51
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Molini U, Mushonga B, Settypalli TBK, Dundon WG, Khaiseb S, Jago M, Cattoli G, Lamien CE. Molecular characterization of African swine fever virus from outbreaks in Namibia in 2018. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 67:1008-1014. [PMID: 31650681 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Five samples were collected from four suspected outbreaks of African swine fever in Namibia in 2018. Sequencing of the C-terminus of the B646L gene (p72 protein), the central hypervariable region (CVR) of the B602L gene, the E183L gene (p54 protein) and the CD2v (used to determine the serogroup) was performed on DNA isolated from the samples. Phylogenetic analyses of the B646L (p72) revealed that one of the samples belonged to genotype I while the remaining samples could not be assigned to any currently known genotype. In contrast, by using the E183L gene three of the samples were shown to belong to genotype Id and only two were of unknown genotype. Based on the analysis of the partial CD2v amino acid sequences of four of the samples, one of the viruses clustered with serogroup 2 while the other three did not cluster within any of the eight known serogroups. Examination of the CVR identified three variants with 8, 18 and 24 tetrameric tandem repeat sequences. This study indicates that at least three different genetically distinct ASFV are currently present in Namibia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umberto Molini
- Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia.,Central Veterinary Laboratory, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Borden Mushonga
- Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Tirumala B K Settypalli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - William G Dundon
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Mark Jago
- Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Giovanni Cattoli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Charles E Lamien
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
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52
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Ye C, Wu X, Chen T, Huang Q, Fang R, An T. The updated analysis of African swine fever virus genomes: Two novel genotypes are identified. J Infect 2019; 80:232-254. [PMID: 31669379 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2019.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ye
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Xingping Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Tingting Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Qingyuan Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Rendong Fang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, Chongqing, 400715, China.
| | - Tongqing An
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Harbin 150069, China.
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53
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Malogolovkin A, Kolbasov D. Genetic and antigenic diversity of African swine fever virus. Virus Res 2019; 271:197673. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.197673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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54
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Gaudreault NN, Richt JA. Subunit Vaccine Approaches for African Swine Fever Virus. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7020056. [PMID: 31242632 PMCID: PMC6631172 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7020056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the cause of a highly fatal disease in swine, for which there is no available vaccine. The disease is highly contagious and poses a serious threat to the swine industry worldwide. Since its introduction to the Caucasus region in 2007, a highly virulent, genotype II strain of ASFV has continued to circulate and spread into Eastern Europe and Russia, and most recently into Western Europe, China, and various countries of Southeast Asia. This review summarizes various ASFV vaccine strategies that have been investigated, with focus on antigen-, DNA-, and virus vector-based vaccines. Known ASFV antigens and the determinants of protection against ASFV versus immunopathological enhancement of infection and disease are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha N Gaudreault
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, K224 Mosier Hall, 1800 Denison Ave, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
| | - Juergen A Richt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, K224 Mosier Hall, 1800 Denison Ave, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
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55
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Dixon LK, Islam M, Nash R, Reis AL. African swine fever virus evasion of host defences. Virus Res 2019; 266:25-33. [PMID: 30959069 PMCID: PMC6505686 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
African swine fever virus causes a haemorrhagic fever in domestic pigs and wild boar. The continuing spread in Africa, Europe and Asia threatens the global pig industry. The lack of a vaccine limits disease control. To underpin rational strategies for vaccine development improved knowledge is needed of how the virus interacts with and modulates the host's responses to infection. The virus long double-stranded DNA genome codes for more than 160 proteins of which many are non-essential for replication in cells but can have important roles in evading the host's defences. Here we review knowledge of the pathways targeted by ASFV and the mechanisms by which these are inhibited. The impact of deleting single or multiple ASFV genes on virus replication in cells and infection in pigs is summarised providing information on strategies for rational development of modified live vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- L K Dixon
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK.
