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Shim BS, Wu W, Kyriakis CS, Bakre A, Jorquera PA, Perwitasari O, Tripp RA. MicroRNA-555 has potent antiviral properties against poliovirus. J Gen Virol 2015; 97:659-668. [PMID: 26683768 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination with live-attenuated polio vaccine has been the primary reason for the drastic reduction of poliomyelitis worldwide. However, reversion of this attenuated poliovirus vaccine occasionally results in the emergence of vaccine-derived polioviruses that may cause poliomyelitis. Thus, the development of anti-poliovirus agents remains a priority for control and eradication of the disease. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been shown to regulate viral infection through targeting the viral genome or reducing host factors required for virus replication. However, the roles of miRNAs in poliovirus (PV) replication have not been fully elucidated. In this study, a library of 1200 miRNA mimics was used to identify miRNAs that govern PV replication. High-throughput screening revealed 29 miRNAs with antiviral properties against Sabin-2, which is one of the oral polio vaccine strains. In particular, miR-555 was found to have the most potent antiviral activity against three different oral polio attenuated vaccine strains tested. The results show that miR-555 reduced the level of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein C1/C2 (hnRNP C) required for PV replication in the infected cells, which in turn resulted in reduction of PV positive-strand RNA synthesis and production of infectious progeny. These findings provide the first evidence for the role of miR-555 in PV replication and reveal that miR-555 could contribute to the development of antiviral therapeutic strategies against PV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung-Shik Shim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, 30602 University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Weilin Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, 30602 University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Constantinos S Kyriakis
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, 30602 University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Abhijeet Bakre
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, 30602 University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Patricia A Jorquera
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, 30602 University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Olivia Perwitasari
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, 30602 University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Ralph A Tripp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, 30602 University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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Identification of Positively Charged Residues in Enterovirus 71 Capsid Protein VP1 Essential for Production of Infectious Particles. J Virol 2015; 90:741-52. [PMID: 26512078 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02482-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Enterovirus 71 (EV71), a positive-stranded RNA virus, is the major cause of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) in children, which can cause severe central nervous system disease and death. The capsids of EV71 consist of 60 copies of each of four viral structural proteins (VP1 to VP4), with VP1, VP2, and VP3 exposed on the surface and VP4 arranged internally. VP1 plays a central role in particle assembly and cell entry. To gain insight into the role of positively charged residues in VP1 function in these processes, a charged-to-alanine scanning analysis was performed using an infectious cDNA clone of EV71. Twenty-seven mutants containing single charged-to-alanine changes were tested. Sixteen of them were not viable, seven mutants were replication defective, and the remaining four mutants were replication competent. By selecting revertants, second-site mutations which could at least partially restore viral infectivity were identified within VP1 for four defective mutations and two lethal mutations. The resulting residue pairs represent a network of intra- and intermolecular interactions of the VP1 protein which could serve as a potential novel drug target. Interestingly, mutation K215A in the VP1 GH loop led to a significant increase in thermal stability, demonstrating that conditional thermostable mutants can be generated by altering the charge characteristics of VP1. Moreover, all mutants were sensitive to the EV71 entry inhibitor suramin, which binds to the virus particle via the negatively charged naphthalenetrisulfonic acid group, suggesting that single charged-to-alanine mutation is not sufficient for suramin resistance. Taken together, these data highlight the importance of positively charged residues in VP1 for production of infectious particles. IMPORTANCE Infection with EV71 is more often associated with neurological complications in children and is responsible for the majority of fatalities. No licensed vaccines or antiviral therapies are currently available for the prevention or treatment of EV71 infection. Understanding the determinants of virion assembly and entry will facilitate vaccine development and drug discovery. Here, we identified 23 out of 27 positively charged residues in VP1 which impaired or blocked the production of infectious particles. The defect could be rescued by second-site mutations within the VP1 protein. Our findings highlight the importance of positively charged residues in VP1 during infectious particle production and reveal a potential strategy for blocking EV71 infections by inhibiting intra- or intermolecular interactions of the VP1 protein.
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Nishimura Y, McLaughlin NP, Pan J, Goldstein S, Hafenstein S, Shimizu H, Winkler JD, Bergelson JM. The Suramin Derivative NF449 Interacts with the 5-fold Vertex of the Enterovirus A71 Capsid to Prevent Virus Attachment to PSGL-1 and Heparan Sulfate. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005184. [PMID: 26430888 PMCID: PMC4592248 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
NF449, a sulfated compound derived from the antiparasitic drug suramin, was previously reported to inhibit infection by enterovirus A71 (EV-A71). In the current work, we found that NF449 inhibits virus attachment to target cells, and specifically blocks virus interaction with two identified receptors—the P-selectin ligand, PSGL-1, and heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycan—with no effect on virus binding to a third receptor, the scavenger receptor SCARB2. We also examined a number of commercially available suramin analogues, and newly synthesized derivatives of NF449; among these, NF110 and NM16, like NF449, inhibited virus attachment at submicromolar concentrations. PSGL-1 and heparan sulfate, but not SCARB2, are both sulfated molecules, and their interaction with EV-A71 is thought to involve positively charged capsid residues, including a conserved lysine at VP1-244, near the icosahedral 5-fold vertex. We found that mutation of VP1-244 resulted in resistance to NF449, suggesting that this residue is involved in NF449 interaction with the virus capsid. Consistent with this idea, NF449 and NF110 prevented virus interaction with monoclonal antibody MA28-7, which specifically