1
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Zhang QY, Li JQ, Li Q, Zhang Y, Zhang ZR, Li XD, Zhang HQ, Deng CL, Yang FX, Xu Y, Zhang B. Identification of fangchinoline as a broad-spectrum enterovirus inhibitor through reporter virus based high-content screening. Virol Sin 2024; 39:301-308. [PMID: 38452856 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2024.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common pediatric illness mainly caused by enteroviruses, which are important human pathogens. Currently, there are no available antiviral agents for the therapy of enterovirus infection. In this study, an excellent high-content antiviral screening system utilizing the EV-A71-eGFP reporter virus was developed. Using this screening system, we screened a drug library containing 1042 natural compounds to identify potential EV-A71 inhibitors. Fangchinoline (FAN), a bis-benzylisoquinoline alkaloid, exhibits potential inhibitory effects against various enteroviruses that cause HFMD, such as EV-A71, CV-A10, CV-B3 and CV-A16. Further investigations revealed that FAN targets the early stage of the enterovirus life cycle. Through the selection of FAN-resistant EV-A71 viruses, we demonstrated that the VP1 protein could be a potential target of FAN, as two mutations in VP1 (E145G and V258I) resulted in viral resistance to FAN. Our research suggests that FAN is an efficient inhibitor of EV-A71 and has the potential to be a broad-spectrum antiviral drug against human enteroviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Yan Zhang
- The Joint Center of Translational Precision Medicine, Department of Infections and Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, 510623, China; Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Jia-Qi Li
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Qi Li
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- University of Science and Technology of China, Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Zhe-Rui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Xiao-Dan Li
- Hunan Normal University, School of Medicine, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Hong-Qing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Cheng-Lin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Feng-Xia Yang
- The Joint Center of Translational Precision Medicine, Department of Infections and Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, 510623, China
| | - Yi Xu
- The Joint Center of Translational Precision Medicine, Department of Infections and Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, 510623, China.
| | - Bo Zhang
- The Joint Center of Translational Precision Medicine, Department of Infections and Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, 510623, China; Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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2
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Doherty JS, Kirkegaard K. Differential inhibition of intra- and inter-molecular protease cleavages by antiviral compounds. J Virol 2023; 97:e0092823. [PMID: 38047713 PMCID: PMC10734437 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00928-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Most protease-targeted antiviral development evaluates the ability of small molecules to inhibit the cleavage of artificial substrates. However, before they can cleave any other substrates, viral proteases need to cleave themselves out of the viral polyprotein in which they have been translated. This can occur either intra- or inter-molecularly. Whether this process occurs intra- or inter-molecularly has implications for the potential for precursors to accumulate and for the effectiveness of antiviral drugs. We argue that evaluating candidate antivirals for their ability to block these cleavages is vital to drug development because the buildup of uncleaved precursors can be inhibitory to the virus and potentially suppress the selection of drug-resistant variants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karla Kirkegaard
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
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3
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Dai W, Jochmans D, Xie H, Yang H, Li J, Su H, Chang D, Wang J, Peng J, Zhu L, Nian Y, Hilgenfeld R, Jiang H, Chen K, Zhang L, Xu Y, Neyts J, Liu H. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Peptidomimetic Aldehydes as Broad-Spectrum Inhibitors against Enterovirus and SARS-CoV-2. J Med Chem 2022; 65:2794-2808. [PMID: 33872498 PMCID: PMC8084273 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of peptidomimetic aldehydes was designed and synthesized to target 3C protease (3Cpro) of enterovirus 71 (EV71). Most of the compounds exhibited high antiviral activity, and among them, compound 18p demonstrated potent enzyme inhibitory activity and broad-spectrum antiviral activity on a panel of enteroviruses and rhinoviruses. The crystal structure of EV71 3Cpro in complex with 18p determined at a resolution of 1.2 Å revealed that 18p covalently linked to the catalytic Cys147 with an aldehyde group. In addition, these compounds also exhibited good inhibitory activity against the 3CLpro and the replication of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), especially compound 18p (IC50 = 0.034 μM, EC50 = 0.29 μM). According to our previous work, these compounds have no reasons for concern regarding acute toxicity. Compared with AG7088, compound 18p also exhibited good pharmacokinetic properties and more potent anticoronavirus activity, making it an excellent lead for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, CAS Key
Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203,
China
- University of Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dirk Jochmans
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology,
Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and
Chemotherapy, Leuven B-3000, Belgium
| | - Hang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, CAS Key
Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203,
China
| | - Hang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan
Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Jian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, CAS Key
Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203,
China
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University
of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210023,
China
| | - Haixia Su
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, CAS Key
Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203,
China
- University of Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Di Chang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of
Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130
Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, CAS Key
Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203,
China
- University of Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology,
Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Jingjing Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, CAS Key
Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203,
China
- University of Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lili Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of
Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130
Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yong Nian
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, CAS Key
Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203,
China
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University
of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210023,
China
| | - Rolf Hilgenfeld
- Institute of Molecular Medicine,
University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck,
Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF),
University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck,
Germany
| | - Hualiang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, CAS Key
Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203,
China
- University of Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology,
Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Kaixian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, CAS Key
Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203,
China
- University of Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Leike Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan
Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Yechun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, CAS Key
Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203,
China
- University of Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology,
Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Johan Neyts
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology,
Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and
Chemotherapy, Leuven B-3000, Belgium
| | - Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, CAS Key
Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203,
China
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University
of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210023,
China
- University of Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology,
Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
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4
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Liu M, Xu B, Ma Y, Shang L, Ye S, Wang Y. Reversible covalent inhibitors suppress enterovirus 71 infection by targeting the 3C protease. Antiviral Res 2021; 192:105102. [PMID: 34082057 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2021.105102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
As one of the principal etiological agents of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), enterovirus 71 (EV71) is associated with severe neurological complications or fatal diseases, while without effective medications thus far. Here we applied dually activated Michael acceptor to develop a series of reversible covalent compounds for EV71 3C protease (3Cpro), a promising antiviral drug target that plays an essential role during viral replication by cleaving the precursor polyprotein, inhibiting host protein synthesis, and evading innate immunity. Among them, cyanoacrylate and Boc-protected cyanoarylamide derivatives (SLQ-4 and SLQ-5) showed effective antiviral activity against EV71. The two inhibitors exhibited broad antiviral effects, acting on RD, 293T, and Vero cell lines, as well as on EV71 A, B, C, CVA16, and CVB3 viral strains. We further determined the binding pockets between the two inhibitors and 3Cpro based on docking studies. These results, together with our previous studies, provide evidence to elucidate the mechanism of action of these two reversible covalent inhibitors and contribute to the development of clinically effective medicines to treat EV71 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijun Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Binghong Xu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yuying Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China; Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Luqing Shang
- College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Sheng Ye
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Yaxin Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
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5
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Wörner N, Rodrigo-García R, Antón A, Castellarnau E, Delgado I, Vazquez È, González S, Mayol L, Méndez M, Solé E, Rosal J, Andrés C, Casquero A, Lera E, Sancosmed M, Campins M, Pumarola T, Rodrigo C. Enterovirus-A71 Rhombencephalitis Outbreak in Catalonia: Characteristics, Management and Outcome. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2021; 40:628-633. [PMID: 34097655 PMCID: PMC8189429 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000003114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Between April and June 2016, an outbreak of rhombencephalitis (RE) caused by enterovirus (EV) A71 was detected in Catalonia, Spain-the first documented in Western Europe. The clinical characteristics and outcome of patients with this condition differed from those reported in outbreaks occurring in Southeast Asia. METHODS Observational, multicenter study analyzing characteristics, treatment and outcome of patients with EV-A71 rhombencephalitis diagnosed in 6 publicly funded hospitals within the Catalonian Health Institute. A review of clinical characteristics, diagnosis, treatment and outcome of these patients was conducted. RESULTS Sixty-four patients met the clinical and virologic criteria for rhombencephalitis caused by EV-A71. All patients had symptoms suggesting viral disease, mainly fever, lethargy, ataxia and tremor, with 30% of hand-foot-mouth disease. Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy was given to 44/64 (69%) patients and methylprednisolone to 27/64 (42%). Six patients (9%) required pediatric intensive care unit admission. Three patients had acute flaccid paralysis of 1 limb, and another had autonomic nervous system (ANS) dysfunction with cardiorespiratory arrest. Outcome in all patients (except the patient with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy) was good, with complete resolution of the symptoms. CONCLUSIONS During the 2016 outbreak, rhombencephalitis without ANS symptoms was the predominant form of presentation and most patients showed no hand-foot-mouth disease. These findings contrast with those of other patient series reporting associated ANS dysfunction (10%-15%) and hand-foot-mouth disease (60%-80%). Complete recovery occurred in almost all cases. In light of the favorable outcome in untreated mild cases, therapies for this condition should be reserved for patients with moderate-severe infection. The main relevance of this study is to provide useful information for setting priorities, management approaches and adequate use of resources in future EV-A71 associated rhombencephalitis outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Wörner
- From the Pediatric Emergency Department, Department of Pediatrics, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rocío Rodrigo-García
- From the Pediatric Emergency Department, Department of Pediatrics, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrés Antón
- Department of Microbiology, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
- Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ester Castellarnau
- Department of Pediatrics, Joan XXIII University Hospital, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Delgado
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Èlida Vazquez
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sebastià González
- From the Pediatric Emergency Department, Department of Pediatrics, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lluís Mayol
- Department of Pediatrics, Josep Trueta University Hospital, Girona, Spain
| | - Maria Méndez
- Department of Pediatrics, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Spain
| | - Eduard Solé
- Department of Pediatrics, Arnau de Vilanova University Hospital, Lleida, Spain
| | - Jaume Rosal
- Department of Pediatrics, Verge de la Cinta Hospital, Tortosa, Spain
| | - Cristina Andrés
- Department of Microbiology, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
- Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alejandro Casquero
- From the Pediatric Emergency Department, Department of Pediatrics, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esther Lera
- From the Pediatric Emergency Department, Department of Pediatrics, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mónica Sancosmed
- From the Pediatric Emergency Department, Department of Pediatrics, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Magda Campins
- Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tomàs Pumarola
- Department of Microbiology, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
- Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Rodrigo
- From the Pediatric Emergency Department, Department of Pediatrics, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
- Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine at Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. Carlos Rodrigo, MD, PhD, is currently at the Department of Pediatrics, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
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6
