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Xia XJ, Gao CJ, Song LX, Zhou YH, Shi K, Yu JQ. Role of H2O2 dynamics in brassinosteroid-induced stomatal closure and opening in Solanum lycopersicum. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2014; 37:2036-50. [PMID: 24428600 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are essential for plant growth and development; however, their roles in the regulation of stomatal opening or closure remain obscure. Here, the mechanism underlying BR-induced stomatal movements is studied. The effects of 24-epibrassinolide (EBR) on the stomatal apertures of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) were measured by light microscopy using epidermal strips of wild type (WT), the abscisic acid (ABA)-deficient notabilis (not) mutant, and plants silenced for SlBRI1, SlRBOH1 and SlGSH1. EBR induced stomatal opening within an appropriate range of concentrations, whereas high concentrations of EBR induced stomatal closure. EBR-induced stomatal movements were closely related to dynamic changes in H(2)O(2) and redox status in guard cells. The stomata of SlRBOH1-silenced plants showed a significant loss of sensitivity to EBR. However, ABA deficiency abolished EBR-induced stomatal closure but did not affect EBR-induced stomatal opening. Silencing of SlGSH1, the critical gene involved in glutathione biosynthesis, disrupted glutathione redox homeostasis and abolished EBR-induced stomatal opening. The results suggest that transient H(2)O(2) production is essential for poising the cellular redox status of glutathione, which plays an important role in BR-induced stomatal opening. However, a prolonged increase in H(2)O(2) facilitated ABA signalling and stomatal closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jian Xia
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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Cao Y, Tanaka K, Nguyen CT, Stacey G. Extracellular ATP is a central signaling molecule in plant stress responses. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 20:82-7. [PMID: 24865948 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2014.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Because of their sessile nature, plants have developed a number of sophisticated signaling systems to adapt to environmental changes. Previous research has shown that extracellular ATP is an important signaling molecule used by plants and functions in a variety of processes, including growth, development, and stress responses. Recently, DORN1 was identified as the first plant purinoceptor, essential for the plant response to ATP. The identification of the receptor is a milestone for our overall understanding of various physiological events regulated by extracellular ATP. In this review, we will discuss the possible roles of DORN1 providing future direction for research into the role of extracellular ATP in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangrong Cao
- Divisions of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, C.S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Kiwamu Tanaka
- Divisions of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, C.S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Cuong T Nguyen
- Divisions of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, C.S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Gary Stacey
- Divisions of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, C.S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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Clark GB, Morgan RO, Fernandez MP, Salmi ML, Roux SJ. Breakthroughs spotlighting roles for extracellular nucleotides and apyrases in stress responses and growth and development. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 225:107-116. [PMID: 25017166 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Animal and plant cells release nucleotides into their extracellular matrix when touched, wounded, and when their plasma membranes are stretched during delivery of secretory vesicles and growth. These released nucleotides then function as signaling agents that induce rapid increases in the concentration of cytosolic calcium, nitric oxide and superoxide. These, in turn, are transduced into downstream physiological changes. These changes in plants include changes in the growth of diverse tissues, in gravitropism, and in the opening and closing of stomates. The concentration of extracellular nucleotides is controlled by various phosphatases, prominent among which are apyrases EC 3.6.1.5 (nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases, NTPDases). This review provides phylogenetic and pHMM analyses of plant apyrases as well as analysis of predicted post-translational modifications for Arabidopsis apyrases. This review also summarizes and discusses recent advances in research on the roles of apyrases and extracellular nucleotides in controlling plant growth and development. These include new findings that document how apyrases and extracellular nucleotides control auxin transport, modulate stomatal aperture, and mediate biotic and abiotic stress responses, and on how apyrase suppression leads to growth inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg B Clark
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78713, USA
| | - Reginald O Morgan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine and University Institute of Biotechnology of Asturias, University of Oviedo, E-33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Maria-Pilar Fernandez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine and University Institute of Biotechnology of Asturias, University of Oviedo, E-33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Mari L Salmi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78713, USA
| | - Stanley J Roux
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78713, USA.