recognizes an epitope overlapping VP1-244 at the 5-fold vertex. Based on these observations we propose that NF449 and related compounds compete with sulfated receptor molecules for a binding site at the 5-fold vertex of the EV-A71 capsid. Enterovirus A71 is epidemic in the Asia-Pacific region, and has been responsible for thousands of cases of fatal neurological disease in young children. There are no specific therapies available. We previously identified NF449 as a compound with anti-EV-A71 activity, although its mechanism of action was uncertain. In the current work we found that NF449 and related molecules prevent virus attachment both to PSGL-1, a receptor molecule important for virus interaction with white blood cells, and to heparan sulfate, a receptor that may be important for virus interaction with a variety of other cell types. In contrast, we found that NF449 had no effect on virus attachment to another proposed receptor, SCARB2. We also found that NF449 and related compounds interact with a specific site on the viral capsid, remote from the binding site for another major receptor, SCARB2. Our work provides information that may facilitate development of improved antiviral compounds that block the attachment of EV-A71 to cellular receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yorihiro Nishimura
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (YN); (JDW); (JMB)
| | - Noel P. McLaughlin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jieyan Pan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sara Goldstein
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Susan Hafenstein
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Hiroyuki Shimizu
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jeffrey D. Winkler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (YN); (JDW); (JMB)
| | - Jeffrey M. Bergelson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (YN); (JDW); (JMB)
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van der Linden L, Wolthers KC, van Kuppeveld FJM. Replication and Inhibitors of Enteroviruses and Parechoviruses. Viruses 2015; 7:4529-62. [PMID: 26266417 PMCID: PMC4576193 DOI: 10.3390/v7082832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The Enterovirus (EV) and Parechovirus genera of the picornavirus family include many important human pathogens, including poliovirus, rhinovirus, EV-A71, EV-D68, and human parechoviruses (HPeV). They cause a wide variety of diseases, ranging from a simple common cold to life-threatening diseases such as encephalitis and myocarditis. At the moment, no antiviral therapy is available against these viruses and it is not feasible to develop vaccines against all EVs and HPeVs due to the great number of serotypes. Therefore, a lot of effort is being invested in the development of antiviral drugs. Both viral proteins and host proteins essential for virus replication can be used as targets for virus inhibitors. As such, a good understanding of the complex process of virus replication is pivotal in the design of antiviral strategies goes hand in hand with a good understanding of the complex process of virus replication. In this review, we will give an overview of the current state of knowledge of EV and HPeV replication and how this can be inhibited by small-molecule inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lonneke van der Linden
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands.
| | - Katja C Wolthers
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands.
| | - Frank J M van Kuppeveld
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, Utrecht 3584 CL, The Netherlands.
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Discovery of itraconazole with broad-spectrum in vitro antienterovirus activity that targets nonstructural protein 3A. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:2654-65. [PMID: 25691649 DOI: 10.1128/aac.05108-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is currently no approved antiviral therapy for the prophylaxis or treatment of enterovirus infections, which remain a substantial threat to public health. To discover inhibitors that can be immediately repurposed for treatment of enterovirus infections, we developed a high-throughput screening assay that measures the cytopathic effect induced by enterovirus 71 (EV71) to screen an FDA-approved drug library. Itraconazole (ITZ), a triazole antifungal agent, was identified as an effective inhibitor of EV71 replication in the low-micromolar range (50% effective concentrations [EC50s], 1.15 μM). Besides EV71, the compound also inhibited other enteroviruses, including coxsackievirus A16, coxsackievirus B3, poliovirus 1, and enterovirus 68. Study of the mechanism of action by time-of-addition assay and transient-replicon assay revealed that ITZ targeted a step involved in RNA replication or polyprotein processing. We found that the mutations (G5213U and U5286C) conferring the resistance to the compound were in nonstructural protein 3A, and we confirmed the target amino acid substitutions (3A V51L and 3A V75A) using a reverse genetic approach. Interestingly, posaconazole, a new oral azole with a molecular structure similar to that of ITZ, also exhibited anti-EV71 activity. Moreover, ITZ-resistant viruses do not exhibit cross-resistance to posaconazole or the enviroxime-like compound GW5074, which also targets the 3A region, indicating that they may target a specific site(s) in viral genome. Although the protective activity of ITZ or posaconazole (alone or in combination with other antivirals) remains to be assessed in animal models, our findings may represent an opportunity to develop therapeutic interventions for enterovirus infection.
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Peptidyl aldehyde NK-1.8k suppresses enterovirus 71 and enterovirus 68 infection by targeting protease 3C. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:2636-46. [PMID: 25691647 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00049-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus (EV) is one of the major causative agents of hand, foot, and mouth disease in the Pacific-Asia region. In particular, EV71 causes severe central nervous system infections, and the fatality rates from EV71 infection are high. Moreover, an outbreak of respiratory illnesses caused by an emerging EV, EV68, recently occurred among over 1,000 young children in the United States and was also associated with neurological infections. Although enterovirus has emerged as a considerable global public health threat, no antiviral drug for clinical use is available. In the present work, we screened our compound library for agents targeting viral protease and identified a peptidyl aldehyde, NK-1.8k, that inhibits the proliferation of different EV71 strains and one EV68 strain and that had a 50% effective concentration of 90 nM. Low cytotoxicity (50% cytotoxic concentration, >200 μM) indicated a high selective index of over 2,000. We further characterized a single amino acid substitution inside protease 3C (3C(pro)), N69S, which conferred EV71 resistance to NK-1.8k, possibly by increasing the flexibility of the substrate binding pocket of 3C(pro). The combination of NK-1.8k and an EV71 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitor or entry inhibitor exhibited a strong synergistic anti-EV71 effect. Our findings suggest that NK-1.8k could potentially be developed for anti-EV therapy.
