studying essential chlamydial genes and broadly applicable strategies for genetic mapping in Chlamydia spp. and mutants that both define checkpoints and provide insights into the biology of the chlamydial developmental cycle. IMPORTANCE Study of the pathogenesis of Chlamydia spp. has historically been hampered by a lack of genetic tools. Although there has been recent progress in chlamydial genetics, the existing approaches have limitations for the study of the genes that mediate growth of these organisms in cell culture. We used a genetic screen to identify conditional Chlamydia mutants and then mapped these alleles using a broadly applicable recombination strategy. Phenotypes of the mutants provide fundamental insights into unexplored areas of chlamydial pathogenesis and intracellular biology. Finally, the reagents and approaches we describe are powerful resources for the investigation of these organisms.
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Oseikria M, Pellerin JL, Rodolakis A, Vorimore F, Laroucau K, Bruyas JF, Roux C, Michaud S, Larrat M, Fieni F. Can Chlamydia abortus be transmitted by embryo transfer in goats? Theriogenology 2016; 86:1482-1488. [PMID: 27341774 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to determine (i) whether Chlamydia abortus would adhere to or penetrate the intact zona pellucida (ZP-intact) of early in vivo-derived caprine embryos, after in vitro infection; and (ii) the efficacy of the International Embryo Transfer Society (IETS) washing protocol for bovine embryos. Fifty-two ZP-intact embryos (8-16 cells), obtained from 14 donors were used in this experiment. The embryos were randomly divided into 12 batches. Nine batches (ZP-intact) of five embryos were incubated in a medium containing 4 × 10(7)Chlamydia/mL of AB7 strain. After incubation for 18 hours at 37 °C in an atmosphere of 5% CO2, the embryos were washed in batches in 10 successive baths of a phosphate buffer saline and 5% fetal calf serum solution in accordance with IETS guidelines. In parallel, three batches of ZP-intact embryos were used as controls by being subjected to similar procedures but without exposure to C. abortus. The 10 wash baths were collected separately and centrifuged for 1 hour at 13,000 × g. The washed embryos and the pellets of the 10 centrifuged wash baths were frozen at -20 °C before examination for evidence of C. abortus using polymerase chain reaction. C. abortus DNA was found in all of the infected batches of ZP-intact embryos (9/9) after 10 successive washes. It was also detected in the 10th wash fluid for seven batches of embryos, whereas for the two other batches, the last positive wash bath was the eighth and the ninth, respectively. In contrast, none of the embryos or their washing fluids in the control batches were DNA positive. These results report that C. abortus adheres to and/or penetrates the ZP of in vivo caprine embryos after in vitro infection, and that the standard washing protocol recommended by the IETS for bovine embryos, failed to remove it. The persistence of these bacteria after washing makes the embryo a potential means of transmission of the bacterium during embryo transfer from infected donor goats to healthy recipients and/or their offspring. Nevertheless, the detection of C. abortus DNA by polymerase chain reaction does not prove that the bacteria found was infectious. Further studies are required to investigate whether enzymatic and/or antibiotic treatment of caprine embryos infected by C. abortus would eliminate the bacteria from the ZP.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Oseikria
- LUNAM University, Oniris, Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Sanitary Security of Reproduction Biotechnology Unit, Nantes, France
| | - J L Pellerin
- LUNAM University, Oniris, Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Sanitary Security of Reproduction Biotechnology Unit, Nantes, France
| | - A Rodolakis
- INRA, Animal Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Tours, France
| | - F Vorimore
- ANSES, Animal Health Laboratory, Bacterial Zoonosis Unit, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - K Laroucau
- ANSES, Animal Health Laboratory, Bacterial Zoonosis Unit, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - J F Bruyas
- LUNAM University, Oniris, Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Sanitary Security of Reproduction Biotechnology Unit, Nantes, France
| | - C Roux
- LUNAM University, Oniris, Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Sanitary Security of Reproduction Biotechnology Unit, Nantes, France
| | - S Michaud
- LUNAM University, Oniris, Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Sanitary Security of Reproduction Biotechnology Unit, Nantes, France
| | - M Larrat
- LUNAM University, Oniris, Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Sanitary Security of Reproduction Biotechnology Unit, Nantes, France
| | - F Fieni
- LUNAM University, Oniris, Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Sanitary Security of Reproduction Biotechnology Unit, Nantes, France.
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Genital Chlamydia trachomatis: understanding the roles of innate and adaptive immunity in vaccine research. Clin Microbiol Rev 2016; 27:346-70. [PMID: 24696438 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00105-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis is the leading cause of bacterial sexually transmitted disease worldwide, and despite significant advances in chlamydial research, a prophylactic vaccine has yet to be developed. This Gram-negative obligate intracellular bacterium, which often causes asymptomatic infection, may cause pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), ectopic pregnancies, scarring of the fallopian tubes, miscarriage, and infertility when left untreated. In the genital tract, Chlamydia trachomatis infects primarily epithelial cells and requires Th1 immunity for optimal clearance. This review first focuses on the immune cells important in a chlamydial infection. Second, we summarize the research and challenges associated with developing a chlamydial vaccine that elicits a protective Th1-mediated immune response without inducing adverse immunopathologies.