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Bauer L, Manganaro R, Zonsics B, Hurdiss DL, Zwaagstra M, Donselaar T, Welter NGE, van Kleef RGDM, Lopez ML, Bevilacqua F, Raman T, Ferla S, Bassetto M, Neyts J, Strating JRPM, Westerink RHS, Brancale A, van Kuppeveld FJM. Rational design of highly potent broad-spectrum enterovirus inhibitors targeting the nonstructural protein 2C. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000904. [PMID: 33156822 PMCID: PMC7673538 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a great need for antiviral drugs to treat enterovirus (EV) and rhinovirus (RV) infections, which can be severe and occasionally life-threatening. The conserved nonstructural protein 2C, which is an AAA+ ATPase, is a promising target for drug development. Here, we present a structure-activity relationship study of a previously identified compound that targets the 2C protein of EV-A71 and several EV-B species members, but not poliovirus (PV) (EV-C species). This compound is structurally related to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drug fluoxetine—which also targets 2C—but has favorable chemical properties. We identified several compounds with increased antiviral potency and broadened activity. Four compounds showed broad-spectrum EV and RV activity and inhibited contemporary strains of emerging EVs of public health concern, including EV-A71, coxsackievirus (CV)-A24v, and EV-D68. Importantly, unlike (S)-fluoxetine, these compounds are no longer neuroactive. By raising resistant EV-A71, CV-B3, and EV-D68 variants against one of these inhibitors, we identified novel 2C resistance mutations. Reverse engineering of these mutations revealed a conserved mechanism of resistance development. Resistant viruses first acquired a mutation in, or adjacent to, the α2 helix of 2C. This mutation disrupted compound binding and provided drug resistance, but this was at the cost of viral fitness. Additional mutations at distantly localized 2C residues were then acquired to increase resistance and/or to compensate for the loss of fitness. Using computational methods to identify solvent accessible tunnels near the α2 helix in the EV-A71 and PV 2C crystal structures, a conserved binding pocket of the inhibitors is proposed. There is a great need for antiviral drugs to treat enterovirus and rhinovirus infections, which can be severe and occasionally life-threatening. This study describes novel small molecule inhibitors that target a broad spectrum of clinically relevant enterovirus species; a common mechanism of resistance development revealed the target to be a highly conserved binding pocket in the viral helicase 2C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Bauer
- Virology Section, Infectious Disease and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Roberto Manganaro
- Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Birgit Zonsics
- Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel L. Hurdiss
- Virology Section, Infectious Disease and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marleen Zwaagstra
- Virology Section, Infectious Disease and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tim Donselaar
- Virology Section, Infectious Disease and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Naemi G. E. Welter
- Neurotoxicology Research Group, Toxicology Division, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Regina G. D. M. van Kleef
- Neurotoxicology Research Group, Toxicology Division, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Moira Lorenzo Lopez
- Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Federica Bevilacqua
- Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Thamidur Raman
- Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Salvatore Ferla
- Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Marcella Bassetto
- Department of Chemistry, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Johan Neyts
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jeroen R. P. M. Strating
- Virology Section, Infectious Disease and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Remco H. S. Westerink
- Neurotoxicology Research Group, Toxicology Division, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Brancale
- Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Frank J. M. van Kuppeveld
- Virology Section, Infectious Disease and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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7
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Andreeva OV, Garifullin BF, Zarubaev VV, Slita AV, Yesaulkova IL, Saifina LF, Shulaeva MM, Belenok MG, Semenov VE, Kataev VE. Synthesis of 1,2,3-triazolyl nucleoside analogues and their antiviral activity. Mol Divers 2020; 25:473-490. [PMID: 32930935 PMCID: PMC7490575 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-020-10141-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Based on the fact that a search for influenza antivirals among nucleoside analogues has drawn very little attention of chemists, the present study reports the synthesis of a series of 1,2,3-triazolyl nucleoside analogues in which a pyrimidine fragment is attached to the ribofuranosyl-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl moiety by a polymethylene linker of variable length. Target compounds were prepared by the Cu alkyne-azide cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction. Derivatives of uracil, 6-methyluracil, 3,6-dimethyluracil, thymine and quinazolin-2,4-dione with ω-alkyne substituent at the N1 (or N5) atom and azido 2,3,5-tri-O-acetyl-D-β-ribofuranoside were used as components of the CuAAC reaction. All compounds synthesized were evaluated for antiviral activity against influenza virus A/PR/8/34/(H1N1) and coxsackievirus B3. The best values of IC50 (inhibiting concentration) and SI (selectivity index) were demonstrated by the lead compound 4i in which the 1,2,3-triazolylribofuranosyl fragment is attached to the N1 atom of the quinazoline-2,4-dione moiety via a butylene linker (IC50 = 30 μM, SI = 24) and compound 8n in which the 1,2,3-triazolylribofuranosyl fragment is attached directly to the N5 atom of the 6-methyluracil moiety (IC50 = 15 μM, SI = 5). According to theoretical calculations, the antiviral activity of the 1,2,3-triazolyl nucleoside analogues 4i and 8n against H1N1 (A/PR/8/34) influenza virus can be explained by their influence on the functioning of the polymerase acidic protein (PA) of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP). Graphic abstract ![]()
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s11030-020-10141-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V Andreeva
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov Str., 8, Kazan, Russian Federation, 420088
| | - Bulat F Garifullin
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov Str., 8, Kazan, Russian Federation, 420088
| | - Vladimir V Zarubaev
- Pasteur Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Mira Str., 14, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation, 197101
| | - Alexander V Slita
- Pasteur Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Mira Str., 14, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation, 197101
| | - Iana L Yesaulkova
- Pasteur Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Mira Str., 14, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation, 197101
| | - Liliya F Saifina
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov Str., 8, Kazan, Russian Federation, 420088
| | - Marina M Shulaeva
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov Str., 8, Kazan, Russian Federation, 420088
| | - Maya G Belenok
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov Str., 8, Kazan, Russian Federation, 420088
| | - Vyacheslav E Semenov
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov Str., 8, Kazan, Russian Federation, 420088.
| | - Vladimir E Kataev
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov Str., 8, Kazan, Russian Federation, 420088
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8
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Bouslama L, Benzekri R, Nsaibia S, Papetti A, Limam F. Identification of an antiviral compound isolated from Pistacia lentiscus. Arch Microbiol 2020; 202:2569-2578. [PMID: 32671418 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-020-01980-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study screened mastic gum (Pistacia lentiscus L.) for antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), coxsackievirus type B3, and adenovirus type 5. The organs of this plant (leaves, stem, and seed) were macerated sequentially using solvents of increasing polarity (hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and methanol). Only the methanol extract of stem exhibited significant activity against HSV-2. This extract showed anti-HSV-2 activity with a selectivity index of 51 (50% cytotoxic concentration = 186 µg/mL; 50% inhibitory concentration = 3.63 µg/mL), and demonstrated direct inhibition against this virus with a virucidal selectivity index of 620 (50% virucidal concentration = 0.30 µg/mL). A bio-guided assay involving thin-layer chromatography led to the isolation of two active compounds, which have been identified as dammaradienone and dammaradienol using high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. P. lentiscus has been widely studied for other biological activities. However, to our knowledge, this is the first report of P. lentiscus L. exhibiting antiviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamjed Bouslama
- Laboratory of Bioactive Substances-LR15CBBC03, Center of Biotechnology of Borj Cedria, University of Tunis El Manar, BP 901, Hammam Lif, 2050, Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Roudaina Benzekri
- Laboratory of Bioactive Substances-LR15CBBC03, Center of Biotechnology of Borj Cedria, University of Tunis El Manar, BP 901, Hammam Lif, 2050, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Siwar Nsaibia
- Regional Laboratory of Public Health, 8000, Nabeul, Tunisia
| | - Adele Papetti
- Nutraceutical and Food Chemical-Toxicological Analysis Laboratory, Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Ferid Limam
- Laboratory of Bioactive Substances-LR15CBBC03, Center of Biotechnology of Borj Cedria, University of Tunis El Manar, BP 901, Hammam Lif, 2050, Tunis, Tunisia
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9
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Woods Acevedo MA, Pfeiffer JK. Microbiota-independent antiviral effects of antibiotics on poliovirus and coxsackievirus. Virology 2020; 546:20-24. [PMID: 32452414 PMCID: PMC7253499 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Coxsackieviruses primarily infect the gastrointestinal tract of humans, but they can disseminate systemically and cause severe disease. Using antibiotic treatment regimens to deplete intestinal microbes in mice, several groups have shown that bacteria promote oral infection with a variety of enteric viruses. However, it is unknown whether antibiotics have microbiota-independent antiviral effects for enteric viruses or whether antibiotics influence extra-intestinal, systemic infection. Here, we examined the effects of antibiotics on systemic enteric virus infection by performing intraperitoneal injections of either coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) or poliovirus followed by quantification of viral titers. We found that antibiotic treatment reduced systemic infection for both viruses. Interestingly, antibiotics reduced CVB3 titers in germ-free mice, suggesting that antibiotic treatment alters CVB3 infection through a microbiota-independent mechanism. Overall, these data provide further evidence that antibiotics can have noncanonical effects on viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikal A Woods Acevedo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Julie K Pfeiffer
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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10
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Meng B, Lan K, Xie J, Lerner RA, Wilson IA, Yang B. Inhibitory antibodies identify unique sites of therapeutic vulnerability in rhinovirus and other enteroviruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:13499-13508. [PMID: 32467165 PMCID: PMC7306783 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1918844117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The existence of multiple serotypes renders vaccine development challenging for most viruses in the Enterovirus genus. An alternative and potentially more viable strategy for control of these viruses is to develop broad-spectrum antivirals by targeting highly conserved proteins that are indispensable for the virus life cycle, such as the 3C protease. Previously, two single-chain antibody fragments, YDF and GGVV, were reported to effectively inhibit human rhinovirus 14 proliferation. Here, we found that both single-chain antibody fragments target sites on the 3C protease that are distinct from its known drug site (peptidase active site) and possess different mechanisms of inhibition. YDF does not block the active site but instead noncompetitively inhibits 3C peptidase activity through an allosteric effect that is rarely seen for antibody protease inhibitors. Meanwhile, GGVV antagonizes the less-explored regulatory function of 3C in genome replication. The interaction between 3C and the viral genome 5' noncoding region has been reported to be important for enterovirus genome replication. Here, the interface between human rhinovirus 14 3C and its 5' noncoding region was probed by hydrogen-deuterium exchange coupled mass spectrometry and found to partially overlap with the interface between GGVV and 3C. Consistently, prebinding of GGVV completely abolishes interaction between human rhinovirus 14 3C and its 5' noncoding region. The epitopes of YDF and GGVV, therefore, represent two additional sites of therapeutic vulnerability in rhinovirus. Importantly, the GGVV epitope appears to be conserved across many enteroviruses, suggesting that it is a promising target for pan-enterovirus inhibitor screening and design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Meng
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, 201210 Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Keke Lan
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, 201210 Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210 Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Xie
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Richard A Lerner
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Ian A Wilson
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, 201210 Shanghai, People's Republic of China;
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Bei Yang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, 201210 Shanghai, People's Republic of China;
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11
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Musharrafieh R, Kitamura N, Hu Y, Wang J. Development of broad-spectrum enterovirus antivirals based on quinoline scaffold. Bioorg Chem 2020; 101:103981. [PMID: 32559580 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Non-polio enteroviruses such as enterovirus A71 (EV-A71), EV-D68, and coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) are significant human pathogens with disease manifestations ranging from mild flu-like symptoms to more severe encephalitis, myocarditis, acute flaccid paralysis/myelitis, and even death. There is currently no effective antivirals to prevent or treat non-polio enterovirus infection. In this study, we report our progress in developing potent and broad-spectrum antivirals against these non-polio enteroviruses. Starting from our previously developed lead compounds that had potent antiviral activity against EV-D68, we synthesized 43 analogs and profiled their broad-spectrum antiviral activity against additional EV-D68, EV-A71, and CVB3 viruses. Promising candidates were also selected for mouse microsomal stability test to prioritize lead compounds for future in vivo mouse model studies. Collectively, this multi-parameter optimization process revealed a promising lead compound 6aw that showed single-digit to submicromolar EC50 values against two EV-D68 strains (US/KY and US/MO), two EV-A71 strains (Tainan and US/AK), and one CVB3 strain, with a high selectivity index. Encouragingly, 6aw was stable in mouse microsomes with a half-life of 114.7 min. Overall, 6aw represents one of the most potent broad-spectrum antiviral against non-polio enteroviruses, rendering it a promising lead candidate for non-polio enteroviruses with translational potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami Musharrafieh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
| | - Naoya Kitamura
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
| | - Yanmei Hu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States.