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Development of antiviral agents toward enterovirus 71 infection. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2015; 48:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2013.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Arita M. Phosphatidylinositol-4 kinase III beta and oxysterol-binding protein accumulate unesterified cholesterol on poliovirus-induced membrane structure. Microbiol Immunol 2014; 58:239-56. [PMID: 24527995 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Studies on anti-picornavirus compounds have revealed an essential role of a novel cellular pathway via host phosphatidylinositol-4 kinase III beta (PI4KB) and oxysterol-binding protein (OSBP) family I in poliovirus (PV) replication. However, the molecular role for this pathway in PV replication has yet to be determined. Here, viral and host proteins modulating production of phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P) and accumulation of unesterified cholesterol (UC) in cells were analyzed and the role of the PI4KB/OSBP pathway in PV replication characterized. Virus protein 2BC was identified as a novel interactant of PI4KB. PI4KB and VCP/p97 bind to a partially overlapped region of 2BC with different sensitivity to a 2C inhibitor. Production of PI4P and accumulation of UC were enhanced by virus protein 2BC, but suppressed by virus proteins 3A and 3AB. In PV-infected cells, a PI4KB inhibitor suppressed production of PI4P, and both a PI4KB inhibitor and an OSBP ligand suppressed accumulation of UC on virus-induced membrane structure. Inhibition of PI4KB activity caused dissociation of OSBP from virus-induced membrane structure in PV-infected cells. Synthesis of viral nascent RNA in PV-infected cells was not affected in the presence of PI4KB inhibitor and OSBP ligand; however, transient pre-treatment of PV-infected cells with these inhibitors suppressed viral RNA synthesis. These results suggest that virus proteins modulate PI4KB activity and provide PI4P for recruitment of OSBP to accumulate UC on virus-induced membrane structure for formation of a virus replication complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minetaro Arita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-Shi, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan
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59
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The approved pediatric drug suramin identified as a clinical candidate for the treatment of EV71 infection-suramin inhibits EV71 infection in vitro and in vivo. Emerg Microbes Infect 2014; 3:e62. [PMID: 26038755 PMCID: PMC4185360 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2014.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) causes severe central nervous system infections, leading to cardiopulmonary complications and death in young children. There is an urgent unmet medical need for new pharmaceutical agents to control EV71 infections. Using a multidisciplinary approach, we found that the approved pediatric antiparasitic drug suramin blocked EV71 infectivity by a novel mechanism of action that involves binding of the naphtalentrisulonic acid group of suramin to the viral capsid. Moreover, we demonstrate that when suramin is used in vivo at doses equivalent to or lower than the highest dose already used in humans, it significantly decreased mortality in mice challenged with a lethal dose of EV71 and peak viral load in adult rhesus monkeys. Thus, suramin inhibits EV71 infection by neutralizing virus particles prior to cell attachment. Consequently, these findings identify suramin as a clinical candidate for further development as a therapeutic or prophylactic treatment for severe EV71 infection.
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60
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Lin YC, Chang CH. In vitro inhibition of enterovirus 71 infection with a nickel ion/chitosan microcomposite. Virus Res 2014; 190:17-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Identification of luteolin as enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus A16 inhibitors through reporter viruses and cell viability-based screening. Viruses 2014; 6:2778-95. [PMID: 25036464 PMCID: PMC4113793 DOI: 10.3390/v6072778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common pediatric illness mainly caused by infection with enterovirus 71 (EV71) and coxsackievirus A16 (CA16). The frequent HFMD outbreaks have become a serious public health problem. Currently, no vaccine or antiviral drug for EV71/CA16 infections has been approved. In this study, a two-step screening platform consisting of reporter virus-based assays and cell viability‑based assays was developed to identify potential inhibitors of EV71/CA16 infection. Two types of reporter viruses, a pseudovirus containing luciferase-encoding RNA replicons encapsidated by viral capsid proteins and a full-length reporter virus containing enhanced green fluorescent protein, were used for primary screening of 400 highly purified natural compounds. Thereafter, a cell viability-based secondary screen was performed for the identified hits to confirm their antiviral activities. Three compounds (luteolin, galangin, and quercetin) were identified, among which luteolin exhibited the most potent inhibition of viral infection. In the cell viability assay and plaque reduction assay, luteolin showed similar 50% effective concentration (EC50) values of about 10 μM. Luteolin targeted the post-attachment stage of EV71 and CA16 infection by inhibiting viral RNA replication. This study suggests that luteolin may serve as a lead compound to develop potent anti-EV71 and CA16 drugs.
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62
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Tan CW, Chan YF, Quah YW, Poh CL. Inhibition of enterovirus 71 infection by antisense octaguanidinium dendrimer-conjugated morpholino oligomers. Antiviral Res 2014; 107:35-41. [PMID: 24769243 PMCID: PMC7118997 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV-71) infections are generally manifested as mild hand, foot and mouth disease, but have been reported to cause severe neurological complications with high mortality rates. Treatment options remain limited due to the lack of antivirals. Octaguanidinium-conjugated morpholino oligomers (vivo-MOs) are single-stranded DNA-like antisense agents that can readily penetrate cells and reduce gene expression by steric blocking of complementary RNA sequences. In this study, inhibitory effects of three vivo-MOs that are complementary to the EV-71 internal ribosome entry site (IRES) and the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) were tested in RD cells. Vivo-MO-1 and vivo-MO-2 targeting the EV-71 IRES showed significant viral plaque reductions of 2.5 and 3.5 log10PFU/ml, respectively. Both vivo-MOs reduced viral RNA copies and viral capsid expression in RD cells in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast, vivo-MO-3 targeting the EV-71 RdRP exhibited less antiviral activity. Both vivo-MO-1 and 2 remained active when administered either 4h before or within 6h after EV-71 infection. Vivo-MO-2 exhibited antiviral activities against poliovirus (PV) and coxsackievirus A16 but vivo-MO-1 showed no antiviral activities against PV. Both the IRES-targeting vivo-MO-1 and vivo-MO-2 inhibit EV-71 RNA translation. Resistant mutants arose after serial passages in the presence of vivo-MO-1, but none were isolated against vivo-MO-2. A single T to C substitution at nucleotide position 533 was sufficient to confer resistance to vivo-MO-1. Our findings suggest that IRES-targeting vivo-MOs are good antiviral candidates for treating early EV-71 infection, and vivo-MO-2 is a more favorable candidate with broader antiviral spectrum against enteroviruses and are refractory to antiviral resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chee Wah Tan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yoke Fun Chan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Tropical Infectious Disease Research and Education Center, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yi Wan Quah