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Roux SJ. A start point for extracellular nucleotide signaling. MOLECULAR PLANT 2014; 7:937-938. [PMID: 24618880 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssu023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stanley J Roux
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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55
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Nucleotides and Nucleosides: Transport, Metabolism, and Signaling Function of Extracellular ATP. PROGRESS IN BOTANY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-38797-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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56
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Tanaka K, Choi J, Cao Y, Stacey G. Extracellular ATP acts as a damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) signal in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:446. [PMID: 25232361 PMCID: PMC4153020 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
As sessile organisms, plants have evolved effective mechanisms to protect themselves from environmental stresses. Damaged (i.e., wounded) plants recognize a variety of endogenous molecules as danger signals, referred to as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). ATP is among the molecules that are released by cell damage, and recent evidence suggests that ATP can serve as a DAMP. Although little studied in plants, extracellular ATP is well known for its signaling roles in animals, including acting as a DAMP during the inflammatory response and wound healing. If ATP acts outside the cell, then it is reasonable to expect that it is recognized by a plasma membrane-localized receptor. Recently, DORN1, a lectin receptor kinase, was shown to recognize extracellular ATP in Arabidopsis. DORN1 is the founding member of a new purinoceptor subfamily, P2K (P2 receptor kinase), which is plant-specific. P2K1 (DORN1) is required for ATP-induced cellular responses (e.g., cytosolic Ca(2+) elevation, MAPK phosphorylation, and gene expression). Genetic analysis of loss-of-function mutants and overexpression lines showed that P2K1 participates in the plant wound response, consistent with the role of ATP as a DAMP. In this review, we summarize past research on the roles and mechanisms of extracellular ATP signaling in plants, and discuss the direction of future research on extracellular ATP as a DAMP signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiwamu Tanaka
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State UniversityPullman, WA, USA
- *Correspondence: Kiwamu Tanaka, Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, P.O. BOX 646430, Pullman, WA 99164, USA e-mail:
| | - Jeongmin Choi
- Division of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
| | - Yangrong Cao
- Division of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
| | - Gary Stacey
- Division of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
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57
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Tanaka K, Choi J, Cao Y, Stacey G. Extracellular ATP acts as a damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) signal in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014. [PMID: 25232361 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00446.ecollection] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
As sessile organisms, plants have evolved effective mechanisms to protect themselves from environmental stresses. Damaged (i.e., wounded) plants recognize a variety of endogenous molecules as danger signals, referred to as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). ATP is among the molecules that are released by cell damage, and recent evidence suggests that ATP can serve as a DAMP. Although little studied in plants, extracellular ATP is well known for its signaling roles in animals, including acting as a DAMP during the inflammatory response and wound healing. If ATP acts outside the cell, then it is reasonable to expect that it is recognized by a plasma membrane-localized receptor. Recently, DORN1, a lectin receptor kinase, was shown to recognize extracellular ATP in Arabidopsis. DORN1 is the founding member of a new purinoceptor subfamily, P2K (P2 receptor kinase), which is plant-specific. P2K1 (DORN1) is required for ATP-induced cellular responses (e.g., cytosolic Ca(2+) elevation, MAPK phosphorylation, and gene expression). Genetic analysis of loss-of-function mutants and overexpression lines showed that P2K1 participates in the plant wound response, consistent with the role of ATP as a DAMP. In this review, we summarize past research on the roles and mechanisms of extracellular ATP signaling in plants, and discuss the direction of future research on extracellular ATP as a DAMP signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiwamu Tanaka
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Jeongmin Choi
- Division of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Yangrong Cao
- Division of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Gary Stacey
- Division of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri Columbia, MO, USA
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Clark G, Darwin C, Mehta V, Jackobs F, Perry T, Hougaard K, Roux S. Effects of chemical inhibitors and apyrase enzyme further document a role for apyrases and extracellular ATP in the opening and closing of stomates in Arabidopsis. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2013; 8:e26093. [PMID: 23989340 PMCID: PMC4106450 DOI: 10.4161/psb.26093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis leaves there is a bi-phasic dose-response to applied nucleotides; i.e., lower concentrations induce stomatal opening, while higher concentrations induce closure. Two mammalian purinoceptor antagonists, PPADS and RB2, block both nucleotide-induced stomatal opening and closing. These antagonists also partially block ABA-induced stomatal closure and light-induced stomatal opening. There are two closely related Arabidopsis apyrases, AtAPY1 and AtAPY2, which are both expressed in guard cells. Here we report that low levels of apyrase chemical inhibitors can induce stomatal opening in the dark, while apyrase enzyme blocks ABA-induced stomatal closure. We also demonstrate that high concentrations of ATP induce stomatal closure in the light. Application of ATPγS and chemical apyrase inhibitors at concentrations that have no effect on stomatal closure can lower the threshold for ABA-induced closure. The closure induced by ATPγS was not observed in gpa1-3 loss-of-function mutants. These results further confirm the role of extracellular ATP in regulating stomatal apertures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Clark
