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Gomes H, Romeiro NC, Braz GRC, de Oliveira EAG, Rodrigues C, da Fonseca RN, Githaka N, Isezaki M, Konnai S, Ohashi K, da Silva Vaz I, Logullo C, Moraes J. Identification and structural-functional analysis of cyclin-dependent kinases of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76128. [PMID: 24146826 PMCID: PMC3795742 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are a family of serine/threonine kinases essential for cell cycle progression. Herein, we describe the participation of CDKs in the physiology of Rhipicephalus microplus, the southern cattle tick and an important disease vector. Firstly, amino acid sequences homologous with CDKs of other organisms were identified from a R. microplus transcriptome database in silico. The analysis of the deduced amino acid sequences of CDK1 and CDK10 from R. microplus showed that both have caspase-3/7 cleavage motifs despite their differences in motif position and length of encoded proteins. CDK1 has two motifs (DKRGD and SAKDA) located opposite to the ATP binding site while CDK10 has only one motif (SLLDN) for caspase 3–7 near the ATP binding site. Roscovitine (Rosco), a purine derivative that inhibits CDK/cyclin complexes by binding to the catalytic domain of the CDK molecule at the ATP binding site, which prevents the transfer of ATP's γphosphoryl group to the substrate. To determine the effect of Rosco on tick CDKs, BME26 cells derived from R. microplus embryo cells were utilized in vitro inhibition assays. Cell viability decreased in the Rosco-treated groups after 24 hours of incubation in a concentration-dependent manner and this was observed up to 48 hours following incubation. To our knowledge, this is the first report on characterization of a cell cycle protein in arachnids, and the sensitivity of BME26 tick cell line to Rosco treatment suggests that CDKs are potential targets for novel drug design to control tick infestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helga Gomes
- Laboratório Integrado de Bioquímica Hatisaburo Masuda, NUPEM - UFRJ, campus Macaé, Avenida São José do Barreto, São José do Barreto, Macaé, RJ, Brazil
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS, Bloco H, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Nelilma C. Romeiro
- Laboratório Integrado de Computação Científica, NUPEM - UFRJ, Campus Macaé, São José do Barreto, Macaé, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gloria R. C. Braz
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia - Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica - Instituto de Química, IQ-UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Camilla Rodrigues
- Laboratório Integrado de Bioquímica Hatisaburo Masuda, NUPEM - UFRJ, campus Macaé, Avenida São José do Barreto, São José do Barreto, Macaé, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Nunes da Fonseca
- Laboratório Integrado de Bioquímica Hatisaburo Masuda, NUPEM - UFRJ, campus Macaé, Avenida São José do Barreto, São José do Barreto, Macaé, RJ, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia - Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Naftaly Githaka
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Nishi, Kita-Ku Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Isezaki
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Nishi, Kita-Ku Sapporo, Japan
| | - Satoru Konnai
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Nishi, Kita-Ku Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Ohashi
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Nishi, Kita-Ku Sapporo, Japan
| | - Itabajara da Silva Vaz
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia - Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Faculdade de Veterinária, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Carlos Logullo
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia - Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Unidade de Experimentação Animal – CBB - UENF, Horto, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Jorge Moraes
- Laboratório Integrado de Bioquímica Hatisaburo Masuda, NUPEM - UFRJ, campus Macaé, Avenida São José do Barreto, São José do Barreto, Macaé, RJ, Brazil
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS, Bloco H, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia - Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Farrell JA, O'Farrell PH. Mechanism and regulation of Cdc25/Twine protein destruction in embryonic cell-cycle remodeling. Curr Biol 2013; 23:118-26. [PMID: 23290551 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2012.