51
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Yuan Y, Karahan HE, Yıldırım C, Wei L, Birer Ö, Zhai S, Lau R, Chen Y. "Smart poisoning" of Co/SiO 2 catalysts by sulfidation for chirality-selective synthesis of (9,8) single-walled carbon nanotubes. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:17705-17713. [PMID: 27722714 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr05938d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The chirality-selective synthesis of relatively large (diameter > 1 nm) single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) is of great interest for a variety of practical applications, but only a few catalysts are available so far. Previous studies suggested that S (compounds) can enhance the chirality-selectivity of Co catalysts in SWCNT synthesis, however, the mechanism behind is not fully understood, and no tailorable methodology has yet been developed. Here, we demonstrate a facile approach to achieve the chirality-selective synthesis of SWCNTs by the sulfidation-based poisoning of silica-supported Co catalysts using a mixture of H2S and H2. The UV-vis-NIR, photoluminescence, and Raman spectroscopy results together show that the resulting SWCNTs have a narrow diameter distribution of around 1.2 nm, and (9,8) nanotubes have an abundance of ∼38% among the semiconducting species. More importantly, the carbon yield achieved by the sulfided catalyst (2.5 wt%) is similar to that of the nonsulfided one (2.7 wt%). The characterization of the catalysts by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence, and H2 temperature-programmed reduction shows that the sulfidation leads to the formation of Co9S8 nanoparticles. However, Co9S8 nanoparticles are reduced back to regenerate metallic Co nanoparticles during the synthesis of SWCNTs, which maintain a high carbon yield. In this process, Co9S8 nanoparticles seemingly intermediate the production of Co nanoparticles with narrow size distribution. Due to the fact that the poisoning step improves the quality of the end-product rather than hampering the growth process, we have coined the process developed as "smart poisoning". This study not only reveals the mechanism behind the beneficial role of S in the selective synthesis of relatively large SWCNTs but also presents a promising method to create chirality-selective catalysts with high activity for scalable synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yuan
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
| | - H Enis Karahan
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Singapore, 637459, Singapore and The University of Sydney, School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Cansu Yıldırım
- Koç University, KUYTAM Surface Science and Technology Center, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sarıyer, 34450, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Li Wei
- The University of Sydney, School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Özgür Birer
- Koç University, KUYTAM Surface Science and Technology Center, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sarıyer, 34450, İstanbul, Turkey and Koç University, Chemistry Department, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sarıyer, 34450, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Shengli Zhai
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Singapore, 637459, Singapore and The University of Sydney, School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Raymond Lau
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
| | - Yuan Chen
- The University of Sydney, School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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52
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Near-infrared exciton-polaritons in strongly coupled single-walled carbon nanotube microcavities. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13078. [PMID: 27721454 PMCID: PMC5062498 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Exciton-polaritons form upon strong coupling between electronic excitations of a material and photonic states of a surrounding microcavity. In organic semiconductors the special nature of excited states leads to particularly strong coupling and facilitates condensation of exciton-polaritons at room temperature, which may lead to electrically pumped organic polariton lasers. However, charge carrier mobility and photo-stability in currently used materials is limited and exciton-polariton emission so far has been restricted to visible wavelengths. Here, we demonstrate strong light-matter coupling in the near infrared using single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) in a polymer matrix and a planar metal-clad cavity. By exploiting the exceptional oscillator strength and sharp excitonic transition of (6,5) SWCNTs, we achieve large Rabi splitting (>110 meV), efficient polariton relaxation and narrow band emission (<15 meV). Given their high charge carrier mobility and excellent photostability, SWCNTs represent a promising new avenue towards practical exciton-polariton devices operating at telecommunication wavelengths.
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53
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Yu L, Shearer C, Shapter J. Recent Development of Carbon Nanotube Transparent Conductive Films. Chem Rev 2016; 116:13413-13453. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- LePing Yu
- Centre for Nanoscale Science
and Technology, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia 5042
| | - Cameron Shearer
- Centre for Nanoscale Science
and Technology, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia 5042
| | - Joseph Shapter
- Centre for Nanoscale Science
and Technology, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia 5042
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54
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Brady GJ, Way AJ, Safron NS, Evensen HT, Gopalan P, Arnold MS. Quasi-ballistic carbon nanotube array transistors with current density exceeding Si and GaAs. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2016; 2:e1601240. [PMID: 27617293 PMCID: PMC5010372 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1601240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are tantalizing candidates for semiconductor electronics because of their exceptional charge transport properties and one-dimensional electrostatics. Ballistic transport approaching the quantum conductance limit of 2G 0 = 4e (2)/h has been achieved in field-effect transistors (FETs) containing one CNT. However, constraints in CNT sorting, processing, alignment, and contacts give rise to nonidealities when CNTs are implemented in densely packed parallel arrays such as those needed for technology, resulting in a conductance per CNT far from 2G 0. The consequence has been that, whereas CNTs are ultimately expected to yield FETs that are more conductive than conventional semiconductors, CNTs, instead, have underperformed channel materials, such as Si, by sixfold or more. We report quasi-ballistic CNT array FETs at a density of 47 CNTs μm(-1), fabricated through a combination of CNT purification, solution-based assembly, and CNT treatment. The conductance is as high as 0.46 G 0 per CNT. In parallel, the conductance of the arrays reaches 1.7 mS μm(-1), which is seven times higher than the previous state-of-the-art CNT array FETs made by other methods. The saturated on-state current density is as high as 900 μA μm(-1) and is similar to or exceeds that of Si FETs when compared at and equivalent gate oxide thickness and at the same off-state current density. The on-state current density exceeds that of GaAs FETs as well. This breakthrough in CNT array performance is a critical advance toward the exploitation of CNTs in logic, high-speed communications, and other semiconductor electronics technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald J. Brady
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1509 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Austin J. Way
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1509 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Nathaniel S. Safron
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1509 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Harold T. Evensen
- Department of Engineering Physics, University of Wisconsin-Platteville, 1 University Plaza, Platteville, WI 53818, USA
| | - Padma Gopalan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1509 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Michael S. Arnold
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1509 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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55
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Yu WJ, Chae SH, Vu QA, Lee YH. Sorting centimetre-long single-walled carbon nanotubes. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30836. [PMID: 27476909 PMCID: PMC4967858 DOI: 10.1038/srep30836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
While several approaches have been developed for sorting metallic (m) or semiconducting (s) single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), the length of SWCNTs is limited within a micrometer, which restricts excellent electrical performances of SWCNTs for macro-scale applications. Here, we demonstrate a simple sorting method of centimetre-long aligned m- and s-SWCNTs. Ni particles were selectively and uniformly coated along the 1-cm-long m-SWCNTs by applying positive gate bias during electrochemical deposition with continuous electrolyte injection. To sort s-SWCNTs, the Ni coating was oxidized to form insulator outer for blocking of current flow through inner m-SWCNTs. Sorting of m-SWCNTs were demonstrated by selective etching of s-SWCNTs via oxygen plasma, while the protected m-SWCNTs by Ni coating remained intact. The series of source-drain pairs were patterned along the 1-cm-long sorted SWCNTs, which confirmed high on/off ratio of 10(4)-10(8) for s-SWCNTs and nearly 1 for m-SWCNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Jong Yu
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
- Samsung-SKKU Graphene Center (SSGC), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Chae
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Quoc An Vu
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon 16419, South Korea
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Young Hee Lee
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon 16419, South Korea
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
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56
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Si J, Liu L, Wang F, Zhang Z, Peng LM. Carbon Nanotube Self-Gating Diode and Application in Integrated Circuits. ACS NANO 2016; 10:6737-6743. [PMID: 27322134 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b02126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A nano self-gating diode (SGD) based on nanoscale semiconducting material is proposed, simulated, and realized on semiconducting carbon nanotubes (CNTs) through a doping-free fabrication process. The relationships between the performance and material/structural parameters of the SGD are explored through numerical simulation and verified by experiment results. Based on these results, performance optimization strategy is outlined, and high performance CNT SGDs are fabricated and demonstrated to surpass other published CNT diodes. In particular the CNT SGD exhibits high rectifier factor of up to 1.4 × 10(6) while retains large on-state current. Benefiting from high yield and stability, CNT SGDs are used for constructing logic and analog integrated circuits. Two kinds of basic digital gates (AND and OR) have been realized on chip through using CNT SGDs and on-chip Ti wire resistances, and a full wave rectifier circuit has been demonstrated through using two CNT SGDs. Although demonstrated here using CNT SGDs, this device structure may in principle be implemented using other semiconducting nanomaterials, to provide ideas and building blocks for electronic applications based on nanoscale materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Si
