51
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Daniels DR, Turner MS. Semiflexible Rod in a Nematic Environment with Applications to Biological Polymers. Macromolecules 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/ma049526k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. R. Daniels
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - M. S. Turner
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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52
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Lemaire BJ, Davidson P, Petermann D, Panine P, Dozov I, Stoenescu D, Jolivet JP. Physical properties of aqueous suspensions of goethite (alpha-FeOOH) nanorods. Part II: In the nematic phase. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2004; 13:309-319. [PMID: 15103524 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2003-10079-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
At volume fractions larger than 8.5%, aqueous suspensions of lath-like goethite (alpha-FeOOH) nanorods form a lyotropic nematic phase. In this article, we first discuss the nematic ordering within statistical-physics models of the isotropic/nematic phase transition. We then describe the influence of a magnetic field on the nematic phase. Because the nanorods bear permanent magnetic moments, the nematic suspensions have dipolar order and very low Frederiks thresholds. Moreover, the nematic phase aligns parallel to a small magnetic field but realigns perpendicular to a high field because of a competition between the permanent moments of the nanorods and their negative anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility. This magneto-optical study of the nematic phase is completely consistent with that of the isotropic phase of the same suspensions published in Part I (this issue, p. 291). Besides, we demonstrate the field-induced biaxiality of a nematic single domain aligned perpendicular to the field. We also describe here preliminary experiments where an a.c. electric field is applied to the nematic phase. Both field amplitude and frequency were found to control the alignment direction and homeotropic-to-planar alignment transitions were observed. From this data, simple models were used to estimate some physical constants of the nematic phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Lemaire
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, UMR CNRS 8502, Université Paris-Sud, 91405, Orsay, France
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53
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Lemaire BJ, Davidson P, Ferré J, Jamet JP, Petermann D, Panine P, Dozov I, Jolivet JP. Physical properties of aqueous suspensions of goethite (alpha-FeOOH) nanorods. Part I: In the isotropic phase. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2004; 13:291-308. [PMID: 15103523 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2003-10078-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Depending on volume fraction, aqueous suspensions of goethite (alpha-FeOOH) nanorods form a liquid-crystalline nematic phase (above 8.5%) or an isotropic liquid phase (below 5.5%). In this article, we investigate by small-angle X-ray scattering, magneto-optics, and magnetometry the influence of a magnetic field on the isotropic phase. After a brief description of the synthesis and characterisation of the goethite nanorod suspensions, we show that the disordered phase becomes very anisotropic under a magnetic field that aligns the particles. Moreover, we observe that the nanorods align parallel to a small field (< 350 mT), but realign perpendicular to a large enough field (> 350 mT). This phenomenon is interpreted as due to the competition between the influence of the nanorod permanent magnetic moment and a negative anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility. Our interpretation is supported by the behaviour of the suspensions in an alternating magnetic field. Finally, we propose a model that explains all experimental observations in a consistent way.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Lemaire
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, UMR CNRS 8502, Université Paris-Sud, 91405, Orsay, France
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54
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Wensink HH, Vroege GJ. Isotropic–nematic phase behavior of length-polydisperse hard rods. J Chem Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1599277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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55
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Urakami N, Imai M. Dependence on sphere size of the phase behavior of mixtures of rods and spheres. J Chem Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1585025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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56
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Lemaire BJ, Davidson P, Ferré J, Jamet JP, Panine P, Dozov I, Jolivet JP. Outstanding magnetic properties of nematic suspensions of goethite (alpha-FeOOH) nanorods. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2002; 88:125507. [PMID: 11909477 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.88.125507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous suspensions of goethite (alpha-FeOOH) nanorods form a mineral lyotropic nematic phase that aligns in a very low magnetic field (20 mT for samples 20 microm thick). The particles orient along the field direction at intensities smaller than 350 mT, but they reorient perpendicular to the field beyond 350 mT. This outstanding behavior is also observed in the isotropic phase which has a very strong magnetic-field induced birefringence that could be interesting for applications. We interpret these magnetic effects as resulting from a competition between a nanorod remanent magnetic moment and a negative anisotropy of its magnetic susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Lemaire
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, UMR CNRS 8502, Bâtiment 510, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France
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57
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58
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Barrientos LG, Louis JM, Gronenborn AM. Characterization of the cholesteric phase of filamentous bacteriophage fd for molecular alignment. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2001; 149:154-158. [PMID: 11273766 DOI: 10.1006/jmre.2000.2276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Residual dipolar couplings arise from small degrees of alignment of molecules in a magnetic field and have proven to provide valuable structural information. Colloidal suspensions of rod-shaped viruses and bacteriophages constitute a frequently employed medium for imparting such alignment onto biomolecules. The stability and behavior of the liquid crystalline phases with respect to solution conditions such as pH, ionic strength, and temperature vary, and characterization should benefit practical applications as well as theoretical understanding. In this Communication we describe the pH dependence of the cholesteric liquid crystalline phase of the filamentous bacteriophage fd and demonstrate that the alignment tensor of the solute protein is modulated by pH. We also report the interesting observation that the relative sign of the residual dipolar coupling changes at low pH values. In addition, we demonstrate that the degree of alignment inversely scales with the lengths of the phage particles for phages with identical mass and charge per unit length.