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Sunway University, 46150 Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chit Laa Poh
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Sunway University, 46150 Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
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63
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Tan CW, Lai JKF, Sam IC, Chan YF. Recent developments in antiviral agents against enterovirus 71 infection. J Biomed Sci 2014; 21:14. [PMID: 24521134 PMCID: PMC3924904 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-21-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV-71) is the main etiological agent of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD). Recent EV-71 outbreaks in Asia-Pacific were not limited to mild HFMD, but were associated with severe neurological complications such as aseptic meningitis and brainstem encephalitis, which may lead to cardiopulmonary failure and death. The absence of licensed therapeutics for clinical use has intensified research into anti-EV-71 development. This review highlights the potential antiviral agents targeting EV-71 attachment, entry, uncoating, translation, polyprotein processing, virus-induced formation of membranous RNA replication complexes, and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. The strategies for antiviral development include target-based synthetic compounds, anti-rhinovirus and poliovirus libraries screening, and natural compound libraries screening. Growing knowledge of the EV-71 life cycle will lead to successful development of antivirals. The continued effort to develop antiviral agents for treatment is crucial in the absence of a vaccine. The coupling of antivirals with an effective vaccine will accelerate eradication of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yoke Fun Chan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Guo Z, Zhong X, Lin L, Wu S, Wang T, Chen Y, Zhai X, Wang Y, Wu H, Tong L, Han Y, Pan B, Peng Y, Si X, Zhang F, Zhao W, Zhong Z. A 3C(pro)-dependent bioluminescence imaging assay for in vivo evaluation of anti-enterovirus 71 agents. Antiviral Res 2014; 101:82-92. [PMID: 24263113 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71), a member of Picornaviridae, is one of the major pathogens of human hand, foot and mouth disease. EV71 mainly infects children and causes severe neurological complications and even death. The pathogenesis of EV71 infection is largely unknown, and no clinically approved vaccine or effective treatment is available to date. Here we described a novel bioluminescence imaging approach for EV71 detection. In this approach, a plasmid-based reporter was constructed to express the fusion protein AmN(Q/G)BC, a split firefly luciferase mutant, which can be specifically cleaved by EV71 protease 3C(pro). Upon cleavage, the splitting fusion protein restores luciferase activity. Our test confirmed that AmN(Q/G)BC was specifically cleaved by 3C(pro) and EV71 and restored the luciferase activity to a degree that corresponds to the 3C(pro) and virus doses in cells and mice. The anti-EV71 effect of GW5074 and U0126, two mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitors, was evaluated using this approach to validate its application of screening anti-EV71 agents. We found that the AmN(Q/G)BC reporter efficiently monitored the inhibitory effect of GW5074 and U0126 on EV71 infection under in vitro and in vivo conditions. The data from AmN(Q/G)BC reporter were consistent with Western blotting and histopathology examination. Taken together, this real-time imaging approach can quantitatively monitor the efficacy of anti-EV71 agents and is valuable for anti-EV71 drug screening and evaluation, especially, under in vivo conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Guo
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhong
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Lexun Lin
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Shuo Wu
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Tianying Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Xia Zhai
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Heng Wu
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Lei Tong
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Yelu Han
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Bo Pan
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Yihong Peng
- Department of Microbiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiaoning Si
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Fengmin Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Wenran Zhao
- Department of Cell Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China.
| | - Zhaohua Zhong
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China.
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van der Schaar HM, Leyssen P, Thibaut HJ, de Palma A, van der Linden L, Lanke KHW, Lacroix C, Verbeken E, Conrath K, MacLeod AM, Mitchell DR, Palmer NJ, van de Poël H, Andrews M, Neyts J, van Kuppeveld FJM. A novel, broad-spectrum inhibitor of enterovirus replication that targets host cell factor phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase IIIβ. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 57:4971-81. [PMID: 23896472 PMCID: PMC3811463 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01175-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite their high clinical and socioeconomic impacts, there is currently no approved antiviral therapy for the prophylaxis or treatment of enterovirus infections. Here we report on a novel inhibitor of enterovirus replication, compound 1, 2-fluoro-4-(2-methyl-8-(3-(methylsulfonyl)benzylamino)imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazin-3-yl)phenol. This compound exhibited a broad spectrum of antiviral activity, as it inhibited all tested species of enteroviruses and rhinoviruses, with 50% effective concentrations ranging between 4 and 71 nM. After a lengthy resistance selection process, coxsackievirus mutants resistant to compound 1 were isolated that carried substitutions in their 3A protein. Remarkably, the same substitutions were recently shown to provide resistance to inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase IIIβ (PI4KIIIβ), a lipid kinase that is essential for enterovirus replication, suggesting that compound 1 may also target this host factor. Accordingly, compound 1 directly inhibited PI4KIIIβ in an in vitro kinase activity assay. Furthermore, the compound strongly reduced the PI 4-phosphate levels of the Golgi complex in cells. Rescue of coxsackievirus replication in the presence of compound 1 by a mutant PI4KIIIβ carrying a substitution in its ATP-binding pocket revealed that the compound directly binds the kinase at this site. Finally, we determined that an analogue of compound 1, 3-(3-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-methyl-N-(pyridin-4-ylmethyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazin-8-amine, is well tolerated in mice and has a dose-dependent protective activity in a coxsackievirus serotype B4-induced pancreatitis model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilde M. van der Schaar
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Virology Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter Leyssen
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hendrik J. Thibaut
