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Konkol JE, Becker B, Paulmann D, Steinmann E, Todt D, Meister TL, Evers S, Weide M, Dotzauer A, Brill FHH. A comprehensive approach for evaluating the virucidal performance of domestic laundry detergents under practical conditions. J Appl Microbiol 2024; 135:lxae052. [PMID: 38439676 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxae052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
AIMS We aimed to develop a method to assess the virucidal performance of domestic laundry in a lab-scale washing machine (Rotawash) based on EN 17658. METHODS AND RESULTS For method development, virus recovery was investigated after drying on cotton carriers for three test viruses murine norovirus (MNV), modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA), and bovine coronavirus (BCoV), followed by washing simulations in flasks and Rotawash. MNV and MVA demonstrated sufficient recovery from carriers after drying and washing (up to 40°C and 60 min). BCoV exhibited lower recovery, indicating less relevance as a test virus. Rotawash efficacy tests conducted with MNV, a resistant, non-enveloped virus, showed limited efficacy of a bleach-free detergent, aligning with results from a domestic washing machine. Rotawash washes achieved higher reductions in infectious virus titers than suspension tests, indicating the role of washing mechanics in virus removal. CONCLUSIONS This study established a practical method to test the virucidal efficacy of laundry detergents in Rotawash, simulating domestic washing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna E Konkol
- Dr. Brill and Partner GmbH, Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, Bremen 28259, Germany
| | - Britta Becker
- Dr. Brill and Partner GmbH, Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, Bremen 28259, Germany
| | - Dajana Paulmann
- Dr. Brill and Partner GmbH, Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, Bremen 28259, Germany
| | - Eike Steinmann
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum 44801, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), External Partner Site, Bochum, Germany
| | - Daniel Todt
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum 44801, Germany
- European Virus Bioinformatics Centre (EVBC), 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Toni L Meister
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum 44801, Germany
- Institute for Infection Research and Vaccine Development (IIRVD), University Medical Centre, Hamburg 20251, Germany
- Department for Clinical Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine (BNITM), Hamburg 20359, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Evers
- Henkel AG & Co KGaA, Corporate Microbiology, Henkelstraße 67, Düsseldorf 40191, Germany
| | - Mirko Weide
- Henkel AG & Co KGaA, Microbiology & Hygiene, International R&D Henkel Consumer Brands, Henkelstraße 67, Düsseldorf 40191, Germany
| | - Andreas Dotzauer
- Laboratory for Virus Research, University Bremen/UFT, Bremen 28359, Germany
| | - Florian H H Brill
- Dr. Brill and Partner GmbH, Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, Bremen 28259, Germany
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Kramer A, Benkhai H, Jäkel C, Zwicker P. Ethanol is indispensable for virucidal hand antisepsis and without toxic risks in daily use. GMS Hyg Infect Control 2023; 18:Doc02. [PMID: 36875333 PMCID: PMC9978451 DOI: 10.3205/dgkh000428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
The approval of ethanol by the Biocidal Products Regulation has been under evaluation since 2007 due to controversial opinions on the risk assessment. Because of this critical situation, 2022 a memorandum was published to verify whether the use of ethanol for hand antisepsis poses any hazard. On the basis of the memorandum a toxicological evaluation of ethanol-based hand rubs is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Kramer
- Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Christian Jäkel
- Kanzlei Dr. Jaekel, Medical law - Pharmaceuticals law - Medical devices law, Lübben (Spreewald), Germany
| | - Paula Zwicker
- Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
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Rhee CH, Park SC, Her M, Jeong W. Surrogate Selection for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Disinfectant Efficacy Tests by Simultaneous Comparison of Bacteriophage MS2 and Bovine Enterovirus Type 1. Viruses 2022; 14. [PMID: 36560594 DOI: 10.3390/v14122590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In South Korea, testing disinfectants against foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) that are contagious in livestock or that require special attention with respect to public hygiene can be manipulated only in high-level containment laboratories, which are not easily available. This causes difficulties in the approval procedure for disinfectants, such as a prolonged testing period. Additionally, the required biosafety level (BSL) in the case of FMDV has hindered its extensive studies. However, this drawback can be circumvented by using a surrogate virus to improve the performance of the efficacy testing procedure for disinfectants. Therefore, we studied bacteriophage MS2 (MS2) and bovine enterovirus type 1 (ECBO) with respect to disinfectant susceptibility for selecting a surrogate for FMDV according to the Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA) guidelines for efficacy testing of veterinary disinfectants. Effective concentrations of the active substances in disinfectants (potassium peroxymonosulfate, sodium dichloroisocyanurate, malic acid, citric acid, glutaraldehyde, and benzalkonium chloride) against FMDV, MS2, and ECBO were compared and, efficacies of eight APQA-listed commercial disinfectants used against FMDV were examined. The infectivity of FMDV and ECBO were confirmed by examination of cytopathic effects, and MS2 by plaque assay. The results reveal that the disinfectants are effective against MS2 and ECBO at higher concentrations than in FMDV, confirming their applicability as potential surrogates for FMDV in efficacy testing of veterinary disinfectants.