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12
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Zhang L, Lin D, Kusov Y, Nian Y, Ma Q, Wang J, von Brunn A, Leyssen P, Lanko K, Neyts J, de Wilde A, Snijder EJ, Liu H, Hilgenfeld R. α-Ketoamides as Broad-Spectrum Inhibitors of Coronavirus and Enterovirus Replication: Structure-Based Design, Synthesis, and Activity Assessment. J Med Chem 2020; 63:4562-4578. [PMID: 32045235 PMCID: PMC7098070 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 376] [Impact Index Per Article: 94.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The main protease of coronaviruses and the 3C protease of enteroviruses share a similar active-site architecture and a unique requirement for glutamine in the P1 position of the substrate. Because of their unique specificity and essential role in viral polyprotein processing, these proteases are suitable targets for the development of antiviral drugs. In order to obtain near-equipotent, broad-spectrum antivirals against alphacoronaviruses, betacoronaviruses, and enteroviruses, we pursued a structure-based design of peptidomimetic α-ketoamides as inhibitors of main and 3C proteases. Six crystal structures of protease-inhibitor complexes were determined as part of this study. Compounds synthesized were tested against the recombinant proteases as well as in viral replicons and virus-infected cell cultures; most of them were not cell-toxic. Optimization of the P2 substituent of the α-ketoamides proved crucial for achieving near-equipotency against the three virus genera. The best near-equipotent inhibitors, 11u (P2 = cyclopentylmethyl) and 11r (P2 = cyclohexylmethyl), display low-micromolar EC50 values against enteroviruses, alphacoronaviruses, and betacoronaviruses in cell cultures. In Huh7 cells, 11r exhibits three-digit picomolar activity against the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Zhang
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Structural and
Cell Biology in Medicine, University of Lübeck, 23562
Lübeck, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF),
Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems Site, University of
Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Daizong Lin
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Structural and
Cell Biology in Medicine, University of Lübeck, 23562
Lübeck, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF),
Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems Site, University of
Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- Shanghai Institute of Materia
Medica, 201203 Shanghai, China
| | - Yuri Kusov
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Structural and
Cell Biology in Medicine, University of Lübeck, 23562
Lübeck, Germany
| | - Yong Nian
- Shanghai Institute of Materia
Medica, 201203 Shanghai, China
| | - Qingjun Ma
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Structural and
Cell Biology in Medicine, University of Lübeck, 23562
Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jiang Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia
Medica, 201203 Shanghai, China
| | - Albrecht von Brunn
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute,
Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80336 Munich,
Germany
| | - Pieter Leyssen
- Rega Institute for Medical Research,
University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven,
Belgium
| | - Kristina Lanko
- Rega Institute for Medical Research,
University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven,
Belgium
| | - Johan Neyts
- Rega Institute for Medical Research,
University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven,
Belgium
| | - Adriaan de Wilde
- Leiden University Medical Center,
2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Eric J. Snijder
- Leiden University Medical Center,
2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hong Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia
Medica, 201203 Shanghai, China
| | - Rolf Hilgenfeld
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Structural and
Cell Biology in Medicine, University of Lübeck, 23562
Lübeck, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF),
Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems Site, University of
Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- Shanghai Institute of Materia
Medica, 201203 Shanghai, China
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13
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Robinson CM, Woods Acevedo MA, McCune BT, Pfeiffer JK. Related Enteric Viruses Have Different Requirements for Host Microbiota in Mice. J Virol 2019; 93:e01339-19. [PMID: 31511379 PMCID: PMC6854509 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01339-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that intestinal bacteria promote enteric virus infection in mice. For example, previous work demonstrated that antibiotic treatment of mice prior to oral infection with poliovirus reduced viral replication and pathogenesis. Here, we examined the effect of antibiotic treatment on infection with coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), a picornavirus closely related to poliovirus. We treated mice with a mixture of five antibiotics to deplete host microbiota and examined CVB3 replication and pathogenesis following oral inoculation. We found that, as seen with poliovirus, CVB3 shedding and pathogenesis were reduced in antibiotic-treated mice. While treatment with just two antibiotics, vancomycin and ampicillin, was sufficient to reduce CVB3 replication and pathogenesis, this treatment had no effect on poliovirus. The quantity and composition of bacterial communities were altered by treatment with the five-antibiotic cocktail and by treatment with vancomycin and ampicillin. To determine whether more-subtle changes in bacterial populations impact viral replication, we examined viral infection in mice treated with milder antibiotic regimens. Mice treated with one-tenth the standard concentration of the normal antibiotic cocktail supported replication of poliovirus but not CVB3. Importantly, a single dose of one antibiotic, streptomycin, was sufficient to reduce CVB3 shedding and pathogenesis while having no effect on poliovirus shedding and pathogenesis. Overall, replication and pathogenesis of CVB3 are more sensitive to antibiotic treatment than poliovirus, indicating that closely related viruses may differ with respect to their reliance on microbiota.IMPORTANCE Recent data indicate that intestinal bacteria promote intestinal infection of several enteric viruses. Here, we show that coxsackievirus, an enteric virus in the picornavirus family, also relies on microbiota for intestinal replication and pathogenesis. Relatively minor depletion of the microbiota was sufficient to decrease coxsackievirus infection, while poliovirus infection was unaffected. Surprisingly, a single dose of one antibiotic was sufficient to reduce coxsackievirus infection. Therefore, these data indicate that closely related viruses may differ with respect to their reliance on microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Robinson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Mikal A Woods Acevedo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Broc T McCune
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Julie K Pfeiffer
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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14
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Lin CJ, Chang L, Chu HW, Lin HJ, Chang PC, Wang RYL, Unnikrishnan B, Mao JY, Chen SY, Huang CC. High Amplification of the Antiviral Activity of Curcumin through Transformation into Carbon Quantum Dots. Small 2019; 15:e1902641. [PMID: 31468672 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201902641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
It is demonstrated that carbon quantum dots derived from curcumin (Cur-CQDs) through one-step dry heating are effective antiviral agents against enterovirus 71 (EV71). The surface properties of Cur-CQDs, as well as their antiviral activity, are highly dependent on the heating temperature during synthesis. The one-step heating of curcumin at 180 °C preserves many of the moieties of polymeric curcumin on the surfaces of the as-synthesized Cur-CQDs, resulting in superior antiviral characteristics. It is proposed that curcumin undergoes a series of structural changes through dehydration, polymerization, and carbonization to form core-shell CQDs whose surfaces remain a pyrolytic curcumin-like polymer, boosting the antiviral activity. The results reveal that curcumin possesses insignificant inhibitory activity against EV71 infection in RD cells [half-maximal effective concentration (EC50 ) >200 µg mL-1 ] but exhibits high cytotoxicity toward RD cells (half-maximal cytotoxic concentration (CC50 ) <13 µg mL-1 ). The EC50 (0.2 µg mL-1 ) and CC50 (452.2 µg mL-1 ) of Cur-CQDs are >1000-fold lower and >34-fold higher, respectively, than those of curcumin, demonstrating their far superior antiviral capabilities and high biocompatibility. In vivo, intraperitoneal administration of Cur-CQDs significantly decreases mortality and provides protection against virus-induced hind-limb paralysis in new-born mice challenged with a lethal dose of EV71.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Jung Lin
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 20224, Taiwan
| | - Lung Chang
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Mackay Memorial Hospital and Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Taipei, 10449, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, 25245, Taiwan
| | - Han-Wei Chu
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 20224, Taiwan
| | - Han-Jia Lin
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 20224, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ching Chang
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan
| | - Robert Y L Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkuo, Taoyuan, 33305, Taiwan
| | - Binesh Unnikrishnan
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 20224, Taiwan
| | - Ju-Yi Mao
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 20224, Taiwan
| | - Shiow-Yi Chen
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 20224, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ching Huang
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 20224, Taiwan
- Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 20224, Taiwan
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
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15
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Roberts BL, Severance ZC, Bensen RC, Le-McClain AT, Malinky CA, Mettenbrink EM, Nuñez JI, Reddig WJ, Blewett EL, Burgett AWG. Differing activities of oxysterol-binding protein (OSBP) targeting anti-viral compounds. Antiviral Res 2019; 170:104548. [PMID: 31271764 PMCID: PMC10786240 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.104548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Oxysterol-binding Protein (OSBP) is a human lipid-transport protein required for the cellular replication of many types of viruses, including several human pathogens. The structurally-diverse small molecule compounds OSW-1, itraconazole (ITZ), T-00127-HEV2 (THEV) and TTP-8307 (TTP) inhibit viral replication through interaction with the OSBP protein. The OSW-1 compound reduces intracellular OSBP, and the reduction of OSBP protein levels persists multiple days after the OSW-1-compound treatment is stopped. The OSW-1-induced reduction of OSBP levels inhibited Enterovirus replication prophylactically in cells. In this report, the OSBP-interacting compounds ITZ, THEV, and TTP are shown not to reduce OSBP levels in cells, unlike the OSW-1-compound, and the OSW-1 compound is determined to be the only compound capable of providing prophylactic antiviral activity in cells. Furthermore, OSW-1 and THEV inhibit the binding of 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-OHC) to OSBP indicating that these compounds bind at the conserved sterol ligand binding site. The ITZ and TTP compounds do not inhibit 25-hydroxycholesterol binding to OSBP, and therefore ITZ and TTP interact with OSBP through other, unidentified binding sites. Co-administration of the THEV compound partially blocks the cellular activity of OSW-1, including the reduction of cellular OSBP protein levels; co-administration of the ITZ and TTP compounds have minimal effect on OSW-1 cellular activity further supporting different modes of interaction with these compounds to OSBP. OSW-1, ITZ, THEV, and TTP treatment alter OSBP cellular localization and levels, but in four distinct ways. Co-administration of OSW-1 and ITZ induced OSBP cellular localization patterns with features similar to the effects of ITZ and OSW-1 treatment alone. Based on these results, OSBP is capable of interacting with multiple structural classes of antiviral small molecule compounds at different binding sites, and the different compounds have distinct effects on OSBP cellular activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett L Roberts
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
| | - Zachary C Severance
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
| | - Ryan C Bensen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
| | - Anh T Le-McClain
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
| | - Cori A Malinky
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
| | - Evan M Mettenbrink
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
| | - Juan I Nuñez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
| | - William J Reddig
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK, United States
| | - Earl L Blewett
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK, United States
| | - Anthony W G Burgett
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States.
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16
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Egorova A, Ekins S, Schmidtke M, Makarov V. Back to the future: Advances in development of broad-spectrum capsid-binding inhibitors of enteroviruses. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 178:606-622. [PMID: 31226653 PMCID: PMC8194503 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The hydrophobic pocket within viral capsid protein 1 is a target to combat the rhino- and enteroviruses (RV and EV) using small molecules. The highly conserved amino acids lining this pocket enable the development of antivirals with broad-spectrum of activity against numerous RVs and EVs. Inhibitor binding blocks: the attachment of the virion to the host cell membrane, viral uncoating, and/or production of infectious virus particles. Syntheses and biological studies of the most well-known antipicornaviral capsid binders have been reviewed and we propose next steps in this research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Egorova
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospekt 33-2, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - Sean Ekins
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510, Raleigh, NC27606, USA
| | - Michaela Schmidtke
- Jena University Hospital, Department of Medical Microbiology, Section Experimental Virology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 2, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Vadim Makarov
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospekt 33-2, Moscow, 119071, Russia.