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Ahmadi MH, Mirsalehian A, Bahador A. Association of Chlamydia trachomatis with infertility and clinical manifestations: a systematic review and meta-analysis of case-control studies. Infect Dis (Lond) 2016; 48:517-23. [PMID: 27064452 DOI: 10.3109/23744235.2016.1160421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chlamydia trachomatis is one of the sexually transmitted pathogens causing reproductive health-threatening diseases worldwide. However, its role in infertility, particularly in asymptomatic individuals, is not yet definitely determined. Methods For the study, electronic databases were searched using the following keywords; 'Chlamydia trachomatis', 'prevalence', 'frequency', 'fertile', 'infertile', 'case', 'control', 'symptomatic' and 'asymptomatic'. Finally, after some exclusions, 34 studies (19 fertile-infertile and 15 symptomatic-asymptomatic) from different countries were included in the study and meta-analysis was performed on the data collected. Results Odds ratios (ORs) for urogenital C. trachomatis prevalence in males in the fertile-infertile group, for infertile and fertile individuals, ranged from 1.3-3.7 and in females from 1.04-4.8, and the overall OR for both genders was 2.2 (95% CI). In the symptomatic-asymptomatic group, the overall OR in males and females was 4.9 (95% CI = 1.1-21.7) and 3.3 (95% CI = 1.7-6.3), respectively. In all of the analyses, there were high levels of heterogeneity (I(2) >50%, p-value <0.05) and, except for the females in the symptomatic-asymptomatic group, neither Egger's tests nor Begg's tests were statistically significant for publication bias. Conclusions C. trachomatis can impact on the potential for fertility and cause clinical manifestations and complications in both males and females. Thus, national programmes for adequate diagnosis, screening and treatment of infected individuals, particularly asymptomatic ones, seem to be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hossein Ahmadi
- a Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Akbar Mirsalehian
- a Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Abbas Bahador
- a Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
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Cavazos-Rehg PA, Krauss MJ, Spitznagel EL, Bommarito K, Madden T, Olsen MA, Subramaniam H, Peipert JF, Bierut LJ. Maternal age and risk of labor and delivery complications. Matern Child Health J 2016; 19:1202-11. [PMID: 25366100 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-014-1624-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We utilized an updated nationally representative database to examine associations between maternal age and prevalence of maternal morbidity during complications of labor and delivery. We used hospital inpatient billing data from the 2009 United States Nationwide Inpatient Sample, part of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project. To determine whether the likelihood that maternal morbidity during complications of labor and delivery differed among age groups, separate logistic regression models were run for each complication. Age was the main independent variable of interest. In analyses that controlled for demographics and clinical confounders, we found that complications with the highest odds among women, 11-18 years of age, compared to 25-29 year old women, included preterm delivery, chorioamnionitis, endometritis, and mild preeclampsia. Pregnant women who were 15-19 years old had greater odds for severe preeclampsia, eclampsia, postpartum hemorrhage, poor fetal growth, and fetal distress. Pregnant women who were ≥35 years old had greater odds for preterm delivery, hypertension, superimposed preeclampsia, severe preeclampsia, and decreased risk for chorioamnionitis. Older women (≥40 years old) had increased odds for mild preeclampsia, fetal distress, and poor fetal growth. Our findings underscore the need for pregnant women to be aware of the risks associated with extremes of age so that they can watch for signs and symptoms of such complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Cavazos-Rehg
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8134, 660 South Euclid, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA,
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Adachi K, Nielsen-Saines K, Klausner JD. Chlamydia trachomatis Infection in Pregnancy: The Global Challenge of Preventing Adverse Pregnancy and Infant Outcomes in Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:9315757. [PMID: 27144177 PMCID: PMC4837252 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9315757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Screening and treatment of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in pregnancy represents an overlooked opportunity to improve the health outcomes of women and infants worldwide. Although Chlamydia trachomatis is the most common treatable bacterial STI, few countries have routine pregnancy screening and treatment programs. We reviewed the current literature surrounding Chlamydia trachomatis in pregnancy, particularly focusing on countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. We discuss possible chlamydial adverse pregnancy and infant health outcomes (miscarriage, stillbirth, ectopic pregnancy, preterm birth, neonatal conjunctivitis, neonatal pneumonia, and other potential effects including HIV perinatal transmission) and review studies of chlamydial screening and treatment in pregnancy, while simultaneously highlighting research from resource-limited countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Adachi
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | - Karin Nielsen-Saines
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | - Jeffrey D. Klausner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases: Global Health, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
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de Barsy M, Frandi A, Panis G, Théraulaz L, Pillonel T, Greub G, Viollier PH. Regulatory (pan-)genome of an obligate intracellular pathogen in the PVC superphylum. ISME JOURNAL 2016; 10:2129-44. [PMID: 26953603 PMCID: PMC4989314 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2016.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Like other obligate intracellular bacteria, the Chlamydiae feature a compact regulatory genome that remains uncharted owing to poor genetic tractability. Exploiting the reduced number of transcription factors (TFs) encoded in the chlamydial (pan-)genome as a model for TF control supporting the intracellular lifestyle, we determined the conserved landscape of TF specificities by ChIP-Seq (chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing) in the chlamydial pathogen Waddlia chondrophila. Among 10 conserved TFs, Euo emerged as a master TF targeting >100 promoters through conserved residues in a DNA excisionase-like winged helix-turn-helix-like (wHTH) fold. Minimal target (Euo) boxes were found in conserved developmentally-regulated genes governing vertical genome transmission (cytokinesis and DNA replication) and genome plasticity (transposases). Our ChIP-Seq analysis with intracellular bacteria not only reveals that global TF regulation is maintained in the reduced regulatory genomes of Chlamydiae, but also predicts that master TFs interpret genomic information in the obligate intracellular α-proteobacteria, including the rickettsiae, from which modern day mitochondria evolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie de Barsy
- Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Antonio Frandi
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gaël Panis
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Laurence Théraulaz
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Trestan Pillonel
- Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gilbert Greub
- Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Patrick H Viollier
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Pilloux L, LeRoy D, Brunel C, Roger T, Greub G. Mouse Model of Respiratory Tract Infection Induced by Waddlia chondrophila. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150909. [PMID: 26950066 PMCID: PMC4780729 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Waddlia chondrophila, an obligate intracellular bacterium belonging to the Chlamydiales order, is considered as an emerging pathogen. Some clinical studies highlighted a possible role of W. chondrophila in bronchiolitis, pneumonia and miscarriage. This pathogenic potential is further supported by the ability of W. chondrophila to infect and replicate within human pneumocytes, macrophages and endometrial cells. Considering that W. chondrophila might be a causative agent of respiratory tract infection, we developed a mouse model of respiratory tract infection to get insight into the pathogenesis of W. chondrophila. Following intranasal inoculation of 2 x 108W. chondrophila, mice lost up to 40% of their body weight, and succumbed rapidly from infection with a death rate reaching 50% at day 4 post-inoculation. Bacterial loads, estimated by qPCR, increased from day 0 to day 3 post-infection and decreased thereafter in surviving mice. Bacterial growth was confirmed by detecting dividing bacteria using electron microscopy, and living bacteria were isolated from lungs 14 days post-infection. Immunohistochemistry and histopathology of infected lungs revealed the presence of bacteria associated with pneumonia characterized by an important multifocal inflammation. The high inflammatory score in the lungs was associated with the presence of pro-inflammatory cytokines in both serum and lungs at day 3 post-infection. This animal model supports the role of W. chondrophila as an agent of respiratory tract infection, and will help understanding the pathogenesis of this strict intracellular bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Pilloux
- Center for Research on Intracellular Bacteria (CRIB), Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Didier LeRoy
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Brunel
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Roger
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gilbert Greub
- Center for Research on Intracellular Bacteria (CRIB), Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Giakoumelou S, Wheelhouse N, Cuschieri K, Entrican G, Howie SEM, Horne AW. The role of infection in miscarriage. Hum Reprod Update 2016; 22:116-33. [PMID: 26386469 PMCID: PMC4664130 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmv041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Miscarriage is the spontaneous loss of a pregnancy before 12 weeks (early miscarriage) or from 12 to 24 weeks (late miscarriage) of gestation. Miscarriage occurs in one in five pregnancies and can have considerable physiological and psychological implications for the patient. It is also associated with significant health care costs. There is evidence that potentially preventable infections may account for up to 15% of early miscarriages and up to 66% of late miscarriages. However, the provision of associated screening and management algorithms is inconsistent for newly pregnant women. Here, we review recent population-based studies on infections that have been shown to be associated with miscarriage. METHODS Our aim was to examine where the current scientific focus lies with regards to the role of infection in miscarriage. Papers dating from June 2009 with key words 'miscarriage' and 'infection' or 'infections' were identified in PubMed (292 and 327 papers, respectively, on 2 June 2014). Relevant human studies (meta-analyses, case-control studies, cohort studies or case series) were included. Single case reports were excluded. The studies were scored based on the Newcastle - Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. RESULTS The association of systemic infections with malaria, brucellosis, cytomegalovirus and human immunodeficiency virus, dengue fever, influenza virus and of vaginal infection with bacterial vaginosis, with increased risk of miscarriage has been demonstrated. Q fever, adeno-associated virus, Bocavirus, Hepatitis C and Mycoplasma genitalium infections do not appear to affect pregnancy outcome. The effects of Chlamydia trachomatis, Toxoplasma gondii, human papillomavirus, herpes simplex virus, parvovirus B19, Hepatitis B and polyomavirus BK infections remain controversial, as some studies indicate increased miscarriage risk and others show no increased risk. The latest data on rubella and syphilis indicate increased antenatal screening worldwide and a decrease in the frequency of their reported associations with pregnancy failure. Though various pathogens have been associated with miscarriage, the mechanism(s) of infection-induced miscarriage are not yet fully elucidated. CONCLUSIONS Further research is required to clarify whether certain infections do increase miscarriage risk and whether screening of newly pregnant women for treatable infections would improve reproductive outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevi Giakoumelou
- Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Nick Wheelhouse
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Kate Cuschieri
- Scottish HPV Reference Lab, Division of Lab Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, UK
| | - Gary Entrican
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh EH26 0PZ, UK The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Sarah E M Howie
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Andrew W Horne
- Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
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83
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Herweg JA, Rudel T. Interaction of Chlamydiae with human macrophages. FEBS J 2015; 283:608-18. [PMID: 26613554 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The phylum Chlamydiae contains several members that are well-known human pathogens, like Chlamydia trachomatis and C. pneumoniae. Establishing a chronic bacterial infection requires the active evasion of the host immune response. A major arm of the innate immune defence is constituted by macrophages, which fight infections by removing bacteria and triggering an adaptive immune response. However, some pathogenic Chlamydia infect and survive in macrophages at least for a certain period of time. Therefore, macrophages can serve as vehicles for the dissemination of bacterial infections from the primary infection site via the urogenital or respiratory tract to distant sites in the body. The capacity to infect macrophages seems to depend on the chlamydial strain and the source of macrophages. In vitro infections of macrophages with C. trachomatis, C. psittaci and C. pneumoniae reveal low efficiency of infection and progeny formation, as well as failure to develop mature inclusions. In contrast, the emerging pathogen, Simkania negevensis, actively replicates in macrophages. Here we summarize the current knowledge of the intracellular and molecular key mechanisms of C. trachomatis, C. pneumoniae and S. negevensis infections in human macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo-Ana Herweg
