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Hata H, Ochi H. Depth and substratum differentiations among coexisting herbivorous cichlids in Lake Tanganyika. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2016; 3:160229. [PMID: 28018609 PMCID: PMC5180107 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.160229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cichlid fish in Lake Tanganyika represent a system of adaptive radiation in which eight ancestral lineages have diversified into hundreds of species through adaptation to various niches. However, Tanganyikan cichlids have been thought to be oversaturated, that is, the species number exceeds the number of niches and ecologically equivalent and competitively even species coexist. However, recent studies have shed light on niche segregation on a finer scale among apparently equivalent species. We observed depth and substratum preferences of 15 herbivorous cichlids from four ecomorphs (i.e. grazer, browser, scraper and scooper) on a rocky littoral slope for 14 years. Depth differentiation was detected among grazers that defended feeding territories and among browsers with feeding territories. Cichlid species having no feeding territory also showed specificity on depth and substratum, resulting in habitat segregation among species that belong to the same ecomorph. Phylogenetically close species did not occupy adjacent depths, nor the opposite depth zones. Our findings suggest that apparently equivalent species of the same ecomorph coexist parapatrically along depth on a few-metre scale, or coexist with different substratum preferences on the rocky shore, and this niche segregation may have been acquired by competition between encountering equivalent species through repetitive lake-level fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Hata
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 2–5 Bunkyo, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan
| | - Haruki Ochi
- 4-4-7 Higashimon-cho, Imabari 794-0033, Japan
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52
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Hurtado LA, Mateos M, Mattos G, Liu S, Haye PA, Paiva PC. Multiple transisthmian divergences, extensive cryptic diversity, occasional long-distance dispersal, and biogeographic patterns in a marine coastal isopod with an amphi-American distribution. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:7794-7808. [PMID: 30128130 PMCID: PMC6093162 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Excirolana braziliensis is a coastal intertidal isopod with a broad distribution spanning the Atlantic and Pacific tropical and temperate coasts of the American continent. Two separate regional studies (one in Panama and one in Chile) revealed the presence of highly genetically divergent lineages, implying that this taxon constitutes a cryptic species complex. The relationships among the lineages found in these two different regions and in the rest of the distribution, however, remain unknown. To better understand the phylogeographic patterns of E. braziliensis, we conducted phylogenetic analyses of specimens from much of its entire range. We obtained DNA sequences for fragments of four mitochondrial genes (16S rDNA, 12S rDNA, COI, and Cytb) and also used publicly available sequences. We conducted maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic reconstruction methods. Phylogeographic patterns revealed the following: (1) new highly divergent lineages of E. braziliensis; (2) three instances of Atlantic–Pacific divergences, some of which appear to predate the closure of the Isthmus of Panama; (3) the distributional limit of highly divergent lineages found in Brazil coincides with the boundary between two major marine coastal provinces; (4) evidence of recent long‐distance dispersal in the Caribbean; and (5) populations in the Gulf of California have closer affinities with lineages further south in the Pacific, which contrasts with the closer affinity with the Caribbean reported for other intertidal organisms. The high levels of cryptic diversity detected also bring about challenges for the conservation of this isopod and its fragile environment, the sandy shores. Our findings underscore the importance of comprehensive geographic sampling for phylogeographic and taxonomical studies of broadly distributed putative species harboring extensive cryptic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Hurtado
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences Texas A&M University College Station Texas
| | - Mariana Mateos
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences Texas A&M University College Station Texas
| | - Gustavo Mattos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Shuang Liu
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences Texas A&M University College Station Texas
| | - Pilar A Haye
- Departamento de Biología Marina Universidad Católica del Norte Coquimbo Chile.,Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA) Coquimbo Chile.,Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR) Universidad de Concepción Casilla 160-C Concepción Chile
| | - Paulo C Paiva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil.,Departamento de Zoologia Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil
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53
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Tuset VM, Otero-Ferrer JL, Gómez-Zurita J, Venerus LA, Stransky C, Imondi R, Orlov AM, Ye Z, Santschi L, Afanasiev PK, Zhuang L, Farré M, Love M, Lombarte A. Otolith shape lends support to the sensory drive hypothesis in rockfishes. J Evol Biol 2016; 29:2083-2097. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Revised: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. M. Tuset
- Instituto de Ciencias del Mar (CSIC); Barcelona Spain
| | - J. L. Otero-Ferrer
- Departamento de Ecoloxía e Bioloxía Animal; Universidad de Vigo; 36310 Vigo (Pontevedra) Spain
| | - J. Gómez-Zurita
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology; CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra; Barcelona Spain
| | - L. A. Venerus
- Centro para el Estudio de Sistemas Marinos (CESIMAR); Centro Nacional Patagónico (CENPAT-CONICET); Puerto Madryn, Chubut Argentina
| | - C. Stransky
- Thünen Institute of Sea Fisheries; Hamburg Germany
| | - R. Imondi
- Coastal Marine Biolabs; Integrative Biosciences Program; Ventura CA USA
| | - A. M. Orlov
- Russian Federal Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography; Moscow Russia
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution; Moscow Russia