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices and Department of Electronics, Peking University , Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijun Liu
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices and Department of Electronics, Peking University , Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Fanglin Wang
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices and Department of Electronics, Peking University , Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices and Department of Electronics, Peking University , Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Lian-Mao Peng
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices and Department of Electronics, Peking University , Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
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57
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Cao Y, Brady GJ, Gui H, Rutherglen C, Arnold MS, Zhou C. Radio Frequency Transistors Using Aligned Semiconducting Carbon Nanotubes with Current-Gain Cutoff Frequency and Maximum Oscillation Frequency Simultaneously Greater than 70 GHz. ACS NANO 2016; 10:6782-6790. [PMID: 27327074 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b02395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we report record radio frequency (RF) performance of carbon nanotube transistors based on combined use of a self-aligned T-shape gate structure, and well-aligned, high-semiconducting-purity, high-density polyfluorene-sorted semiconducting carbon nanotubes, which were deposited using dose-controlled, floating evaporative self-assembly method. These transistors show outstanding direct current (DC) performance with on-current density of 350 μA/μm, transconductance as high as 310 μS/μm, and superior current saturation with normalized output resistance greater than 100 kΩ·μm. These transistors create a record as carbon nanotube RF transistors that demonstrate both the current-gain cutoff frequency (ft) and the maximum oscillation frequency (fmax) greater than 70 GHz. Furthermore, these transistors exhibit good linearity performance with 1 dB gain compression point (P1dB) of 14 dBm and input third-order intercept point (IIP3) of 22 dBm. Our study advances state-of-the-art of carbon nanotube RF electronics, which have the potential to be made flexible and may find broad applications for signal amplification, wireless communication, and wearable/flexible electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Cao
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Gerald J Brady
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Hui Gui
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Chris Rutherglen
- Carbonics Inc. , Marina del Rey, California 90292, United States
| | - Michael S Arnold
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Chongwu Zhou
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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58
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Luo C, Wan D, Jia J, Li D, Pan C, Liao L. A rational design for the separation of metallic and semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes using a magnetic field. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:13017-13024. [PMID: 27315328 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr03928f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The separation of metallic (m-) and semiconducting (s-) single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) without causing contamination and damage is a major challenge for SWNT-based devices. As a facile and nondestructive tool, the use of a magnetic field could be an ideal strategy to separate m-/s-SWNTs, based on the difference of magnetic susceptibilities. Here, we designed a novel magnetic field-assisted floating catalyst chemical vapor deposition system to separate m-/s-SWNTs. Briefly, m-SWNTs are attracted toward the magnetic pole, leaving s-SWNTs on the substrate. By using this strategy, s-SWNTs with a purity of 99% could be obtained, which is enough to construct high-performance transistors with a mobility of 230 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1) and an on/off ratio of 10(6). We also established a model to quantitatively calculate the percentage of m-SWNTs on the substrate and this model shows a good match with the experimental data. Furthermore, our rational design also provides a new avenue for the growth of SWNTs with specific chirality and manipulated arrangement due to the difference of magnetic susceptibilities between different diameters, chiralities, and types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengzhi Luo
- School of Physics and Technology, and MOE Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
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59
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Qiu M, Xie Y, Gao X, Li J, Deng Y, Guan D, Ma L, Yuan C. Band gap opening and semiconductor-metal phase transition in (n, n) single-walled carbon nanotubes with distinctive boron-nitrogen line defect. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:4643-51. [PMID: 26794602 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp06853c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Band gap opening and modulating are critical in dictating the functionalities of single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) in a broad array of nano-devices. Using first-principles density functional theory calculations, a class of semiconducting armchair SWCNTs with a distinctive BN line defect are studied, showing a super capacity to open the band gap of (4, 4) SWCNT to as large as 0.86 eV, while the opened band gap are found decreasing with the increasing diameters of SWCNTs. The opened band gap of SWCNTs can also be successfully modulated through both mechanical and electrical approaches by applying compressive uniaxial strain and electric field. This study provides novel insights into the large band gap opening and modulating of SWCNTs and could be useful in facilitating future applications of SWCNTs in electronic, optical and thermoelectric devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Qiu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA. and School of Physics and Electronic Science, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xie
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA.
| | - Xianfeng Gao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA.
| | - Jianyang Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA.
| | - Yelin Deng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA.
| | - Dongsheng Guan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA.
| | - Lulu Ma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA.
| | - Chris Yuan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA.
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60
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Choi E, Lee SB. Mapping the process dependent conductivity of carbon nanotube thin-films using a non-invasive contact probing system. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2016; 87:023903. [PMID: 26931862 DOI: 10.1063/1.4941294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We report on a non-invasive contact probing (NICP) system for measuring the distribution of local surface conductivity of macroscopic thin-films of carbon nanotubes. Using the NICP system, we were able to obtain the local sheet resistance of the conducting thin-films continuously at ∼10 μm resolution over few centimeters which would not have been possible using conventional contact probing methods. Measurements performed on carbon nanotube thin-films with various nanotube densities, physical, and chemical treatments revealed that the local variation in electrical characteristics was not reflected in global conductance measurements. This demonstrated the usefulness of the NICP system for evaluating the effect of processing on the electrical uniformity of conducting thin-films made using nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunsuk Choi
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 133-791, South Korea
| | - Seung-Beck Lee
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 133-791, South Korea
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61
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Sakurai S, Yamada M, Sakurai H, Sekiguchi A, Futaba DN, Hata K. A phenomenological model for selective growth of semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes based on catalyst deactivation. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:1015-23. [PMID: 26660858 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr05673j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
A method for the selective semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) growth over a continuous range from 67% to 98%, within the diameter range of 0.8-1.2 nm, by the use of a "catalyst conditioning process" prior to growth is reported. Continuous control revealed an inverse relationship between the selectivity and the yield as evidenced by a 1000-times difference in yield between the highest selectivity and non-selectivity. Further, these results show that the selectivity is highly sensitive to the presence of a precise concentration of oxidative and reductive gases (i.e. water and hydrogen), and the highest selectivity occurred along the border between the conditions suitable for high yield and no-growth. Through these results, a phenomenological model has been constructed to explain the inverse relationship between yield and selectivity based on catalyst deactivation. We believe our model to be general, as the fundamental mechanisms limiting selective semiconducting SWCNT growth are common to the previous reports of limited yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Sakurai
- CNT-Application Research Center and National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5, 1-1-1, Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan.
| | - Maho Yamada
- CNT-Application Research Center and National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5, 1-1-1, Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan.
| | - Hiroko Sakurai
- CNT-Application Research Center and National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5, 1-1-1, Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan.
| | - Atsuko Sekiguchi
- CNT-Application Research Center and National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5, 1-1-1, Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan.
| | - Don N Futaba
- CNT-Application Research Center and National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5, 1-1-1, Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan.
| | - Kenji Hata
- CNT-Application Research Center and National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5, 1-1-1, Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan.