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Affiliation(s)
- L G Barrientos
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, Building 5, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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59
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Kramer EM, Herzfeld J. Avoidance model for soft particles. II. Positional ordering of charged rods. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 2000; 61:6872-8. [PMID: 11088380 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.61.6872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/1999] [Revised: 03/06/2000] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The phase diagram of parallel, charged spherocylinders is computed. The topology of the diagram is found to be similar to the uncharged one, but there are several qualitative changes. Regions of phase coexistence are significantly narrower and positional ordering is stabilized by the electrostatic repulsions. The nematic phase occupies a very narrow zone. We suggest that soft repulsions between surfactant micelles may be responsible for the absence of a nematic phase in most surfactant systems. We also present comparisons with the observed nematic-smectic phase transition for fd and tobacco mosaic virus particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Kramer
- Department of Chemistry, MS 015, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454-9110, USA
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60
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Verma R, Crocker JC, Lubensky TC, Yodh AG. Attractions between Hard Colloidal Spheres in Semiflexible Polymer Solutions. Macromolecules 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ma990362v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Verma
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, 209 S. 33rd Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6396
| | - J. C. Crocker
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, 209 S. 33rd Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6396
| | - T. C. Lubensky
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, 209 S. 33rd Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6396
| | - A. G. Yodh
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, 209 S. 33rd Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6396
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61
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Baulin VA, Khokhlov AR. Nematic ordering of rigid rods in a gravitational field. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1999; 60:2973-7. [PMID: 11970103 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.60.2973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/1998] [Revised: 04/07/1999] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
The isotropic-to-nematic transition in an athermal solution of long rigid rods subject to a gravitational (or centrifugal) field is theoretically considered in the Onsager approximation. The new feature emerging in the presence of gravity is a concentration gradient that coupled with the nematic ordering. For rodlike molecules this effect becomes noticeable at centrifugal acceleration g approximately 10(3)-10(4) m/s(2), while for biological rodlike objects, such as tobacco mosaic virus, the effect is important even for normal gravitational acceleration conditions. Rods are concentrated near the bottom of the vessel, which sometimes leads to gravity induced nematic ordering. The concentration range corresponding to phase separation increases with increasing g. In the region of phase separation the local rod concentration, as well as the order parameter, follow a step function with height.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Baulin
- Physics Department, Moscow State University, Moscow 117234, Russia
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62
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Urakami N, Imai M, Sano Y, Takasu M. The isotropic–nematic transition and the phase separation of the tobacco mosaic virus particles with polysaccharide. J Chem Phys 1999. [DOI: 10.1063/1.479503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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63
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Pelletier O, Sotta P, Davidson P. Deuterium Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Study of the Nematic Phase of Vanadium Pentoxide Aqueous Suspensions. J Phys Chem B 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9845165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- O. Pelletier
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, Université Paris-Sud (CNRS UMR 8502), Bât. 510, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - P. Sotta
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, Université Paris-Sud (CNRS UMR 8502), Bât. 510, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - P. Davidson
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, Université Paris-Sud (CNRS UMR 8502), Bât. 510, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
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64
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Kramer EM, Herzfeld J. Avoidance model for soft particles. I. Charged spheres and rods beyond the dilute limit. J Chem Phys 1999. [DOI: 10.1063/1.478788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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65
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Bates MA, Frenkel D. Nematic–isotropic transition in polydisperse systems of infinitely thin hard platelets. J Chem Phys 1999. [DOI: 10.1063/1.478558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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66
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67
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Jinbo Y, Varichon L, Sato T, Teramoto A. Orientational correlation of liquid–crystalline polymer chains in isotropic solutions. I. Anisotropic light scattering. J Chem Phys 1998. [DOI: 10.1063/1.477456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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68
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Adams M, Fraden S. Phase behavior of mixtures of rods (tobacco mosaic virus) and spheres (polyethylene oxide, bovine serum albumin). Biophys J 1998; 74:669-77. [PMID: 9449368 PMCID: PMC1299420 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(98)77826-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Aqueous suspensions of mixtures of the rodlike virus tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) with globular macromolecules such as polyethylene oxide (PEO) or bovine serum albumin (BSA) phase separate and exhibit rich and strikingly similar phase behavior. Isotropic, nematic, lamellar, and crystalline phases are observed as a function of the concentration of the constituents and ionic strength. The observed phase behavior is considered to arise from attractions between the two particles induced by the presence of BSA or PEO. For the TMV/BSA mixtures, the BSA adsorbs to the TMV and bridging of the BSA between TMV produces the attractions. For TMV/PEO mixtures, attractions are entropically driven via excluded volume effects known alternatively as the "depletion interaction" or "macromolecular crowding."