- Department of Ichthyology; Faculty of Biology; Dagestan State University; Makhachkala Russia
| | - Z. Ye
- Fisheries College; Ocean University of China; Qingdao China
| | - L. Santschi
- Coastal Marine Biolabs; Integrative Biosciences Program; Ventura CA USA
| | - P. K. Afanasiev
- Russian Federal Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography; Moscow Russia
| | - L. Zhuang
- Fisheries College; Ocean University of China; Qingdao China
| | - M. Farré
- Instituto de Ciencias del Mar (CSIC); Barcelona Spain
| | - M.S. Love
- Marine Science Institute; University of California; Santa Barbara CA USA
| | - A. Lombarte
- Instituto de Ciencias del Mar (CSIC); Barcelona Spain
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54
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Tornabene L, Van Tassell JL, Robertson DR, Baldwin CC. Repeated invasions into the twilight zone: evolutionary origins of a novel assemblage of fishes from deep Caribbean reefs. Mol Ecol 2016; 25:3662-82. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luke Tornabene
- National Museum of Natural History; Smithsonian Institution; PO Box 37012 Washington DC 20013-7012 USA
| | - James L. Van Tassell
- Department of Ichthyology; American Museum of Natural History; Central Park West at 79th Street New York NY 10024-5192 USA
| | - D. Ross Robertson
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; Balboa Panama Unit 9100, PO Box 0948, DPO AA 34002 USA
| | - Carole C. Baldwin
- National Museum of Natural History; Smithsonian Institution; PO Box 37012 Washington DC 20013-7012 USA
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55
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Reconsidering the Loss of Evolutionary History: How Does Non-random Extinction Prune the Tree-of-Life? BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION AND PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-22461-9_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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56
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Davies TJ. Losing history: how extinctions prune features from the tree of life. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 370:20140006. [PMID: 25561667 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodiversity provides many valuable services to humanity; however, rapid expansion of the human population has placed increasing pressure on natural systems, and it has been suggested that we may be entering a sixth mass extinction. There is an urgent need, therefore, to prioritize conservation efforts if we are to maintain the provisioning of such service in the future. Phylogenetic diversity (PD), the summed branch lengths that connect species on the tree-of-life, might provide a valuable metric for conservation prioritization because it has been argued to capture feature diversity. Frequently, PD is estimated in millions of years, and therefore implicitly assumes an evolutionary model in which features diverge gradually over time. Here, I explore the expected loss of feature diversity when this assumption is violated. If evolution tends to slow down over time, as might be the case following adaptive radiations, losses of feature diversity might be relatively small. However, if evolution occurs in rapid bursts, following a punctuated model, impacts of extinctions might be much greater. PD captures many important properties, but if we use it as a proxy for feature diversity, we first need to ensure that we have the correct evolutionary model.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Jonathan Davies
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 1B1 African Centre for DNA Barcoding, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa
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57
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Heras J, McClintock K, Sunagawa S, Aguilar A. Gonadal transcriptomics elucidate patterns of adaptive evolution within marine rockfishes (Sebastes). BMC Genomics 2015; 16:656. [PMID: 26329285 PMCID: PMC4557894 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1870-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The genetic mechanisms of speciation and adaptation in the marine environment are not well understood. The rockfish genus Sebastes provides a unique model system for studying adaptive evolution because of the extensive diversity found within this group, which includes morphology, ecology, and a broad range of life spans. Examples of adaptive radiations within marine ecosystems are considered an anomaly due to the absence of geographical barriers and the presence of gene flow. Using marine rockfishes, we identified signatures of natural selection from transcriptomes developed from gonadal tissue of two rockfish species (Sebastes goodei and S. saxicola). We predicted orthologous transcript pairs, and estimated their distributions of nonsynonymous (Ka) and synonymous (Ks) substitution rates. Results We identified 144 genes out of 1079 orthologous pairs under positive selection, of which 11 are functionally annotated to reproduction based on gene ontologies (GOs). One orthologous pair of the zona pellucida gene family, which is known for its role in the selection of sperm by oocytes, out of ten was identified to be evolving under positive selection. In addition to our results in the protein coding-regions of transcripts, we found substitution rates in 3’ and 5’ UTRs to be significantly lower than Ks substitution rates implying negative selection in these regions. Conclusions We were able to identify a series of candidate genes that are useful for the assessment of the critical genes that diverged and are responsible for the radiation within this genus. Genes associated with longevity hold potential for understanding the molecular mechanisms that have contributed to the radiation within this genus. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1870-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Heras
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Irvine, 321 Steinhaus Hall, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
| | - Kelly McClintock
- School of Natural Sciences and Graduate Group in Quantitative and Systems Biology, University of California Merced, 5200 N Lake Rd, Merced, CA, 95344, USA.
| | - Shinichi Sunagawa
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstr 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Andres Aguilar
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Los Angeles, 5151 State University Dr, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA.