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Bolten A, Schmidt V, Steinhauer K. Use of the European standardization framework established by CEN/TC 216 for effective disinfection strategies in human medicine, veterinary medicine, food hygiene, industry, and domestic and institutional use - a review. GMS Hyg Infect Control 2022; 17:Doc14. [PMID: 36157383 PMCID: PMC9487781 DOI: 10.3205/dgkh000417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic illustrates the necessity of effective preventive measures for existing and newly emerging pathogens. When confronted with pathogens or spoilage agents, especially if they are not yet well studied, effective hygiene protocols are needed immediately. In the medical field, effective preventive measures are key to prevent vulnerable patients from infections. In production areas, effective hygiene measures are needed to protect goods from spoilage or microbial contamination. The European standardization framework established by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) ensures that effective hygiene measures are available and can be immediately implemented when needed. Based on a broad portfolio of standards/laboratory tests, activity claims specifically addressing the special features of applications of antimicrobial formulations are substantiated. In this review, the concept of using standardized surrogate test organisms is explained, and the European standardized test approach to claim microbicidal and virucidal efficacy, the specificity of claims and their relevance for infection prevention measures is illustrated. Furthermore, relevance of the European Norm test methods is elucidated in the light of legal requirements. Finally, the review explains the systematics of the standardized methodological portfolio of CEN, Technical Committee 216, which is very useful when effective strategies for fighting or preventing microbial and viral induced infections, contaminations or spoilage are needed on an immediate basis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Verona Schmidt
- Chemische Fabrik Dr. Weigert GmbH & Co. KG, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Steinhauer
- bactologicum GmbH, Itzehoe, Germany,Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences, Kiel, Germany,*To whom correspondence should be addressed: Katrin Steinhauer, bactologicum GmbH, 25524 Itzehoe, Germany, Phone: +49 4821 13636 36, E-mail:
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Ijaz MK, Nims RW, McKinney J. Emerging SARS-CoV-2 Mutational Variants of Concern Should Not Vary in Susceptibility to Microbicidal Actives. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:987. [PMID: 35888077 PMCID: PMC9323193 DOI: 10.3390/life12070987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is evolving, with emergence of mutational variants due to the error-prone replication process of RNA viruses, in general. More recently, the Delta and Omicron variants (including sub-variants BA.1-5) predominate globally, and a Delta-Omicron recombinant termed Deltacron has emerged. The emergence of variants of concern (VOC) demonstrating immune evasion and potentially greater transmissibility and virulence naturally raises concern in both the infection control communities and the public at large, as to the continued suitability of interventions intended to mitigate the risk of viral dissemination and acquisition of the associated disease COVID-19. We evaluated the virucidal efficacy of targeted surface hygiene products (an ethanol/quaternary ammonium compound (QAC)-containing disinfectant spray, a QAC disinfectant wipe, a lactic acid disinfectant wipe, and a citric acid disinfectant wipe) through both theoretical arguments and empirical testing using international standard methodologies (ASTM E1053-20 hard surface test and EN14476:2013+A2:2019 suspension test) in the presence of soil loads simulating patients' bodily secretions/excretions containing shed virus. The results demonstrate, as expected, complete infectious viral inactivation (≥3.0 to ≥4.7 log10 reduction in infectious virus titer after as little as 15 s contact time at room temperature) by these surface hygiene agents of the original SARS-CoV-2 isolate and its Beta and Delta VOC. Through appropriate practices of targeted surface hygiene, it is expected that irrespective of the SARS-CoV-2 VOC encountered as the current pandemic unfolds (and, for that matter, any emerging and/or re-emerging enveloped virus), the chain of infection from virus-contaminated fomites to the hand and mucous membranes of a susceptible person may be disrupted.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Khalid Ijaz
- Global Research and Development for Lysol and Dettol, Reckitt Benckiser LLC, One Phillips Drive, Montvale, NJ 07645, USA;
| | | | - Julie McKinney