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Abstract
Nano-bioelectronics represents a rapidly expanding interdisciplinary field that combines nanomaterials with biology and electronics and, in so doing, offers the potential to overcome existing challenges in bioelectronics. In particular, shrinking electronic transducer dimensions to the nanoscale and making their properties appear more biological can yield significant improvements in the sensitivity and biocompatibility and thereby open up opportunities in fundamental biology and healthcare. This review emphasizes recent advances in nano-bioelectronics enabled with semiconductor nanostructures, including silicon nanowires, carbon nanotubes, and graphene. First, the synthesis and electrical properties of these nanomaterials are discussed in the context of bioelectronics. Second, affinity-based nano-bioelectronic sensors for highly sensitive analysis of biomolecules are reviewed. In these studies, semiconductor nanostructures as transistor-based biosensors are discussed from fundamental device behavior through sensing applications and future challenges. Third, the complex interface between nanoelectronics and living biological systems, from single cells to live animals, is reviewed. This discussion focuses on representative advances in electrophysiology enabled using semiconductor nanostructures and their nanoelectronic devices for cellular measurements through emerging work where arrays of nanoelectronic devices are incorporated within three-dimensional cell networks that define synthetic and natural tissues. Last, some challenges and exciting future opportunities are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138, United States
| | - Charles M. Lieber
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138, United States
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138, United States
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63
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Zhang X, Chen L, Chen XY, Zhang H, Yang L, Yang F. Effective separation of single-walled carbon nanotubes and their very different electrochemical behaviours. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:9287-90. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc04139f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The electrochemical behaviors of m- and s-SWNTs obtained from as-prepared SWNTs using a novel binaphthyl based separation agent were very different, and can be further interconverted through changing the DOS via electron or hole doping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry & Material Science
- Northwest University
- Xi'an 710127
- China
| | - Lin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry & Material Science
- Northwest University
- Xi'an 710127
- China
| | - Xiang-Yu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry & Material Science
- Northwest University
- Xi'an 710127
- China
| | - Hanzhi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry & Material Science
- Northwest University
- Xi'an 710127
- China
| | - Liuqing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment
- School of Electric Engineering
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an
- China
| | - Fengchun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry & Material Science
- Northwest University
- Xi'an 710127
- China
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64
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Islam AE, Rogers JA, Alam MA. Recent Progress in Obtaining Semiconducting Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Transistor Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2015; 27:7908-7937. [PMID: 26540144 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201502918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
High purity semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (s-SWCNTs) with a narrow diameter distribution are required for high-performance transistors. Achieving this goal is extremely challenging because the as-grown material contains mixtures of s-SWCNTs and metallic- (m-) SWCNTs with wide diameter distributions, typically inadequate for integrated circuits. Since 2000, numerous ex situ methods have been proposed to improve the purity of the s-SWCNTs. The majority of these techniques fail to maintain the quality and integrity of the s-SWCNTs with a few notable exceptions. Here, the progress in realizing high purity s-SWCNTs in as-grown and post-processed materials is highlighted. A comparison of transistor parameters (such as on/off ratio and field-effect mobility) obtained from test structures establishes the effectiveness of various methods and suggests opportunities for future improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad E Islam
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH, 45433, USA
- National Research Council, Washington, DC, 20001, USA
| | - John A Rogers
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Muhammad A Alam
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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65
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Park J, Reid OG, Blackburn JL, Rumbles G. Photoinduced spontaneous free-carrier generation in semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8809. [PMID: 26531728 PMCID: PMC4667683 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Strong quantum confinement and low dielectric screening impart single-walled carbon nanotubes with exciton-binding energies substantially exceeding kBT at room temperature. Despite these large binding energies, reported photoluminescence quantum yields are typically low and some studies suggest that photoexcitation of carbon nanotube excitonic transitions can produce free charge carriers. Here we report the direct measurement of long-lived free-carrier generation in chirality-pure, single-walled carbon nanotubes in a low dielectric solvent. Time-resolved microwave conductivity enables contactless and quantitative measurement of the real and imaginary photoconductance of individually suspended nanotubes. The conditions of the microwave conductivity measurement allow us to avoid the complications of most previous measurements of nanotube free-carrier generation, including tube-tube/tube-electrode contact, dielectric screening by nearby excitons and many-body interactions. Even at low photon fluence (approximately 0.05 excitons per μm length of tubes), we directly observe free carriers on excitation of the first and second carbon nanotube exciton transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehong Park
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA
| | - Obadiah G Reid
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA.,Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Blackburn
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA
| | - Garry Rumbles
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA.,Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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66
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Lei T, Lai YC, Hong G, Wang H, Hayoz P, Weitz RT, Chen C, Dai H, Bao Z. Diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)-Based Donor-Acceptor Polymers for Selective Dispersion of Large-Diameter Semiconducting Carbon Nanotubes. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:2946-2954. [PMID: 25711378 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201403761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Low-bandgap diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)-based polymers are used for the selective dispersion of semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (s-SWCNTs). Through rational molecular design to tune the polymer-SWCNT interactions, highly selective dispersions of s-SWCNTs with diameters mainly around 1.5 nm are achieved. The influences of the polymer alkyl side-chain substitution (i.e., branched vs linear side chains) on the dispersing yield and selectivity of s-SWCNTs are investigated. Introducing linear alkyl side chains allows increased polymer-SWCNT interactions through close π-π stacking and improved C-H-π interactions. This work demonstrates that polymer side-chain engineering is an effective method to modulate the polymer-SWCNT interactions and thereby affecting both critical parameters in dispersing yield and selectivity. Using these sorted s-SWCNTs, high-performance SWCNT network thin-film transistors are fabricated. The solution-deposited s-SWCNT transistors yield simultaneously high mobilities of 41.2 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1) and high on/off ratios of greater than 10(4) . In summary, low-bandgap DPP donor-acceptor polymers are a promising class of polymers for selective dispersion of large-diameter s-SWCNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Lei
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Ying-Chih Lai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Guosong Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Huiliang Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Pascal Hayoz
- BASF Schweiz AG, GVE/B, Schwarzwaldallee 215, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - R Thomas Weitz
- BASF SE, GVE/F, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Changxin Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Hongjie Dai
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Zhenan Bao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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67
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High energetic excitons in carbon nanotubes directly probe charge-carriers. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9681. [PMID: 25959462 PMCID: PMC4426596 DOI: 10.1038/srep09681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Theory predicts peculiar features for excited-state dynamics in one dimension (1D) that are difficult to be observed experimentally. Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) are an excellent approximation to 1D quantum confinement, due to their very high aspect ratio and low density of defects. Here we use ultrafast optical spectroscopy to probe photogenerated charge-carriers in (6,5) semiconducting SWNTs. We identify the transient energy shift of the highly polarizable S33 transition as a sensitive fingerprint of charge-carriers in SWNTs. By measuring the coherent phonon amplitude profile we obtain a precise estimate of the Stark-shift and discuss the binding energy of the S33 excitonic transition. From this, we infer that charge-carriers are formed instantaneously (<50 fs) even upon pumping the first exciton, S11. The decay of the photogenerated charge-carrier population is well described by a model for geminate recombination in 1D.
