51
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Longarini EJ, Matic I. The fast-growing business of Serine ADP-ribosylation. DNA Repair (Amst) 2022; 118:103382. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2022.103382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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52
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Saxena S, Zou L. Hallmarks of DNA replication stress. Mol Cell 2022; 82:2298-2314. [PMID: 35714587 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2022.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Faithful DNA replication is critical for the maintenance of genomic integrity. Although DNA replication machinery is highly accurate, the process of DNA replication is constantly challenged by DNA damage and other intrinsic and extrinsic stresses throughout the genome. A variety of cellular stresses interfering with DNA replication, which are collectively termed replication stress, pose a threat to genomic stability in both normal and cancer cells. To cope with replication stress and maintain genomic stability, cells have evolved a complex network of cellular responses to alleviate and tolerate replication problems. This review will focus on the major sources of replication stress, the impacts of replication stress in cells, and the assays to detect replication stress, offering an overview of the hallmarks of DNA replication stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Saxena
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Lee Zou
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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53
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Giansanti C, Manzini V, Dickmanns A, Dickmanns A, Palumbieri MD, Sanchi A, Kienle SM, Rieth S, Scheffner M, Lopes M, Dobbelstein M. MDM2 binds and ubiquitinates PARP1 to enhance DNA replication fork progression. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110879. [PMID: 35649362 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The MDM2 oncoprotein antagonizes the tumor suppressor p53 by physical interaction and ubiquitination. However, it also sustains the progression of DNA replication forks, even in the absence of functional p53. Here, we show that MDM2 binds, inhibits, ubiquitinates, and destabilizes poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1). When cellular MDM2 levels are increased, this leads to accelerated progression of DNA replication forks, much like pharmacological inhibition of PARP1. Conversely, overexpressed PARP1 restores normal fork progression despite elevated MDM2. Strikingly, MDM2 profoundly reduces the frequency of fork reversal, revealed as four-way junctions through electron microscopy. Depletion of RECQ1 or the primase/polymerase (PRIMPOL) reverses the MDM2-mediated acceleration of the nascent DNA elongation rate. MDM2 also increases the occurrence of micronuclei, and it exacerbates camptothecin-induced cell death. In conclusion, high MDM2 levels phenocopy PARP inhibition in modulation of fork restart, representing a potential vulnerability of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste Giansanti
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Göttingen Center of Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University Medical Center Göttingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Valentina Manzini
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Göttingen Center of Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University Medical Center Göttingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Antje Dickmanns
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Göttingen Center of Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University Medical Center Göttingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Achim Dickmanns
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Institute of Microbiology & Genetics, GZMB, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Maria Dilia Palumbieri
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Sanchi
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Sonja Rieth
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Martin Scheffner
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Massimo Lopes
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Dobbelstein
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Göttingen Center of Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University Medical Center Göttingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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54
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Vaitsiankova A, Burdova K, Sobol M, Gautam A, Benada O, Hanzlikova H, Caldecott KW. PARP inhibition impedes the maturation of nascent DNA strands during DNA replication. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2022; 29:329-338. [PMID: 35332322 PMCID: PMC9010290 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-022-00747-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) is implicated in the detection and processing of unligated Okazaki fragments and other DNA replication intermediates, highlighting such structures as potential sources of genome breakage induced by PARP inhibition. Here, we show that PARP1 activity is greatly elevated in chicken and human S phase cells in which FEN1 nuclease is genetically deleted and is highest behind DNA replication forks. PARP inhibitor reduces the integrity of nascent DNA strands in both wild-type chicken and human cells during DNA replication, and does so in FEN1-/- cells to an even greater extent that can be detected as postreplicative single-strand nicks or gaps. Collectively, these data show that PARP inhibitors impede the maturation of nascent DNA strands during DNA replication, and implicate unligated Okazaki fragments and other nascent strand discontinuities in the cytotoxicity of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Vaitsiankova
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Kamila Burdova
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Margarita Sobol
- Laboratory of Genome Dynamics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Amit Gautam
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Oldrich Benada
- Laboratory of Molecular Structure Characterization, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Hanzlikova
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK.
- Laboratory of Genome Dynamics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Keith W Caldecott
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK.