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17
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Abdelnabi R, Geraets JA, Ma Y, Mirabelli C, Flatt JW, Domanska A, Delang L, Jochmans D, Kumar TA, Jayaprakash V, Sinha BN, Leyssen P, Butcher SJ, Neyts J. A novel druggable interprotomer pocket in the capsid of rhino- and enteroviruses. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000281. [PMID: 31185007 PMCID: PMC6559632 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhino- and enteroviruses are important human pathogens, against which no antivirals are available. The best-studied inhibitors are "capsid binders" that fit in a hydrophobic pocket of the viral capsid. Employing a new class of entero-/rhinovirus inhibitors and by means of cryo-electron microscopy (EM), followed by resistance selection and reverse genetics, we discovered a hitherto unknown druggable pocket that is formed by viral proteins VP1 and VP3 and that is conserved across entero-/rhinovirus species. We propose that these inhibitors stabilize a key region of the virion, thereby preventing the conformational expansion needed for viral RNA release. A medicinal chemistry effort resulted in the identification of analogues targeting this pocket with broad-spectrum activity against Coxsackieviruses B (CVBs) and compounds with activity against enteroviruses (EV) of groups C and D, and even rhinoviruses (RV). Our findings provide novel insights in the biology of the entry of entero-/rhinoviruses and open new avenues for the design of broad-spectrum antivirals against these pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Abdelnabi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - James A. Geraets
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Molecular and Integrative Bioscience Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yipeng Ma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Carmen Mirabelli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Justin W. Flatt
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Molecular and Integrative Bioscience Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aušra Domanska
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Molecular and Integrative Bioscience Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Leen Delang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dirk Jochmans
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Timiri Ajay Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Venkatesan Jayaprakash
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Barij Nayan Sinha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Pieter Leyssen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sarah J. Butcher
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Molecular and Integrative Bioscience Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail: (JN); (SJB)
| | - Johan Neyts
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- * E-mail: (JN); (SJB)
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Lv XJ, Li Y, Ma SG, Qu J, Liu YB, Li YH, Zhang D, Li L, Yu SS. Bioactive megastigmane glucosides and monoterpenes from Lyonia ovalifolia. J Asian Nat Prod Res 2019; 21:559-572. [PMID: 30585522 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2018.1509313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Three new megastigmane glucosides (1-3) and two new monoterpenes (4-5), together with 14 related known compounds (6-19) were isolated from the twigs and leaves of Lyonia ovalifolia. The structures of the new compounds were determined by extensive MS, NMR, CD experiments and chemical methods. Compounds 2, 6, and 18 displayed potent antiviral activity against Coxsackie B3, with IC50 values between 6.4 and 14.6 µM. Additionally, compounds 6, 10, and 11 exhibited noteworthy anti-inflammatory activities, with inhibition rates ranging from 54.55% to 83.33% under the concentration of 10-5 M.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jing Lv
- a State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines , Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100050 , China
| | - Yong Li
- a State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines , Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100050 , China
| | - Shuang-Gang Ma
- a State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines , Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100050 , China
| | - Jing Qu
- a State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines , Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100050 , China
| | - Yun-Bao Liu
- a State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines , Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100050 , China
| | - Yu-Huan Li
- c Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100050 , China
| | - Dan Zhang
- a State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines , Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100050 , China
| | - Li Li
- a State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines , Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100050 , China
| | - Shi-Shan Yu
- a State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines , Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100050 , China
- b Department of Pharmacy , Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine , Nanning 530001 , China
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Liu X, Zhang X, Li J, Zhou H, Carr MJ, Xing W, Zhang Z, Shi W. Effects of Acetylshikonin on the Infection and Replication of Coxsackievirus A16 in Vitro and in Vivo. J Nat Prod 2019; 82:1089-1097. [PMID: 31063370 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.8b00735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16) is one of the most prevalent enteroviral pathogens associated with hand, foot, and mouth disease. In the present study, we have investigated (1) whether the bioactive compound acetylshikonin (AS) inhibits CVA16 infection in vitro and in vivo and (2) the potential antiviral mechanism(s). The results suggest that AS is nontoxic at concentrations of up to 5 μmol/L and could directly inactivate virus particles at relatively low concentrations (0.08 μmol/L), thereby rendering CVA16 incapable of cellular entry. Correspondingly, the expression of viral RNA in vitro was also reduced 100-fold ( P < 0.05) when compared to infected, untreated controls. Results from a CVA16-infected neonatal mouse model indicate that, in comparison to the virus-infected, untreated group, body weights of the mice in the virus-infected, compound-treated group increased more steadily with less severe clinical symptoms. In addition, viral loads in internal organs significantly decreased in treated animals, concomitantly with both reduced pathology and diminished expression of the proinflammatory cytokines IFN-γ and IL-6. In conclusion, AS exerted an inhibitory effect on CVA16 infection in vitro and in vivo. Our study provides a basis for further investigations of AS-type compounds to develop therapeutics to mitigate CVA-associated disease in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Universities of Shandong , Taishan Medical College , Taian , Shandong 271000 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xingcheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Universities of Shandong , Taishan Medical College , Taian , Shandong 271000 , People's Republic of China
- School of Public Health , Taishan Medical College , Taian , Shandong 271000 , People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Li
- Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Universities of Shandong , Taishan Medical College , Taian , Shandong 271000 , People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Universities of Shandong , Taishan Medical College , Taian , Shandong 271000 , People's Republic of China
| | - Michael J Carr
- Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE) , Hokkaido University , Sapporo 001-0020 , Japan
- National Virus Reference Laboratory, School of Medicine , University College Dublin , Belfield , Dublin 4 , Ireland
| | - Weijia Xing
- Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Universities of Shandong , Taishan Medical College , Taian , Shandong 271000 , People's Republic of China
- School of Public Health , Taishan Medical College , Taian , Shandong 271000 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenjie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Universities of Shandong , Taishan Medical College , Taian , Shandong 271000 , People's Republic of China
| | - Weifeng Shi
- Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Universities of Shandong , Taishan Medical College , Taian , Shandong 271000 , People's Republic of China
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Abstract
Coxsackievirus typically infects humans via the gastrointestinal tract, which has a large number of microorganisms collectively referred to as the microbiota. To study how the intestinal microbiota influences enteric virus infection, several groups have used an antibiotic regimen in mice to deplete bacteria. These studies have shown that bacteria promote infection with several enteric viruses. However, very little is known about whether antibiotics influence viruses in a microbiota-independent manner. In this study, we sought to determine the effects of antibiotics on coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) using an in vitro cell culture model in the absence of bacteria. We determined that an aminoglycoside antibiotic, neomycin, enhanced the plaque size of CVB3 strain Nancy. Neomycin treatment did not alter viral attachment, translation, or replication. However, we found that the positive charge of neomycin and other positively charged compounds enhanced viral diffusion by overcoming the negative inhibitory effect of sulfated polysaccharides present in agar overlays. Neomycin and the positively charged compound protamine also enhanced plaque formation of reovirus. Overall, these data provide further evidence that antibiotics can play noncanonical roles in viral infections and that this should be considered when studying enteric virus-microbiota interactions.IMPORTANCE Coxsackieviruses primarily infect the gastrointestinal tract of humans, but they can disseminate systemically and cause severe disease. Using antibiotic treatment regimens to deplete intestinal microbes in mice, several groups have shown the bacteria promote infection with a variety of enteric viruses. However, it is possible that antibiotics have microbiota-independent effects on viruses. Here we show that an aminoglycoside antibiotic, neomycin, can influence quantification of coxsackievirus in cultured cells in the absence of bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikal A Woods Acevedo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Andrea K Erickson
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Julie K Pfeiffer
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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Liu T, Zhang M, Niu H, Liu J, Ruilian M, Wang Y, Xiao Y, Xiao Z, Sun J, Dong Y, Liu X. Astragalus polysaccharide from Astragalus Melittin ameliorates inflammation via suppressing the activation of TLR-4/NF-κB p65 signal pathway and protects mice from CVB3-induced virus myocarditis. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 126:179-186. [PMID: 30586589 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation plays a crucial role in regulating cardiomyopathy and injuries of coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3)-induced viral myocarditis (VM). It has been reported that Astragalus polysaccharide (AP) from Astragalus Melittin could inhabit inflammatory gene expression under a variety of pathological conditions. However, the functional roles of AP in CVB3-induced VM still remain unknown. Here, we found that AP significantly enhanced survival for CVB3-induced mice. AP protected the mice against CVB3-induced myocardial injuries characterized by the increased body weight and depressed serum level of creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), aspartate transaminases (AST) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), enhanced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and left ventricular fractional shortening (LVFS). At the pathological level, AP ameliorated the mice against CVB3-induced myocardial damage, dilated cardiomyopathy and chronic myocardial fibrosis. We subsequently found that AP significantly suppressed CVB3-induced expression of inflammation marker (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, INF-γ and MCP-1) in heart. Furthermore, we confirmed that AP suppressed the CVB3-induced expression of TLR-4 and phosphorylated NF-κB p65 in heart. Taken together, the data suggest that AP protects against CVB3-induced myocardial damage and inflammation, which may partly attribute to the regulation of TLR-4/NF-κB p65 signal pathway, moreover, suppressive effect of AP on CVB3-induced activation of TLR-4/NF-κB p65 signal was TNF-α-independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianlong Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, 010059 Hohhot, PR China
| | - Mingjie Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, 010059 Hohhot, PR China
| | - Haiyan Niu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, 010059 Hohhot, PR China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, 010059 Hohhot, PR China
| | - Ma Ruilian
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, 010059 Hohhot, PR China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, 010059 Hohhot, PR China
| | - Yunfeng Xiao
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, 010059 Hohhot, PR China
| | - Zhibin Xiao
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, 010059 Hohhot, PR China
| | - Jianjun Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, 010059 Hohhot, PR China
| | - Yu Dong
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010110, PR China.
| | - Xiaolei Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, 010059 Hohhot, PR China.
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Sunmola AA, Ogbole OO, Faleye TOC, Adetoye A, Adeniji JA, Ayeni FA. Antiviral potentials of Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus amylovorus, and Enterococcus hirae against selected Enterovirus. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2018; 64:257-264. [PMID: 30267215 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-018-0648-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Enteroviruses have been associated with a host of clinical presentations including acute flaccid paralysis (AFP). The site of primary replication for most enteroviruses is the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) may confer protection in the GIT against them. This study therefore investigates the antiviral potential of some selected lactic acid bacteria against enterovirus isolates recovered from AFP cases. The antiviral activities of Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus amylovorus, and Enterococcus hirae in broth culture, their cell-free supernatant (CFS), and bacterial cell pellets were assayed against Echovirus 7 (E7), E13, and E19 in a pre- and post-treatment approach using cytopathic effect (CPE) and cell viability (MTT) assay. The tested Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus amylovorus, and Enterococcus hirae strains have good antiviral properties against E7 and E19 but not against E13. Lactobacillus amylovorus AA099 shows the highest activity against E19. The pre-treatment approach displays better antiviral activities compared to post-treatment approach. The LAB in broth suspension have better antiviral activities than their corresponding CFS and bacterial pellet. Lactic acid bacteria used in this study have the potential as antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abidemi Anota Sunmola
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Omonike O Ogbole
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.
| | - Temitope O C Faleye
- Department of Virology, University College Hospital, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Adewale Adetoye
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Johnson A Adeniji
- Department of Virology, University College Hospital, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Funmilola A Ayeni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.