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68
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506;
| | - Gaind P. Pandey
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506;
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69
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Wang R, Hong T, Xu YQ. Ultrathin single-walled carbon nanotube network framed graphene hybrids. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:5233-5238. [PMID: 25686199 DOI: 10.1021/am5082843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Graphene and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) have shown superior potential in electronics and optoelectronics because of their excellent thermal, mechanical, electronic, and optical properties. Here, a simple method is developed to synthesize ultrathin SWNT-graphene films through chemical vapor deposition. These novel two-dimensional hybrids show enhanced mechanical strength that allows them to float on water without polymer supporting layers. Characterizations by Raman spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy indicate that SWNTs can interlace as a concrete backbone for the subsequent growth of monolayer graphene. Optical and electrical transport measurements further show that SWNT-graphene hybrids inherit high optical transparency and superior electrical conductivity from monolayer graphene. We also explore the local optoelectronic properties of SWNT-graphene hybrids through spatially resolved photocurrent microscopy and find that the interactions between SWNTs and graphene can induce a strong photocurrent response in the areas where SWNTs link different graphene domains together. These fundamental studies may open a door for engineering optoelectronic properties of SWNT-graphene hybrids by controlling the morphologies of the SWNT frames.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and ‡Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
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70
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Schießl SP, Fröhlich N, Held M, Gannott F, Schweiger M, Forster M, Scherf U, Zaumseil J. Polymer-sorted semiconducting carbon nanotube networks for high-performance ambipolar field-effect transistors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:682-9. [PMID: 25493421 PMCID: PMC4344370 DOI: 10.1021/am506971b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Efficient selection of semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) from as-grown nanotube samples is crucial for their application as printable and flexible semiconductors in field-effect transistors (FETs). In this study, we use atactic poly(9-dodecyl-9-methyl-fluorene) (a-PF-1-12), a polyfluorene derivative with asymmetric side-chains, for the selective dispersion of semiconducting SWNTs with large diameters (>1 nm) from plasma torch-grown SWNTs. Lowering the molecular weight of the dispersing polymer leads to a significant improvement of selectivity. Combining dense semiconducting SWNT networks deposited from an enriched SWNT dispersion with a polymer/metal-oxide hybrid dielectric enables transistors with balanced ambipolar, contact resistance-corrected mobilities of up to 50 cm(2)·V(-1)·s(-1), low ohmic contact resistance, steep subthreshold swings (0.12-0.14 V/dec) and high on/off ratios (10(6)) even for short channel lengths (<10 μm). These FETs operate at low voltages (<3 V) and show almost no current hysteresis. The resulting ambipolar complementary-like inverters exhibit gains up to 61.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan P. Schießl
- Department of Materials
Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen D-91058, Germany
| | - Nils Fröhlich
- Chemistry
Department and Institute for Polymertechnology, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal D-42119, Germany
| | - Martin Held
- Department of Materials
Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen D-91058, Germany
| | - Florentina Gannott
- Department of Materials
Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen D-91058, Germany
| | - Manuel Schweiger
- Department of Materials
Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen D-91058, Germany
| | - Michael Forster
- Chemistry
Department and Institute for Polymertechnology, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal D-42119, Germany
| | - Ullrich Scherf
- Chemistry
Department and Institute for Polymertechnology, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal D-42119, Germany
| | - Jana Zaumseil
- Department of Materials
Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen D-91058, Germany
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
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71
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Kumar P, Mungse HP, Khatri OP, Jain SL. Nitrogen-doped graphene-supported copper complex: a novel photocatalyst for CO2 reduction under visible light irradiation. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra05319f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen-doped graphene immobilized with copper(ii) complex (GrN700–CuC) is demonstrated to be an efficient photocatalyst for CO2 reduction into methanol under visible light irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Kumar
- Chemical Sciences Division
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum
- Dehradun-248005
- India
| | - Harshal P. Mungse
- Chemical Sciences Division
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum
- Dehradun-248005
- India
| | - Om P. Khatri
- Chemical Sciences Division
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum
- Dehradun-248005
- India
| | - Suman L. Jain
- Chemical Sciences Division
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum
- Dehradun-248005
- India
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72
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Jang HK, Jin JE, Choi JH, Kang PS, Kim DH, Kim GT. Electrical percolation thresholds of semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotube networks in field-effect transistors. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:6874-80. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp05964f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We related the network density of semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotube networks at the percolation threshold to their electrical characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Kyun Jang
- School of Electrical Engineering
- Korea University
- 136-713 Seoul
- Korea
| | - Jun Eon Jin
- School of Electrical Engineering
- Korea University
- 136-713 Seoul
- Korea
| | - Jun Hee Choi
- School of Electrical Engineering
- Korea University
- 136-713 Seoul
- Korea
| | - Pil-Soo Kang
- School of Electrical Engineering
- Korea University
- 136-713 Seoul
- Korea
| | - Do-Hyun Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering
- Korea University
- 136-713 Seoul
- Korea
| | - Gyu Tae Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering
- Korea University
- 136-713 Seoul
- Korea
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73
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Du F, Felts JR, Xie X, Song J, Li Y, Rosenberger MR, Islam AE, Jin SH, Dunham SN, Zhang C, Wilson WL, Huang Y, King WP, Rogers JA. Laser-induced nanoscale thermocapillary flow for purification of aligned arrays of single-walled carbon nanotubes. ACS NANO 2014; 8:12641-12649. [PMID: 25495504 DOI: 10.1021/nn505566r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Although aligned arrays of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) have outstanding potential for use in broad classes of advanced semiconductor devices, the relatively large population of metallic SWNTs (m-SWNTs) that results from conventional growth techniques leads to significantly degraded performance. Recently reported methods based on thermocapillary effects that enable removal of m-SWNTs from such arrays offer exceptional levels of efficiency, but the procedures are cumbersome and require multiple processing steps. Here we present a simple, robust alternative that yields pristine arrays of purely semiconducting SWNTs (s-SWNTs) by use of irradiation with an infrared laser. Selective absorption by m-SWNTs coated with a thin organic film initiates nanoscale thermocapillary flows that lead to exposure only of the m-SWNTs. Reactive ion etching eliminates the m-SWNTs without damaging the s-SWNTs; removal of the film completes the purification. Systematic experimental studies and computational modeling of the thermal physics illuminates the essential aspects of this process. Demonstrations include use of arrays of s-SWNTs formed in this manner as semiconducting channel materials in statistically relevant numbers of transistors to achieve both high mobilities (>900 cm2 V(-1) s(-1)) and switching ratios (>10(4)). Statistical analysis indicates that the arrays contain at least 99.8% s-SWNTs and likely significantly higher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Du
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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74
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Microwave purification of large-area horizontally aligned arrays of single-walled carbon nanotubes. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5332. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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75