- Global Research and Development for Lysol and Dettol, Reckitt Benckiser LLC, One Phillips Drive, Montvale, NJ 07645, USA;
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Taesuji M, Rattanamas K, Punyadarsaniya D, Mamom T, Nguyen HT, Ruenphet S. In vitro primary porcine alveolar macrophage cell toxicity and African swine fever virus inactivation using five commercially supply compound disinfectants under various condition. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:1800-1804. [PMID: 34645734 PMCID: PMC8636871 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficacy of African swine fever virus (ASFV) inactivation using five commercially supply compound disinfectants was evaluated under various condition. Virucidal efficacy demonstrated that
products A and E could inactivate at 1:800 within 1 min for both temperatures, while products B, C and D inactivated at 1:400. However, product D could inactivate at 1:800 when the exposure
time was extended to 30 min and effected only 20°C. In addition, the cytotoxicity demonstrated that products A, B, C, D and E did not significantly affect to cell at 1:51,200, 1:12,800,
1:12,800, 1:25,600 and 1:12,800 dilution, respectively. In conclusion, these disinfectants could inactivate ASFV, however, the application of these products should be performed under safety
precautions to prevent cytotoxicity in humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Machimaporn Taesuji
- Immunology and Virology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mahanakorn University of Technology, 140 Cheum-Sampan Rd. Nong Chock, Bangkok 10530, Thailand
| | - Khate Rattanamas
- Immunology and Virology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mahanakorn University of Technology, 140 Cheum-Sampan Rd. Nong Chock, Bangkok 10530, Thailand
| | - Darsaniya Punyadarsaniya
- Immunology and Virology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mahanakorn University of Technology, 140 Cheum-Sampan Rd. Nong Chock, Bangkok 10530, Thailand
| | - Thanongsak Mamom
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mahanakorn University of Technology, 140 Cheum-Sampan Rd. Nong Chock, Bangkok 10530, Thailand
| | - Hoa Thi Nguyen
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Sakchai Ruenphet
- Immunology and Virology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mahanakorn University of Technology, 140 Cheum-Sampan Rd. Nong Chock, Bangkok 10530, Thailand
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Sovijit W, Taesuji M, Rattanamas K, Punyadarsaniya D, Mamom T, Nguyen HT, Ruenphet S. In vitro cytotoxicity and virucidal efficacy of potassium hydrogen peroxymonosulfate compared to quaternary ammonium compound under various concentrations, exposure times and temperatures against African swine fever virus. Vet World 2021; 14:2936-2940. [PMID: 35017841 PMCID: PMC8743787 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.2936-2940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The selection and proper application of disinfectants are crucial to the prevention of many diseases, so disinfectants must be evaluated before being used for the prevention of African swine fever (ASF). Three disinfectant products belonging to the group of potassium hydrogen peroxymonosulfates, product A and product B, and a quaternary ammonium compound called product C, were examined in vitro for host cell cytotoxicity and the efficacy of ASF virus inactivation. The study parameters included various concentrations, exposure times, temperatures, and degrees of cytotoxicity. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three disinfectant products were evaluated for cytotoxicity using primary porcine alveolar macrophage (PAM) cells at dilutions from 1:200 to 1:51,200. Disinfectants in concentrations of 1:200, 1:400, and 1:800 were prepared, the pH and the virucidal activity were tested. An equal volume of each dilution was mixed with the ASF virus and incubated at room temperature (20°C) or on ice (4°C) for 1 min, 5 min, or 30 min. Hemadsorption (HAD) or rosette formation was observed using an inverted microscope for 5 days after inoculation, and the virus titer was calculated as HAD50/mL. Each treatment and virus control were tested in triplicate, and the titers were reported as means and standard deviations. The reduction factor was used to measure inactivation. RESULTS Products A, B, and C at 1:400, 1:800, and 1:25,600 of dilution, respectively, did not show significant cytotoxic effects on PAM cells. Products A and B could inactivate ASF virus at 1:200 dilution within 5 min after exposure at 4°C. However, at 20°C, the exposure time had to be extended to 30 min to inactivate the virus. Product C could inactivate the virus at 1:400 dilution within 5 min under both temperature conditions, whereas at 1:800 dilution, the exposure time had to be extended to 30 min to completely inactivate the virus at 20°C. CONCLUSION All disinfectants could inactivate ASF virus in various concentrations, under appropriate exposure times and reaction temperatures, and there was no evidence of host cell cytotoxicity. For the control of ASF in pig farms, the appropriate concentration, ambient temperature, and contact time of these disinfectants should be taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Watcharee Sovijit