- Section of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology; University of Texas; Austin, TX USA
| | - Cameron Darwin
- 1Section of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology; University of Texas; Austin, TX USA
| | - Viraj Mehta
- 1Section of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology; University of Texas; Austin, TX USA
| | - Faith Jackobs
- 1Section of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology; University of Texas; Austin, TX USA
| | - Tyler Perry
- 1Section of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology; University of Texas; Austin, TX USA
| | - Katia Hougaard
- 1Section of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology; University of Texas; Austin, TX USA
| | - Stan Roux
- Section of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology; University of Texas; Austin, TX USA
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59
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Salmi ML, Clark G, Roux SJ. Current status and proposed roles for nitric oxide as a key mediator of the effects of extracellular nucleotides on plant growth. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:427. [PMID: 24298275 PMCID: PMC3829461 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Recent data indicate that nucleotides are released into the extracellular matrix during plant cell growth, and that these extracellular nucleotides induce signaling changes that can, in a dose-dependent manner, increase or decrease the cell growth. After activation of a presumed receptor, the earliest signaling change induced by extracellular nucleotides is an increase in the concentration of cytosolic Ca(2+), but rapidly following this change is an increase in the cellular level of nitric oxide (NO). In Arabidopsis, mutants deficient in nitrate reductase activity (nia1nia2) have drastically reduced nitric oxide production and cannot transduce the effects of applied nucleotides into growth changes. Both increased levels of extracellular nucleotides and increased NO production inhibit auxin transport and inhibit growth, and these effects are potentially due to disruption of the localization and/or function of auxin transport facilitators. However, because NO- and auxin-induced signaling pathways can intersect at multiple points, there may be diverse ways by which the induction of NO by extracellular ATP could modulate auxin signaling and thus influence growth. This review will discuss these optional mechanisms and suggest possible regulatory routes based on current experimental data and predictive computational analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stanley J. Roux
- *Correspondence: Stanley J. Roux, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A6700, 205 West 24th Street, BIO 16, Austin, TX 78712-0183, USA e-mail:
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60
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Wujak M, Banach M, Porowińska D, Piskulak K, Komoszyński M. Isolation and bioinformatic analysis of seven genes encoding potato apyrase. Bacterial overexpresssion, refolding and initial kinetic studies on some recombinant potato apyrases. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2013; 93:8-17. [PMID: 23663929 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Here we have isolated seven apyrase encoding cDNA sequences (StAPY4-StAPY10) from the potato variety Saturna tuber cDNA library by affecting necessary modifications in the screening protocol. The cDNA sequences were identified with a pair of primers complementary to the most conserved sequences identified in potato variety Desiree apyrase genes. Our data strongly suggest the multigenic nature of potato apyrase. All deduced amino acid sequences contain a putative signal sequence, one transmembrane region at the amino terminus and five apyrase conserved regions (ACRs) (except StAPY6). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that encoded proteins shared high level of DNA sequence identity among themselves, representing a family of proteins markedly distinct from other eukaryotic as well as prokaryotic apyrases. Two cDNA sequences (StAPY4 and StAPY6) were overexpressed in bacteria and recombinant proteins were found accumulated in inclusion bodies, even thought they were fused with thioredoxin-tag. Additionally, we present the first successful in vitro attempt at reactivation and purification of recombinant potato apyrase StAPY6. The ratio of ATPase/ADPase hydrolysis of recombinant StAPY6 was determined as 1.5:1. Unlike other apyrases the enzyme lacked ACR5 and was endowed with lower molecular weight, high specificity for purine nucleotides and very low specificity for pyrimidine, suggesting that StAPY6 is a potato apyrase, not described so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Wujak
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1 St, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
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61
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Yang J, Wu J, Romanovicz D, Clark G, Roux SJ. Co-regulation of exine wall patterning, pollen fertility and anther dehiscence by Arabidopsis apyrases 6 and 7. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2013; 69:62-73. [PMID: 23728389 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