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Samanta SK, Fritsch M, Scherf U, Gomulya W, Bisri SZ, Loi MA. Conjugated polymer-assisted dispersion of single-wall carbon nanotubes: the power of polymer wrapping. Acc Chem Res 2014; 47:2446-56. [PMID: 25025887 DOI: 10.1021/ar500141j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The future application of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) in electronic (nano)devices is closely coupled to the availability of pure, semiconducting SWNTs and preferably, their defined positioning on suited substrates. Commercial carbon nanotube raw mixtures contain metallic as well as semiconducting tubes of different diameter and chirality. Although many techniques such as density gradient ultracentrifugation, dielectrophoresis, and dispersion by surfactants or polar biopolymers have been developed, so-called conjugated polymer wrapping is one of the most promising and powerful purification and discrimination strategies. The procedure involves debundling and dispersion of SWNTs by wrapping semiflexible conjugated polymers, such as poly(9,9-dialkylfluorene)s (PFx) or regioregular poly(3-alkylthiophene)s (P3AT), around the SWNTs, and is accompanied by SWNT discrimination by diameter and chirality. Thereby, the π-conjugated backbone of the conjugated polymers interacts with the two-dimensional, graphene-like π-electron surface of the nanotubes and the solubilizing alkyl side chains of optimal length support debundling and dispersion in organic solvents. Careful structural design of the conjugated polymers allows for a selective and preferential dispersion of both small and large diameter SWNTs or SWNTs of specific chirality. As an example, with polyfluorenes as dispersing agents, it was shown that alkyl chain length of eight carbons are favored for the dispersion of SWNTs with diameters of 0.8-1.2 nm and longer alkyls with 12-15 carbons can efficiently interact with nanotubes of increased diameter up to 1.5 nm. Polar side chains at the PF backbone produce dispersions with increased SWNT concentration but, unfortunately, cause reduction in selectivity. The selectivity of the dispersion process can be monitored by a combination of absorption, photoluminescence, and photoluminescence excitation spectroscopy, allowing identification of nanotubes with specific coordinates [(n,m) indices]. The polymer wrapping strategy enables the generation of SWNT dispersions containing exclusively semiconducting nanotubes. Toward the applications in electronic devices, until now most applied approach is a direct processing of such SWNT dispersions into the active layer of network-type thin film field effect transistors. However, to achieve promising transistor performance (high mobility and on-off ratio) careful removal of the wrapping polymer chains seems crucial, for example, by washing or ultracentrifugation. More defined positioning of the SWNTs can be accomplished in directed self-assembly procedures. One possible strategy uses diblock copolymers containing a conjugated polymer block as dispersing moiety and a second block for directed self-assembly, for example, a DNA block for specific interaction with complementary DNA strands. Another strategy utilizes reactive side chains for controlled anchoring onto patterned surfaces (e.g., by interaction of thiol-terminated alkyl side chains with gold surfaces). A further promising application of purified SWNT dispersions is the field of organic (all-carbon) or hybrid solar cell devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Kalyan Samanta
- Chemistry
Department and Institute for Polymer Technology, Wuppertal University, Gauss-Strasse 20, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Martin Fritsch
- Chemistry
Department and Institute for Polymer Technology, Wuppertal University, Gauss-Strasse 20, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Ullrich Scherf
- Chemistry
Department and Institute for Polymer Technology, Wuppertal University, Gauss-Strasse 20, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Widianta Gomulya
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials University of Groningen Nijenborgh
4, Groningen 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Satria Zulkarnaen Bisri
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials University of Groningen Nijenborgh
4, Groningen 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Antonietta Loi
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials University of Groningen Nijenborgh
4, Groningen 9747 AG, The Netherlands
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76
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Kim DH, Jin JE, Piao M, Choi JH, Kim GT. Electrical percolation characteristics of metallic single-walled carbon nanotube networks by vacancy evolution. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:18370-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp02337d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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77
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Shulaker MM, Van Rethy J, Wu TF, Liyanage LS, Wei H, Li Z, Pop E, Gielen G, Wong HSP, Mitra S. Carbon nanotube circuit integration up to sub-20 nm channel lengths. ACS NANO 2014; 8:3434-3443. [PMID: 24654597 DOI: 10.1021/nn406301r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotube (CNT) field-effect transistors (CNFETs) are a promising emerging technology projected to achieve over an order of magnitude improvement in energy-delay product, a metric of performance and energy efficiency, compared to silicon-based circuits. However, due to substantial imperfections inherent with CNTs, the promise of CNFETs has yet to be fully realized. Techniques to overcome these imperfections have yielded promising results, but thus far only at large technology nodes (1 μm device size). Here we demonstrate the first very large scale integration (VLSI)-compatible approach to realizing CNFET digital circuits at highly scaled technology nodes, with devices ranging from 90 nm to sub-20 nm channel lengths. We demonstrate inverters functioning at 1 MHz and a fully integrated CNFET infrared light sensor and interface circuit at 32 nm channel length. This demonstrates the feasibility of realizing more complex CNFET circuits at highly scaled technology nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Marcel Shulaker
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
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78
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Joo Y, Brady GJ, Arnold MS, Gopalan P. Dose-controlled, floating evaporative self-assembly and alignment of semiconducting carbon nanotubes from organic solvents. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:3460-6. [PMID: 24580418 DOI: 10.1021/la500162x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Arrays of aligned semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (s-SWCNTs) with exceptional electronic-type purity were deposited at high deposition velocity of 5 mm min(-1) by a novel "dose-controlled, floating evaporative self-assembly" process with excellent control over the placement of stripes and quantity of s-SWCNTs deposited. This approach uses the diffusion of organic solvent on the water-air interface to deposit aligned s-SWCNT (99.9%) tubes on a partially submerged hydrophobic substrate, which is withdrawn vertically from the surface of water. By decoupling the s-SWCNT stripe formation from the evaporation of the bulk solution and by iteratively applying the s-SWCNTs in controlled "doses", we show through polarized Raman studies that the s-SWCNTs are aligned within ±14°, are packed at a density of ∼50 s-SWCNTs μm(-1), and constitute primarily a well-ordered monodispersed layer. The resulting field-effect transistor devices show high performance with a mobility of 38 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1) and on/off ratio of 2.2 × 10(6) at 9 μm channel length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongho Joo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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79
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Wang H, Koleilat GI, Liu P, Jiménez-Osés G, Lai YC, Vosgueritchian M, Fang Y, Park S, Houk KN, Bao Z. High-yield sorting of small-diameter carbon nanotubes for solar cells and transistors. ACS NANO 2014; 8:2609-17. [PMID: 24484388 DOI: 10.1021/nn406256y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We describe herein a high-yield method to selectively disperse semiconducting CoMoCAT (CO disproportionation on Co-Mo catalysts) single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) with regioregular poly(3-alkylthiophenes) polymers. We observed that the dispersion yield was directly related to the length of the polymer's alkyl side chains. Molecular dynamics simulations in explicit toluene (real toluene molecules) indicate that polythiophenes with longer alkyl side chains bind strongly to SWNTs, due to the increased overall surface contact area with the nanotube. Furthermore, the sorting process selectively enriches smaller-diameter CoMoCAT SWNTs with larger bandgaps, which is ideal for solar cell applications. Compared to the larger diameter sorted HiPco (High-Pressure CO) SWNTs, solar cells fabricated using our sorted CoMoCAT SWNTs demonstrated higher open-circuit voltage (Voc) and infrared external quantum efficiency (EQE). The Voc achieved is the highest reported for solar cells based on SWNT absorbers under simulated AM1.5 solar illumination. Additionally, we employed the sorted CoMoCAT SWNTs to fabricate thin film transistors with excellent uniformity and device performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiliang Wang
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
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80