- Biocenter, Department of Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Rudel
- Biocenter, Department of Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Germany
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84
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Lanjouw E, Ouburg S, de Vries HJ, Stary A, Radcliffe K, Unemo M. Background review for the '2015 European guideline on the management of Chlamydia trachomatis infections'. Int J STD AIDS 2015:0956462415618838. [PMID: 26608578 DOI: 10.1177/0956462415618838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SummaryChlamydia trachomatis infections are major public health concerns globally. Of particular grave concern is that the majority of persons with anogenital Chlamydia trachomatis infections are asymptomatic and accordingly not aware of their infection, and this silent infection can subsequently result in severe reproductive tract complications and sequelae. The current review paper provides all background, evidence base and discussions for the 2015 European guideline on the management of Chlamydia trachomatis infections (Lanjouw E, et al. Int J STD AIDS 2015). Comprehensive information and recommendations are included regarding the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of anogenital, pharyngeal and conjunctival Chlamydia trachomatis infections in European countries. However, Chlamydia trachomatis also causes the eye infection trachoma, which is not a sexually transmitted infection. The 2015 European Chlamydia trachomatis guideline provides up-to-date guidance regarding broader indications for testing and treatment of Chlamydia trachomatis infections; clearer recommendation of using validated nucleic acid amplification tests only for diagnosis; advice on (repeated) Chlamydia trachomatis testing; recommendation of increased testing to reduce the incidence of pelvic inflammatory disease and prevent exposure to infection and recommendations to identify, verify and report Chlamydia trachomatis variants. Improvement of access to testing, test performance, diagnostics, antimicrobial treatment and follow-up of Chlamydia trachomatis patients are crucial to control its spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lanjouw
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S Ouburg
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H J de Vries
- Department of Dermatology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands STI Outpatient Clinic, Infectious Disease Cluster, Health Service Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Center for Infection and Immunology Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A Stary
- Outpatients' Centre for Infectious Venereodermatological Diseases, Vienna, Austria
| | - K Radcliffe
- University Hospital Birmingham Foundation NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - M Unemo
- WHO Collaborating Center for Gonorrhoea and other Sexually Transmitted Infections, National Reference Laboratory for Pathogenic Neisseria, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
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85
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Vasilevsky S, Stojanov M, Greub G, Baud D. Chlamydial polymorphic membrane proteins: regulation, function and potential vaccine candidates. Virulence 2015; 7:11-22. [PMID: 26580416 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2015.1111509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pmps (Polymorphic Membrane Proteins) are a group of membrane bound surface exposed chlamydial proteins that have been characterized as autotransporter adhesins and are important in the initial phase of chlamydial infection. These proteins all contain conserved GGA (I, L, V) and FxxN tetrapeptide motifs in the N-terminal portion of each protein. All chlamydial species express Pmps. Even in the chlamydia-related bacteria Waddlia chondrophila, a Pmp-like adhesin has been identified, demonstrating the importance of Pmps in Chlamydiales biology. Chlamydial species vary in the number of pmp genes and their differentially regulated expression during the infectious cycle or in response to stress. Studies have also demonstrated that Pmps are able to induce innate immune functional responses in infected cells, including production of IL-8, IL-6 and MCP-1, by activating the transcription factor NF-κB. Human serum studies have indicated that although anti-Pmp specific antibodies are produced in response to a chlamydial infection, the response is variable depending on the Pmp protein. In C. trachomatis, PmpB, PmpC, PmpD and PmpI were the proteins eliciting the strongest immune response among adolescents with and without pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). In contrast, PmpA and PmpE elicited the weakest antibody response. Interestingly, there seems to be a gender bias for Pmp recognition with a stronger anti-Pmp reactivity in male patients. Furthermore, anti-PmpA antibodies might contribute to adverse pregnancy outcomes, at least among women with PID. In vitro studies indicated that dendritic cells infected with C. muridarum were able to present PmpG and PmpF on their MHC class II receptors and T cells were able to recognize the MHC class-II bound peptides. In addition, vaccination with PmpEFGH and Major Outer Membrane Protein (MOMP) significantly protected mice against a genital tract C. muridarum infection, suggesting that Pmps may be an important component of a multi-subunit chlamydial vaccine. Thus, Pmps might be important not only for the pathogenesis of chlamydial infection, but also as potential candidate vaccine proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Vasilevsky
- a Materno-fetal and Obstetrics Research Unit ; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Maternity; University Hospital ; Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Milos Stojanov
- a Materno-fetal and Obstetrics Research Unit ; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Maternity; University Hospital ; Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Gilbert Greub
- b Center for Research on Intracellular Bacteria; Institute of Microbiology; Faculty of Biology and Medicine; University of Lausanne and University Hospital ; Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - David Baud
- a Materno-fetal and Obstetrics Research Unit ; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Maternity; University Hospital ; Lausanne , Switzerland
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86