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Armando de Palma
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lonneke van der Linden
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, and Nijmegen Institute for Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kjerstin H. W. Lanke
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, and Nijmegen Institute for Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Céline Lacroix
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erik Verbeken
- Translational Cell & Tissue Research, Department of Imaging & Pathology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Johan Neyts
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frank J. M. van Kuppeveld
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Virology Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, and Nijmegen Institute for Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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66
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Yip CCY, Lau SKP, Woo PCY, Yuen KY. Human enterovirus 71 epidemics: what's next? EMERGING HEALTH THREATS JOURNAL 2013; 6:19780. [PMID: 24119538 PMCID: PMC3772321 DOI: 10.3402/ehtj.v6i0.19780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Human enterovirus 71 (EV71) epidemics have affected various countries in the past 40 years. EV71 commonly causes hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in children, but can result in neurological and cardiorespiratory complications in severe cases. Genotypic changes of EV71 have been observed in different places over time, with the emergence of novel genotypes or subgenotypes giving rise to serious outbreaks. Since the late 1990s, intra- and inter-typic recombination events in EV71 have been increasingly reported in the Asia-Pacific region. In particular, 'double-recombinant' EV71 strains belonging to a novel genotype D have been predominant in mainland China and Hong Kong over the last decade, though co-circulating with a minority of other EV71 subgenotypes and coxsackie A viruses. Continuous surveillance and genome studies are important to detect potential novel mutants or recombinants in the near future. Rapid and sensitive molecular detection of EV71 is of paramount importance in anticipating and combating EV71 outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril C Y Yip
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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67
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Schulz S, Göring S, Schmidt B, Hopf C. LRRK2 Kinase Inhibitors as New Drugs for Parkinson’s Disease? EMERGING DRUGS AND TARGETS FOR PARKINSON’S DISEASE 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849737357-00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
It is a rare event in drug discovery that mutations in a gene associated with the autosomal dominant forms of a disease, for which there is a large unmet medical need, affect a protein that belongs to a major class of drug targets. As a consequence, in recent years leucine‐rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) has emerged as a major target candidate for therapies of Parkinson’s disease, and selective inhibitors of this kinase are being evaluated as possible new drugs for this detrimental disease. In this chapter, we review recent advances in the design of potent and selective LRRK2 inhibitors as well as the availability of models for their pharmacological evaluation. We also touch upon the challenges ahead – for further improvement of small molecule inhibitors and for in vivo pharmacological target validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Schulz
- Instrumental Analysis and Bioanalytics Mannheim University of Applied Sciences Mannheim, Germany
- Center for Applied Research in Biomedical Mass Spectrometry ABIMAS Mannheim University of Applied Sciences Mannheim, Germany
| | - Stefan Göring
- Clemens Schöpf‐Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry Technische Universität Darmstadt Darmstadt, Germany c.hopf@hs‐mannheim.de;
| | - Boris Schmidt
- Clemens Schöpf‐Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry Technische Universität Darmstadt Darmstadt, Germany c.hopf@hs‐mannheim.de;
| | - Carsten Hopf
- Instrumental Analysis and Bioanalytics Mannheim University of Applied Sciences Mannheim, Germany
- Center for Applied Research in Biomedical Mass Spectrometry ABIMAS Mannheim University of Applied Sciences Mannheim, Germany
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68
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MESH Headings
- Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Enfuvirtide
- Enterovirus A, Human/drug effects
- Enterovirus A, Human/metabolism
- HIV Envelope Protein gp41/therapeutic use
- Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease/drug therapy
- Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease/metabolism
- Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease/virology
- Host-Pathogen Interactions
- Humans
- Infant
- Lysosomal Membrane Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Lysosomal Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Membrane Glycoproteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Peptide Fragments/therapeutic use
- Receptors, Scavenger/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Scavenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Virus/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Virus/metabolism
- Virus Internalization/drug effects
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69
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Oxysterol-binding protein family I is the target of minor enviroxime-like compounds. J Virol 2013; 87:4252-60. [PMID: 23365445 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03546-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Enviroxime is an antipicornavirus compound that targets host phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase III beta (PI4KB) activity for its antipicornavirus activity. To date, several antipoliovirus (PV) compounds similar to enviroxime that are associated with a common resistance mutation in viral protein 3A (a G5318A [3A-Ala70Thr] mutation in PV) have been identified. Most of these compounds have a direct inhibitory effect on PI4KB activity, as well as enviroxime (designated major enviroxime-like compounds). However, one of the compounds, AN-12-H5, showed no inhibitory effect on PI4KB and was considered to belong to another group of enviroxime-like compounds (designated minor enviroxime-like compounds). In the present study, we performed a small interfering RNA (siRNA) sensitization assay targeting PI4KB-related genes and identified oxysterol-binding protein (OSBP) as a target of minor enviroxime-like compounds. Knockdown of OSBP and OSBP2 increased the anti-PV activities of AN-12-H5 and a newly identified minor enviroxime-like compound, T-00127-HEV2, and also to T-00127-HEV1 to a minor extent, in the cells. A ligand of OSBP, 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-HC), acted as a minor enviroxime-like compound. Minor enviroxime-like compounds induced relocalization of OSBP to the Golgi apparatus in cells. Treatment of the cells with major or minor enviroxime-like compounds suppressed the expression of genes (HMGCS1 and SQLE) in the SREBP/SCAP regulatory pathway and diminished endogenous phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P) at the Golgi apparatus. Our results suggested that minor enviroxime-like compounds are phenotypically identical to 25-HC and that major and minor enviroxime-like compounds suppress the production and/or accumulation of PI4P in PV-infected cells by targeting PI4KB and OSBP family I activities, respectively.