An NCBI nucleotide blast keyed to apyrase (ATP-diphosphohydrolases, EC 3.6.1.5) conserved regions revealed five apyrases, AtAPYs (3-7), in addition to the previously identified AtAPY1 and 2. Here we report the functional analyses of two of the newly defined apyrases, AtAPY6 and AtAPY7. We analyzed tissue specificity of AtAPY6 and 7 expression by qRT-PCR and promoter:GUS fusion assays. We characterized the phenotypes of single and double knockout mutants for AtAPY6 and 7 in anther and pollen by light microscopy and electron microscopy. The transcripts of both AtAPY6 and 7 are expressed in mature pollen grains. Single knockout mutants of AtAPY6 and 7 displayed a minor change in pollen exine pattern under scanning electron microscopy without obvious change in fertility. Double knockout mutants of AtAPY6 and 7 (apy6apy7) displayed severe defects in pollen exine pattern, deformed pollen shape and reduced male fertility. An analysis of pollen from heterozygous apy6apy7 plants suggests that the defects in pollen exine wall are determined by the diploid genome. Our findings demonstrate that AtAPY6 and AtAPY7 are enzymes that play an important role in exine development of pollen grains, possibly through regulating the production of key polysaccharides needed for proper assembly of the exine layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yang
- Section of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A6700, Austin TX 78712, USA
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62
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Pillitteri LJ, Dong J. Stomatal development in Arabidopsis. THE ARABIDOPSIS BOOK 2013; 11:e0162. [PMID: 23864836 PMCID: PMC3711358 DOI: 10.1199/tab.0162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Stomata consist of two guard cells that function as turgor-operated valves that regulate gas exchange in plants. In Arabidopsis, a dedicated cell lineage is initiated and undergoes a series of cell divisions and cell-state transitions to produce a stoma. A set of basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors regulates the transition and differentiation events through the lineage, while the placement of stomata relative to each other is controlled by intercellular signaling via peptide ligands, transmembrane receptors, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) modules. Some genes involved in regulating stomatal differentiation or density are also involved in hormonal and environmental stress responses, which may provide a link between modulation of stomatal development or function in response to changes in the environment. Premitotic polarlylocalized proteins provide an added layer of regulation, which can be addressed more thoroughly with the identification of additional proteins in this pathway. Linking the networks that control stomatal development promises to bring advances to our understanding of signal transduction, cell polarity, and cell-fate specification in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Jo Pillitteri
- Department of Biology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, 98225, USA
- Address correspondence to
| | - Juan Dong
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
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63
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Roberts NJ, Morieri G, Kalsi G, Rose A, Stiller J, Edwards A, Xie F, Gresshoff PM, Oldroyd GE, Downie JA, Etzler ME. Rhizobial and mycorrhizal symbioses in Lotus japonicus require lectin nucleotide phosphohydrolase, which acts upstream of calcium signaling. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 161:556-67. [PMID: 23136382 PMCID: PMC3532285 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.206110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Nodulation in legumes requires the recognition of rhizobially made Nod factors. Genetic studies have revealed that the perception of Nod factors involves LysM domain receptor-like kinases, while biochemical approaches have identified LECTIN NUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHOHYDROLASE (LNP) as a Nod factor-binding protein. Here, we show that antisense inhibition of LNP blocks nodulation in Lotus japonicus. This absence of nodulation was due to a defect in Nod factor signaling based on the observations that the early nodulation gene NODULE INCEPTION was not induced and that both Nod factor-induced perinuclear calcium spiking and calcium influx at the root hair tip were blocked. However, Nod factor did induce root hair deformation in the LNP antisense lines. LNP is also required for infection by the mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices, suggesting that LNP plays a role in the common signaling pathway shared by the rhizobial and mycorrhizal symbioses. Taken together, these observations indicate that LNP acts at a novel position in the early stages of symbiosis signaling. We propose that LNP functions at the earliest stage of the common nodulation and mycorrhization symbiosis signaling pathway downstream of the Nod factor receptors; it may act either by influencing signaling via changes in external nucleotides or in conjunction with the LysM receptor-like kinases for recognition of Nod factor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gurpreet Kalsi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (N.J.R., G.K., A.R., M.E.E.)
- John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (G.M., A.E., F.X., G.E.D.O., J.A.D.)
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia (J.S., P.M.G.)
| | - Alan Rose
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (N.J.R., G.K., A.R., M.E.E.)
- John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (G.M., A.E., F.X., G.E.D.O., J.A.D.)
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia (J.S., P.M.G.)
| | - Jiri Stiller
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (N.J.R., G.K., A.R., M.E.E.)
- John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (G.M., A.E., F.X., G.E.D.O., J.A.D.)
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia (J.S., P.M.G.)
| | - Anne Edwards
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (N.J.R., G.K., A.R., M.E.E.)
- John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (G.M., A.E., F.X., G.E.D.O., J.A.D.)
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia (J.S., P.M.G.)
| | - Fang Xie
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (N.J.R., G.K., A.R., M.E.E.)