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Vasilevsky S, Gyger J, Piersigilli A, Pilloux L, Greub G, Stojanov M, Baud D. Waddlia chondrophila induces systemic infection, organ pathology, and elicits Th1-associated humoral immunity in a murine model of genital infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2015; 5:76. [PMID: 26583077 PMCID: PMC4631992 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2015.00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Waddlia chondrophila is a known bovine abortigenic Chlamydia-related bacterium that has been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes in human. However, there is a lack of knowledge regarding how W. chondrophila infection spreads, its ability to elicit an immune response and induce pathology. A murine model of genital infection was developed to investigate the pathogenicity and immune response associated with a W. chondrophila infection. Genital inoculation of the bacterial agent resulted in a dose-dependent infection that spread to lumbar lymph nodes and successively to spleen and liver. Bacterial-induced pathology peaked on day 14, characterized by leukocyte infiltration (uterine horn, liver, and spleen), necrosis (liver) and extramedullary hematopoiesis (spleen). Immunohistochemistry demonstrated the presence of a large number of W. chondrophila in the spleen on day 14. Robust IgG titers were detected by day 14 and remained high until day 52. IgG isotypes consisted of high IgG2a, moderate IgG3 and no detectable IgG1, indicating a Th1-associated immune response. This study provides the first evidence that W. chondrophila genital infection is capable of inducing a systemic infection that spreads to major organs, induces uterus, spleen, and liver pathology and elicits a Th1-skewed humoral response. This new animal model will help our understanding of the mechanisms related to intracellular bacteria-induced miscarriages, the most frequent complication of pregnancy that affects one in four women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Vasilevsky
- Materno-fetal and Obstetrics Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maternity, University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Joel Gyger
- Materno-fetal and Obstetrics Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maternity, University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alessandra Piersigilli
- School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland ; Institute of Animal Pathology, University of Bern Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ludovic Pilloux
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gilbert Greub
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Milos Stojanov
- Materno-fetal and Obstetrics Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maternity, University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David Baud
- Materno-fetal and Obstetrics Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maternity, University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland
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87
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Schmidt R, Muniz RR, Cola E, Stauffert D, Silveira MF, Miranda AE. Maternal Chlamydia trachomatis Infections and Preterm Births in a University Hospital in Vitoria, Brazil. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141367. [PMID: 26505892 PMCID: PMC4624773 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Preterm birth (PTB) is a major determinant of neonatal morbimortality with adverse consequences for health. The causes are multifactorial, with intrauterine infection probably explaining most of these outcomes. It is believed that infection with Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) is also involved in PTB and premature rupture of membranes. Objetives To evaluate the prevalence of and associated factors for CT among cases of PTB attended at a University Hospital in Vitoria, Brazil. Methods A cross-sectional study performed among parturient who had preterm birth from June 2012 to August 2013 in Vitoria, Brazil. Participants answered a questionnaire including demographic, behavioral, and clinical data. A sample of urine was collected and screened for CT using polymerase chain reaction. Chi-square tests were used for proportion differences and Student’s-t tests and variance analysis were used for testing differences between mean values. Odds ratio was used as a measure of association with a 95% confidence interval. Results The prevalence of PTB during the period of the study was 26% and the prevalence of CT among them was 13.9%. A total of 31.6% pregnant women were younger than 25 years old and women infected by CT were even younger than women not infected by CT (p = 0.022). Most of them (76.2%) were married or had a living partner, and CT infection was more frequent among the single ones (p = 0.018); 16.7% of women reported their first sexual intercourse under 14 years old. The causes of prematurity were maternal-fetal in 40.9%; rupture of the membranes in 29.7% and premature labor in 29.4%. In multivariate analysis, being married was a protective factor for infection [OR = 0.48 (95%CI:0.24–0.97)]. None of the other characteristics were associated with CT infection. Conclusions This study shows a high prevalence of CT infection among parturient who have preterm birth. This high prevalence highlight the need for defining screening strategies focused on young pregnant women in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renylena Schmidt
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Doenças Infecciosas, Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo, Vitoria, Brasil
| | - Renan Rosetti Muniz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Doenças Infecciosas, Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo, Vitoria, Brasil
| | - Elizandra Cola
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Doenças Infecciosas, Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo, Vitoria, Brasil
| | - Dulce Stauffert
- Departamento Materno Infantil, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brasil
| | | | - Angelica E. Miranda
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Doenças Infecciosas, Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo, Vitoria, Brasil
- * E-mail:
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88
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Jacquier N, Frandi A, Viollier PH, Greub G. Disassembly of a Medial Transenvelope Structure by Antibiotics during Intracellular Division. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 22:1217-27. [PMID: 26364930 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydiales possess a minimal but functional peptidoglycan precursor biosynthetic and remodeling pathway involved in the assembly of the division septum by an atypical cytokinetic machine and cryptic or modified peptidoglycan-like structure (PGLS). How this reduced cytokinetic machine collectively coordinates the invagination of the envelope has not yet been explored in Chlamydiales. In other Gram-negative bacteria, peptidoglycan provides anchor points that connect the outer membrane to the peptidoglycan during constriction using the Pal-Tol complex. Purifying PGLS and associated proteins from the chlamydial pathogen Waddlia chondrophila, we unearthed the Pal protein as a peptidoglycan-binding protein that localizes to the chlamydial division septum along with other components of the Pal-Tol complex. Together, our PGLS characterization and peptidoglycan-binding assays support the notion that diaminopimelic acid is an important determinant recruiting Pal to the division plane to coordinate the invagination of all envelope layers with the conserved Pal-Tol complex, even during osmotically protected intracellular growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Jacquier
- Department of Laboratories, Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
| | - Antonio Frandi
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Medicine, Institute of Genetics & Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), Faculty of Medicine/CMU, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Patrick H Viollier
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Medicine, Institute of Genetics & Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), Faculty of Medicine/CMU, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland.
| | - Gilbert Greub
- Department of Laboratories, Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland.