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70
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Zhang X, Song Z, Qin B, Zhang X, Chen L, Hu Y, Yuan Z. Rupintrivir is a promising candidate for treating severe cases of enterovirus-71 infection: evaluation of antiviral efficacy in a murine infection model. Antiviral Res 2013; 97:264-9. [PMID: 23295352 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Revised: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus-71 (EV71) infections can cause life-threatening diseases with neurological symptoms. Currently, no direct targeting antivirals are available to combat severe EV71 infection. Rupintrivir (AG7088) is a compound originally designed for Rhinovirus 3C protease. Previous computational analyses by us and crystallography studies by others suggested that rupintrivir is also a high affinity inhibitor to EV71 3C. Thus, we aimed to further evaluate its anti-EV71 activity in vivo at clinically acceptable doses. It was observed that administration of rupintrivir in suckling mice largely protected them from limb paralysis and dramatically improved survival (38.5% DMSO vs. 90.9% at 0.1mg/kg, p=0.006). Histological, immunohistochemical and quantitative RT-PCR analyses confirmed that rupintrivir profoundly alleviated virus induced necrotizing myositis, suppressed viral RNA and blocked EV71 VP1 expression in various tissues. In conclusion, we established that rupintrivir can strongly contain the spread of EV71 infection in vivo at a clinically acceptable dose (as low as 0.1mg/kg). As its safety has been fully tested in previous clinical trials, rupintrivir is suitable for immediate evaluation of potential benefits in EV71-infected individuals with life-threatening neurological symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Zhang
- Research Unit, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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71
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Arita M. [Exploration for anti-enterovirus compounds and analysis on the mechanism of its inhibitory effect on virus infection]. Uirusu 2013; 63:93-102. [PMID: 24769585 DOI: 10.2222/jsv.63.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Poliovirus (PV) is a small non-enveloped virus belonging to the family Picornaviridae, and is the causative agent of poliomyelitis. With established vaccines, the global eradication program for poliomyelitis is ongoing by the World Health Organization since 1988. In the eradication program, antivirals are anticipated to have some roles in the endgame and post-eradication era of PV. During our search for potent anti-PV compounds, we identified candidate compounds that are associated with a common resistance mutation in viral protein 3A similar to enviroxime (designated as enviroxime-like compounds). Recently, PIK93, an inhibitor of host phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase III beta (PI4KB), was identified as a potent anti-enterovirus compound (Hsu et al., Cell 141:799-811). We found that PIK93 is an enviroxime-like compound, and showed that T-00127-HEV1, which is a novel enviroxime-like compound identified in high-throughput screening, is a specific PI4KB inhibitor. We also showed that PI4KB is an enterovirus-specific host factor required for its viral RNA replication. Analysis of anti-enterovirus compounds would unravel novel host factors that could serve as promising antiviral targets of prophylaxis and therapy of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minetaro Arita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
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72
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Shang L, Xu M, Yin Z. Antiviral drug discovery for the treatment of enterovirus 71 infections. Antiviral Res 2012; 97:183-94. [PMID: 23261847 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a small, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus in the genus Enterovirus, family Picornavirus. It causes hand, foot and mouth disease in infants and children, which in a small percentage of cases progresses to central nervous system infection, ranging from aseptic meningitis to fatal encephalitis. Sporadic cases of EV71 infection occur throughout the world, but large epidemics have occurred recently in Southeast Asia and China. There are currently no approved vaccines or antiviral therapies for the prevention or treatment of EV71 infection. This paper reviews efforts to develop antiviral therapies against EV71.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luqing Shang
- College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China
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73
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Coxsackievirus mutants that can bypass host factor PI4KIIIβ and the need for high levels of PI4P lipids for replication. Cell Res 2012; 22:1576-92. [PMID: 22945356 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2012.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA viruses can rapidly mutate and acquire resistance to drugs that directly target viral enzymes, which poses serious problems in a clinical context. Therefore, there is a growing interest in the development of antiviral drugs that target host factors critical for viral replication, since they are unlikely to mutate in response to therapy. We recently demonstrated that phosphatidylinositol-4-kinase IIIβ (PI4KIIIβ) and its product phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PI4P) are essential for replication of enteroviruses, a group of medically important RNA viruses including poliovirus (PV), coxsackievirus, rhinovirus, and enterovirus 71. Here, we show that enviroxime and GW5074 decreased PI4P levels at the Golgi complex by directly inhibiting PI4KIIIβ. Coxsackievirus mutants resistant to these inhibitors harbor single point mutations in the non-structural protein 3A. These 3A mutations did not confer compound-resistance by restoring the activity of PI4KIIIβ in the presence of the compounds. Instead, replication of the mutant viruses no longer depended on PI4KIIIβ, since their replication was insensitive to siRNA-mediated depletion of PI4KIIIβ. The mutant viruses also did not rely on other isoforms of PI4K. Consistently, no high level of PI4P could be detected at the replication sites induced by the mutant viruses in the presence of the compounds. Collectively, these findings indicate that through specific single point mutations in 3A, CVB3 can bypass an essential host factor and lipid for its propagation, which is a new example of RNA viruses acquiring resistance against antiviral compounds, even when they directly target host factors.
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74
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Valosin-containing protein (VCP/p97) is required for poliovirus replication and is involved in cellular protein secretion pathway in poliovirus infection. J Virol 2012; 86:5541-53. [PMID: 22379090 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00114-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Poliovirus (PV) modifies membrane-trafficking machinery in host cells for its viral RNA replication. To date, ARF1, ACBD3, BIG1/BIG2, GBF1, RTN3, and PI4KB have been identified as host factors of enterovirus (EV), including PV, involved in membrane traffic. In this study, we performed small interfering RNA (siRNA) screening targeting membrane-trafficking genes for host factors required for PV replication. We identified valosin-containing protein (VCP/p97) as a host factor of PV replication required after viral protein synthesis, and its ATPase activity was essential for PV replication. VCP colocalized with viral proteins 2BC/2C and 3AB/3B in PV-infected cells and showed an interaction with 2BC and 3AB but not with 2C and 3A. Knockdown of VCP did not suppress the replication of coxsackievirus B3 or Aichi virus. A VCP-knockdown-resistant PV mutant had an A4881G (a mutation of E253G in 2C) mutation, which is known as a determinant of a secretion inhibition-negative phenotype. However, knockdown of VCP did not affect the inhibition of cellular protein secretion caused by overexpression of each individual viral protein. These results suggested that VCP is a host factor required for viral RNA replication of PV among membrane-trafficking proteins and provides a novel link between cellular protein secretion and viral RNA replication.