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58
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Ingram T. Diversification of body shape inSebastesrockfishes of the north-east Pacific. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Travis Ingram
- Department of Zoology; University of Otago; 340 Great King Street Dunedin 9016 New Zealand
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59
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Shum P, Pampoulie C, Kristinsson K, Mariani S. Three-dimensional post-glacial expansion and diversification of an exploited oceanic fish. Mol Ecol 2015; 24:3652-67. [PMID: 26073046 PMCID: PMC4744735 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Vertical divergence in marine organisms is being increasingly documented, yet much remains to be carried out to understand the role of depth in the context of phylogeographic reconstruction and the identification of management units. An ideal study system to address this issue is the beaked redfish, Sebastes mentella – one of four species of ‘redfish’ occurring in the North Atlantic – which is known for a widely distributed ‘shallow‐pelagic’ oceanic type inhabiting waters between 250 and 550 m, and a more localized ‘deep‐pelagic’ population dwelling between 550 and 800 m, in the oceanic habitat of the Irminger Sea. Here, we investigate the extent of population structure in relation to both depth and geographic spread of oceanic beaked redfish throughout most of its distribution range. By sequencing the mitochondrial control region of 261 redfish collected over a decadal interval, and combining 160 rhodopsin coding nuclear sequences and previously genotyped microsatellite data, we map the existence of two strongly divergent evolutionary lineages with significantly different distribution patterns and historical demography, and whose genetic variance is mostly explained by depth. Combined genetic data, analysed via independent approaches, are consistent with a Late Pleistocene lineage split, where segregation by depth probably resulted from the interplay of climatic and oceanographic processes with life history and behavioural traits. The ongoing process of diversification in North Atlantic S. mentella may serve as an ‘hourglass’ to understand speciation and adaptive radiation in Sebastes and in other marine taxa distributed across a depth gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Shum
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Centre, School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, M5 4WT, UK
| | | | | | - Stefano Mariani
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Centre, School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, M5 4WT, UK
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60
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Abstract
The extraordinary species richness of freshwater fishes has attracted much research on mechanisms and modes of speciation. We here review research on speciation in freshwater fishes in light of speciation theory, and place this in a context of broad-scale diversity patterns in freshwater fishes. We discuss several major repeated themes in freshwater fish speciation and the speciation mechanisms they are frequently associated with. These include transitions between marine and freshwater habitats, transitions between discrete freshwater habitats, and ecological transitions within habitats, as well as speciation without distinct niche shifts. Major research directions in the years to come include understanding the transition from extrinsic environment-dependent to intrinsic reproductive isolation and its influences on species persistence and understanding the extrinsic and intrinsic constraints to speciation and how these relate to broad-scale diversification patterns through time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Seehausen
- Division of Aquatic Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, EAWAG Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Center of Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, 6047 Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
| | - Catherine E. Wagner
- Division of Aquatic Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, EAWAG Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Center of Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, 6047 Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
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61
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Ingram T, Kai Y. The Geography of Morphological Convergence in the Radiations of PacificSebastesRockfishes. Am Nat 2014; 184:E115-31. [DOI: 10.1086/678053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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62
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Shum P, Pampoulie C, Sacchi C, Mariani S. Divergence by depth in an oceanic fish. PeerJ 2014; 2:e525. [PMID: 25165634 PMCID: PMC4137662 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the striking physical and environmental gradients associated with depth variation in the oceans, relatively little is known about their impact on population diversification, adaptation and speciation. Changes in light associated with increasing depth are likely to alter the visual environment of organisms, and adaptive changes in visual systems may be expected. The pelagic beaked redfish, Sebastes mentella, exhibits depth-associated patterns of substructure in the central North Atlantic, with a widely distributed shallow-pelagic population inhabiting waters between 250 and 550 m depth and a deep-pelagic population dwelling between 550 and 800 m. Here we performed a molecular genetic investigation of samples from fish collected from ‘shallow’ and ‘deep’ populations, using the mitochondrial control region and the gene coding for the visual-pigment rhodopsin. We identify patterns suggestive of potential adaptation to different depths, by detecting a specific amino acid replacement at the rhodopsin gene. Mitochondrial DNA results reflect a scenario of long-term demographic independence between the two S. mentella groups, and raise the possibility that these ‘stocks’ may in fact be two incipient species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Shum
- School of Environment & Life Sciences, University of Salford , Manchester , UK
| | | | - Carlotta Sacchi
- School of Biology & Environmental Science, University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Stefano Mariani
- School of Environment & Life Sciences, University of Salford , Manchester , UK
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63
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Baldwin CC, Robertson DR. A new Liopropoma sea bass (Serranidae, Epinephelinae, Liopropomini) from deep reefs off Curaçao, southern Caribbean, with comments on depth distributions of western Atlantic liopropomins. Zookeys 2014:71-92. [PMID: 24899845 PMCID: PMC4042691 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.409.7249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Collecting reef-fish specimens using a manned submersible diving to 300 m off Curaçao, southern Caribbean, is resulting in the discovery of numerous new fish species. The new Liopropoma sea bass described here differs from other western Atlantic members of the genus in having VIII, 13 dorsal-fin rays; a moderately indented dorsal-fin margin; a yellow-orange stripe along the entire upper lip; a series of approximately 13 white, chevron-shaped markings on the ventral portion of the trunk; and a reddish-black blotch on the tip of the lower caudal-fin lobe. The new species, with predominantly yellow body and fins, closely resembles the other two “golden basses” found together with it at Curaçao: L. aberrans and L. olneyi. It also shares morphological features with the other western Atlantic liopropomin genus, Bathyanthias. Preliminary phylogenetic data suggest that western Atlantic liopropomins, including Bathyanthias, are monophyletic with respect to Indo-Pacific Liopropoma, and that Bathyanthias is nested within Liopropoma, indicating a need for further study of the generic limits of Liopropoma. The phylogenetic data also suggest that western Atlantic liopropomins comprise three monophyletic clades that have overlapping depth distributions but different depth maxima (3–135 m, 30–150 m, 133–411 m). The new species has the deepest depth range (182–241 m) of any known western Atlantic Liopropoma species. Both allopatric and depth-mediated ecological speciation may have contributed to the evolution of western Atlantic Liopropomini.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole C Baldwin
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560
| | - D Ross Robertson