- Department of Immunology and Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mahanakorn University of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Machimaporn Taesuji
- Department of Immunology and Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mahanakorn University of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Khate Rattanamas
- Department of Immunology and Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mahanakorn University of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Darsaniya Punyadarsaniya
- Department of Immunology and Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mahanakorn University of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thanongsak Mamom
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mahanakorn University of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Hoa Thi Nguyen
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Sakchai Ruenphet
- Department of Immunology and Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mahanakorn University of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand
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Brill FHH, Becker B, Todt D, Steinmann E, Steinmann J, Paulmann D, Bischoff B, Steinmann J. Virucidal efficacy of glutaraldehyde for instrument disinfection. GMS Hyg Infect Control 2020; 15:Doc34. [PMID: 33391969 PMCID: PMC7745644 DOI: 10.3205/dgkh000369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Aim: Glutaraldehyde (GDA) is an active ingredient in many instrument disinfectants and is effective against a broad spectrum of microorganisms. In the past, the virus-inactivating properties of these products were mainly claimed based on quantitative suspension tests with different test viruses. Recently, however, a European Norm EN 17111:2018 has been published which allows examination of instrument disinfectants in a surface carrier test, simulating practical conditions. Therefore, it is of interest to evaluate GDA for the ability to inactivate the viruses used in this European Norm as test viruses. Methods: The virucidal efficacy of GDA as the active ingredient in instrument disinfectants was evaluated with 4 different test viruses in a method simulating practical conditions (EN 17111:2018). Results: With a fixed exposure time of five minutes at 20°C, 100 ppm GDA were necessary to inactivate vaccinia virus, classifying it as a limited spectrum virucidal activity for pre-cleaning products. For adenovirus, 125 ppm GDA were required, whereas for murine norovirus as a surrogate for human norovirus, 4,000 ppm GDA were required for a significant reduction of viral titres. Both non-enveloped viruses must be tested to prove virucidal activity in EN 17111:2018. But even 4,000 ppm were not enough to yield a 4 log10 reduction of the murine parvovirus at 20°C. This virus is only required as a test virus using this method if temperatures ≥40°C are used. Conclusion: GDA, as the active ingredient of many instrument disinfectants, shows virucidal efficacy at 20°C. The necessary concentrations are strongly dependent on the stability of the test viruses. Due to the high stability of murine norovirus, GDA levels of 4,000 ppm were required to inactivate this virus within the 5-minute exposure time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian H H Brill
- Dr. Brill + Partner GmbH Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Britta Becker
- Dr. Brill + Partner GmbH Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Daniel Todt
- Department for Molecular & Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Eike Steinmann
- Department for Molecular & Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Joerg Steinmann
- Institute of Clinical Hygiene, Medical Microbiology and Infectiology, Paracelsus Medical University, General Hospital Nürnberg, Nuremberg, Germany.,Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Dajana Paulmann
- Dr. Brill + Partner GmbH Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Birte Bischoff
- Dr. Brill + Partner GmbH Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Jochen Steinmann
- Dr. Brill + Partner GmbH Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
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Rhee CH, Kim S, Kang YE, Han B, Seo SJ, Kim YW, Her M, Jeong W. Virucidal efficacy of acidic electrolyzed water (AEW) against African swine fever virus and avian influenza virus. J Vet Med Sci 2020; 83:201-207. [PMID: 33310998 PMCID: PMC7972895 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the virucidal efficacy of acidic electrolyzed water (AEW) against