- John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (G.M., A.E., F.X., G.E.D.O., J.A.D.)
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia (J.S., P.M.G.)
| | - Peter M. Gresshoff
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (N.J.R., G.K., A.R., M.E.E.)
- John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (G.M., A.E., F.X., G.E.D.O., J.A.D.)
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia (J.S., P.M.G.)
| | - Giles E.D. Oldroyd
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (N.J.R., G.K., A.R., M.E.E.)
- John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (G.M., A.E., F.X., G.E.D.O., J.A.D.)
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia (J.S., P.M.G.)
| | - J. Allan Downie
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (N.J.R., G.K., A.R., M.E.E.)
- John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (G.M., A.E., F.X., G.E.D.O., J.A.D.)
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia (J.S., P.M.G.)
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64
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Sun J, Zhang X, Deng S, Zhang C, Wang M, Ding M, Zhao R, Shen X, Zhou X, Lu C, Chen S. Extracellular ATP signaling is mediated by H₂O₂ and cytosolic Ca²⁺ in the salt response of Populus euphratica cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e53136. [PMID: 23285259 PMCID: PMC3532164 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular ATP (eATP) has been implicated in mediating plant growth and antioxidant defense; however, it is largely unknown whether eATP might mediate salinity tolerance. We used confocal microscopy, a non-invasive vibrating ion-selective microelectrode, and quantitative real time PCR analysis to evaluate the physiological significance of eATP in the salt resistance of cell cultures derived from a salt-tolerant woody species, Populus euphratica. Application of NaCl (200 mM) shock induced a transient elevation in [eATP]. We investigated the effects of eATP by blocking P2 receptors with suramin and PPADS and applying an ATP trap system of hexokinase-glucose. We found that eATP regulated a wide range of cellular processes required for salt adaptation, including vacuolar Na+ compartmentation, Na+/H+ exchange across the plasma membrane (PM), K+ homeostasis, reactive oxygen species regulation, and salt-responsive expression of genes related to K+/Na+ homeostasis and PM repair. Furthermore, we found that the eATP signaling was mediated by H2O2 and cytosolic Ca2+ released in response to high salt in P. euphratica cells. We concluded that salt-induced eATP was sensed by purinoceptors in the PM, and this led to the induction of downstream signals, like H2O2 and cytosolic Ca2+, which are required for the up-regulation of genes linked to K+/Na+ homeostasis and PM repair. Consequently, the viability of P. euphratica cells was maintained during a prolonged period of salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Sun
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- College of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Shurong Deng
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Chunlan Zhang
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Meijuan Wang
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Mingquan Ding
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Zhao
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Shen
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyang Zhou
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Cunfu Lu
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Shaoliang Chen
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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Chiu TY, Christiansen K, Moreno I, Lao J, Loqué D, Orellana A, Heazlewood JL, Clark G, Roux SJ. AtAPY1 and AtAPY2 function as Golgi-localized nucleoside diphosphatases in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 53:1913-25. [PMID: 23034877 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcs131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases (NTPDases; apyrases) (EC 3.6.1.5) hydrolyze di- and triphosphate nucleotides, but not monophosphate nucleotides. They are categorized as E-type ATPases, have a broad divalent cation (Mg(2+), Ca(2+)) requirement for activation and are insensitive to inhibitors of F-type, P-type and V-type ATPases. Among the seven NTPDases identified in Arabidopsis, only APYRASE 1 (AtAPY1) and APYRASE 2 (AtAPY2) have been previously characterized. In this work, either AtAPY1 or AtAPY2 tagged with C-terminal green fluorescent protein (GFP) driven by their respective native promoter can rescue the apy1 apy2 double knockout (apy1 apy2 dKO) successfully, and confocal microscopy reveals that these two Arabidopsis apyrases reside in the Golgi apparatus. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, both AtAPY1 and AtAPY2 can complement the Golgi-localized GDA1 mutant, rescuing its aberrant protein glycosylation phenotype. In Arabidopsis, microsomes of the wild type show higher substrate preferences toward UDP compared with other NDP substrates. Loss-of-function Arabidopsis AtAPY1 mutants exhibit reduced microsomal UDPase activity, and this activity is even more significantly reduced in the loss-of-function AtAPY2 mutant and in the AtAPY1/AtAPY2 RNA interference (RNAi) technology repressor lines. Microsomes from wild-type plants also have detectable GDPase activity, which is significantly reduced in apy2 but not apy1 mutants. The GFP-tagged AtAPY1 or AtAPY2 constructs in the apy1 apy2 dKO plants can restore microsomal UDP/GDPase activity, confirming that they both also have functional competency. The cell walls of apy1, apy2 and the RNAi-silenced lines all have an increased composition of galactose, but the transport efficiency of UDP-galactose across microsomal membranes was not altered. Taken together, these results reveal that AtAPY1 and AtAPY2 are Golgi-localized nucleotide diphosphatases and are likely to have roles in regulating UDP/GDP concentrations in the Golgi lumen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsan-Yu Chiu