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Kuo KC, Yeh YC, Huang YH, Chen IL, Lee CH. Understanding physician antibiotic prescribing behavior for children with enterovirus infection. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202316. [PMID: 30192893 PMCID: PMC6128467 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Our previous study demonstrated that pediatricians prescribe antibiotics without proper clinical justification to patients with enterovirus infection, although antibiotics are not effective in treating the infections caused by these viruses. To improve the quality of healthcare, we aim to evaluate the association of clinical and demographic characteristics of patients and further to identify the determining factors for prescribing antibiotics to children experiencing enterovirus infection. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of children who were hospitalized between January 2008 and December 2016 with a diagnosis of herpangina or hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD). We identified those children who were prescribed antibiotics for at least 24 hours during admission. We conducted a retrospective descriptive study to analyze data in order to determine the factors associated with pediatrician antibiotics prescribing for enterovirus infection. Results In the nine years of study period, the rate of antibiotics use was about 13% in these patients. A total of 3659 patients were enrolled during 2008~2012 and analyzed in detail. Elevated levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and presence of leukocytosis in blood (WBC) were both significantly associated with pediatrician antibiotic prescribing for enterovirus infection (p<0.001). Between different specialistic devisions, there was significantly different proportion of antibiotics utilization for patients. In further analysis of antibiotics prescribing by Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve method, the level of CRP significantly had more the area under curve (0.708) compared with the count of WBC (p<0.05). Conclusions The present study indicates that higher serum level of CRP is strongly associated with pediatricians prescribing antibiotics for children experiencing herpangina or HFMD. Antibiotic prescribing is a complex process. Pediatricians should be more judicious in decision-making time by their specialistics. Our findings would shed new light on process and allay the concern about inappropriate antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuang-Che Kuo
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chun Yeh
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Hsien Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - I-Ling Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Hsiang Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Corbic Ramljak I, Stanger J, Real-Hohn A, Dreier D, Wimmer L, Redlberger-Fritz M, Fischl W, Klingel K, Mihovilovic MD, Blaas D, Kowalski H. Cellular N-myristoyltransferases play a crucial picornavirus genus-specific role in viral assembly, virion maturation, and infectivity. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007203. [PMID: 30080883 PMCID: PMC6089459 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In nearly all picornaviruses the precursor of the smallest capsid protein VP4 undergoes co-translational N-terminal myristoylation by host cell N-myristoyltransferases (NMTs). Curtailing this modification by mutation of the myristoylation signal in poliovirus has been shown to result in severe assembly defects and very little, if any, progeny virus production. Avoiding possible pleiotropic effects of such mutations, we here used pharmacological abrogation of myristoylation with the NMT inhibitor DDD85646, a pyrazole sulfonamide originally developed against trypanosomal NMT. Infection of HeLa cells with coxsackievirus B3 in the presence of this drug decreased VP0 acylation at least 100-fold, resulting in a defect both early and late in virus morphogenesis, which diminishes the yield of viral progeny by about 90%. Virus particles still produced consisted mainly of provirions containing RNA and uncleaved VP0 and, to a substantially lesser extent, of mature virions with cleaved VP0. This indicates an important role of myristoylation in the viral maturation cleavage. By electron microscopy, these RNA-filled particles were indistinguishable from virus produced under control conditions. Nevertheless, their specific infectivity decreased by about five hundred fold. Since host cell-attachment was not markedly impaired, their defect must lie in the inability to transfer their genomic RNA into the cytosol, likely at the level of endosomal pore formation. Strikingly, neither parechoviruses nor kobuviruses are affected by DDD85646, which appears to correlate with their native capsid containing only unprocessed VP0. Individual knockout of the genes encoding the two human NMT isozymes in haploid HAP1 cells further demonstrated the pivotal role for HsNMT1, with little contribution by HsNMT2, in the virus replication cycle. Our results also indicate that inhibition of NMT can possibly be exploited for controlling the infection by a wide spectrum of picornaviruses. Picornaviruses are important human and animal pathogens. Protective vaccines are only available against very few representatives. Furthermore, antiviral drugs have not made it to the market because of serious side effects and viral mutational escape. We here show that pharmacological inhibition of cellular myristoyltransferases severely decreased myristoylation of enteroviral structural proteins as exemplified by coxsackievirus B3, a prominent pathogen causing virus-induced acute and chronic heart disease. The drug DDD85646 substantially diminished virus yield and almost abolished the infectivity of the residual progeny virus. It is highly effective against several other picornaviruses, except those two included in our study that naturally do not process VP0. Our work provides new insight into the role of myristoylation in the life cycle of picornaviruses and identifies the responsible cellular enzyme as a promising candidate for antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Corbic Ramljak
- Center for Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories (MFPL), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Stanger
- Center for Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories (MFPL), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Antonio Real-Hohn
- Center for Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories (MFPL), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Dominik Dreier
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Laurin Wimmer
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Wolfgang Fischl
- Haplogen GmbH, Vienna, Campus Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karin Klingel
- Cardiopathology, Institute for Pathology and Neuropathology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Dieter Blaas
- Center for Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories (MFPL), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Heinrich Kowalski
- Center for Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories (MFPL), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
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Ma SZ, Luan SH, Zhu LJ, Zhang X, Yao XS. Antiviral phenolics from Antenoron filiforme var. neofiliforme. J Asian Nat Prod Res 2018; 20:763-769. [PMID: 29156987 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2017.1351437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Two new phenolics, 1,3-di-O-p-coumaroyl-2',6'-di-O-acetylsucrose (1) and quercetin 3-O-β-D-apiofuranoyl-(1→2)-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (2), along with nine known compounds (3-11), were isolated from the whole plants of Antenoron filiforme var. neofiliforme. Their chemical structures were characterized on the basis of various spectroscopic techniques. This is the first report of the isolation of phenylpropanoid sucrose (1, 3-4) from the genus Antenoron. The bioassay results showed that compound 11 exhibited antiviral activity against the Coxsackie virus B3 (CVB3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Zhong Ma
- a School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang 110016 , China
- c Shenzhen Salubris Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd , Shenzhen 518110 , China
| | - Shu-Hua Luan
- b Department of Medicine , Shenyang Chemical Industry School , Shenyang 110122 , China
| | - Ling-Juan Zhu
- a School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang 110016 , China
| | - Xue Zhang
- a School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang 110016 , China
| | - Xin-Sheng Yao
- a School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang 110016 , China
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Grienke U, Mair CE, Kirchmair J, Schmidtke M, Rollinger JM. Discovery of Bioactive Natural Products for the Treatment of Acute Respiratory Infections - An Integrated Approach. Planta Med 2018; 84:684-695. [PMID: 29554706 DOI: 10.1055/a-0590-5153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this work, an integrated approach for the identification of new antiviral agents from natural sources for the treatment of acute respiratory infections is presented. The approach comprises (i) the selection of starting material based on traditional knowledge, (ii) phenotypic screening of extracts for antiviral activity, and (iii) the implementation of in silico predictions to identify antiviral compounds and derive the molecular mechanism underlying their biological activity. A variety of starting materials from plants and fungi was selected for the production of 162 extracts. These extracts were tested in cytopathic effect inhibition assays against influenza virus A/Hong Kong/68 (HK/68), rhinovirus A2 (RV-A2), and coxsackie virus B3 (CV-B3). All extracts were also evaluated regarding their cytotoxicity. At an IC50 threshold of 50 µg/mL, 20, 11, and 14% of all tested extracts showed antiviral activity against HK/68, CV-B3, and RV-A2, respectively. Among all active extracts (n = 47), 68% showed antiviral activity against one of the investigated viruses, whereas 31% inhibited at least two viruses. Herein, we present a comprehensive dataset of probed extracts along with their antiviral activities and cytotoxicity. Application examples presented in this work illustrate the phytochemical workflow for the identification of antiviral natural compounds. We also discuss the challenges, pitfalls, and advantages of the integrated approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Grienke
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christina E Mair
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Kirchmair
- Center for Bioinformatics, Department of Informatics, MIN Faculty, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michaela Schmidtke
- Section of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Judith M Rollinger
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Althof N, Goetzke CC, Kespohl M, Voss K, Heuser A, Pinkert S, Kaya Z, Klingel K, Beling A. The immunoproteasome-specific inhibitor ONX 0914 reverses susceptibility to acute viral myocarditis. EMBO Mol Med 2018; 10:200-218. [PMID: 29295868 PMCID: PMC5801517 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201708089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe heart pathology upon virus infection is closely associated with the immunological equipment of the host. Since there is no specific treatment available, current research focuses on identifying new drug targets to positively modulate predisposing immune factors. Utilizing a murine model with high susceptibility to coxsackievirus B3-induced myocarditis, this study describes ONX 0914-an immunoproteasome-specific inhibitor-as highly protective during severe heart disease. Represented by reduced heart infiltration of monocytes/macrophages and diminished organ damage, ONX 0914 treatment reversed fulminant pathology. Virus-induced immune response features like overwhelming pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine production as well as a progressive loss of lymphocytes all being reminiscent of a sepsis-like disease course were prevented by ONX 0914. Although the viral burden was only minimally affected in highly susceptible mice, resulting maintenance of immune homeostasis improved the cardiac output, and saved animals from severe illness as well as high mortality. Altogether, this could make ONX 0914 a potent drug for the treatment of severe virus-mediated inflammation of the heart and might rank immunoproteasome inhibitors among drugs for preventing pathogen-induced immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Althof
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Institute of Biochemistry, Berlin, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung (DZHK), partner side Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carl Christoph Goetzke
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Institute of Biochemistry, Berlin, Germany
| | - Meike Kespohl
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Institute of Biochemistry, Berlin, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung (DZHK), partner side Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karolin Voss
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Institute of Biochemistry, Berlin, Germany
| | - Arnd Heuser
- Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sandra Pinkert
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Institute of Biochemistry, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ziya Kaya
- Medizinische Klinik für Innere Medizin III: Kardiologie, Angiologie und Pneumologie, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung (DZHK), partner side Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karin Klingel
- Cardiopathology, Institute for Pathology and Neuropathology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Antje Beling
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Institute of Biochemistry, Berlin, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung (DZHK), partner side Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Prodělalová J, Malenovská H, Moutelíková R, Titěra D. Virucides in apiculture: persistence of surrogate enterovirus under simulated field conditions. Pest Manag Sci 2017; 73:2544-2549. [PMID: 28643881 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Honeybee viruses have been recognized as being among the most important factors leading to colony losses worldwide. Colony food and faeces are regarded as possible sources of infectious viruses able to contaminate the environment and equipment of apiaries. Thus, methods for elimination of viruses are required. No cell culture assay for testing the effect of disinfectants on honeybee viruses is yet available. Therefore, surrogate virus was employed for testing of the efficacy of iodophor- and peracetic acid-based disinfectants in combination with six organic contaminants at +6 °C and +22 °C. Moreover, we evaluated the persistence of the surrogate in honey at +6 °C, +22 °C, and +50 °C. RESULTS Iodophor-based disinfectant showed a maximum reduction of virus titre of 3.4 log10 . Peracetic acid reduced the titre (≥4 log10 ) only at 22 °C and without yeast extract/bovine serum albumin. After 25 days of incubation of the virus - honey mix, no decrease of virus titre was observed at +6 °C, whereas a significant reduction (3.5 log10 ) was found at +50 °C already after 1 day. CONCLUSIONS Both tested disinfectants can serve as appropriate virucides in apiaries. The effect of peracetic acid significantly depended on temperature and organic contaminants. The iodophor-based disinfectant showed a stable antiviral effect at different temperatures and with different contaminants. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Prodělalová
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Malenovská
- Collection of Animal Pathogenic Microorganisms, Department of Bacteriology, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Romana Moutelíková
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dalibor Titěra
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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Fois B, Bianco G, Sonar VP, Distinto S, Maccioni E, Meleddu R, Melis C, Marras L, Pompei R, Floris C, Caboni P, Cottiglia F. Phenylpropenoids from Bupleurum fruticosum as Anti-Human Rhinovirus Species A Selective Capsid Binders. J Nat Prod 2017; 80:2799-2806. [PMID: 29039946 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.7b00648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The dichloromethane extract of the leaves of Bupleurum fruticosum was found to inhibit the replication of human rhinovirus (HRV) serotypes 14 and 39. Bioassay-guided fractionation led to the isolation of seven phenylpropenol derivatives (3-9), two polyacetylenes (1 and 2), and one monoterpene (10). Compounds 1 and 10 were identified as previously undescribed secondary metabolites after extensive 1D and 2D NMR experiments as well as high-resolution mass spectrometry. Compounds 2, 4, and 5 showed a selective inhibition of viral replication against HRV39 serotype, with 2 and 4 being the most active, with EC50 values of 1.8 ± 0.02 and 2.4 ± 0.04 μM. Mechanism of action studies indicated that 4 behaves not only as a capsid binder, interfering with the early phases of virus replication, but also as a late-phase replication inhibitor. Docking experiments were performed to confirm the ability of the antiviral phenylpropenoids to selectively fit into the hydrophobic pocket of VP1-HRV39.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Fois
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari , Via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giulia Bianco
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari , Via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Vijay P Sonar
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari , Via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Simona Distinto
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari , Via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Elias Maccioni
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari , Via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Rita Meleddu
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari , Via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Claudia Melis
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari , Via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Luisa Marras
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari , 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Raffaello Pompei
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari , 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Costantino Floris
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, University of Cagliari, Cittadella di Monserrato , 09042 Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Caboni
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari , Via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Filippo Cottiglia
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari , Via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
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Bauer L, Lyoo H, van der Schaar HM, Strating JR, van Kuppeveld FJ. Direct-acting antivirals and host-targeting strategies to combat enterovirus infections. Curr Opin Virol 2017; 24:1-8. [PMID: 28411509 PMCID: PMC7172203 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2017.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Enteroviruses cause many human diseases, yet no antiviral drugs are available. Capsids and viral enzymes are promising targets for direct-acting antiviral therapy. Fundamental research has unveiled host factors for broad-spectrum drug development. Drug repurposing screens have yielded new promising enterovirus inhibitors.