African swine fever virus (ASFV) and avian influenza virus (AIV), according to the Animal
and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA) guidelines for efficacy testing of veterinary
disinfectants. AEW (pH 5.0–6.5) was prepared using a commercially available “Electrolyzed
Water Generator” with a free chlorine concentration (FCC) of 5–140 ppm, and its efficiency
in reducing the titer of ASFV and AIV was tested in a suspension under low- and high-level
organic soiling. Under low-level organic soiling conditions, AEW with FCC ≥40 ppm was
effective against ASFV; under high-level organic soiling conditions, AEW with FCC ≥80 ppm
was effective against ASFV. Under low-level organic soiling conditions, AEW with FCC ≥60
ppm was effective against AIV; under high-level organic soiling conditions, AEW with FCC
≥100 ppm was effective against AIV. The virucidal effect of AEW seemed dependent on the
FCC and the presence of organic soiling. Based on these data, we recommend the following
minimum FCCs in AEW treatment for routine disinfection in veterinary field under low- and
high-level organic soiling conditions: for ASFV, 50 ppm and 100 ppm; and for AIV, 75 ppm
and 125 ppm, respectively. In conclusion, the virucidal effects of AEW against ASFV and
AIV emphasize its potential utility as a disinfectant, and we suggest considering organic
soiling conditions while using AEW for implementing effective control measures for field
applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chae Hong Rhee
- Veterinary Drugs & Biologics Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Soohee Kim
- Veterinary Drugs & Biologics Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Eun Kang
- Veterinary Drugs & Biologics Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Bokhee Han
- Veterinary Drugs & Biologics Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Ji Seo
- Veterinary Drugs & Biologics Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Wook Kim
- Veterinary Drugs & Biologics Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Her
- Veterinary Drugs & Biologics Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Wooseog Jeong
- Veterinary Drugs & Biologics Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
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Eggers M, Benzinger C, Suchomel M, Hjorth E. Virucidal activity of three ethanol-based hand rubs against murine norovirus in a hand hygiene clinical simulation study. Future Microbiol 2020; 15:1335-1341. [PMID: 32960094 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2020-0168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: We evaluated the efficacy of three ethanol-based hand rubs against murine norovirus in a proposed clinical simulation test (prEN 17430). Materials & methods: Virucidal activity was determined in 18 volunteers using three hand rubs: ethanol 72.4 and 89.5% v/v solutions, and 86% v/v gel. Subjects underwent testing with each product (3/6 ml for 15/30 s) and a reference solution (6 ml 70% v/v ethanol for 60 s). Results: Against murine norovirus, the reduction factors (RF; RF mean ± standard deviation log10 reduction of postsampling) for ethanol gel 86% v/v (RF 1.96 ± 0.64), ethanol 89.5% v/v (RF 2.49 ± 0.59) and ethanol 72.4% v/v (RF 2.61 ± 0.50), were all significantly superior to that of the reference solution. Conclusion: All three hand rubs passed the criteria set out in prEN 17430 and exhibited excellent virucidal efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Eggers
- Labor Prof. Gisela Enders MVZ GbR, Rosenbergstr. 85, 70193 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Carolin Benzinger
- Labor Prof. Gisela Enders MVZ GbR, Rosenbergstr. 85, 70193 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Miranda Suchomel
- Institute of Hygiene & Applied Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Elmar Hjorth
- Dr. Schumacher GmbH, Am Roggenfeld 3, 34323 Malsfeld, Germany
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Prodělalová J, Malenovská H, Moutelíková R, Titěra D. Virucides in apiculture: persistence of surrogate enterovirus under simulated field conditions. Pest Manag Sci 2017; 73:2544-2549. [PMID: 28643881 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Honeybee viruses have been recognized as being among the most important factors leading to colony losses worldwide. Colony food and faeces are regarded as possible sources of infectious viruses able to contaminate the environment and equipment of apiaries. Thus, methods for elimination of viruses are required. No cell culture assay for testing the effect of disinfectants on honeybee viruses is yet available. Therefore, surrogate