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Drosophila embryos, the midblastula transition (MBT) dramatically remodels the cell cycle during the 14(th) interphase. Before the MBT, each cycle is composed of only a short S phase and mitosis. At the MBT, S phase is dramatically lengthened by the onset of late replication, and a G2 phase is introduced. Both changes set the stage for gastrulation and require downregulation of Cdc25 phosphatase, which was previously attributed to the elimination of its transcripts at the MBT. RESULTS Premature removal of cdc25 transcripts by RNAi did not affect progression to the MBT. Instead, an antibody against the Cdc25 isoform Twine showed that Twine protein was abundant and stable until the MBT, when it was destabilized and rapidly eliminated. Persistence of pre-MBT levels of Twine was sufficient to prevent cell-cycle slowing. Twine protein destruction was timed by the nucleocytoplasmic ratio and depended on the activation of zygotic transcription at the MBT, including expression of the gene tribbles, whose activity was sufficient to trigger Twine destruction and was required for prompt Twine disappearance. CONCLUSIONS We propose that the developmentally regulated destruction of Twine protein is a critical switch that contributes to the cell-cycle change at the MBT, including the addition of a G2 phase and onset of late replication. Moreover, we show that this destruction is triggered by the nucleocytoplasmic ratio-dependent onset of zygotic transcription of tribbles and other unknown genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Farrell
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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Di Talia S, She R, Blythe SA, Lu X, Zhang QF, Wieschaus EF. Posttranslational control of Cdc25 degradation terminates Drosophila's early cell-cycle program. Curr Biol 2013; 23:127-32. [PMID: 23290553 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2012.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In most metazoans, early embryonic development is characterized by rapid mitotic divisions that are controlled by maternal mRNAs and proteins that accumulate during oogenesis. These rapid divisions pause at the midblastula transition (MBT), coinciding with a dramatic increase in gene transcription and the degradation of a subset of maternal mRNAs. In Drosophila, the cell-cycle pause is controlled by inhibitory phosphorylation of Cdk1, which in turn is driven by downregulation of the activating Cdc25 phosphatases. Here, we show that the two Drosophila Cdc25 homologs, String and Twine, differ in their dynamics and that, contrary to current models, their downregulations are not controlled by mRNA degradation but through different posttranslational mechanisms. The degradation rate of String protein gradually increases during the late syncytial cycles in a manner dependent on the nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio and on the DNA replication checkpoints. Twine, on the other hand, is targeted for degradation at the onset of the MBT through a switch-like mechanism controlled, like String, by the nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio, but not requiring the DNA replication checkpoints. We demonstrate that posttranslational control of Twine degradation ensures that the proper number of mitoses precede the MBT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Di Talia
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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Yuan K, Farrell JA, O'Farrell PH. Different cyclin types collaborate to reverse the S-phase checkpoint and permit prompt mitosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 198:973-80. [PMID: 22965907 PMCID: PMC3444785 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201205007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Different cyclin types have distinct abilities to reverse the S-phase checkpoint, and timely entry into mitosis after embryonic S phase requires collaborative action of multiple cyclin types. Precise timing coordinates cell proliferation with embryonic morphogenesis. As Drosophila melanogaster embryos approach cell cycle 14 and the midblastula transition, rapid embryonic cell cycles slow because S phase lengthens, which delays mitosis via the S-phase checkpoint. We probed the contributions of each of the three mitotic cyclins to this timing of interphase duration. Each pairwise RNA interference knockdown of two cyclins lengthened interphase 13 by introducing a G2 phase of a distinct duration. In contrast, pairwise cyclin knockdowns failed to introduce a G2 in embryos that lacked an S-phase checkpoint. Thus, the single remaining cyclin is sufficient to induce early mitotic entry, but reversal of the S-phase checkpoint is compromised by pairwise cyclin knockdown. Manipulating cyclin levels revealed that the diversity of cyclin types rather than cyclin level influenced checkpoint reversal. We conclude that different cyclin types have distinct abilities to reverse the checkpoint but that they collaborate to do so rapidly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yuan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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Abstract
The duration of S phase in early embryos is often short, and then increases as development proceeds because of the appearance of late-replicating regions of the genome. In the April 1, 2012, issue of Genes & Development, Farrell and colleagues (pp. 714-725) demonstrate that the down-regulation of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1) activity triggers the onset of late-replicating DNA and an increase in S-phase length in Drosophila embryos, revealing an unexpected role for Cdk1 in replication control during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Duronio
- Department of Biology, Department of Genetics, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Program in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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