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Ding J, Li Z, Lefebvre J, Cheng F, Dubey G, Zou S, Finnie P, Hrdina A, Scoles L, Lopinski GP, Kingston CT, Simard B, Malenfant PRL. Enrichment of large-diameter semiconducting SWCNTs by polyfluorene extraction for high network density thin film transistors. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:2328-39. [PMID: 24418869 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr05511f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
A systematic study on the use of 9,9-dialkylfluorene homopolymers (PFs) for large-diameter semiconducting (sc-) single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) enrichment is the focus of this report. The enrichment is based on a simple three-step extraction process: (1) dispersion of as-produced SWCNTs in a PF solution; (2) centrifugation at a low speed to separate the enriched sc-tubes; (3) filtration to collect the enriched sc-SWCNTs and remove excess polymer. The effect of the extraction conditions on the purity and yield including molecular weight and alkyl side-chain length of the polymers, SWCNT concentration, and polymer/SWCNT ratio have been examined. It was observed that PFs with alkyl chain lengths of C10, C12, C14, and C18, all have an excellent capability to enrich laser-ablation sc-SWCNTs when their molecular weight is larger than ∼10 000 Da. More detailed studies were therefore carried out with the C12 polymer, poly(9,9-di-n-dodecylfluorene), PFDD. It was found that a high polymer/SWCNT ratio leads to an enhanced yield but a reduced sc-purity. A ratio of 0.5-1.0 gives an excellent sc-purity and a yield of 5-10% in a single extraction as assessed by UV-vis-NIR absorption spectra. The yield can also be promoted by multiple extractions while maintaining high sc-purity. Mechanistic experiments involving time-lapse dispersion studies reveal that m-SWCNTs have a lower propensity to be dispersed, yielding a sc-SWCNT enriched material in the supernatant. Dispersion stability studies with partially enriched sc-SWCNT material further reveal that m-SWCNTs : PFDD complexes will re-aggregate faster than sc-SWCNTs : PFDD complexes, providing further sc-SWCNT enrichment. This result confirms that the enrichment was due to the much tighter bundles in raw materials and the more rapid bundling in dispersion of the m-SWCNTs. The sc-purity is also confirmed by Raman spectroscopy and photoluminescence excitation (PLE) mapping. The latter shows that the enriched sc-SWCNT sample has a narrow chirality and diameter distribution dominated by the (10,9) species with d = 1.29 nm. The enriched sc-SWCNTs allow a simple drop-casting method to form a dense nanotube network on SiO2/Si substrates, leading to thin film transistors (TFTs) with an average mobility of 27 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1) and an average on/off current ratio of 1.8 × 10(6) when considering all 25 devices having 25 μm channel length prepared on a single chip. The results presented herein demonstrate how an easily scalable technique provides large-diameter sc-SWCNTs with high purity, further enabling the best TFT performance reported to date for conjugated polymer enriched sc-SWCNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfu Ding
- Security and Disruptive Technologies Portfolio, National Research Council Canada, M-12, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada.
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81
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Kim DH, Lee SY, Jin JE, Kim GT, Lee DJ. Electrical conductivity enhancement of metallic single-walled carbon nanotube networks by CoO decoration. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:6980-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp55409k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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82
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Wang Z, Liang S, Zhang Z, Liu H, Zhong H, Ye LH, Wang S, Zhou W, Liu J, Chen Y, Zhang J, Peng LM. Scalable fabrication of ambipolar transistors and radio-frequency circuits using aligned carbon nanotube arrays. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:645-652. [PMID: 24458579 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201302793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxing Wang
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, and Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, PR China
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83
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Hammock ML, Chortos A, Tee BCK, Tok JBH, Bao Z. 25th anniversary article: The evolution of electronic skin (e-skin): a brief history, design considerations, and recent progress. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2013; 25:5997-6038. [PMID: 24151185 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201302240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 882] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 06/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Human skin is a remarkable organ. It consists of an integrated, stretchable network of sensors that relay information about tactile and thermal stimuli to the brain, allowing us to maneuver within our environment safely and effectively. Interest in large-area networks of electronic devices inspired by human skin is motivated by the promise of creating autonomous intelligent robots and biomimetic prosthetics, among other applications. The development of electronic networks comprised of flexible, stretchable, and robust devices that are compatible with large-area implementation and integrated with multiple functionalities is a testament to the progress in developing an electronic skin (e-skin) akin to human skin. E-skins are already capable of providing augmented performance over their organic counterpart, both in superior spatial resolution and thermal sensitivity. They could be further improved through the incorporation of additional functionalities (e.g., chemical and biological sensing) and desired properties (e.g., biodegradability and self-powering). Continued rapid progress in this area is promising for the development of a fully integrated e-skin in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallory L Hammock
- Department of Chemical Engineering, 381 N. South Axis, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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84
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Sakurai S, Inaguma M, Futaba DN, Yumura M, Hata K. Diameter and density control of single-walled carbon nanotube forests by modulating Ostwald ripening through decoupling the catalyst formation and growth processes. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2013; 9:3584-3592. [PMID: 23625816 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201300223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A continuous and wide range control of the diameter (1.9-3.2 nm) and density (0.03-0.11 g cm(-3) ) of single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) forests is demonstrated by decoupling the catalyst formation and SWNT growth processes. Specifically, by managing the catalyst formation temperature and H2 exposure, the redistribution of the Fe catalyst thin film into nanoparticles is controlled while a fixed growth condition preserved the growth yield. The diameter and density are inversely correlated, where low/high density forests would consist of large/small diameter SWNTs, which is proposed as a general rule for the structural control of SWNT forests. The catalyst formation process is modeled by considering the competing processes, Ostwald ripening, and subsurface diffusion, where the dominant mechanism is found to be Ostwald ripening. Specifically, H2 exposure increases catalyst surface energy and decreases diameter, while increased temperature leads to increased diffusion on the surface and an increase in diameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Sakurai
- Nanotube Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5, 1-1-1, Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan; Technology Research Association for Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes (TASC), Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
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85
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Cao Q, Han SJ. Single-walled carbon nanotubes for high-performance electronics. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:8852-8863. [PMID: 23921893 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr02966b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) could replace silicon in high-performance electronics with their exceptional electrical properties and intrinsic ultra-thin body. During the past five years, the major focus of this field is gradually shifting from proof-of-concept prototyping in academia to technology development in industry with emphasis on manufacturability and integration issues. This article reviews recent advances, starting with experimental and modeling works that evaluate the potential of adopting SWNTs in ultimately scaled transistors. Techniques to separate nanotubes according to their electronic types and assemble them into aligned arrays are then discussed, followed by a description of the engineering aspects in their implementation in integrated circuits and systems. A concluding discussion provides some perspectives on future challenges and research opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Cao
- IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA.