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89
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Ong JJ, Chen M, Hocking J, Fairley CK, Carter R, Bulfone L, Hsueh A. Chlamydia screening for pregnant women aged 16-25 years attending an antenatal service: a cost-effectiveness study. BJOG 2015; 123:1194-202. [PMID: 26307516 DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.13567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Determine the cost-effectiveness of screening all pregnant women aged 16-25 years for chlamydia compared with selective screening or no screening. DESIGN Cost effectiveness based on a decision model. SETTING Antenatal clinics in Australia. SAMPLE Pregnant women, aged 16-25 years. METHODS Using clinical data from a previous study, and outcomes data from the literature, we modelled the short-term perinatal (12-month time horizon) incremental direct costs and outcomes from a government (as the primary third-party funder) perspective for chlamydia screening. Costs were derived from the Medicare Benefits Schedule, Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme, and average cost-weights reported for hospitalisations classified according to the Australian refined diagnosis-related groups. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Direct costs of screening and managing chlamydia complications, number of chlamydia cases detected and treated, and the incremental cost-effectiveness ratios were estimated and subjected to sensitivity analyses. RESULTS Assuming a chlamydia prevalence rate of 3%, screening all antenatal women aged 16-25 years at their first antenatal visit compared with no screening was $34,931 per quality-adjusted life-years gained. Screening all women could result in cost savings when chlamydia prevalence was higher than 11%. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratios were most sensitive to the assumed prevalence of chlamydia, the probability of pelvic inflammatory disease, the utility weight of a positive chlamydia test and the cost of the chlamydia test and doctor's appointment. CONCLUSION From an Australian government perspective, chlamydia screening of all women aged 16-25 years old during one antenatal visit was likely to be cost-effective compared with no screening or selective screening, especially with increasing chlamydia prevalence. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT Chlamydia screening for all pregnant women aged 16-25 years during an antenatal visit is cost effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Ong
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - M Chen
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Carlton, Victoria, Australia.,Central Clinical School Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - J Hocking
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - C K Fairley
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Carlton, Victoria, Australia.,Central Clinical School Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - R Carter
- Deakin Health Economics, Strategic Research Centre-Population Health Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - L Bulfone
- Deakin Health Economics, Strategic Research Centre-Population Health Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - A Hsueh
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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90
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Opota O, Jaton K, Branley J, Vanrompay D, Erard V, Borel N, Longbottom D, Greub G. Improving the molecular diagnosis of Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia abortus infection with a species-specific duplex real-time PCR. J Med Microbiol 2015; 64:1174-1185. [PMID: 26297212 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia abortus are closely related intracellular bacteria exhibiting different tissue tropism that may cause severe but distinct infection in humans. C. psittaci causes psittacosis, a respiratory zoonotic infection transmitted by birds. C. abortus is an abortigenic agent in small ruminants, which can also colonize the human placenta and lead to foetal death and miscarriage. Infections caused by C. psittaci and C. abortus are underestimated mainly due to diagnosis difficulties resulting from their strict intracellular growth. We developed a duplex real-time PCR to detect and distinguish these two bacteria in clinical samples. The first PCR (PCR1) targeted a sequence of the 16S-23S rRNA operon allowing the detection of both C. psittaci and C. abortus. The second PCR (PCR2) targeted the coding DNA sequence CPSIT_0607 unique to C. psittaci. The two PCRs showed 100 % detection for ≥ 10 DNA copies per reaction (1000 copies ml(- 1)). Using a set of 120 samples, including bacterial reference strains, clinical specimens and infected cell culture material, we monitored 100 % sensitivity and 100 % specificity for the detection of C. psittaci and C. abortus for PCR1. When PCR1 was positive, PCR2 could discriminate C. psittaci from C. abortus with a positive predictive value of 100 % and a negative predictive value of 88 %. In conclusion, this new duplex PCR represents a low-cost and time-saving method with high-throughput potential, expected to improve the routine diagnosis of psittacosis and pregnancy complication in large-scale screening programs and also during outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onya Opota
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Lausanne and University Hospital Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Katia Jaton
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Lausanne and University Hospital Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - James Branley
- Department of Microbiology, Nepean Hospital, Penrith, Sydney, Australia
| | - Daisy Vanrompay
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Veronique Erard
- Clinic of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, HFR-Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Borel
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David Longbottom
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Gilbert Greub
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Lausanne and University Hospital Center, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Infectious Diseases Service, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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91
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Ganer Herman H, Mevorach Zussman N, Krajden Haratz K, Bar J, Sagiv R. Candida glabrata Chorioamnionitis following in vitro Fertilization: Review of the Literature. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2015; 80:145-7. [PMID: 26087702 DOI: 10.1159/000431221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
AIM To review all past reports of Candida glabrata chorioamnionitis in the literature while noting their correlation with in vitro fertilization (IVF). METHODS We checked MEDLINE, PubMed and Google scholar (January 1970 to December 2014) for articles using the search terms 'Candida', 'Torulopsis', 'glabrata', 'chorioamnionitis', 'congenital', 'perinatal' and 'infection'. Case reports were included if they described a verified intrauterine infection with C. glabrata. The authors reviewed the articles and abstracted the data. 20 cases were compared, including a case reported from our institution shortly described in this article. RESULTS 13 of 20 cases (65%) involved pregnancies achieved by IVF; 3 patients underwent amniocentesis during their pregnancy. Of the 7 cases with no history of IVF, 2 involved a history of cerclage and 2 a history of intrauterine device use. Only 6 infants survived, delivered prematurely by cesarean section. CONCLUSIONS Review of literature demonstrated a high prevalence of IVF-assisted pregnancies among the few C. glabrata chorioamnionitis cases previously described, typically occurring during the second trimester. Additional cases were notable for additional instrumentation/invasive procedure. The prognosis was mostly grim, entailing a high incidence of stillbirth or rapid neonatal death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadas Ganer Herman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Edith Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel