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Republic of Panamá
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Brown A, Thatje S. Explaining bathymetric diversity patterns in marine benthic invertebrates and demersal fishes: physiological contributions to adaptation of life at depth. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2014; 89:406-26. [PMID: 24118851 PMCID: PMC4158864 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Bathymetric biodiversity patterns of marine benthic invertebrates and demersal fishes have been identified in the extant fauna of the deep continental margins. Depth zonation is widespread and evident through a transition between shelf and slope fauna from the shelf break to 1000 m, and a transition between slope and abyssal fauna from 2000 to 3000 m; these transitions are characterised by high species turnover. A unimodal pattern of diversity with depth peaks between 1000 and 3000 m, despite the relatively low area represented by these depths. Zonation is thought to result from the colonisation of the deep sea by shallow-water organisms following multiple mass extinction events throughout the Phanerozoic. The effects of low temperature and high pressure act across hierarchical levels of biological organisation and appear sufficient to limit the distributions of such shallow-water species. Hydrostatic pressures of bathyal depths have consistently been identified experimentally as the maximum tolerated by shallow-water and upper bathyal benthic invertebrates at in situ temperatures, and adaptation appears required for passage to deeper water in both benthic invertebrates and demersal fishes. Together, this suggests that a hyperbaric and thermal physiological bottleneck at bathyal depths contributes to bathymetric zonation. The peak of the unimodal diversity-depth pattern typically occurs at these depths even though the area represented by these depths is relatively low. Although it is recognised that, over long evolutionary time scales, shallow-water diversity patterns are driven by speciation, little consideration has been given to the potential implications for species distribution patterns with depth. Molecular and morphological evidence indicates that cool bathyal waters are the primary site of adaptive radiation in the deep sea, and we hypothesise that bathymetric variation in speciation rates could drive the unimodal diversity-depth pattern over time. Thermal effects on metabolic-rate-dependent mutation and on generation times have been proposed to drive differences in speciation rates, which result in modern latitudinal biodiversity patterns over time. Clearly, this thermal mechanism alone cannot explain bathymetric patterns since temperature generally decreases with depth. We hypothesise that demonstrated physiological effects of high hydrostatic pressure and low temperature at bathyal depths, acting on shallow-water taxa invading the deep sea, may invoke a stress-evolution mechanism by increasing mutagenic activity in germ cells, by inactivating canalisation during embryonic or larval development, by releasing hidden variation or mutagenic activity, or by activating or releasing transposable elements in larvae or adults. In this scenario, increased variation at a physiological bottleneck at bathyal depths results in elevated speciation rate. Adaptation that increases tolerance to high hydrostatic pressure and low temperature allows colonisation of abyssal depths and reduces the stress-evolution response, consequently returning speciation of deeper taxa to the background rate. Over time this mechanism could contribute to the unimodal diversity-depth pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair Brown
- Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre SouthamptonEuropean Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, U.K.
| | - Sven Thatje
- Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre SouthamptonEuropean Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, U.K.
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65
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Rabosky DL, Donnellan SC, Grundler M, Lovette IJ. Analysis and Visualization of Complex Macroevolutionary Dynamics: An Example from Australian Scincid Lizards. Syst Biol 2014; 63:610-27. [DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syu025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L. Rabosky
- Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; 2Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; 3South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide 5000, Australia; 4Australian Centre for Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia; 5Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA
- Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; 2Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; 3South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide 5000, Australia; 4Australian Centre for Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia; 5Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA
| | - Stephen C. Donnellan
- Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; 2Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; 3South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide 5000, Australia; 4Australian Centre for Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia; 5Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA
- Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; 2Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; 3South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide 5000, Australia; 4Australian Centre for Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia; 5Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA
| | - Michael Grundler
- Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; 2Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; 3South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide 5000, Australia; 4Australian Centre for Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia; 5Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA
| | - Irby J. Lovette
- Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; 2Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; 3South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide 5000, Australia; 4Australian Centre for Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia; 5Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA
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66
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Hurlbert AH, Stegen JC. When should species richness be energy limited, and how would we know? Ecol Lett 2014; 17:401-13. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Allen H. Hurlbert
- Department of Biology; University of North Carolina; Chapel Hill NC 27599-3280 USA
- Curriculum for Environment and Ecology; University of North Carolina; Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA
| | - James C. Stegen
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; 902 Battelle Blvd P.O. Box 999, MSIN J4-18 Richland WA 99352 USA
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67
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Is there room for punctuated equilibrium in macroevolution? Trends Ecol Evol 2014; 29:23-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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68
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Rates of speciation and morphological evolution are correlated across the largest vertebrate radiation. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1958. [PMID: 23739623 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 377] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Several evolutionary theories predict that rates of morphological change should be positively associated with the rate at which new species arise. For example, the theory of punctuated equilibrium proposes that phenotypic change typically occurs in rapid bursts associated with speciation events. However, recent phylogenetic studies have found little evidence linking these processes in nature. Here we demonstrate that rates of species diversification are highly correlated with the rate of body size evolution across the 30,000+ living species of ray-finned fishes that comprise the majority of vertebrate biological diversity. This coupling is a general feature of fish evolution and transcends vast differences in ecology and body-plan organization. Our results may reflect a widespread speciational mode of character change in living fishes. Alternatively, these findings are consistent with the hypothesis that phenotypic 'evolvability'-the capacity of organisms to evolve-shapes the dynamics of speciation through time at the largest phylogenetic scales.