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75
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Ramsden N, Perrin J, Ren Z, Lee BD, Zinn N, Dawson VL, Tam D, Bova M, Lang M, Drewes G, Bantscheff M, Bard F, Dawson TM, Hopf C. Chemoproteomics-based design of potent LRRK2-selective lead compounds that attenuate Parkinson's disease-related toxicity in human neurons. ACS Chem Biol 2011; 6:1021-8. [PMID: 21812418 DOI: 10.1021/cb2002413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase-2 (LRRK2) mutations are the most important cause of familial Parkinson's disease, and non-selective inhibitors are protective in rodent disease models. Because of their poor potency and selectivity, the neuroprotective mechanism of these tool compounds has remained elusive so far, and it is still unknown whether selective LRRK2 inhibition can attenuate mutant LRRK2-dependent toxicity in human neurons. Here, we employ a chemoproteomics strategy to identify potent, selective, and metabolically stable LRRK2 inhibitors. We demonstrate that CZC-25146 prevents mutant LRRK2-induced injury of cultured rodent and human neurons with mid-nanomolar potency. These precise chemical probes further validate this emerging therapeutic strategy. They will enable more detailed studies of LRRK2-dependent signaling and pathogenesis and accelerate drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel Ramsden
- Cellzome Ltd., Chesterford Research Park, Cambridge CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Perrin
- Cellzome AG, Meyerhofstrasse 1, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Zhao Ren
- Elan Corporation PLC, 800 Gateway Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Byoung Dae Lee
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Nico Zinn
- Cellzome AG, Meyerhofstrasse 1, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Valina L. Dawson
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Danny Tam
- Elan Corporation PLC, 800 Gateway Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Michael Bova
- Elan Corporation PLC, 800 Gateway Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Manja Lang
- Cellzome AG, Meyerhofstrasse 1, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gerard Drewes
- Cellzome AG, Meyerhofstrasse 1, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Frederique Bard
- Elan Corporation PLC, 800 Gateway Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Ted M. Dawson
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Carsten Hopf
- Cellzome AG, Meyerhofstrasse 1, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany
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76
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Yi L, Lu J, Kung HF, He ML. The virology and developments toward control of human enterovirus 71. Crit Rev Microbiol 2011; 37:313-27. [PMID: 21651436 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2011.580723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71), a member of the Enterovirus genus in the Picornaviridae family, was first recognized as a dermotrophic virus that usually cause mild, self-limiting hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD). However, EV71 infection can sometimes induce a variety of severe neurological complications and even death. Current large outbreaks of EV71 make this virus being a major public health issue. Intense effort has been made to address its underlying pathogenesis and to develop effective means for combating EV71 infections. Here, we aimed to provide an overview of cellular mechanisms underlying EV71 infection and to assess potential agents for prevention and treatment of EV71 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Yi
- Stanley Ho Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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77
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Wang H, Xiao J, Gao D, Zhang X, Yan H, Gong Z, Sun T, Li S. Pharmacophore-based design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel chloro-pyridazine piperazines as human rhinovirus (HRV-3) inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:1057-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Revised: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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78
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Yi L, He Y, Chen Y, Kung HF, He ML. Potent inhibition of human enterovirus 71 replication by type I interferon subtypes. Antivir Ther 2011; 16:51-8. [DOI: 10.3851/imp1720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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79
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Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase III beta is a target of enviroxime-like compounds for antipoliovirus activity. J Virol 2010; 85:2364-72. [PMID: 21177810 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02249-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Enviroxime is an antienterovirus compound that targets viral protein 3A and/or 3AB and suppresses a step in enterovirus replication by unknown mechanism. To date, four antienterovirus compounds, i.e., GW5074, Flt3 inhibitor II, TTP-8307, and AN-12-H5, are known to have similar mutations in the 3A protein-encoding region causing resistance to enviroxime (a G5318A [3A-Ala70Thr] mutation in poliovirus [PV]) and are considered enviroxime-like compounds. Recently, antienterovirus activity of a phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase III beta (PI4KB) inhibitor, PIK93, was reported, suggesting that PI4KB is an important host factor targetable by antienterovirus compounds (N. Y. Hsu et al., Cell 141:799-811, 2010). In this study, we analyzed the inhibitory effects of previously identified enviroxime-like compounds (GW5074 and AN-12-H5) and a newly identified antienterovirus compound, T-00127-HEV1, on phosphoinositide (PI) kinases. We found that T-00127-HEV1 inhibited PI4KB activity with a higher specificity for than other PI kinases, in contrast to GW5074, which had a broad specificity for PI kinases. In contrast, AN-12-H5 showed no inhibitory effect on PI4KB activity and only moderate inhibitory effects on PI 3-kinase activity. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) screening targeting PI kinases identified PI4KB is a target of GW5074 and T-00127-HEV1, but not of AN-12-H5, for anti-PV activity. Interestingly, T-00127-HEV1 and GW5074 did not inhibit hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication, in contrast to a strong inhibitory effect of AN-12-H5. These results suggested that PI4KB is an enterovirus-specific host factor required for the replication process and targeted by some enviroxime-like compounds (T-00127-HEV1 and GW5074) and that enviroxime-like compounds may have targets other than PI kinases for their antiviral effect.
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Abstract
The Global Polio Eradication Initiative was aimed to eradicate poliomyelitis by the year 2000, however, polio eradication is still not in sight even in 2010, over 10 years after the initial target date. In 2010, indigenous transmission of wild polioviruses has been interrupted throughout the world except four countries, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, and Nigeria. Despite the intense use of monovalent oral polio vaccines, type 1 and type 3 wild polioviruses still circulate in the four remaining polio-endemic countries, and multiple importations of wild polioviruses have also occurred extensively from Nigeria and India to a number of previously polio-free countries in Africa, Asia, and Europe. Furthermore, the emergence of type 2 vaccine-derived polioviruses has raised concerns about low level of immunity against type 2 poliovirus in some polio-endemic areas like Nigeria and India. On the other hand, operational improvements in 2009 were reported in high-risk states in northern Nigeria and transmission of type 1 and type 3 polioviruses in Nigeria is markedly declining from 2009 to 2010. Moreover, bivalent oral polio vaccine containing Sabin 1 and Sabin 3 strains has been introduced in 2010 as a promising tool to improve and simplify the supplemental immunization activities in high-risk areas. Although there was no apparent decline in the annual number of polio cases in 2000-2009 globally, it would be critical to review our experience during "the lost decade of global polio eradication" to move forward into the final stage of global polio eradication.