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Affiliation(s)
- M Adams
- Martin Fisher School of Physics, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02254, USA.
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69
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Cush R, Russo PS, Kucukyavuz Z, Bu Z, Neau D, Shih D, Kucukyavuz S, Ricks H. Rotational and Translational Diffusion of a Rodlike Virus in Random Coil Polymer Solutions. Macromolecules 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ma970032f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Randy Cush
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey 06531, and Department of Molecular Biophysics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8114
| | - Paul S. Russo
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey 06531, and Department of Molecular Biophysics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8114
| | - Zuhal Kucukyavuz
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey 06531, and Department of Molecular Biophysics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8114
| | - Zimei Bu
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey 06531, and Department of Molecular Biophysics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8114
| | - David Neau
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey 06531, and Department of Molecular Biophysics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8114
| | - Ding Shih
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey 06531, and Department of Molecular Biophysics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8114
| | - Savas Kucukyavuz
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey 06531, and Department of Molecular Biophysics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8114
| | - Holly Ricks
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey 06531, and Department of Molecular Biophysics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8114
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70
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Davidson P, Batail P, Gabriel J, Livage J, Sanchez C, Bourgaux C. Mineral liquid crystalline polymers. Prog Polym Sci 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6700(97)00012-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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71
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Petekidis G, Vlassopoulos D, Galda P, Rehahn M, Ballauff M. Determination of Chain Conformation of Stiff Polymers by Depolarized Rayleigh Scattering in Solution. Macromolecules 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ma961128x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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72
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Tiesler U, Rehahn M, Ballauff M, Petekidis G, Vlassopoulos D, Maret G, Kramer H. Analysis of the Conformation of a Stiff-Chain Polyester by Measurements of the Magnetic Birefringence in Solution. Macromolecules 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ma960765k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - G. Maret
- Institut Charles Sadron (CRM-EAHP), 6, rue Boussingault, 67083 Strasbourg, France
| | - H. Kramer
- Hochfeldmagnetlabor, Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung, 25, Avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
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73
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Herzfeld J. Entropically Driven Order in Crowded Solutions: From Liquid Crystals to Cell Biology. Acc Chem Res 1996; 29:31-37. [PMID: 29125734 DOI: 10.1021/ar9500224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Judith Herzfeld
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02254-9110
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74
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Chen SB, Koch DL. Isotropic–nematic phase transitions in aqueous solutions of weakly charged, rodlike polyelectrolytes. J Chem Phys 1996. [DOI: 10.1063/1.470835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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75
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Weeks JD, Selinger RL, Broughton JQ. Self-consistent treatment of repulsive and attractive forces in nonuniform liquids. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1995; 75:2694-2697. [PMID: 10059381 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.75.2694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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76
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Halle B. Orientation‐dependent electrical double‐layer interactions. I. Rodlike macroions of finite length. J Chem Phys 1995. [DOI: 10.1063/1.469035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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77
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Mourchid A, Delville A, Levitz P. Sol–gel transition of colloidal suspensions of anisotropic particles of laponite. Faraday Discuss 1995. [DOI: 10.1039/fd9950100275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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78
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van der Schoot P, Cates ME. Transient electric birefringence in solutions of self‐assembled rods. J Chem Phys 1994. [DOI: 10.1063/1.467426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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