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69
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70
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Bino G, Ramp D, Kingsford RT. Niche evolution in Australian terrestrial mammals? Clarifying scale-dependencies in phylogenetic and functional drivers of co-occurrence. Evol Ecol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-013-9631-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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71
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Corrigan LJ, Horton T, Fotherby H, White TA, Hoelzel AR. Adaptive Evolution of Deep-Sea Amphipods from the Superfamily Lysiassanoidea in the North Atlantic. Evol Biol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-013-9255-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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72
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Luck DG, Forsman ZH, Toonen RJ, Leicht SJ, Kahng SE. Polyphyly and hidden species among Hawai'i's dominant mesophotic coral genera, Leptoseris and Pavona (Scleractinia: Agariciidae). PeerJ 2013; 1:e132. [PMID: 24032091 PMCID: PMC3747016 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Widespread polyphyly in stony corals (order Scleractinia) has prompted efforts to revise their systematics through approaches that integrate molecular and micromorphological evidence. To date, these approaches have not been comprehensively applied to the dominant genera in mesophotic coral ecosystems (MCEs) because several species in these genera occur primarily at depths that are poorly explored and from which sample collections are limited. This study is the first integrated morphological and molecular systematic analysis of the genera Leptoseris and Pavona to examine material both from shallow-water reefs (<30 m) and from mid- to lower-MCEs (>60 m). Skeletal and tissue samples were collected throughout the Hawaiian Archipelago between 2–127 m. A novel mitochondrial marker (cox1-1-rRNA intron) was sequenced for 70 colonies, and the micromorphologies of 94 skeletons, plus selected type material, were analyzed. The cox1-1-rRNA intron resolved 8 clades, yet Leptoseris and Pavona were polyphyletic. Skeletal micromorphology, especially costal ornamentation, showed strong correspondence and discrete differences between mitochondrial groups. One putative new Leptoseris species was identified and the global depth range of the genus Pavona was extended to 89 m, suggesting that the diversity of mesophotic scleractinians has been underestimated. Examination of species’ depth distributions revealed a pattern of depth zonation: Species common in shallow-water were absent or rare >40 m, whereas others occurred only >60 m. These patterns emphasize the importance of integrated systematic analyses and more comprehensive sampling by depth in assessing the connectivity and diversity of MCEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Luck
- Hawai'i Pacific University , Marine Science Program, Waimanalo, HI , USA
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73
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Hunt G. Testing the link between phenotypic evolution and speciation: an integrated palaeontological and phylogenetic analysis. Methods Ecol Evol 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.12085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gene Hunt
- Department of Paleobiology; National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution; MRC 121, PO Box 37012; Washington; DC; 20013-7012; USA
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74
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Ezard THG, Thomas GH, Purvis A. Inclusion of a near-complete fossil record reveals speciation-related molecular evolution. Methods Ecol Evol 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.12089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H. G. Ezard
- Centre for Biological Sciences; University of Southampton; Life Sciences Building 85, Highfield Campus; Southampton; SO17 1BJ; UK
| | - Gavin H. Thomas
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences; University of Sheffield; Sheffield; S10 2TN; UK
| | - Andy Purvis
- Department of Life Sciences; Imperial College London; Silwood Park Campus; Ascot; Berkshire; SL5 7PY; UK
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75
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Fisher-Reid MC, Engstrom TN, Kuczynski CA, Stephens PR, Wiens JJ. Parapatric divergence of sympatric morphs in a salamander: incipient speciation on Long Island? Mol Ecol 2013; 22:4681-94. [PMID: 23909857 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2012] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Speciation is often categorized based on geographic modes (allopatric, parapatric or sympatric). Although it is widely accepted that species can arise in allopatry and then later become sympatrically or parapatrically distributed, patterns in the opposite direction are also theoretically possible (e.g. sympatric lineages or ecotypes becoming parapatric), but such patterns have not been shown at a macrogeographic scale. Here, we analyse genetic, climatic, ecological and morphological data and show that two typically sympatric colour morphs of the salamander Plethodon cinereus (redback and leadback) appear to have become parapatrically distributed on Long Island, New York, with pure-redback populations in the west and pure-leadback populations in the east (and polymorphic populations in between and on the mainland). In addition, the pure-leadback populations in eastern Long Island are genetically, ecologically and morphologically divergent from both mainland and other Long Island populations, suggesting the possibility of incipient speciation. This parapatric separation seems to be related to the different ecological preferences of the two morphs, preferences which are present on the mainland and across Long Island. These results potentially support the idea that spatial segregation of sympatric ecotypes may sometimes play an important part in parapatric speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Caitlin Fisher-Reid
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5245, USA
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76
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Ohlberger J, Brännström Å, Dieckmann U. Adaptive phenotypic diversification along a temperature-depth gradient. Am Nat 2013; 182:359-73. [PMID: 23933726 DOI: 10.1086/671169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Theoretical models suggest that sympatric speciation along environmental gradients might be common in nature. Here we present the first data-based model of evolutionary diversification along a continuous environmental gradient. On the basis of genetic analyses, it has been suggested that a pair of coregonid fishes (Coregonus spp.) in a postglacial German lake originated by sympatric speciation. Within this lake, the two species segregate vertically and show metabolic adaptations to, as well as behavioral preferences for, correspondingly different temperatures. We test the plausibility of the hypothesis that this diversifying process has been driven by adaptations to different thermal microhabitats along the lake's temperature-depth gradient. Using an adaptive-dynamics model that is calibrated with empirical data and allows the gradual evolution of a quantitative trait describing optimal foraging temperature, we show that under the specific environmental conditions in the lake, evolutionary branching of a hypothetical ancestral population into two distinct phenotypes may have occurred. We also show that the resultant evolutionary diversification yields two stably coexisting populations with trait values and depth distributions that are in agreement with those currently observed in the lake. We conclude that divergent thermal adaptations along the temperature-depth gradient might have brought about the two species observed today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Ohlberger
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, D-12587 Berlin, Germany.