| | - M Islam
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - R Nash
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - A L Reis
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
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56
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Burmakina G, Malogolovkin A, Tulman ER, Xu W, Delhon G, Kolbasov D, Rock DL. Identification of T-cell epitopes in African swine fever virus CD2v and C-type lectin proteins. J Gen Virol 2019; 100:259-265. [DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Galina Burmakina
- 1Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Pokrov, Russia
| | | | - Edan R. Tulman
- 2Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science and Center of Excellence for Vaccine Research, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Weidong Xu
- 3Department of Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
- †Present address: 10 Xinghuo Road, Jiangbei New Area, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Gustavo Delhon
- 4School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences and Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Denis Kolbasov
- 1Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Pokrov, Russia
| | - Daniel L. Rock
- 5Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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57
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Li L, Ren Z, Wang Q, Ge S, Liu Y, Liu C, Liu F, Hu Y, Li J, Bao J, Ren W, Zhang Y, Xu T, Sun C, Li L, Wang S, Fan X, Wu Z, Huang B, Guo H, Wu X, Wang Z. Infection of African swine fever in wild boar, China, 2018. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:1395-1398. [PMID: 30592384 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
On 16 November 2018, a wild boar infected with African swine fever was reported in China. The phylogenetic analysis showed that its causative strain belonged to the p72 genotype II, CD2v serogroup 8 and contained no additional tandem repeat sequences between the I73R and the I329L protein genes, which was different from previously reported strains in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhaowen Ren
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Jilin, China
| | - Qinghua Wang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Shengqiang Ge
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Yutian Liu
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Chunju Liu
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Fuxiao Liu
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Yongxin Hu
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Jinming Li
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Jingyue Bao
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Weijie Ren
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | | | - Tiangang Xu
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Chengyou Sun
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Ling Li
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Shujuan Wang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaoxu Fan
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Zongbo Wu
- Forestry Bureau of Baishan City, Baishan, China
| | - Baoxu Huang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Huancheng Guo
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaodong Wu
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhiliang Wang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
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58
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Netherton CL, Goatley LC, Reis AL, Portugal R, Nash RH, Morgan SB, Gault L, Nieto R, Norlin V, Gallardo C, Ho CS, Sánchez-Cordón PJ, Taylor G, Dixon LK. Identification and Immunogenicity of African Swine Fever Virus Antigens. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1318. [PMID: 31275307 PMCID: PMC6593957 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a lethal haemorrhagic disease of domestic pigs for which there is no vaccine. Strains of the virus with reduced virulence can provide protection against related virulent strains of ASFV, but protection is not 100% and there are concerns about the safety profile of such viruses. However, they provide a useful tool for understanding the immune response to ASFV and previous studies using the low virulent isolate OUR T88/3 have shown that CD8+ cells are crucial for protection. In order to develop a vaccine that stimulates an effective anti-ASFV T-cell response we need to know which of the >150 viral proteins are recognized by the cellular immune response. Therefore, we used a gamma interferon ELIspot assay to screen for viral proteins recognized by lymphocytes from ASF-immune pigs using peptides corresponding to 133 proteins predicted to be encoded by OUR T88/3. Eighteen antigens that were recognized by ASFV-specific lymphocytes were then incorporated into adenovirus and MVA vectors, which were used in immunization and challenge experiments in pigs. We present a systematic characterization of the cellular immune response to this devastating disease and identify proteins capable of inducing ASFV-specific cellular and humoral immune responses in pigs. Pools of viral vectors expressing these genes did not protect animals from severe disease, but did reduce viremia in a proportion of pigs following ASFV challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Lynden Gault
- Gift of Life Michigan Histocompatibility Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Raquel Nieto
- European Union Reference Laboratory for ASF, Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Veronica Norlin
- Gift of Life Michigan Histocompatibility Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Carmina Gallardo
- European Union Reference Laboratory for ASF, Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Chak-Sum Ho
- Gift of Life Michigan Histocompatibility Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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59
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Ge S, Li J, Fan X, Liu F, Li L, Wang Q, Ren W, Bao J, Liu C, Wang H, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Xu T, Wu X, Wang Z. Molecular Characterization of African Swine Fever Virus, China, 2018. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 24:2131-2133. [PMID: 30141772 PMCID: PMC6199985 DOI: 10.3201/eid2411.181274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
On August 3, 2018, an outbreak of African swine fever in pigs was reported in China. We subjected a virus from an African swine fever-positive pig sample to phylogenetic analysis. This analysis showed that the causative strain belonged to the p72 genotype II and CD2v serogroup 8.