Enteroviruses (e.g., poliovirus, enterovirus-A71, coxsackievirus, enterovirus-D68, rhinovirus) include many human pathogens causative of various mild and more severe diseases, especially in young children. Unfortunately, antiviral drugs to treat enterovirus infections have not been approved yet. Over the past decades, several direct-acting inhibitors have been developed, including capsid binders, which block virus entry, and inhibitors of viral enzymes required for genome replication. Capsid binders and protease inhibitors have been clinically evaluated, but failed due to limited efficacy or toxicity issues. As an alternative approach, host-targeting inhibitors with potential broad-spectrum activity have been identified. Furthermore, drug repurposing screens have recently uncovered promising new inhibitors with disparate viral and host targets. Together, these findings raise hope for the development of (broad-range) anti-enteroviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Bauer
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Virology Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Heyrhyoung Lyoo
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Virology Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hilde M van der Schaar
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Virology Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Rpm Strating
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Virology Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Jm van Kuppeveld
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Virology Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Tan YW, Ang MJY, Lau QY, Poulsen A, Ng FM, Then SW, Peng J, Hill J, Hong WJ, Chia CSB, Chu JJH. Antiviral activities of peptide-based covalent inhibitors of the Enterovirus 71 3C protease. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33663. [PMID: 27645381 PMCID: PMC5028882 DOI: 10.1038/srep33663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease is a highly contagious disease caused by a range of human enteroviruses. Outbreaks occur regularly, especially in the Asia-Pacific region, putting a burden on public healthcare systems. Currently, there is no antiviral for treating this infectious disease and the only vaccines are limited to circulation in China, presenting an unmet medical need that needs to be filled urgently. The human enterovirus 3 C protease has been deemed a plausible drug target due to its essential roles in viral replication. In this study, we designed and synthesized 10 analogues of the Rhinovirus 3 C protease inhibitor, Rupintrivir, and tested their 3 C protease inhibitory activities followed by a cellular assay using human enterovirus 71 (EV71)-infected human RD cells. Our results revealed that a peptide-based compound containing a trifluoromethyl moiety to be the most potent analogue, with an EC50 of 65 nM, suggesting its potential as a lead for antiviral drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wah Tan
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos #06-05, 138673, Singapore
| | - Melgious Jin Yan Ang
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos #03-01, 138669, Singapore
| | - Qiu Ying Lau
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos #03-01, 138669, Singapore
| | - Anders Poulsen
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos #03-01, 138669, Singapore
| | - Fui Mee Ng
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos #03-01, 138669, Singapore
| | - Siew Wen Then
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos #03-01, 138669, Singapore
| | - Jianhe Peng
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos #03-01, 138669, Singapore
| | - Jeffrey Hill
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos #03-01, 138669, Singapore
| | - Wan Jin Hong
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos #06-05, 138673, Singapore
| | - Cheng San Brian Chia
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos #03-01, 138669, Singapore
| | - Justin Jang Hann Chu
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos #06-05, 138673, Singapore
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology and Antiviral Strategies, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University Health System, National University of Singapore 117597, Singapore
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Kwon BE, Song JH, Song HH, Kang JW, Hwang SN, Rhee KJ, Shim A, Hong EH, Kim YJ, Jeon SM, Chang SY, Kim DE, Cho S, Ko HJ. Antiviral Activity of Oroxylin A against Coxsackievirus B3 Alleviates Virus-Induced Acute Pancreatic Damage in Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155784. [PMID: 27195463 PMCID: PMC4873122 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The flavonoids mosloflavone, oroxylin A, and norwogonin, which were purified from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, significantly protected Vero cells against Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3)-induced cell death. To investigate the in vivo antiviral activity of oroxylin A, we intraperitoneally inoculated CVB3 into 4-week-old BALB/c mice. Body weights and blood glucose levels of the mice were decreased after CVB3 infection, and these changes were attenuated by the administration of oroxylin A. Importantly, treatment of mice with oroxylin A reduced viral titers in the pancreas and decreased the serum levels of the inflammatory cytokines including interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Additionally, the administration of oroxylin A mitigated the histological pancreatic lesions and apoptotic cell death induced by CVB3 infection and increased the levels of phospho-eIF2α in infected pancreata. The results suggest that oroxylin A may represent a potent antiviral agent against CVB3 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Eun Kwon
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200–701, South Korea
| | - Jae-Hyoung Song
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200–701, South Korea
| | - Hyuk-Hwan Song
- Agency for Korea National Food Cluster (AnFC), Iksan, Korea
| | - Ju Won Kang
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Yonsei University, Wonju, 220–710, Republic of Korea
| | - Sam Noh Hwang
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Yonsei University, Wonju, 220–710, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Jong Rhee
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Yonsei University, Wonju, 220–710, Republic of Korea
| | - Aeri Shim
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200–701, South Korea
| | - Eun-Hye Hong
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200–701, South Korea
| | - Yeon-Jeong Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Inje University, Gimhae, 621–749, South Korea
| | - Sang-Min Jeon
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon, 443–749, South Korea
| | - Sun-Young Chang
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon, 443–749, South Korea
| | - Dong-Eun Kim
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Sungchan Cho
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Jeong Ko
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200–701, South Korea
- * E-mail:
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Weeratunga P, Uddin MB, Kim MS, Lee BH, Kim TH, Yoon JE, Ma JY, Kim H, Lee JS. Interferon-mediated antiviral activities of Angelica tenuissima Nakai and its active components. J Microbiol 2016; 54:57-70. [PMID: 26727903 PMCID: PMC7091376 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-016-5555-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Angelica tenuissima Nakai is a widely used commodity in traditional medicine. Nevertheless, no study has been conducted on the antiviral and immune-modulatory properties of an aqueous extract of Angelica tenuissima Nakai. In the present study, we evaluated the antiviral activities and the mechanism of action of an aqueous extract of Angelica tenuissima Nakai both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, an effective dose of Angelica tenuissima Nakai markedly inhibited the replication of Influenza A virus (PR8), Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), Herpes simplex virus (HSV), Coxsackie virus, and Enterovirus (EV-71) on epithelial (HEK293T/HeLa) and immune (RAW264.7) cells. Such inhibition can be described by the induction of the antiviral state in cells by antiviral, IFNrelated gene induction and secretion of IFNs and pro-inflammatory cytokines. In vivo, Angelica tenuissima Nakai treated BALB/c mice displayed higher survivability and lower lung viral titers when challenged with lethal doses of highly pathogenic influenza A subtypes (H1N1, H5N2, H7N3, and H9N2). We also found that Angelica tenuissima Nakai can induce the secretion of IL-6, IFN-λ, and local IgA in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of Angelica tenuissima Nakai treated mice, which correlating with the observed prophylactic effects. In HPLC analysis, we found the presence of several compounds in the aqueous fraction and among them; we evaluated antiviral properties of ferulic acid. Therefore, an extract of Angelica tenuissima Nakai and its components, including ferulic acid, play roles as immunomodulators and may be potential candidates for novel anti-viral/anti-influenza agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanna Weeratunga
- College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 Plus Program), Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Bashir Uddin
- College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 Plus Program), Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, Republic of Korea
- Faculty of Veterinary & Animal Science, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, 3100, Bangladesh
| | - Myun Soo Kim
- Vitabio Corporation, Daejeon, 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Hoon Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 Plus Program), Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hwan Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 Plus Program), Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Yoon
- Foot and Mouth Disease Division, Animal Quarantine and Inspection Agency, Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Yeul Ma
- Korean Medicine (KM) Based Herbal Drug Development Group, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongik Kim
- Vitabio Corporation, Daejeon, 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Soo Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 Plus Program), Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, Republic of Korea.
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Zhang Y, Liu YB, Li Y, Li L, Ma SG, Qu J, Jiang JD, Chen XG, Zhang D, Yu SS. Terpenoids from the roots of Alangium chinense. J Asian Nat Prod Res 2015; 17:1025-1038. [PMID: 26498463 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2015.1082551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Two new norditerpenoids (1 and 2), four new sesquiterpenoids (3-6), and 22 known compounds (7-28) were isolated from an ethanolic extract of roots of Alangium chinense. The absolute configurations of 1-6 were assigned by experimental and calculated ECD spectra. The skeleton of the compounds (1 and 2) has been reported only one time so far. Compounds 1, 13, and 23 exhibited antiviral activity against coxsackie virus B3 with IC50 values of 38-67 μM. Compounds 8 and 9 displayed neuritis inhibitory activity against microglial inflammation factor, with IC50 values of 6.4 and 10.1 μM, respectively. None of the compounds were cytotoxic in the MTT assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- a State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines , Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100050 , China
| | - Yun-Bao Liu
- a State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines , Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100050 , China
| | - Yong Li
- a State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines , Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100050 , China
| | - Li Li
- a State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines , Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100050 , China
| | - Shuang-Gang Ma
- a State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines , Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100050 , China
| | - Jing Qu
- a State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines , Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100050 , China
| | - Jian-Dong Jiang
- a State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines , Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100050 , China
| | - Xiao-Guang Chen
- a State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines , Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100050 , China
| | - Dan Zhang
- a State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines , Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100050 , China
| | - Shi-Shan Yu
- a State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines , Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100050 , China
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Glatthaar-Saalmüller B, Fal AM, Schönknecht K, Conrad F, Sievers H, Saalmüller A. Antiviral activity of an aqueous extract derived from Aloe arborescens Mill. against a broad panel of viruses causing infections of the upper respiratory tract. Phytomedicine 2015; 22:911-920. [PMID: 26321740 PMCID: PMC7127631 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A number of antiviral therapies have evolved that may be effectively administered to treat respiratory viral diseases. But these therapies are very often of limited efficacy or have severe side effects. Therefore there is great interest in developing new efficacious and safe antiviral compounds e.g. based on the identification of compounds of herbal origin. HYPOTHESIS Since an aqueous extract of Aloe arborescens Mill. shows antiviral activity against viruses causing infections of the upper respiratory tract in vitro we hypothesised that a product containing it such as Biaron C(®) could have an antiviral activity too. STUDY DESIGN Antiviral activity of Bioaron C(®), an herbal medicinal product consisting of an aqueous extract of Aloe arborescens Mill., Vitamin C, and Aronia melanocarpa Elliot. succus, added as an excipient, was tested in vitro against a broad panel of viruses involved in upper respiratory tract infections. METHODS These studies included human adenovirus and several RNA viruses and were performed either with plaque reduction assays or with tests for the detection of a virus-caused cytopathic effect. RESULTS Our studies demonstrated an impressive activity of Bioaron C(®) against members of the orthomyxoviridae - influenza A and influenza B viruses. Replication of both analysed influenza A virus strains - H1N1 and H3N2 - as well as replication of two analysed influenza B viruses - strains Yamagatal and Beiying - was significantly reduced after addition of Bioaron C(®) to the infected cell cultures. In contrast antiviral activity of Bioaron C(®) against other RNA viruses showed a heterogeneous pattern. Bioaron C(®) inhibited the replication of human rhinovirus and coxsackievirus, both viruses belonging to the family of picornaviridae and both representing non-enveloped RNA viruses. In vitro infections with respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza virus, both belonging to the paramyxoviridae, were only poorly blocked by the test substance. No antiviral activity of Bioaron C(®) was detected against adenovirus - a non-enveloped DNA virus. CONCLUSIONS These results represent the first proof of a selective antiviral activity of Bioaron C(®) against influenza viruses and create basis for further analyses of type and molecular mechanisms of the antiviral activity of this herbal medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Glatthaar-Saalmüller
- Labor Dr. Glatthaar, Beim Braunland 1, D-88416 Ochsenhausen, Germany; Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - A M Fal
- Department of Public Health at Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland ; Clinic of Internal Diseases and Allergology CSK MSW in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - K Schönknecht
- Phytopharm Klęka S.A., Nowe Miasto nad Wartą, Poland
| | - F Conrad
- PhytoLab GmbH & Co KG, Dutendorfer Str. 5-7, D-91487 Vestenbergsreuth, Germany
| | - H Sievers
- PhytoLab GmbH & Co KG, Dutendorfer Str. 5-7, D-91487 Vestenbergsreuth, Germany
| | - A Saalmüller
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria.
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Abstract
This review, with 42 references, presents the fascinating area of anti-enterovirus 71 natural products over the last three decades for the first time. It covers literature published from 2005–2015 and refers to compounds isolated from biogenic sources. In total, 58 naturally-occurring anti-EV71 compounds are recorded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Wang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China,.
| | - Junfeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China.
| | - Lishu Wang
- Jilin Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Shurong Ma
- Endoscopy Center, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Yonghong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China.
- South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Guangzhou 510301, China.
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Abstract
The Enterovirus (EV) and Parechovirus genera of the picornavirus family include many important human pathogens, including poliovirus, rhinovirus, EV-A71, EV-D68, and human parechoviruses (HPeV). They cause a wide variety of diseases, ranging from a simple common cold to life-threatening diseases such as encephalitis and myocarditis. At the moment, no antiviral therapy is available against these viruses and it is not feasible to develop vaccines against all EVs and HPeVs due to the great number of serotypes. Therefore, a lot of effort is being invested in the development of antiviral drugs. Both viral proteins and host proteins essential for virus replication can be used as targets for virus inhibitors. As such, a good understanding of the complex process of virus replication is pivotal in the design of antiviral strategies goes hand in hand with a good understanding of the complex process of virus replication. In this review, we will give an overview of the current state of knowledge of EV and HPeV replication and how this can be inhibited by small-molecule inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lonneke van der Linden
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands.
| | - Katja C Wolthers
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands.
| | - Frank J M van Kuppeveld
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, Utrecht 3584 CL, The Netherlands.