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92
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Kebbi-Beghdadi C, Domröse A, Becker E, Cisse OH, Hegemann JH, Greub G. OmpA family proteins and Pmp-like autotransporter: new adhesins of Waddlia chondrophila. Pathog Dis 2015; 73:ftv035. [PMID: 25986220 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftv035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Waddlia chondrophila is a obligate intracellular bacterium belonging to the Chlamydiales order, a clade that also includes the well-known classical Chlamydia responsible for a number of severe human and animal diseases. Waddlia is an emerging pathogen associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes in humans and abortion in ruminants. Adhesion to the host cell is an essential prerequisite for survival of every strict intracellular bacteria and, in classical Chlamydia, this step is partially mediated by polymorphic outer membrane proteins (Pmps), a family of highly diverse autotransporters that represent about 15% of the bacterial coding capacity. Waddlia chondrophila genome however only encodes one putative Pmp-like protein. Using a proteomic approach, we identified several bacterial proteins potentially implicated in the adhesion process and we characterized their expression during the replication cycle of the bacteria. In addition, we demonstrated that the Waddlia Pmp-like autotransporter as well as OmpA2 and OmpA3, two members of the extended Waddlia OmpA protein family, exhibit adhesive properties on epithelial cells. We hypothesize that the large diversity of the OmpA protein family is linked to the wide host range of these bacteria that are able to enter and multiply in various host cells ranging from protozoa to mammalian and fish cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Kebbi-Beghdadi
- Center for Research on Intracellular Bacteria (CRIB), Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Domröse
- Institut für Funktionelle Genomforschung der Mikroorganismen, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Becker
- Institut für Funktionelle Genomforschung der Mikroorganismen, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ousmane H Cisse
- Center for Research on Intracellular Bacteria (CRIB), Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Johannes H Hegemann
- Institut für Funktionelle Genomforschung der Mikroorganismen, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gilbert Greub
- Center for Research on Intracellular Bacteria (CRIB), Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
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93
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Seroprevalence and risk factors of Chlamydia psittaci infection in domestic geese Anser domestica, in Hainan province of China. Acta Trop 2015; 145:23-5. [PMID: 25700712 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydia psittaci, the agent of psittacosis in humans, infects a wide range of bird species. To assess the risk of psittacosis posed by domestic geese in China, the seroprevalence of C. psittaci infection in domestic geese in Hainan province, tropical China was examined using indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA). The overall seroprevalence was estimated at 25.6% (461/1800; 95% CI: 23.6-27.6). The C. psittaci seroprevalence ranged from 19% (95% CI: 14.6-23.4) to 34% (95% CI: 28.6-39.4) among different regions in Hainan province, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.01). The risk factors significantly associated with C. psittaci seroprevalence were the presence of hygiene conditions, age, gender, and environment of geese in the farms. The results of the present investigation indicated the high seroprevalence of C. psittaci infection in geese in Hainan province, tropical China. Close contact with these geese is associated with a risk of zoonotic transmission of C. psittaci. Public education should be implemented to reduce the risk of avian to human transmission of such a pathogenic agent. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report documenting the occurrence of C. psittaci seroprevalence in geese in China.
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94
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Khryanin AA. Urogenital chlamydia infection in women: patient management tactics according to present-day foreign and Russian recommendations. VESTNIK DERMATOLOGII I VENEROLOGII 2015. [DOI: 10.25208/0042-4609-2015-91-2-101-110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The article present data on current approaches to laboratory diagnostics and treatment of urogenital chlamydia infection in women. According to Russian and foreign guidelines, azithromycin, josamycin and doxycycline monohydrate belong to the most efficient antimicrobial drugs for the treatment of urogenital chlamydia infection in non-pregnant women. As for the treatment of pregnant patients suffering from this pathology, azithromycin and josamycin are the most optimal drugs in terms of safety and treatment efficacy according to both Russian and foreign guidelines.
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95
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Seroprevalence and Risk Factors of Chlamydia Infection in Domestic Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in China. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:460473. [PMID: 25945336 PMCID: PMC4402174 DOI: 10.1155/2015/460473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydia spp. are obligate intracellular bacteria distributed all over the world, known to cause various forms of diseases in animals and humans. In the present study, a serological survey was conducted to detect the seroprevalence and risk factors associated with rabbit chlamydiosis in northeast China, including Liaoning province, Jilin province, Heilongjiang province, and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Antibodies to Chlamydia were determined by indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA). The overall seroprevalence was estimated at 17.88% in total of 800 blood samples. The Chlamydia seroprevalence varied in domestic rabbits from different factors, and genders of domestic rabbits were considered as major risk factors associated with Chlamydia infection. Our study revealed a widespread and high prevalence of Chlamydia infection in domestic rabbits in northeast China, with higher exposure risk in female domestic rabbits. These findings suggested the potential importance of domestic rabbits in the transmission of zoonotic Chlamydia infection, and thus Chlamydia should be taken into consideration in diagnosing rabbit diseases. To our knowledge, there is no report of Chlamydia infection in domestic rabbits in China and the results extend the host range for Chlamydia, which has important implications for public health and the local economy.