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60
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Burmakina G, Bliznetsov K, Malogolovkin A. Real-time analysis of the cytopathic effect of African swine fever virus. J Virol Methods 2018; 257:58-61. [PMID: 29627336 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Conventional methods, which quantitatively assess virus replication, are based on direct examination of viral cytopathic effect (CPE), which is time consuming, tedious and based on endpoint reading. The Real-Time Cell Analysis (RTCA) xCELLigence® system offers an alternative approach to evaluate virus-induced CPE, and here was evaluated as a means to dynamically assess CPE caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV). RTCA was used to identify optimum time for ASFV infection based on cell index (CI) and to evaluate ASFV CPE kinetics in COS-1 cells. Data indicated that the RTCA has tremendous potential to methodologically and quantitatively improve assays used to study efficiency of ASFV drug inhibitors and neutralizing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina Burmakina
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology (FRCVM), 601125, Volginskiy, Bakulova 1, Russia
| | | | - Alexander Malogolovkin
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology (FRCVM), 601125, Volginskiy, Bakulova 1, Russia.
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61
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Jia N, Ou Y, Pejsak Z, Zhang Y, Zhang J. Roles of African Swine Fever Virus Structural Proteins in Viral Infection. J Vet Res 2017; 61:135-143. [PMID: 29978065 PMCID: PMC5894393 DOI: 10.1515/jvetres-2017-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a large, double-stranded DNA virus and the sole member of the Asfarviridae family. ASFV infects domestic pigs, wild boars, warthogs, and bush pigs, as well as soft ticks (Ornithodoros erraticus), which likely act as a vector. The major target is swine monocyte-macrophage cells. The virus can cause high fever, haemorrhagic lesions, cyanosis, anorexia, and even fatalities in domestic pigs. Currently, there is no vaccine and effective disease control strategies against its spread are culling infected pigs and maintaining high biosecurity standards. African swine fever (ASF) spread to Europe from Africa in the middle of the 20th century, and later also to South America and the Caribbean. Since then, ASF has spread more widely and thus is still a great challenge for swine breeding. The genome of ASFV ranges in length from about 170 to 193 kbp depending on the isolate and contains between 150 and 167 open reading frames (ORFs). The ASFV genome encodes 150 to 200 proteins, around 50 of them structural. The roles of virus structural proteins in viral infection have been described. These proteins, such as pp220, pp62, p72, p54, p30, and CD2v, serve as the major component of virus particles and have roles in attachment, entry, and replication. All studies on ASFV proteins lay a good foundation upon which to clarify the infection mechanism and develop vaccines and diagnosis methods. In this paper, the roles of ASFV structural proteins in viral infection are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Jia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yunwen Ou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.,State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Zygmunt Pejsak
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Yongguang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
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Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is an acute and often fatal disease affecting domestic pigs and wild boar, with severe economic consequences for affected countries. ASF is endemic in sub-Saharan Africa and the island of Sardinia, Italy. Since 2007, the virus emerged in the republic of Georgia, and since then spread throughout the Caucasus region and Russia. Outbreaks have also been reported in Belarus, Ukraine, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Romania, Moldova, Czech Republic, and Poland, threatening neighboring West European countries. The causative agent, the African swine fever virus (ASFV), is a large, enveloped, double-stranded DNA virus that enters the cell by macropinocytosis and a clathrin-dependent mechanism. African Swine Fever Virus is able to interfere with various cellular signaling pathways resulting in immunomodulation, thus making the development of an efficacious vaccine very challenging. Inactivated preparations of African Swine Fever Virus do not confer protection, and the role of antibodies in protection remains unclear. The use of live-attenuated vaccines, although rendering suitable levels of protection, presents difficulties due to safety and side effects in the vaccinated animals. Several African Swine Fever Virus proteins have been reported to induce neutralizing antibodies in immunized pigs, and vaccination strategies based on DNA vaccines and recombinant proteins have also been explored, however, without being very successful. The complexity of the virus particle and the ability of the virus to modulate host immune responses are most likely the reason for this failure. Furthermore, no permanent cell lines able to sustain productive virus infection by both virulent and naturally attenuated African Swine Fever Virus strains exist so far, thus impairing basic research and the commercial production of attenuated vaccine candidates.