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86
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Sun X, Sun H, Li H, Peng H. Developing polymer composite materials: carbon nanotubes or graphene? ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2013; 25:5153-76. [PMID: 23813859 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201301926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 05/19/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The formation of composite materials represents an efficient route to improve the performances of polymers and expand their application scopes. Due to the unique structure and remarkable mechanical, electrical, thermal, optical and catalytic properties, carbon nanotube and graphene have been mostly studied as a second phase to produce high performance polymer composites. Although carbon nanotube and graphene share some advantages in both structure and property, they are also different in many aspects including synthesis of composite material, control in composite structure and interaction with polymer molecule. The resulting composite materials are distinguished in property to meet different applications. This review article mainly describes the preparation, structure, property and application of the two families of composite materials with an emphasis on the difference between them. Some general and effective strategies are summarized for the development of polymer composite materials based on carbon nanotube and graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
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87
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Variability and Reliability of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Field Effect Transistors. ELECTRONICS 2013. [DOI: 10.3390/electronics2040332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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88
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Wang C, Takei K, Takahashi T, Javey A. Carbon nanotube electronics--moving forward. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:2592-609. [PMID: 23229523 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35325c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) possess fascinating electrical properties and offer new entries into a wide range of novel electronic applications that are unattainable with conventional Si-based devices. The field initially focused on the use of individual or parallel arrays of nanotubes as the channel material for ultra-scaled nanoelectronic devices. However, the challenge in the deterministic assembly has proven to be a major technological barrier. In recent years, solution deposition of semiconductor-enriched SWNT networks has been actively explored for high performance and uniform thin-film transistors (TFTs) on mechanically rigid and flexible substrates. This presents a unique niche for nanotube electronics by overcoming their limitations and taking full advantage of their superb chemical and physical properties. This review focuses on the large-area processing and electronic properties of SWNT TFTs. A wide range of applications in conformal integrated circuits, radio-frequency electronics, artificial skin sensors, and displays are discussed--with emphasis on large-area systems where nm-scale accuracy in the assembly of nanotubes is not required. The demonstrations show SWNTs' immense promise as a low-cost and scalable TFT technology for nonconventional electronic systems with excellent device performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Wang
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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89
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Jariwala D, Sangwan VK, Lauhon LJ, Marks TJ, Hersam MC. Carbon nanomaterials for electronics, optoelectronics, photovoltaics, and sensing. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:2824-60. [PMID: 23124307 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35335k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 572] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In the last three decades, zero-dimensional, one-dimensional, and two-dimensional carbon nanomaterials (i.e., fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, and graphene, respectively) have attracted significant attention from the scientific community due to their unique electronic, optical, thermal, mechanical, and chemical properties. While early work showed that these properties could enable high performance in selected applications, issues surrounding structural inhomogeneity and imprecise assembly have impeded robust and reliable implementation of carbon nanomaterials in widespread technologies. However, with recent advances in synthesis, sorting, and assembly techniques, carbon nanomaterials are experiencing renewed interest as the basis of numerous scalable technologies. Here, we present an extensive review of carbon nanomaterials in electronic, optoelectronic, photovoltaic, and sensing devices with a particular focus on the latest examples based on the highest purity samples. Specific attention is devoted to each class of carbon nanomaterial, thereby allowing comparative analysis of the suitability of fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, and graphene for each application area. In this manner, this article will provide guidance to future application developers and also articulate the remaining research challenges confronting this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deep Jariwala
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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90
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Jakubka F, Backes C, Gannott F, Mundloch U, Hauke F, Hirsch A, Zaumseil J. Mapping charge transport by electroluminescence in chirality-selected carbon nanotube networks. ACS NANO 2013; 7:7428-35. [PMID: 23915032 DOI: 10.1021/nn403419d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate random network single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) field-effect transistors (FETs) in bottom contact/top gate geometry with only five different semiconducting nanotube species that were selected by dispersion with poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene) in toluene. These FETs are highly ambipolar with balanced hole and electron mobilities and emit near-infrared light with narrow peak widths (<40 meV) and good efficiency. We spatially resolve the electroluminescence from the channel region during a gate voltage sweep and can thus trace charge transport paths through the SWNT thin film. A shift of emission intensity to large diameter nanotubes and gate-voltage-dependent photoluminescence quenching of the different nanotube species indicates excitation transfer within the network and preferential charge accumulation on small band gap nanotubes. Apart from applications as near-infrared emitters with selectable emission wavelengths and narrow line widths, these devices will help to understand and model charge transport in realistic carbon nanotube networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Jakubka
- Institute of Polymer Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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91
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Films of Carbon Nanomaterials for Transparent Conductors. MATERIALS 2013; 6:2155-2181. [PMID: 28809267 PMCID: PMC5458954 DOI: 10.3390/ma6062155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The demand for transparent conductors is expected to grow rapidly as electronic devices, such as touch screens, displays, solid state lighting and photovoltaics become ubiquitous in our lives. Doped metal oxides, especially indium tin oxide, are the commonly used materials for transparent conductors. As there are some drawbacks to this class of materials, exploration of alternative materials has been conducted. There is an interest in films of carbon nanomaterials such as, carbon nanotubes and graphene as they exhibit outstanding properties. This article reviews the synthesis and assembly of these films and their post-treatment. These processes determine the film performance and understanding of this platform will be useful for future work to improve the film performance.