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96
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Pan Q, Pais R, Ohandjo A, He C, He Q, Omosun Y, Igietseme JU, Eko FO. Comparative evaluation of the protective efficacy of two formulations of a recombinant Chlamydia abortus subunit candidate vaccine in a mouse model. Vaccine 2015; 33:1865-72. [PMID: 25698486 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydia abortus (C. abortus) is the causative agent of ovine enzootic abortion (OEA) and poses a zoonotic risk to pregnant women. Current live attenuated 1B vaccines are efficacious but cause disease in vaccinated animals and inactivated vaccines are only marginally protective. We tested the ability of a new C. abortus subunit vaccine candidate based on the conserved and immunogenic polymorphic membrane protein D (Pmp18D) formulated in CpG1826+FL (Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 Ligand; Flt3L) or Vibrio cholerae ghosts (VCG) to induce innate and cross protective immunity against genital C. abortus infection. We found that delivery of rPmp18D with VCG was more effective than with CpG+FL in up-regulating the expression of molecules critically involved in T cell activation and differentiation, including MHC II, CD40, CD80, and CD86, activation of TLRs and NLRP3 inflammasome engagement, and secretion of IL-1β and TNF-α but not IL-10 and IL-4. rVCG-Pmp18D-immunized mice elicited more robust antigen-specific IFN-γ, IgA and IgG2c antibody responses compared to CpG+FL-delivered rPmp18D. Based on the number of mice with positive vaginal cultures, length of vaginal shedding, and number of inclusion forming units recovered following challenge with the heterologous C. abortus strain B577, vaccine delivery with VCG induced superior protective immunity than delivery with a combination of CpG1826 and FL, a nasal DC-targeting adjuvant. These results demonstrate that the ability of VCG to enhance protective immunity against genital C. abortus infection is superior to that of CpG+FL adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Pan
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Roshan Pais
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Adaugo Ohandjo
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Cheng He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qing He
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yusuf Omosun
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - J U Igietseme
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - F O Eko
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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97
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Jacquier N, Viollier PH, Greub G. The role of peptidoglycan in chlamydial cell division: towards resolving the chlamydial anomaly. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2015; 39:262-75. [PMID: 25670734 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuv001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydiales are obligate intracellular bacteria including some important pathogens causing trachoma, genital tract infections and pneumonia, among others. They share an atypical division mechanism, which is independent of an FtsZ homologue. However, they divide by binary fission, in a process inhibited by penicillin derivatives, causing the formation of an aberrant form of the bacteria, which is able to survive in the presence of the antibiotic. The paradox of penicillin sensitivity of chlamydial cells in the absence of detectable peptidoglycan (PG) was dubbed the chlamydial anomaly, since no PG modified by enzymes (Pbps) that are the usual target of penicillin could be detected in Chlamydiales. We review here the recent advances in this field with the first direct and indirect evidences of PG-like material in both Chlamydiaceae and Chlamydia-related bacteria. Moreover, PG biosynthesis is required for proper localization of the newly described septal proteins RodZ and NlpD. Taken together, these new results set the stage for a better understanding of the role of PG and septal proteins in the division mechanism of Chlamydiales and illuminate the long-standing chlamydial anomaly. Moreover, understanding the chlamydial division mechanism is critical for the development of new antibiotics for the treatment of chlamydial chronic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Jacquier
- Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Patrick H Viollier
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Medicine, Institute of Genetics & Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), Faculty of Medicine / CMU, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Gilbert Greub
- Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
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98
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Baud D, Goy G, Osterheld MC, Croxatto A, Borel N, Vial Y, Pospischil A, Greub G. Role of Waddlia chondrophila placental infection in miscarriage. Emerg Infect Dis 2015; 20:460-4. [PMID: 24564950 PMCID: PMC3944840 DOI: 10.3201/eid2003.131019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Waddlia chondrophila is an intracellular bacterium suspected to cause human and bovine abortion. We confirmed an association between antibodies against W. chondrophila and human miscarriage and identified this organism in placenta or genital tract of women who had had miscarriages. These results suggest a possible role of W. chondrophila infection in miscarriage.
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99
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Role of Chlamydia trachomatis and emerging Chlamydia-related bacteria in ectopic pregnancy in Vietnam. Epidemiol Infect 2014; 143:2635-8. [PMID: 25543825 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268814003616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
In this case-control study, we investigated the seroprevalence and molecular evidence of Chlamydia trachomatis and Waddlia chondrophila in ectopic pregnancies (EP) and uneventful control pregnancies in 343 women from Vietnam. Whereas presence of C. trachomatis IgG was strongly associated with EP [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 5·41, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2·58-11·32], its DNA remained undetected in all tubal lesions. We confirmed an independent association between antibodies against Waddlia and previous miscarriage (aOR 1·87, 95% CI 1·02-3·42). Further investigations are needed to understand the clinical significance of Waddlia's high seroprevalence (25·9% in control pregnancies) in this urban population.
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100
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Roles of bovine Waddlia chondrophila and Chlamydia trachomatis in human preterm birth. New Microbes New Infect 2014; 3:41-5. [PMID: 25755892 PMCID: PMC4337939 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Waddlia chondrophila and Chlamydia trachomatis are intracellular bacteria associated with human miscarriage. We investigated their role in human preterm birth. Whereas presence of Chlamydia trachomatis DNA in genital tract was associated with human preterm birth, Waddlia was not, despite being present in women's genital tracts.
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