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63
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BA71ΔCD2: a New Recombinant Live Attenuated African Swine Fever Virus with Cross-Protective Capabilities. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01058-17. [PMID: 28814514 PMCID: PMC5640839 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01058-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever is a highly contagious viral disease of mandatory declaration to the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). The lack of available vaccines makes its control difficult; thus, African swine fever virus (ASFV) represents a major threat to the swine industry. Inactivated vaccines do not confer solid protection against ASFV. Conversely, live attenuated viruses (LAV), either naturally isolated or obtained by genetic manipulation, have demonstrated reliable protection against homologous ASFV strains, although little or no protection has been demonstrated against heterologous viruses. Safety concerns are a major issue for the use of ASFV attenuated vaccine candidates and have hampered their implementation in the field so far. While trying to develop safer and efficient ASFV vaccines, we found that the deletion of the viral CD2v (EP402R) gene highly attenuated the virulent BA71 strain in vivo. Inoculation of pigs with the deletion mutant virus BA71ΔCD2 conferred protection not only against lethal challenge with the parental BA71 but also against the heterologous E75 (both genotype I strains). The protection induced was dose dependent, and the cross-protection observed in vivo correlated with the ability of BA71ΔCD2 to induce specific CD8+ T cells capable of recognizing both BA71 and E75 viruses in vitro. Interestingly, 100% of the pigs immunized with BA71ΔCD2 also survived lethal challenge with Georgia 2007/1, the genotype II strain of ASFV currently circulating in continental Europe. These results open new avenues to design ASFV cross-protective vaccines, essential to fight ASFV in areas where the virus is endemic and where multiple viruses are circulating. IMPORTANCE African swine fever virus (ASFV) remains enzootic in most countries of Sub-Saharan Africa, today representing a major threat for the development of their swine industry. The uncontrolled presence of ASFV has favored its periodic exportation to other countries, the last event being in Georgia in 2007. Since then, ASFV has spread toward neighboring countries, reaching the European Union's east border in 2014. The lack of available vaccines against ASFV makes its control difficult; so far, only live attenuated viruses have demonstrated solid protection against homologous experimental challenges, but they have failed at inducing solid cross-protective immunity against heterologous viruses. Here we describe a new LAV candidate with unique cross-protective abilities: BA71ΔCD2. Inoculation of BA71ΔCD2 protected pigs not only against experimental challenge with BA71, the virulent parental strain, but also against heterologous viruses, including Georgia 2007/1, the genotype II strain of ASFV currently circulating in Eastern Europe.
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Arias M, de la Torre A, Dixon L, Gallardo C, Jori F, Laddomada A, Martins C, Parkhouse RM, Revilla Y, Rodriguez F, Sanchez-Vizcaino JM. Approaches and Perspectives for Development of African Swine Fever Virus Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2017; 5:vaccines5040035. [PMID: 28991171 PMCID: PMC5748602 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines5040035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a complex disease of swine, caused by a large DNA virus belonging to the family Asfarviridae. The disease shows variable clinical signs, with high case fatality rates, up to 100%, in the acute forms. ASF is currently present in Africa and Europe where it circulates in different scenarios causing a high socio-economic impact. In most affected regions, control has not been effective in part due to lack of a vaccine. The availability of an effective and safe ASFV vaccines would support and enforce control-eradication strategies. Therefore, work leading to the rational development of protective ASF vaccines is a high priority. Several factors have hindered vaccine development, including the complexity of the ASF virus particle and the large number of proteins encoded by its genome. Many of these virus proteins inhibit the host's immune system thus facilitating virus replication and persistence. We review previous work aimed at understanding ASFV-host interactions, including mechanisms of protective immunity, and approaches for vaccine development. These include live attenuated vaccines, and "subunit" vaccines, based on DNA, proteins, or virus vectors. In the shorter to medium term, live attenuated vaccines are the most promising and best positioned candidates. Gaps and future research directions are evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Arias
- European Union Reference Laboratory for ASF, Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (INIA-CISA), 28015 Madrid, Spain; (A.D.L.T.); (C.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-916-202-300
| | - Ana de la Torre
- European Union Reference Laboratory for ASF, Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (INIA-CISA), 28015 Madrid, Spain; (A.D.L.T.); (C.G.)
| | - Linda Dixon
- The Pirbright Institute (TPI), Surrey GU24 0NF, UK;
| | - Carmina Gallardo
- European Union Reference Laboratory for ASF, Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (INIA-CISA), 28015 Madrid, Spain; (A.D.L.T.); (C.G.)