- Laboratory of Genome Dynamics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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55
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Abstract
DNA repair and DNA damage signaling pathways are critical for the maintenance of genomic stability. Defects of DNA repair and damage signaling contribute to tumorigenesis, but also render cancer cells vulnerable to DNA damage and reliant on remaining repair and signaling activities. Here, we review the major classes of DNA repair and damage signaling defects in cancer, the genomic instability that they give rise to, and therapeutic strategies to exploit the resulting vulnerabilities. Furthermore, we discuss the impacts of DNA repair defects on both targeted therapy and immunotherapy, and highlight emerging principles for targeting DNA repair defects in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Hopkins
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - Li Lan
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Lee Zou
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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56
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Badra Fajardo N, Taraviras S, Lygerou Z. Fanconi anemia proteins and genome fragility: unraveling replication defects for cancer therapy. Trends Cancer 2022; 8:467-481. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2022.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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57
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Jackson LM, Dhoonmoon A, Hale A, Dennis KA, Schleicher EM, Nicolae CM, Moldovan GL. Loss of MED12 activates the TGFβ pathway to promote chemoresistance and replication fork stability in BRCA-deficient cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:12855-12869. [PMID: 34871431 PMCID: PMC8682781 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab1184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding chemoresistance mechanisms in BRCA-deficient cells will allow for identification of biomarkers for predicting tumor response to therapy, as well as the design of novel therapeutic approaches targeting this chemoresistance. Here, we show that the protein MED12, a component of the Mediator transcription regulation complex, plays an unexpected role in regulating chemosensitivity in BRCA-deficient cells. We found that loss of MED12 confers resistance to cisplatin and PARP inhibitors in both BRCA1- and BRCA2-deficient cells, which is associated with restoration of both homologous recombination and replication fork stability. Surprisingly, MED12-controlled chemosensitivity does not involve a function of the Mediator complex, but instead reflects a distinct role of MED12 in suppression of the TGFβ pathway. Importantly, we show that ectopic activation of the TGFβ pathway is enough to overcome the fork protection and DNA repair defects of BRCA-mutant cells, resulting in chemoresistance. Our work identifies the MED12-TGFβ module as an important regulator of genomic stability and chemosensitivity in BRCA-deficient cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey M Jackson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Ashna Dhoonmoon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Anastasia Hale
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Kady A Dennis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Emily M Schleicher
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Claudia M Nicolae
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - George-Lucian Moldovan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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58
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Homologous Recombination as a Fundamental Genome Surveillance Mechanism during DNA Replication. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12121960. [PMID: 34946909 PMCID: PMC8701046 DOI: 10.3390/genes12121960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate and complete genome replication is a fundamental cellular process for the proper transfer of genetic material to cell progenies, normal cell growth, and genome stability. However, a plethora of extrinsic and intrinsic factors challenge individual DNA replication forks and cause replication stress (RS), a hallmark of cancer. When challenged by RS, cells deploy an extensive range of mechanisms to safeguard replicating genomes and limit the burden of DNA damage. Prominent among those is homologous recombination (HR). Although fundamental to cell division, evidence suggests that cancer cells exploit and manipulate these RS responses to fuel their evolution and gain resistance to therapeutic interventions. In this review, we focused on recent insights into HR-mediated protection of stress-induced DNA replication intermediates, particularly the repair and protection of daughter strand gaps (DSGs) that arise from discontinuous replication across a damaged DNA template. Besides mechanistic underpinnings of this process, which markedly differ depending on the extent and duration of RS, we highlight the pathophysiological scenarios where DSG repair is naturally silenced. Finally, we discuss how such pathophysiological events fuel rampant mutagenesis, promoting cancer evolution, but also manifest in adaptative responses that can be targeted for cancer therapy.
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59
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Fugger K, Hewitt G, West SC, Boulton SJ. Tackling PARP inhibitor resistance. Trends Cancer 2021; 7:1102-1118. [PMID: 34563478 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2021.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Homologous recombination-deficient (HRD) tumours, including those harbouring mutations in the BRCA genes, are hypersensitive to treatment with inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARPis). Despite high response rates, most HRD cancers ultimately develop resistance to PARPi treatment through reversion mutations or genetic/epigenetic alterations to DNA repair pathways. Counteracting these resistance pathways, thereby increasing the potency of PARPi therapy, represents a potential strategy to improve the treatment of HRD cancers. In this review, we discuss recent insights derived from genetic screens that have identified a number of novel genes that can be targeted to improve PARPi treatment of HRD cancers and may provide a means to overcome PARPi resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper Fugger
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Graeme Hewitt
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Stephen C West
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK.
| | - Simon J Boulton
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK; Artios Pharma Ltd. B940, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3FH, UK.
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60
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Tirman S, Quinet A, Wood M, Meroni A, Cybulla E, Jackson J, Pegoraro S, Simoneau A, Zou L, Vindigni A. Temporally distinct post-replicative repair mechanisms fill PRIMPOL-dependent ssDNA gaps in human cells. Mol Cell 2021; 81:4026-4040.e8. [PMID: 34624216 PMCID: PMC8555837 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PRIMPOL repriming allows DNA replication to skip DNA lesions, leading to ssDNA gaps. These gaps must be filled to preserve genome stability. Using a DNA fiber approach to directly monitor gap filling, we studied the post-replicative mechanisms that fill the ssDNA gaps generated in cisplatin-treated cells upon increased PRIMPOL expression or when replication fork reversal is defective because of SMARCAL1 inactivation or PARP inhibition. We found that a mechanism dependent on the E3 ubiquitin ligase RAD18, PCNA monoubiquitination, and the REV1 and POLζ translesion synthesis polymerases promotes gap filling in G2. The E2-conjugating enzyme UBC13, the RAD51 recombinase, and REV1-POLζ are instead responsible for gap filling in S, suggesting that temporally distinct pathways of gap filling operate throughout the cell cycle. Furthermore, we found that BRCA1 and BRCA2 promote gap filling by limiting MRE11 activity and that simultaneously targeting fork reversal and gap filling enhances chemosensitivity in BRCA-deficient cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Tirman
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Annabel Quinet
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Matthew Wood
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Alice Meroni
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Emily Cybulla
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Jessica Jackson
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Silvia Pegoraro
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Antoine Simoneau
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Lee Zou
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Alessandro Vindigni
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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