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Li J, Wen H, Wang Z. [Progress in Research on Structure, Function and Antiviral of Enterovirus A71 3C Protein]. Bing Du Xue Bao 2015; 31:468-473. [PMID: 26524922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) causes hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) and various neurological complications, including aseptic meningitis and neurogenic pulmonary edema in young children. HFMD caused by EV-A71 have broken out several times in the Asia-Pacific region since 2007. And it has been a serious threat to public health. There is no effective vaccine or antiviral drug. The pathogenesis of EV-A71 infection is unknown, and EV-A71 3C protein plays an irreplaceable role in replication and anti - innate immunity. Further research on EV-A71 3C protein is conducive to understand the pathogenesis of EV-A71 infection and antiviral drug.
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Majewska A, Lasek W, Młynarczyk G. [Inosine pranobex - cytotoxic activities and effect of on replication of human parainfluenza viruses (HPIV-2, HPIV-4), entroviruses (CA16, EV71) and adenoviruses (HAdV-2, HAdV-5) in vitro]. Med Dosw Mikrobiol 2015; 67:107-113. [PMID: 26591662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There are no specific antivirals designed for many viral infections. Inosine pranobex (PI) is a purine nucleoside that is involved in a wide variety of intracellular biochemical processes. The mechanism of action in human body is still unclear but numerous studies have demonstrated that this drug inhibits viral replication and exhibit pleiotropic effect. We evaluated in vitro effect of inosine pranobex (PI) on replication of human viruses: parainfluenza viruses (HPIV-2, HPIV-4), entroviruses A (CA16, EV71) and adenoviruses C (HAdV-2, HAdV-5). MATERIALS AND METHODS In the present study, cytotoxic effect of inosine pranobex was assessed using A549 cell line exposed to different concentrations of compound (PI: 50-800 ig/mL) for 48 hours. Cytotoxic effect of inosine pranobex was assessed visually using light, inverted microscopy Olympus CK2 under 400x magnification and by the MTT colorimetric assay. Antiviral effect was estimated according to the reduction of virus titer. The yield reduction assay (YRA), which evaluates the ability of the PI (50-800 µg/mL) to inhibit virus multiplication in cell cultures, was applied. The cytopathic effect of the virus was evaluated 48 h after infection ofA549 cell cultures with viruses by means of light, inverted microscopy. The Reed-Muench statistical method was used to determine the 50% end point (IC50) (yield reduction assay, YRA) in the presence of inosine pranobex with the controlled one. RESULTS There were no morphological changes, as assessed visually, in cell cultures treated with PI. MTT cytotoxicity assay confirmed microscopic observations. The viability of cells in the presence of the tested compounds was average 98, 36 %. After conducting the experiments and analyzing the results we noticed that higher concentrations of PI strongly inhibited multiplication of all viruses. PI weakly reduced the titer of infectious enteroviruses and HPIV-4 as compared with the control. Adenoviruses showed the highest sensitivity to the antiviral activity of PI, however, increasing concentrations of PI up to 800 µg /ml slightly enhanced the antiviral activity of 400 µg/ml PI. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated that inosine pranobex shows no cytotoxic activity on the A549 cell line. In conducted study was observed that adenoviruses (HAdV-2 and HAdV-5) and HPIV-2 have the highest sensitivity to the antiviral activity of inosine pranobex from all tested viral strains.
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Galabov AS, Nikolova I, Vassileva-Pencheva R, Stoyanova A. Antiviral Combination Approach as a Perspective to Combat Enterovirus Infections. Pril (Makedon Akad Nauk Umet Odd Med Nauki) 2015; 36:91-99. [PMID: 27442375 DOI: 10.1515/prilozi-2015-0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Human enteroviruses distributed worldwide are causative agents of a broad spectrum of diseases with extremely high morbidity, including a series of severe illnesses of the central nervous system, heart, endocrine pancreas, skeleton muscles, etc., as well as the common cold contributing to the development of chronic respiratory diseases, including the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The above mentioned diseases along with the significantly high morbidity and mortality in children, as well as in the high-risk populations (immunodeficiencies, neonates) definitely formulate the chemotherapy as the main tool for the control of enterovirus infections. At present, clinically effective antivirals for use in the treatment of enteroviral infection do not exist, in spite of the large amount of work carried out in this field. The main reason for this is the development of drug resistance. We studied the process of development of resistance to the strongest inhibitors of enteroviruses, WIN compounds (VP1 protein hydrophobic pocket blockers), especially in the models in vivo, Coxsackievirus B (CV-B) infections in mice. We introduced the tracing of a panel of phenotypic markers (MIC50 value, plaque shape and size, stability at 50℃, pathogenicity in mice) for characterization of the drug-mutants (resistant and dependent) as a very important stage in the study of enterovirus inhibitors. Moreover, as a result of VP1 RNA sequence analysis performed on the model of disoxaril mutants of CVB1, we determined the molecular basis of the drug-resistance. The monotherapy courses were the only approach used till now. For the first time in the research for anti-enterovirus antivirals our team introduced the testing of combination effect of the selective inhibitors of enterovirus replication with different mode of action. This study resulted in the selection of a number of very effective in vitro double combinations with synergistic effect and a broad spectrum of sensitive enteroviruses. The most prospective attainment in our examinations in this field was the development of a novel scheme for the combined application of anti-enteroviral substances in coxsackievirus B1 neuroinfection in newborn mice. It consisted of a consecutive, alternating and non simultaneous administration of the substances in the combination. The triple combination - disoxaril- guanidine. HCl-oxoglaucine (DGO) showed a high effectiveness expressed in the marked reduction of the mortality rate in infected mice as compared both to the placebo group, and to the partner compounds used alone every day, and to the same combination applied simultaneously every day. The studies of the drug sensitivity of viral brain isolates from mice treated with DGO combination showed not only preserved, but even increased sensitivity to the drugs included in the combination. Obviously, the consecutive alternating administration of anti-enteroviral substances hinders the occurrence of drug-resistance in the course of the experimental enteroviral infections in mice.
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Lantagne D, Person B, Smith N, Mayer A, Preston K, Blanton E, Jellison K. Emergency water treatment with bleach in the United States: the need to revise EPA recommendations. Environ Sci Technol 2014; 48:5093-5100. [PMID: 24684410 DOI: 10.1021/es405357y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
During emergencies in the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) currently recommends using bottled water, or boiling or treating water by adding 1/8 teaspoon (or 8 drops) of bleach to 1 gal of water. This bleach recommendation is internally inconsistent, a relatively high chlorine dose (5.55-8.67 mg/L), and unsupported by evidence. In this study, bleach was added in three different dosages to six waters available to emergency-affected populations in each of six states; free chlorine residual (FCR) and Escherichia coli/total coliforms were measured 1-24 h after treatment. Data were analyzed using four efficacy criteria. Results indicated the dosages in the current EPA recommendation are unnecessarily high to ensure (1) maintenance of FCR for 24 h after treatment, (2) absence of E. coli/total coliforms, and (3) establishment of a CT-factor sufficient to inactivate Giardia lamblia and enteric viruses 1 h after treatment. Additionally, emergency-prone populations did not have the materials to complete treatment with bleach in their household. Therefore, we recommend EPA review and revise the current recommendation to establish an internally consistent, criteria-based recommendation that is usable by emergency-affected populations. We also recommend investigating the use of new or commercially available water treatment products for emergency response in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Lantagne
- Waterborne Diseases Prevention Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia 30333, United States
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Van Nguyen TH, Vien TA, Nhiem NX, Van Kiem P, Van Minh C, Long PQ, Anh LT, Cuong NM, Song JH, Ko HJ, Kim N, Park SJ, Kim SH. Chemical components of Ardisia splendens leaves and their activity against coxsackie A16 viruses. Nat Prod Commun 2014; 9:643-645. [PMID: 25026709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Using a combination of chromatographic methods, one new flavonol glycoside, myricetin 3,7-di-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside (1), and nine known compounds myricitrin (2), quercetin 3,7-di-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside (3), quercitrin (4), desmanthin-l (5), myricetin 3-O-(3"-O-galloyl)-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside (6), (+)-catechin (7), benzyl O-1-D-glucopyranoside (8), 2-phenylethyl O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (9), and corilagin (10) were isolated from the leaves of Ardisia splendens Pit. Based on an in vitro test against Coxsackie viruses A16 by SRB assay, only compounds 2, 5, and 10 exhibited activity against Coxsackie viruses A16 with IC50 values of 40.1, 32.2, and 30.5 microM, respectively. This result suggested that compounds 2, 5, and 10 might be potential agents for treating hand, foot and mouth diseases.