virus was employed for testing of the efficacy of iodophor- and peracetic acid-based disinfectants in combination with six organic contaminants at +6 °C and +22 °C. Moreover, we evaluated the persistence of the surrogate in honey at +6 °C, +22 °C, and +50 °C. RESULTS Iodophor-based disinfectant showed a maximum reduction of virus titre of 3.4 log10 . Peracetic acid reduced the titre (≥4 log10 ) only at 22 °C and without yeast extract/bovine serum albumin. After 25 days of incubation of the virus - honey mix, no decrease of virus titre was observed at +6 °C, whereas a significant reduction (3.5 log10 ) was found at +50 °C already after 1 day. CONCLUSIONS Both tested disinfectants can serve as appropriate virucides in apiaries. The effect of peracetic acid significantly depended on temperature and organic contaminants. The iodophor-based disinfectant showed a stable antiviral effect at different temperatures and with different contaminants. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Prodělalová
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Malenovská
- Collection of Animal Pathogenic Microorganisms, Department of Bacteriology, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Romana Moutelíková
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dalibor Titěra
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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Thammakarn C, Sangsriratanakul N, Ishida Y, Suguro A, Yamada M, Toyofuku C, Nakajima K, Kitazawa M, Ota M, Hakim H, Alam MS, Shoham D, Takehara K. Virucidal Properties of Bioceramic Derived from Chicken Feces pH 13 and its Stability in Harsh Environments. Avian Dis 2017; 60:613-7. [PMID: 27610720 DOI: 10.1637/11358-122415-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Bioceramic derived from chicken feces (BCX) is a material produced by a sintering process for the purpose of use in animal farms to control livestock infectious diseases. In the present study, BCX at pH 13 was evaluated for the durability of its virucidal activity in simulated field conditions. First it was shown that BCX had activity toward Newcastle disease virus, infectious bursal disease virus, and goose parvovirus within 3 min and toward avian influenza virus (AIV) within 1 hr. BCX was further tested by keeping it under simulated harsh environmental conditions with sunlight for several weeks as well as by repeatedly soaking it with water and drying under sunlight many times. After sampling every 2 consecutive weeks and every 2 (of 9) consecutive resuspensions, BCX was evaluated for its efficacy against AIV. Evaluation under the harsh conditions illustrated that BCX could retain its satisfactory efficacy toward AIV throughout 7 wk and through 9 resuspensions. It is hence concluded that BCX is an excellent material for applying in livestock farming as a trapping disinfectant, due to its efficacy to inactivate various viruses, and that this efficacy is prolonged even under harsh environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanathip Thammakarn
- A Laboratory of Animal Health, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8, Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.,B The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Gifu University, 1-1, Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Natthanan Sangsriratanakul
- A Laboratory of Animal Health, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8, Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.,B The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Gifu University, 1-1, Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Yuki Ishida
- A Laboratory of Animal Health, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8, Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Atsushi Suguro
- A Laboratory of Animal Health, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8, Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Masashi Yamada
- A Laboratory of Animal Health, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8, Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Chiharu Toyofuku
- A Laboratory of Animal Health, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8, Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Nakajima
- A Laboratory of Animal Health, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8, Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Minori Kitazawa
- A Laboratory of Animal Health, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8, Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Mari Ota
- A Laboratory of Animal Health, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8, Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Hakimullah Hakim