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81
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Wu KX, Ng MML, Chu JJH. Developments towards antiviral therapies against enterovirus 71. Drug Discov Today 2010; 15:1041-51. [PMID: 20974282 PMCID: PMC7108380 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2010.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Revised: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) has emerged as a clinically important neurotropic virus that can cause acute flaccid paralysis and encephalitis, leading to cardiopulmonary failure and death. Recurring outbreaks of EV71 have been reported in several countries. The current lack of approved anti-EV71 therapy has prompted intense research into antiviral development. Several strategies--ranging from target-based chemical design to compound library screenings--have been employed, while others revisited compound series generated from antiviral developments against poliovirus and human rhinoviruses. These efforts have given rise to a diversity of antiviral candidates that include small molecules and non-conventional nucleic-acid-based strategies. This review aims to highlight candidates with potential for further clinical development based on their putative modes of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan X Wu
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, 5 Science Drive 2, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Arita M, Takebe Y, Wakita T, Shimizu H. A bifunctional anti-enterovirus compound that inhibits replication and the early stage of enterovirus 71 infection. J Gen Virol 2010; 91:2734-44. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.023374-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Zhang XN, Song ZG, Jiang T, Shi BS, Hu YW, Yuan ZH. Rupintrivir is a promising candidate for treating severe cases of Enterovirus-71 infection. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16:201-9. [PMID: 20066739 PMCID: PMC2806558 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v16.i2.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2009] [Revised: 11/08/2009] [Accepted: 11/15/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the suitability of rupintrivir against Enterovirus 71 (EV71) induced severe clinical symptoms using computational methods. METHODS The structure of EV71 3C protease was predicted by homology modeling. The binding free energies between rupintrivir and EV71 3C and human rhinovirus 3C protease were computed by molecular dynamics and molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann/surface area and molecular mechanics generalized-born/surface area methods. EV71 3C fragments obtained from clinical samples collected during May to July 2008 in Shanghai were amplified by reverse-transcription and polymerase chain reaction and sequenced. RESULTS We observed that rupintrivir had favorable binding affinity with EV71 3C protease (-10.76 kcal/mol). The variability of the 3C protein sequence in isolates of various outbreaks, including those obtained in our hospital from May to July 2008, were also analyzed to validate the conservation of the drug binding pocket. CONCLUSION Rupintrivir, whose safety profiles had been proved, is an attractive candidate and can be quickly utilized for treating severe EV71 infection.
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[Roles and functions of WHO Enterovirus Collaborating Center]. Uirusu 2009; 59:43-52. [PMID: 19927988 DOI: 10.2222/jsv.59.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The Laboratory of Enteroviruses of the Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, is functioning as a WHO-designated Collaborating Center for Virus Reference and Research (Enterovirus) in virus isolation and identification, development, evaluation, and quality control of new laboratory diagnosis methods, training technical staffs and experts, preparing, maintaining and supplying of standard reagents and reference materials for the laboratory diagnosis of enterovirus infections including poliomyelitis. The infectious agents surveillance of polioviruses is one of the critical components for the Global Polio Eradication Initiative, and the laboratory diagnosis of non-polio enteroviruses is also important in current outbreaks of hand, foot and mouth disease, mainly due to enterovirus 71. Thus, human resources and consistent international cooperation among technical staffs, based on the global and regional polio laboratory networks, are playing critical roles also in the surveillance activities for non-polio enterovirus infections in the Western Pacific Region.
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Arita M, Wakita T, Shimizu H. Cellular kinase inhibitors that suppress enterovirus replication have a conserved target in viral protein 3A similar to that of enviroxime. J Gen Virol 2009; 90:1869-1879. [PMID: 19439558 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.012096-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we identified a cellular kinase inhibitor, GW5074, that inhibits poliovirus (PV) and enterovirus 71 replication strongly, although its target has remained unknown. To identify the target of GW5074, we searched for cellular kinase inhibitors that have anti-enterovirus activity similar or related to that of GW5074. With this aim, we performed screenings to identify cellular kinase inhibitors that could inhibit PV replication cooperatively with GW5074 or synthetically in the absence of GW5074. We identified MEK1/2 inhibitors (SL327 and U0126), an EGFR inhibitor (AG1478) and a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor (wortmannin) as compounds with a cooperative inhibitory effect with GW5074, and an Akt1/2 inhibitor (Akt inhibitor VIII) as a compound with a synthetic inhibitory effect with MEK1/2 inhibitors and AG1478. Individual treatment with the identified kinase inhibitors did not affect PV replication significantly, but combined treatment with MEK1/2 inhibitor, AG1478 and Akt1/2 inhibitor suppressed the replication synthetically. The effect of AG1478 in this synthetic inhibition was compensated by other receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (IGF-1R inhibitor II and Flt3 inhibitor II). We isolated mutants resistant to Flt3 inhibitor II and GW5074 and found that these mutants had cross-resistance to each treatment. These mutants had a common mutation in viral protein 3A that results in an amino acid change at position 70 (Ala to Thr), a mutation that was previously identified in mutants resistant to a potent anti-enterovirus compound, enviroxime. These results suggest that cellular kinase inhibitors and enviroxime have a conserved target in viral protein 3A to suppress enterovirus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minetaro Arita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Takaji Wakita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Shimizu
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
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Novel antiviral agent DTriP-22 targets RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of enterovirus 71. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 53:2740-7. [PMID: 19414569 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00101-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) has emerged as an important virulent neurotropic enterovirus in young children. DTriP-22 (4{4-[(2-bromo-phenyl)-(3-methyl-thiophen-2-yl)-methyl]-piperazin-1-yl}-1-pheny-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine) was found to be a novel and potent inhibitor of EV71. The molecular target of this compound was identified by analyzing DTriP-22-resistant viruses. A substitution of lysine for Arg163 in EV71 3D polymerase rendered the virus drug resistant. DTriP-22 exhibited the ability to inhibit viral replication by reducing viral RNA accumulation. The compound suppressed the accumulated levels of both positive- and negative-stranded viral RNA during virus infection. An in vitro polymerase assay indicated that DTriP-22 inhibited the poly(U) elongation activity, but not the VPg uridylylation activity, of EV71 polymerase. These findings demonstrate that the nonnucleoside analogue DTriP-22 acts as a novel inhibitor of EV71 polymerase. DTriP-22 also exhibited a broad spectrum of antiviral activity against other picornaviruses, which highlights its potential in the development of antiviral agents.
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