| | - Ferran Jori
- ASTRE, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Alberto Laddomada
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna (IZS-Sardegna), 07100 Sassari, Sardinia, Italy;
| | - Carlos Martins
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária (FMV-ULisboa), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - R. Michael Parkhouse
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência (IGC), Rua Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal;
| | - Yolanda Revilla
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO-CSIC-UAM), C/ Nicolás Cabrera nº 1, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Fernando Rodriguez
- Institute for Research and Technology Food and Agriculture (IRTA), Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain;
| | - Jose-Manuel Sanchez-Vizcaino
- OIE Reference Laboratory for ASF, Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Puerta del Hierro, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
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65
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Lokhandwala S, Waghela SD, Bray J, Sangewar N, Charendoff C, Martin CL, Hassan WS, Koynarski T, Gabbert L, Burrage TG, Brake D, Neilan J, Mwangi W. Adenovirus-vectored novel African Swine Fever Virus antigens elicit robust immune responses in swine. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177007. [PMID: 28481911 PMCID: PMC5421782 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) is a high-consequence transboundary animal pathogen that often causes hemorrhagic disease in swine with a case fatality rate close to 100%. Lack of treatment or vaccine for the disease makes it imperative that safe and efficacious vaccines are developed to safeguard the swine industry. In this study, we evaluated the immunogenicity of seven adenovirus-vectored novel ASFV antigens, namely A151R, B119L, B602L, EP402RΔPRR, B438L, K205R and A104R. Immunization of commercial swine with a cocktail of the recombinant adenoviruses formulated in adjuvant primed strong ASFV antigen-specific IgG responses that underwent rapid recall upon boost. Notably, most vaccinees mounted robust IgG responses against all the antigens in the cocktail. Most importantly and relevant to vaccine development, the induced antibodies recognized viral proteins from Georgia 2007/1 ASFV-infected cells by IFA and by western blot analysis. The recombinant adenovirus cocktail also induced ASFV-specific IFN-γ-secreting cells that were recalled upon boosting. Evaluation of local and systemic effects of the recombinant adenovirus cocktail post-priming and post-boosting in the immunized animals showed that the immunogen was well tolerated and no serious negative effects were observed. Taken together, these outcomes showed that the adenovirus-vectored novel ASFV antigen cocktail was capable of safely inducing strong antibody and IFN-γ+ cell responses in commercial swine. The data will be used for selection of antigens for inclusion in a multi-antigen prototype vaccine to be evaluated for protective efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shehnaz Lokhandwala
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Suryakant D Waghela
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Jocelyn Bray
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Neha Sangewar
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Chloe Charendoff
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Cameron L Martin
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Wisam S Hassan
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | | | - Lindsay Gabbert
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, U. S. Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Directorate, Greenport, NY, United States of America
| | - Thomas G Burrage
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, U. S. Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Directorate, Greenport, NY, United States of America
| | - David Brake
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, U. S. Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Directorate, Greenport, NY, United States of America
| | - John Neilan
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, U. S. Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Directorate, Greenport, NY, United States of America
| | - Waithaka Mwangi
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
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66
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Rock DL. Challenges for African swine fever vaccine development-"… perhaps the end of the beginning.". Vet Microbiol 2016; 206:52-58. [PMID: 27756505 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF), an acute, viral hemorrhagic disease in domestic swine with mortality rates approaching 100%, is arguably the most significant emerging disease threat for the swine industry worldwide. Devastating ASF outbreaks and continuing epidemic in the Caucasus region and Russia (2007-to date) highlight significance of this disease threat. There is no vaccine for ASF, thus leaving animal slaughter the only effective disease control option. It is clear, however, that vaccination is possible since protection against reinfection with the homologous strain of African swine fever virus (ASFV) has been clearly demonstrated. Vaccine development has been hindered by large gaps in knowledge concerning ASFV infection and immunity, the extent of ASFV strain variation in nature and the identification of viral proteins (protective antigens) responsible for inducing protective immune responses in the pig. This review focuses on the challenges surrounding ASF vaccine design and development, with an emphasis on existing knowledge gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Rock
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
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67