- A Laboratory of Animal Health, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8, Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.,B The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Gifu University, 1-1, Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Md Shahin Alam
- A Laboratory of Animal Health, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8, Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.,B The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Gifu University, 1-1, Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Dany Shoham
- A Laboratory of Animal Health, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8, Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.,C Bar-Ilan University, Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies, Ramat Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Kazuaki Takehara
- A Laboratory of Animal Health, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8, Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.,C Bar-Ilan University, Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies, Ramat Gan, 5290002, Israel
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Becker B, Bischoff B, Brill FHH, Steinmann E, Steinmann J. Virucidal efficacy of a sonicated hydrogen peroxide system (trophon ® EPR) following European and German test methods. GMS Hyg Infect Control 2017; 12:Doc02. [PMID: 28149707 PMCID: PMC5255536 DOI: 10.3205/dgkh000287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Aim: The virucidal efficacy of an automated ultrasound probe disinfector (trophon® EPR) was evaluated in a three step procedure according to European and German test methods. This system uses sonicated hydrogen peroxide mist (35%) at elevated temperature (50°C) in a closed chamber with control of all parameters within a 7 minute cycle. Methods: In the first step of examination, the peroxide solution was tested in a quantitative suspension assay according to the Guideline of Deutsche Vereinigung zur Bekämpfung der Viruskrankheiten (DVV) e.V. and Robert Koch-Institute (RKI) and in parallel with the European Norm EN 14476 with all test viruses creating a virucidal claim. In the second step, the virucidal efficacy of the hydrogen peroxide solution was evaluated in a hard surface carrier test according to the Guideline of DVV with adenovirus, murine norovirus and parvovirus simulating practical conditions. Finally, the efficacy was evaluated by the automated system using stainless steel carriers inoculated with test virus and positioned at different levels inside the chamber. Results: A ≥4 log10 reduction of virus titre was demonstrated with all methods including carrier tests with murine norovirus, adenovirus, and parvovirus using the automated device. Conclusion: The automated device is able to inactivate test viruses of German and European norms and can therefore claim efficacy against human pathogenic enveloped and non-enveloped viruses. This includes human papillomaviruses which form part of the complete virucidal claim.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Becker
- Dr. Brill + Partner GmbH Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Birte Bischoff
- Dr. Brill + Partner GmbH Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Florian H H Brill
- Dr. Brill + Partner GmbH Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Eike Steinmann
- Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jochen Steinmann
- Dr. Brill + Partner GmbH Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
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Abstract
Since important agents of viral nosocomial infections like hepatitis B and C viruses and norovirus do not replicate sufficiently in cell culture systems, disinfectants with suspected efficacy against these viruses must be evaluated by different methods. Besides molecular approaches and indirect tests, the use of surrogate viruses with similar biophysical properties and genomic structure allows the assessment of virucidal efficacy of chemical disinfectants in quantitative suspension tests. Furthermore, insights into the survival of these viruses in the environment are possible. In recent years, duck hepatitis B virus and bovine viral diarrhoea virus have been tested as surrogates for hepatitis B and C viruses. Feline calicivirus serves as a surrogate for the group of norovirus. By including these viruses in inactivation experiments, valuable data from suspension tests can be derived on the virucidal efficacy of chemical disinfectants. Even in vivo tests using fingerpads of adult volunteers can be performed with these animal viruses without risk of infection. In contrast to in vitro examinations, the results of these tests allow use recommendations of chemical disinfectants for outbreak situations and daily routine disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Steinmann
- Mikrolab GmbH, Norderoog 2, D-28259 Bremen, Germany.
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