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Zhang H, Tao L, Fu WW, Liang S, Yang YF, Yuan QH, Yang DJ, Lu AP, Xu HX. Prenylated benzoylphloroglucinols and xanthones from the leaves of Garcinia oblongifolia with antienteroviral activity. J Nat Prod 2014; 77:1037-46. [PMID: 24679044 DOI: 10.1021/np500124e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
An acetone extract of the leaves of Garcinia oblongifolia showed antiviral activity against enterovirus 71 (EV71) using a cytopathic effect inhibition assay. Bioassay-guided fractionation yielded 12 new prenylated benzoylphloroglucinols, oblongifolins J-U (1-12), and five known compounds. The structures of 1-12 were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis including 1D- and 2D-NMR and mass spectrometry methods. The absolute configurations were determined by a combination of a Mosher ester procedure carried out in NMR tubes and ECD calculations. Compared to ribavirin (IC50 253.1 μM), compounds 1, 4, and 13 exhibited significant anti-EV71 activity in vitro, with IC50 values of 31.1, 16.1, and 12.2 μM, respectively. In addition, the selectivity indices of these compounds were 1.5, 2.4, and 3.0 in African green monkey kidney (Vero) cells, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Cai Lun Lu 1200, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
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Liu J, Zhang GL, Huang GQ, Li L, Li CP, Wang M, Liang XY, Xie D, Yang CM, Li Y, Sun XR, Zhang HS, Wan BS, Zhang WH, Yu H, Zhang RY, Yu YN, Wang Z, Wang YY. Therapeutic effect of Jinzhen oral liquid for hand foot and mouth disease: a randomized, multi-center, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94466. [PMID: 24722423 PMCID: PMC3983189 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND No specific antiviral agent against hand foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is available for clinical practice today. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Jinzhen oral solution in treating uncomplicated HFMD. METHODS In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 399 children aged 1 to 7 years with laboratory confirmed HFMD were randomized to receive Jinzhen oral liquid or placebo 3 times daily for 7 days with a 3-day follow-up. The primary outcomes were time to the first disappearance of oral ulcers and vesicles on hand or foot and time to the first normalization of temperature (fever clearance). RESULTS There were 199 children enrolling into the Jinzhen group including 79 with fever and 200 into the placebo group including 93 with fever. Jinzhen reduced the time to the first disappearance of oral ulcers and vesicles on hand or foot to 4.9 days (95% CI, 4.6 to 5.2 days), compared with 5.7 days (95% CI, 5.4 to 6.0 days) in the placebo group (P = 0.0036). The median time of fever clearance was shorter in the 79 children who received Jinzhen (43.41 hrs, 95% CI, 37.05 to 49.76) than that in the 93 children who received placebo (54.92 hrs, 95% CI, 48.16 to 61.68) (P = 0.0161). Moreover, Jinzhen reduced the risk of symptoms by 28.5% compared with placebo (HR, 0.7150, 95% CI, 0.5719 to 0.8940, P = 0.0032). More importantly, treatment failure rate was significantly lower in the Jinzhen group (8.04%) compared with that in the placebo group (15.00%) (P = 0.0434). The incidence of serious adverse events did not differ significantly between the two groups (9 in Jinzhen group vs. 18 in placebo, P = 0.075). CONCLUSIONS Children with HFMD may benefit from Jinzhen oral liquid treatment as compared with placebo. TRIAL REGISTRATION Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (http://www.chictr.org/en/) ChiCTR-TRC-10000937.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guo-Liang Zhang
- Department of Infectious Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Gui-Qin Huang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Infectious Disease Hospital of Cangzhou City, Cangzhou, Hebei, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Fifth People's Hospital of Guiyang City, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Chun-Ping Li
- Department of Infectious Disease, Infectious Disease Hospital of Tangshan City, Tangshan, Hebei, China
| | - Mei Wang
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Fifth People's Hospital of Guiyang City, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Liang
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Fifth People's Hospital of Guiyang City, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Di Xie
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Fifth People's Hospital of Guiyang City, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Chang-Ming Yang
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Fifth People's Hospital of Guiyang City, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Fifth People's Hospital of Guiyang City, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Xiu-Rong Sun
- Department of Infectious Disease, Infectious Disease Hospital of Cangzhou City, Cangzhou, Hebei, China
| | - Hong-Sen Zhang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Infectious Disease Hospital of Cangzhou City, Cangzhou, Hebei, China
| | - Bai-Song Wan
- Department of Infectious Disease, Infectious Disease Hospital of Tangshan City, Tangshan, Hebei, China
| | - Wei-Hua Zhang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Infectious Disease Hospital of Tangshan City, Tangshan, Hebei, China
| | - Hao Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ru-Yang Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ya-Nan Yu
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhong Wang
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Yan Wang
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Rabanal M, Ponce NMA, Navarro DA, Gómez RM, Stortz CA. The system of fucoidans from the brown seaweed Dictyota dichotoma: chemical analysis and antiviral activity. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 101:804-11. [PMID: 24299842 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Room-temperature acid (pH 2) extraction of Dictyota dichotoma thalli yielded 2.2% of sulfated polysaccharides. Further extraction with the same solvent at 70°C was conducted sequentially for nine times, with a total yield of 7.2%. Fucose was the main monosaccharide only in the room-temperature extract (EAR) and in the first 70°C extract (EAH1). The remaining fractions showed increasing amounts of mannose (the main neutral monosaccharide), xylose and uronic acids. Fractionation by means of cetrimide precipitation and redissolution in increasing sodium chloride solutions has allowed obtaining several subfractions from each extract. The fractions redissolved at lower NaCl concentrations have large amounts of uronic acids and lesser sulfate contents, whereas those redissolved at higher NaCl concentrations are heavily sulfated and have low uronic acid contents. For the fucose-rich extracts (EAR and EAH1), fractionation leads to uronoxylomannofucan-rich and galactofucan-rich fractions. The remaining extracts gave rise to complex mixtures, with mannose and uronic acid-rich polysaccharides. Moderate inhibitory effect against herpes virus (HSV-1) and Coxsackie virus (CVB3) were found for the galactofucan-rich fractions. Most of the other fractions were inactive against both viruses, although some xylomannan-rich fractions were also active against HSV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Rabanal
- Departamento de Química Orgánica-CIHIDECAR, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 49 y 115, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
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Zhang Y, Liu YB, Li Y, Ma SG, Li L, Qu J, Zhang D, Chen XG, Jiang JD, Yu SS. Sesquiterpenes and alkaloids from the roots of Alangium chinense. J Nat Prod 2013; 76:1058-1063. [PMID: 23734721 DOI: 10.1021/np4000747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Four new sesquiterpenes (1-4), four new alkaloids (5a, 6a, 6b, and 7), and nine known compounds (5b and 8-15) were isolated from an ethanolic extract of roots of Alangium chinense. The structure of 1 was confirmed by X-ray crystallography. The configurations of 5 and 6 were assigned by chiral HPLC analysis and CD spectra. Compounds 3, 4, 8-13, and 15 exhibited antiviral activity against Coxsackie virus B3 with IC50 values of 1.4-15.4 μM. Compounds 2-4, 7, and 9-13 showed antioxidant activities against Fe(2+)-cysteine-induced rat liver microsomal lipid peroxidation, with IC50 values of 3.8-45.7 μM. Compound 5b displayed neuritis inhibitory activity against microglial inflammation factor, with an IC50 value of 6.7 μM. None of the compounds exhibited detectable cytotoxic activity toward any of five tumor cell lines (A549, Be-17402, BGC-823, HCT-8, and A2780) in the MTT assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
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Wang J, Chen X, Wang W, Zhang Y, Yang Z, Jin Y, Ge HM, Li E, Yang G. Glycyrrhizic acid as the antiviral component of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. against coxsackievirus A16 and enterovirus 71 of hand foot and mouth disease. J Ethnopharmacol 2013; 147:114-21. [PMID: 23454684 PMCID: PMC7125661 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The radices of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. and herbal preparations containing Glycyrrhiza spp. have been used for thousands of years as an herbal medicine for the treatment of viral induced cough, viral hepatitis, and viral skin diseases like ulcers in China. Glycyrrhizic acid (GA) is considered the principal component in Glycyrrhiza spp. with a wide spectrum of antiviral activity. AIM The present study attempt to validate the medicinal use of Glycyrrhiza uralensis for hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) and further to verify whether GA is an active antiviral component in the water extract of Glycyrrhiza uralensis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Radices of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. were extracted with hot water. The chemical contents of the extract were profiled with HPLC analysis. The antiviral activity of the extract and the major components was evaluated against infection of enterovirus 71 (EV71) and coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16) on Vero cells. The cytopathic effect caused by the infection was measured with MTT assay. Infectious virion production was determined using secondary infection assays and viral protein expression by immunoblotting analysis. RESULTS The extract at 1000 μg/ml suppressed EV71 replication by 1.0 log and CVA16 by 1.5 logs. The antiviral activity was associated with the content of GA in the extract since selective depletion of GA from the extract by acid precipitation resulted in loss of antiviral activity. In contrast, the acid precipitant retained antiviral activity. The precipitant at a concentration of 200 μg/ml inhibited EV71 and CVA16 replication by 1.7 and 2.2 logs, respectively. Furthermore, GA dose-dependently blocked viral replication of EV71 and CVA16. At 3 mM, GA reduced infectious CVA16 and EV71 production by 3.5 and 2.2 logs, respectively. At 5mM, CVA16 production was reduced by 6.0 logs and EV71 by 4.0 logs. Both EV71 and CVA16 are members of Enterovirus genus, time-of-drug addition studies however showed that GA directly inactivated CVA16, while GA anti-EV71 effect was associated with an event(s) post virus cell entry. CONCLUSIONS This study validated the medicinal usefulness of radices Glycyrrhiza uralensis against the etiological agents of HFMD. In addition to the identification of GA as the antiviral component of Glycyrrhiza uralensis against EV71 and CVA16 infection, this study also reveals that GA inhibits EV71 and CVA16 with distinct mechanisms.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antiviral Agents/chemistry
- Antiviral Agents/isolation & purification
- Antiviral Agents/pharmacology
- Blotting, Western
- Chemical Precipitation
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Enterovirus/drug effects
- Enterovirus/growth & development
- Enterovirus/metabolism
- Enterovirus/pathogenicity
- Enterovirus A, Human/drug effects
- Enterovirus A, Human/growth & development
- Enterovirus A, Human/metabolism
- Enterovirus A, Human/pathogenicity
- Glycyrrhiza uralensis/chemistry
- Glycyrrhizic Acid/chemistry
- Glycyrrhizic Acid/isolation & purification
- Glycyrrhizic Acid/pharmacology
- Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease/drug therapy
- Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease/virology
- Phytotherapy
- Plant Extracts/chemistry
- Plant Extracts/isolation & purification
- Plant Extracts/pharmacology
- Plant Roots
- Plants, Medicinal
- Solvents/chemistry
- Time Factors
- Vero Cells
- Viral Proteins/metabolism
- Virus Internalization/drug effects
- Virus Replication/drug effects
- Water/chemistry
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Wang
- Jiangsu Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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Ji XY, Wang HQ, Hao LH, He WY, Gao RM, Li YP, Li YH, Jiang JD, Li ZR. Synthesis and antiviral activity of N-phenylbenzamide derivatives, a novel class of enterovirus 71 inhibitors. Molecules 2013; 18:3630-40. [PMID: 23519203 PMCID: PMC6270001 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18033630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of novel N-phenylbenzamide derivatives were synthesized and their anti-EV 71 activities were assayed in vitro. Among the compounds tested, 3-amino-N-(4-bromophenyl)-4-methoxybenzamide (1e) was active against the EV 71 strains tested at low micromolar concentrations, with IC50 values ranging from 5.7 ± 0.8–12 ± 1.2 μM, and its cytotoxicity to Vero cells (TC50 = 620 ± 0.0 μM) was far lower than that of pirodavir (TC50 = 31 ± 2.2 μM). Based on these results, compound 1e is a promising lead compound for the development of anti-EV 71 drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yan-Ping Li
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (Y.-P.L.); (Y.-H.L.); Tel.: +86-10-6316-5267 (Y.-P.L.); +86-10-6301-0984 (Y.-H.L.); Fax: +86-10-6301-7302 (Y.-P.L. & Y.-H.L.)
| | - Yu-Huan Li
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (Y.-P.L.); (Y.-H.L.); Tel.: +86-10-6316-5267 (Y.-P.L.); +86-10-6301-0984 (Y.-H.L.); Fax: +86-10-6301-7302 (Y.-P.L. & Y.-H.L.)
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Wang HQ, Meng S, Li ZR, Peng ZG, Han YX, Guo SS, Cui XL, Li YH, Jiang JD. The antiviral effect of 7-hydroxyisoflavone against Enterovirus 71 in vitro. J Asian Nat Prod Res 2013; 15:382-389. [PMID: 23464760 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2013.770737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is the major causative agent of hand foot and mouth disease. And EV71 causes epidemics worldwide, particularly in the Asia-Pacific region. Unfortunately, currently there is no approved vaccine or antiviral drug for EV71-induced disease prevention and therapy. In screening for anti-EV71 candidates, we found that 7-hydroxyisoflavone was active against EV71. 7-Hydroxyisoflavone exhibited strong antiviral activity against three different EV71 strains. The 50% inhibitory concentration range was between 3.25 and 4.92 μM by cytopathic effect assay. 7-Hydroxyisoflavone could reduce EV71 viral RNA and protein synthesis in a dose-dependent manner. Time course study showed that treatment of Vero cells with 7-hydroxyisoflavone at indicated times after EV71 inoculation (0-6 h) resulted in significant antiviral activity. Results showed that 7-hydroxyisoflavone acted at an early step of EV71 replication. 7-Hydroxyisoflavone also exhibited strong antiviral activity against coxsackievirus B2, B3, and B6. In short, 7-hydroxyisoflavone may be used as a lead compound for anti-EV71 drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Qiang Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
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Tojo K, Sano D, Miura T, Nakagomi T, Nakagomi O, Okabe S. A new approach for evaluating the infectivity of noncultivatable enteric viruses without cell culture. Water Sci Technol 2013; 67:2236-2240. [PMID: 23676393 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2013.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study developed a novel approach for evaluating the infectivity of enteric viruses without cell culture. Cumulative carbonyl groups on the viral capsid protein were labeled using biotin hydrazide, and the biotinylated virions were separated using a spin column filled with avidin-immobilized gel. Rotavirus was treated with free chlorine at an initial concentration of 0.3 mg/L for 3 min, and the log reduction in the infectious titer was 0.19 log (standard deviation, SD = 0.05). The log reduction of rotavirus treated with free chlorine at an initial concentration of 0.6 mg/L for 3 min was 2.6 log (SD = 0.37). No significant reductions in the amplicon copy numbers were observed in these free chlorine-treated samples. The recovery levels of intact virions in the first three fractions after biotin-avidin affinity chromatography were 76, 21, and 2.8%, while those of virions treated with free chlorine at an initial concentration of 0.3 mg/L for 3 min were 70, 23, and 5.6%. These results showed that the proposed approach could discriminate a 0.19 log infectivity-reduced population from an intact population, although no reduction in the amplicon copy number was observed. This novel method could be applied to noncultivatable enteric viruses such as human norovirus and sapovirus, and it could be very helpful for evaluating the viral inactivation efficiencies of intervention measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Tojo
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
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