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77
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Quattrini AM, Georgian SE, Byrnes L, Stevens A, Falco R, Cordes EE. Niche divergence by deep-sea octocorals in the genus Callogorgia across the continental slope of the Gulf of Mexico. Mol Ecol 2013; 22:4123-40. [PMID: 23786376 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2013] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Environmental variables that are correlated with depth have been suggested to be among the major forces underlying speciation in the deep sea. This study incorporated phylogenetics and ecological niche models (ENM) to examine whether congeneric species of Callogorgia (Octocorallia: Primnoidae) occupy different ecological niches across the continental slope of the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) and whether this niche divergence could be important in the evolution of these closely related species. Callogorgia americana americana, Callogorgia americana delta and Callogorgia gracilis were documented at 13 sites in the GoM (250-1000 m) from specimen collections and extensive video observations. On a first order, these species were separated by depth, with C. gracilis occurring at the shallowest sites, C. a. americana at mid-depths and C. a. delta at the deepest sites. Callogorgia a. delta was associated with areas of increased seep activity, whereas C. gracilis and C. a. americana were associated with narrow, yet warmer, temperature ranges and did not occur near cold seeps. ENM background and identity tests revealed little to no overlap in ecological niches between species. Temporal calibration of the phylogeny revealed the formation of the Isthmus of Panama was a vicariance event that may explain some of the patterns of speciation within this genus. These results elucidate the potential mechanisms for speciation in the deep sea, emphasizing both bathymetric speciation and vicariance events in the evolution of a genus across multiple regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M Quattrini
- Department of Biology, Temple University, 1900 N 12th St, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA.
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78
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Genetic structure and different color morphotypes suggest the occurrence and bathymetric segregation of two incipient species of Sebastes off Argentina. Naturwissenschaften 2013; 100:645-58. [PMID: 23728201 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-013-1061-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 05/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Rockfishes of the genus Sebastes are extensively distributed in the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. Although the occurrence of two morphologically similar species in the Southern Hemisphere, Sebastes oculatus and Sebastes capensis, is now clearly established, the taxonomic status and phylogeographic patterns for the genus in the region have not yet been completely resolved. In this study, we provide new insights into the taxonomy and evolutionary relationships of rockfishes inhabiting the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean, off the coast of mainland Argentina, by combining mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region sequences, microsatellite data, and color pattern analyses. Differences in coloration ("dark" and "light" fish) together with bathymetric segregation between color morphotypes were evident from fish collection and literature review. In addition, the mtDNA phylogenetic analysis and Bayesian clustering analysis using microsatellite data separated the fish into two distinct groups (F ST = 0.041), most likely representing incipient species. Our results suggest that speciation-by-depth in the absence of physical barriers could be a widespread mechanism of speciation in Sebastes from both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Nevertheless, the degree of genetic differentiation found, added to the large number of individuals displaying high levels of admixture, points to the occurrence of incomplete reproductive barriers between color morphotypes. Beyond the taxonomic and phylogeographic implications of our findings, the occurrence of distinct groups of Sebastes off the coast of Argentina being targeted by different fisheries (angling and trawling) has consequences for the design and implementation of appropriate fishery regulations to avoid overharvest of either group.
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79
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Simpson C. Species selection and the macroevolution of coral coloniality and photosymbiosis. Evolution 2013; 67:1607-21. [PMID: 23730756 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Differences in the relative diversification rates of species with variant traits are known as species selection. Species selection can produce a macroevolutionary change in the frequencies of traits by changing the relative number of species possessing each trait over time. But species selection is not the only process that can change the frequencies of traits, phyletic microevolution of traits within species and phylogenetic trait evolution among species, the tempo and mode of microevolution can also change trait frequencies. Species selection, phylogenetic, and phyletic processes can all contribute to large-scale trends, reinforcing or canceling each other out. Even more complex interactions among macroevolutionary processes are possible when multiple covarying traits are involved. Here I present a multilevel macroevolutionary framework that is useful for understanding how macroevolutionary processes interact. It is useful for empirical studies using fossils, molecular phylogenies, or both. I illustrate the framework with the macroevolution of coloniality and photosymbiosis in scleractinian corals using a time-calibrated molecular phylogeny. I find that standing phylogenetic variation in coloniality and photosymbiosis deflects the direction of macroevolution from the vector of species selection. Variation in these traits constrains species selection and results in a 200 million year macroevolutionary equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Simpson
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute at the Humboldt University Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 43, Berlin, Germany.