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92
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Jin SH, Dunham SN, Song J, Xie X, Kim JH, Lu C, Islam A, Du F, Kim J, Felts J, Li Y, Xiong F, Wahab MA, Menon M, Cho E, Grosse KL, Lee DJ, Chung HU, Pop E, Alam MA, King WP, Huang Y, Rogers JA. Using nanoscale thermocapillary flows to create arrays of purely semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 8:347-55. [PMID: 23624697 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2013.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Among the remarkable variety of semiconducting nanomaterials that have been discovered over the past two decades, single-walled carbon nanotubes remain uniquely well suited for applications in high-performance electronics, sensors and other technologies. The most advanced opportunities demand the ability to form perfectly aligned, horizontal arrays of purely semiconducting, chemically pristine carbon nanotubes. Here, we present strategies that offer this capability. Nanoscale thermocapillary flows in thin-film organic coatings followed by reactive ion etching serve as highly efficient means for selectively removing metallic carbon nanotubes from electronically heterogeneous aligned arrays grown on quartz substrates. The low temperatures and unusual physics associated with this process enable robust, scalable operation, with clear potential for practical use. We carry out detailed experimental and theoretical studies to reveal all of the essential attributes of the underlying thermophysical phenomena. We demonstrate use of the purified arrays in transistors that achieve mobilities exceeding 1,000 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1) and on/off switching ratios of ∼10,000 with current outputs in the milliamp range. Simple logic gates built using such devices represent the first steps toward integration into more complex circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Hun Jin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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93
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Zhang D, Yang J, Li Y. Spectroscopic characterization of the chiral structure of individual single-walled carbon nanotubes and the edge structure of isolated graphene nanoribbons. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2013; 9:1284-1304. [PMID: 23529997 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201202986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The chiral structure of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) and the edge structure of graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) play an important role in determining their electronic and phonon structures. Spectroscopic methods, which require simple sample preparation and cause minimal sample damage, are the most commonly utilized techniques for determining the structures of SWNTs and graphene. In this review the current status of various spectroscopic methods are presented in detail, including resonance Raman, photoluminescence (PL), and Rayleigh scattering spectroscopies, for determination of the chiral structure of individual SWNTs and the edge structure of isolated graphene, especially of graphene nanoribbons. The different photophysical processes involved in each spectroscopic method are reviewed to achieve a comprehensive understanding of the electronic and phonon properties of SWNTs and graphene. The advantages and limitations of each spectroscopic method as well as the challenges in this area are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daqi Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
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94
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Anderson A, Lu* F, Meziani* MJ, Sun* YP. Metallic Single-walled Carbon Nanotubes for Electrically Conductive Materials and Devices. CARBON NANOTUBE-POLYMER COMPOSITES 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849736817-00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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95
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Wahab MA, Jin SH, Islam AE, Kim J, Kim JH, Yeo WH, Lee DJ, Chung HU, Rogers JA, Alam MA. Electrostatic dimension of aligned-array carbon nanotube field-effect transistors. ACS NANO 2013; 7:1299-1308. [PMID: 23320505 DOI: 10.1021/nn304794w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Accurate electrostatics modeling of nanotubes (NTs)/nanowires (NWs) has significant implications for the ultimate scalability of aligned-array NT/NW field-effect transistors (FETs). The analysis to date has focused on limits of capacitive coupling between the 1D channel and 2D gate that is strictly relevant only in the linear response operation of NT/NW-FETs. Moreover, the techniques of electrostatic doping by independent gates that cover only part of the channel are widely used, but the nature of its electrostatic coupling has not been explored. In this paper, we use a three-dimensional, self-consistent model for NT/NW-FETs to interpret the essence of electrostatic coupling with complex configuration of electrode geometries. The interplay between 3D electric fields and its 1D termination onto the NTs/NWs suggests surprising complexity of electrostatic interaction not captured in simpler models. This coupling can change the performance metrics such as ON and OFF currents by orders of magnitude depending on (1) NT/NW density, (2) bias voltage, and (3) gate overlap length. Remarkably, this parasitic coupling persists regardless of the gate oxide thickness, changes in dielectric constant, and/or the width of the diameter distribution of NTs/NWs. The predictions of the model are systematically validated by a series of experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad A Wahab
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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96
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Choi SJ, Bennett P, Takei K, Wang C, Lo CC, Javey A, Bokor J. Short-channel transistors constructed with solution-processed carbon nanotubes. ACS NANO 2013; 7:798-803. [PMID: 23259742 DOI: 10.1021/nn305277d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We develop short-channel transistors using solution-processed single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) to evaluate the feasibility of those SWNTs for high-performance applications. Our results show that even though the intrinsic field-effect mobility is lower than the mobility of CVD nanotubes, the electrical contact between the nanotube and metal electrodes is not significantly affected. It is this contact resistance which often limits the performance of ultrascaled transistors. Moreover, we found that the contact resistance is lowered by the introduction of oxygen treatment. Therefore, high-performance solution-processed nanotube transistors with a 15 nm channel length were obtained by combining a top-gate structure and gate insulators made of a high-dielectric-constant ZrO(2) film. The combination of these elements yields a performance comparable to that obtained with CVD nanotube transistors, which indicates the potential for using solution-processed SWNTs for future aggressively scaled transistor technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Jin Choi
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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97
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Ibrahim I, Bachmatiuk A, Grimm D, Popov A, Makharza S, Knupfer M, Büchner B, Cuniberti G, Rümmeli MH. Understanding high-yield catalyst-free growth of horizontally aligned single-walled carbon nanotubes nucleated by activated C60 species. ACS NANO 2012; 6:10825-10834. [PMID: 23186015 DOI: 10.1021/nn304189y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of the catalyst-free growth of single-walled carbon nanotubes by chemical vapor deposition is limited. Toward improving our knowledge base, we conducted systematic investigations into the initial preparation of C(60) fullerenes as nucleation precursors for single-wall and even double-wall carbon nanotube fabrication. The role of the dispersing media is shown to be crucial and is related to the initial fullerene cluster size. Oxygen-based groups, in particular, epoxy groups, are shown to be vital prior to actual growth. Moreover, the presence of oxygen groups during the growth phase is necessary for tube development. We also demonstrate the possibility of fabricating the tubes in crossbar configurations with bespoke crossing angles in a single synthesis step, unlike other routes which require at least two synthesis steps. The systematic studies significantly advance our understanding of the growth mechanisms involved in all-carbon catalyst-free growth of single- and double-walled carbon nanotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imad Ibrahim
- IFW-Dresden e.V., PF 270116, 01171 Dresden, Germany
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98
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Lu R, Christianson C, Kirkeminde A, Ren S, Wu J. Extraordinary photocurrent harvesting at type-II heterojunction interfaces: toward high detectivity carbon nanotube infrared detectors. NANO LETTERS 2012; 12:6244-6249. [PMID: 23130570 DOI: 10.1021/nl303302p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Despite the potentials and the efforts put in the development of uncooled carbon nanotube infrared detectors during the past two decades, their figure-of-merit detectivity remains orders of magnitude lower than that of conventional semiconductor counterparts due to the lack of efficient exciton dissociation schemes. In this paper, we report an extraordinary photocurrent harvesting configuration at a semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotube (s-SWCNT)/polymer type-II heterojunction interface, which provides highly efficient exciton dissociation through the intrinsic energy offset by designing the s-SWCNT/polymer interface band alignment. This results in significantly enhanced near-infrared detectivity of 2.3 × 10(8) cm·Hz(1/2)/W, comparable to that of the many conventional uncooled infrared detectors. With further optimization, the s-SWCNT/polymer nanohybrid uncooled infrared detectors could be highly competitive for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongtao Lu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States.
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99
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Zhu Y, Li L, Zhang C, Casillas G, Sun Z, Yan Z, Ruan G, Peng Z, Raji ARO, Kittrell C, Hauge RH, Tour JM. A seamless three-dimensional carbon nanotube graphene hybrid material. Nat Commun 2012. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 414] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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100
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Xie X, Islam AE, Wahab MA, Ye L, Ho X, Alam MA, Rogers JA. Electroluminescence in aligned arrays of single-wall carbon nanotubes with asymmetric contacts. ACS NANO 2012; 6:7981-7988. [PMID: 22866943 DOI: 10.1021/nn3025496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
High quantum efficiencies and low current thresholds are important properties for all classes of semiconductor light emitting devices (LEDs), including nanoscale emitters based on single wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). Among the various configurations that can be considered in SWNT LEDs, two terminal geometries with asymmetric metal contacts offer the simplest solution. In this paper, we study, experimentally and theoretically, the mechanisms of electroluminescence in devices that adopt this design and incorporate perfectly aligned, horizontal arrays of individual SWNTs. The results suggest that exciton mediated electron-hole recombination near the lower work-function contact is the dominant source of photon emission. High current thresholds for electroluminescence in these devices result from diffusion and quenching of excitons near the metal contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Xie
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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