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Frączyk M, Woźniakowski G, Kowalczyk A, Bocian Ł, Kozak E, Niemczuk K, Pejsak Z. Evolution of African swine fever virus genes related to evasion of host immune response. Vet Microbiol 2016; 193:133-44. [PMID: 27599940 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a notifiable and one of the most complex and devastating infectious disease of pigs, wild boars and other representatives of Suidae family. African swine fever virus (ASFV) developed various molecular mechanisms to evade host immune response including alteration of interferon production by multigene family protein (MGF505-2R), inhibition of NF-κB and nuclear activating factor in T-cells by the A238L protein, or modulation of host defense by CD2v lectin-like protein encoded by EP402R and EP153R genes. The current situation concerning ASF in Poland seems to be stable in comparison to other eastern European countries but up-to-date in total 106 ASF cases in wild boar and 5 outbreaks in pigs were identified. The presented study aimed to reveal and summarize the genetic variability of genes related to inhibition or modulation of infected host response among 67 field ASF isolates collected from wild boar and pigs. The nucleotide sequences derived from the analysed A238L and EP153R regions showed 100% identity. However, minor but remarkable genetic diversity was found within EP402R and MGF505-2R genes suggesting slow molecular evolution of circulating ASFV isolates and the important role of this gene in modulation of interferon I production and hemadsorption phenomenon. The obtained nucleotide sequences of Polish ASFV isolates were closely related to Georgia 2007/1 and Odintsovo 02/14 isolates suggesting their common Caucasian origin. In the case of EP402R and partially in MGF505-2R gene the identified genetic variability was related to spatio-temporal occurrence of particular cases and outbreaks what may facilitate evolution tracing of ASFV isolates. This is the first report indicating identification of genetic variability within the genes related to evasion of host immune system which may be used to trace the direction of ASFV isolates molecular evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Frączyk
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57 Avenue, 24-100 Puławy, Poland.
| | - Grzegorz Woźniakowski
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57 Avenue, 24-100 Puławy, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Kowalczyk
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57 Avenue, 24-100 Puławy, Poland.
| | - Łukasz Bocian
- Department of Epidemiology and Risk Assessment, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57 Avenue, 24-100 Puławy, Poland.
| | - Edyta Kozak
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57 Avenue, 24-100 Puławy, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Niemczuk
- Chief executive, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57 Avenue, 24-100 Puławy, Poland.
| | - Zygmunt Pejsak
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57 Avenue, 24-100 Puławy, Poland.
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68
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Burmakina G, Malogolovkin A, Tulman ER, Zsak L, Delhon G, Diel DG, Shobogorov NM, Morgunov YP, Morgunov SY, Kutish GF, Kolbasov D, Rock DL. African swine fever virus serotype-specific proteins are significant protective antigens for African swine fever. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:1670-1675. [PMID: 27114233 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is an emerging disease threat for the swine industry worldwide. No ASF vaccine is available and progress is hindered by lack of knowledge concerning the extent of ASFV strain diversity and the viral antigens conferring type-specific protective immunity in pigs. Available data from vaccination/challenge experiments in pigs indicate that ASF protective immunity may be haemadsorption inhibition (HAI) serotype-specific. Recently, we have shown that two ASFV proteins, CD2v (EP402R) and C-type lectin (EP153R), are necessary and sufficient for mediating HAI serological specificity (Malogolovkin et al., 2015).. Here, using ASFV inter-serotypic chimeric viruses and vaccination/challenge experiments in pigs, we demonstrate that serotype-specific CD2v and/or C-type lectin proteins are important for protection against homologous ASFV infection. Thus, these viral proteins represent significant protective antigens for ASFV that should be targeted in future vaccine design and development. Additionally, these data support the concept of HAI serotype-specific protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Burmakina
- National Research Institute for Veterinary Virology and Microbiology, Russian Academy of Agriculture Science, Pokrov, Russian Federation
| | - A Malogolovkin
- National Research Institute for Veterinary Virology and Microbiology, Russian Academy of Agriculture Science, Pokrov, Russian Federation
| | - E R Tulman
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science and Center of Excellence for Vaccine Research, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - L Zsak
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Athens, GA, USA
| | - G Delhon
- School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - D G Diel
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - N M Shobogorov
- National Research Institute for Veterinary Virology and Microbiology, Russian Academy of Agriculture Science, Pokrov, Russian Federation
| | - Yu P Morgunov
- National Research Institute for Veterinary Virology and Microbiology, Russian Academy of Agriculture Science, Pokrov, Russian Federation
| | - S Yu Morgunov
- National Research Institute for Veterinary Virology and Microbiology, Russian Academy of Agriculture Science, Pokrov, Russian Federation
| | - G F Kutish
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science and Center of Excellence for Vaccine Research, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - D Kolbasov
- National Research Institute for Veterinary Virology and Microbiology, Russian Academy of Agriculture Science, Pokrov, Russian Federation
| | - D L Rock
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
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