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80
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Hernández CE, Rodríguez-Serrano E, Avaria-Llautureo J, Inostroza-Michael O, Morales-Pallero B, Boric-Bargetto D, Canales-Aguirre CB, Marquet PA, Meade A. Using phylogenetic information and the comparative method to evaluate hypotheses in macroecology. Methods Ecol Evol 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.12033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristián E. Hernández
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva and Filoinformática; Departamento de Zoología; Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas; Universidad de Concepción; Casilla 160-C; Concepción; Chile
| | - Enrique Rodríguez-Serrano
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva and Filoinformática; Departamento de Zoología; Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas; Universidad de Concepción; Casilla 160-C; Concepción; Chile
| | - Jorge Avaria-Llautureo
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva and Filoinformática; Departamento de Zoología; Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas; Universidad de Concepción; Casilla 160-C; Concepción; Chile
| | - Oscar Inostroza-Michael
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva and Filoinformática; Departamento de Zoología; Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas; Universidad de Concepción; Casilla 160-C; Concepción; Chile
| | - Bryan Morales-Pallero
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva and Filoinformática; Departamento de Zoología; Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas; Universidad de Concepción; Casilla 160-C; Concepción; Chile
| | - Dusan Boric-Bargetto
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva and Filoinformática; Departamento de Zoología; Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas; Universidad de Concepción; Casilla 160-C; Concepción; Chile
| | - Cristian B. Canales-Aguirre
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva and Filoinformática; Departamento de Zoología; Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas; Universidad de Concepción; Casilla 160-C; Concepción; Chile
| | | | - Andrew Meade
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Reading; Reading; Berkshire; RG66BX; UK
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81
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Long prereproductive selection and divergence by depth in a Caribbean candelabrum coral. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:3961-6. [PMID: 23359716 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1208931110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-lived corals, the foundation of modern reefs, often follow ecological gradients, so that populations or sister species segregate by habitat. Adaptive divergence maintains sympatric congeners after secondary contact or may even generate species by natural selection in the face of gene flow. Such ecological divergence, initially between alternative phenotypes within populations, may be aided by immigrant inviability, especially when a long period separates larval dispersal and the onset of reproduction, during which selection can sort lineages to match different habitats. Here, we evaluate the strength of one ecological factor (depth) to isolate populations by comparing the genes and morphologies of pairs of depth-segregated populations of the candelabrum coral Eunicea flexuosa across the Caribbean. Eunicea is endemic to the Caribbean and all sister species co-occur. Eunicea flexuosa is widespread both geographically and across reef habitats. Our genetic analysis revealed two depth-segregated lineages. Field survivorship data, combined with estimates of selection coefficients based on transplant experiments, suggest that selection is strong enough to segregate these two lineages. Genetic exchange between the Shallow and Deep lineages occurred either immediately after divergence or the two have diverged with gene flow. Migration occurs asymmetrically from the Shallow to Deep lineage. Limited recruitment to reproductive age, even under weak annual selection advantage, is sufficient to generate habitat segregation because of the cumulative prolonged prereproductive selection. Ecological factors associated with depth can act as filters generating strong barriers to gene flow, altering morphologies, and contributing to the potential for speciation in the sea.
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82
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Magnuson-Ford K, Otto SP. Linking the Investigations of Character Evolution and Species Diversification. Am Nat 2012; 180:225-45. [DOI: 10.1086/666649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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83
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Ingram T, Harmon LJ, Shurin JB. When should we expect early bursts of trait evolution in comparative data? Predictions from an evolutionary food web model. J Evol Biol 2012; 25:1902-10. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2012.02566.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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84
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Wagner CE, Harmon LJ, Seehausen O. Ecological opportunity and sexual selection together predict adaptive radiation. Nature 2012; 487:366-9. [DOI: 10.1038/nature11144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 367] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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85
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Rabosky DL. POSITIVE CORRELATION BETWEEN DIVERSIFICATION RATES AND PHENOTYPIC EVOLVABILITY CAN MIMIC PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIUM ON MOLECULAR PHYLOGENIES. Evolution 2012; 66:2622-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2012.01631.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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86
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Hodge JR, Read CI, van Herwerden L, Bellwood DR. The role of peripheral endemism in species diversification: Evidence from the coral reef fish genus Anampses (Family: Labridae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2012; 62:653-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2011.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2011] [Revised: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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87
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Cánovas FG, Mota CF, Serrão EA, Pearson GA. Driving south: a multi-gene phylogeny of the brown algal family Fucaceae reveals relationships and recent drivers of a marine radiation. BMC Evol Biol 2011; 11:371. [PMID: 22188734 PMCID: PMC3292578 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-11-371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the processes driving speciation in marine ecosystems remained a challenge until recently, due to the unclear nature of dispersal boundaries. However, recent evidence for marine adaptive radiations and ecological speciation, as well as previously undetected patterns of cryptic speciation is overturning this view. Here, we use multi-gene phylogenetics to infer the family-level evolutionary history of Fucaceae (intertidal brown algae of the northern Pacific and Atlantic) in order to investigate recent and unique patterns of radiative speciation in the genus Fucus in the Atlantic, in contrast with the mainly monospecific extant genera. RESULTS We developed a set of markers from 13 protein coding genes based on polymorphic cDNA from EST libraries, which provided novel resolution allowing estimation of ancestral character states and a detailed reconstruction of the recent radiative history. Phylogenetic reconstructions yielded similar topologies and revealed four independent trans-Arctic colonization events by Fucaceae lineages, two of which also involved transitions from hermaphroditism to dioecy associated with Atlantic invasions. More recently, reversion of dioecious ancestral lineages towards hermaphroditism has occurred in the genus Fucus, particularly coinciding with colonization of more extreme habitats. Novel lineages in the genus Fucus were also revealed in association with southern habitats. These most recent speciation events occurred during the Pleistocene glaciations and coincided with a shift towards selfing mating systems, generally southward shifts in distribution, and invasion of novel habitats. CONCLUSIONS Diversification of the family occurred in the Late-Mid Miocene, with at least four independent trans-Artic lineage crossings coincident with two reproductive mode transitions. The genus Fucus arose in the Pliocene but radiated within a relatively short time frame about 2.5 million years ago. Current species distributions of Fucus suggest that climatic factors promoted differentiation between the two major clades, while the recent and rapid species radiation in the temperate clade during Pleistocene glacial cycles coincided with several potential speciation drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando G Cánovas
- CCMAR, CIMAR-Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal.
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88
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Sallan LC, Friedman M. Heads or tails: staged diversification in vertebrate evolutionary radiations. Proc Biol Sci 2011; 279:2025-32. [PMID: 22189401 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2011.2454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptive radiations, bouts of morphological divergence coupled with taxonomic proliferation, underpin biodiversity. The most widespread model of radiations assumes a single round, or 'early burst', of elevated phenotypic divergence followed by a decline in rates of change or even stasis. A vertebrate-specific model proposes separate stages: initial divergence in postcranial traits related to habitat use, followed by diversification in cranial morphology linked to trophic demands. However, there is little empirical evidence for either hypothesis. Here, we show that, contrary to both models, separate large-scale radiations of actinopterygian fishes proceeded through distinct cranial and later postcranial stages of morphological diversification. Early actinopterygians and acanthomorph teleosts dispersed in cranial morphospace immediately following the end-Devonian extinction and the Cretaceous origin of the acanthomorph clade, respectively. Significant increases in postcranial morphological variation do not occur until one interval after cranial diversification commenced. Therefore, our results question the universality of the 'general vertebrate model'. Based on the results of model-fitting exercises and application of the divergence order test, we find little evidence that the early onset of cranial diversification in these two radiations is due to elevated rates of cranial change relative to postcranial change early in their evolutionary histories. Instead, postcranial and cranial patterns are best fit by an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck model, which is characterized by constant evolutionary rates coupled with a strong central tendency. Other groups have been reported to show early saturation of cranial morphospace or tropic roles early in their histories, but it is unclear whether these patterns are attributable to dynamics similar to those inferred for our two model radiations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Cole Sallan
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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89
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Affiliation(s)
- I Keller
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, EAWAG Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Center of Ecology, Evolution and Biochemistry, Seestrasse 79, CH-6047 Kastanienbaum, Switzerland.
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90
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Rabosky DL, Cowan MA, Talaba AL, Lovette IJ. Species interactions mediate phylogenetic community structure in a hyperdiverse lizard assemblage from arid Australia. Am Nat 2011; 178:579-95. [PMID: 22030728 DOI: 10.1086/662162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Evolutionary history can exert a profound influence on ecological communities, but few generalities have emerged concerning the relationships among phylogeny, community membership, and niche evolution. We compared phylogenetic community structure and niche evolution in three lizard clades (Ctenotus skinks, agamids, and diplodactyline geckos) from arid Australia. We surveyed lizard communities at 32 sites in the northwestern Great Victoria Desert and generated complete species-level molecular phylogenies for regional representatives of the three clades. We document a striking pattern of phylogenetic evenness within local communities for all groups: pairwise correlations in species abundance across sites are negatively related to phylogenetic similarity. By modeling site suitability on the basis of species' habitat preferences, we demonstrate that phylogenetic evenness generally persists even after controlling for habitat filtering among species. This phylogenetic evenness is coupled with evolutionary lability of habitat-associated traits, to the extent that closely related species are more divergent in habitat use than distantly related species. In contrast, lizard diets are phylogenetically conserved, and pairwise dietary overlap between species is negatively related to phylogenetic distance in two of the three clades. Our results suggest that contemporary and historical species interactions have led to similar patterns of community structure across multiple clades in one of the world's most diverse lizard communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Rabosky
- Department of Integrative Biology and Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, USA.
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91
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RUTSCHMANN SEREINA, MATSCHINER MICHAEL, DAMERAU MALTE, MUSCHICK MORITZ, LEHMANN MORITZF, HANEL REINHOLD, SALZBURGER WALTER. Parallel ecological diversification in Antarctic notothenioid fishes as evidence for adaptive radiation. Mol Ecol 2011; 20:4707-21. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2011.05279.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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LARMUSEAU MHD, VANHOVE MPM, HUYSE T, VOLCKAERT FAM, DECORTE R. Signature of selection on the rhodopsin gene in the marine radiation of American seven-spined gobies (Gobiidae, Gobiosomatini). J Evol Biol 2011; 24:1618-25. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02290.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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