- Section of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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Schiller M, Massalski C, Kurth T, Steinebrunner I. The Arabidopsis apyrase AtAPY1 is localized in the Golgi instead of the extracellular space. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 12:123. [PMID: 22849572 PMCID: PMC3511161 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-12-123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The two highly similar Arabidopsis apyrases AtAPY1 and AtAPY2 were previously shown to be involved in plant growth and development, evidently by regulating extracellular ATP signals. The subcellular localization of AtAPY1 was investigated to corroborate an extracellular function. RESULTS Transgenic Arabidopsis lines expressing AtAPY1 fused to the SNAP-(O(6)-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase)-tag were used for indirect immunofluorescence and AtAPY1 was detected in punctate structures within the cell. The same signal pattern was found in seedlings stably overexpressing AtAPY1-GFP by indirect immunofluorescence and live imaging. In order to identify the nature of the AtAPY1-positive structures, AtAPY1-GFP expressing seedlings were treated with the endocytic marker stain FM4-64 (N-(3-triethylammoniumpropyl)-4-(p-diethylaminophenyl-hexatrienyl)-pyridinium dibromide) and crossed with a transgenic line expressing the trans-Golgi marker Rab E1d. Neither FM4-64 nor Rab E1d co-localized with AtAPY1. However, live imaging of transgenic Arabidopsis lines expressing AtAPY1-GFP and either the fluorescent protein-tagged Golgi marker Membrin 12, Syntaxin of plants 32 or Golgi transport 1 protein homolog showed co-localization. The Golgi localization was confirmed by immunogold labeling of AtAPY1-GFP. There was no indication of extracellular AtAPY1 by indirect immunofluorescence using antibodies against SNAP and GFP, live imaging of AtAPY1-GFP and immunogold labeling of AtAPY1-GFP. Activity assays with AtAPY1-GFP revealed GDP, UDP and IDP as substrates, but neither ATP nor ADP. To determine if AtAPY1 is a soluble or membrane protein, microsomal membranes were isolated and treated with various solubilizing agents. Only SDS and urea (not alkaline or high salt conditions) were able to release the AtAPY1 protein from microsomal membranes. CONCLUSIONS AtAPY1 is an integral Golgi protein with the substrate specificity typical for Golgi apyrases. It is therefore not likely to regulate extracellular nucleotide signals as previously thought. We propose instead that AtAPY1 exerts its growth and developmental effects by possibly regulating glycosylation reactions in the Golgi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madlen Schiller
- Department of Biology, Section of Molecular Biotechnology, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 10, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - Carolin Massalski
- Department of Biology, Section of Molecular Biotechnology, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 10, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - Thomas Kurth
- DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 105, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Iris Steinebrunner
- Department of Biology, Section of Molecular Biotechnology, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 10, Dresden 01069, Germany
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Hao LH, Wang WX, Chen C, Wang YF, Liu T, Li X, Shang ZL. Extracellular ATP promotes stomatal opening of Arabidopsis thaliana through heterotrimeric G protein α subunit and reactive oxygen species. MOLECULAR PLANT 2012; 5:852-64. [PMID: 22138967 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssr095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP) has been reported to exist in apoplasts of plant cells as a signal molecule. Extracellular ATP (eATP) plays important roles in plant growth, development, and stress tolerance. Here, extracellular ATP was found to promote stomatal opening of Arabidopsis thaliana in light and darkness. ADP, GTP, and weakly hydrolyzable ATP analogs (ATPγS, Bz-ATP, and 2meATP) showed similar effects, whereas AMP and adenosine did not affect stomatal movement. Apyrase inhibited stomatal opening. ATP-promoted stomatal opening was blocked by an NADPH oxidase inhibitor (diphenylene iodonium) or deoxidizer (dithiothreitol), and was impaired in null mutant of NADPH oxidase (atrbohD/F). Added ATP triggered ROS generation in guard cells via NADPH oxidase. ATP also induced Ca(2+) influx and H(+) efflux in guard cells. In atrbohD/F, ATP-induced ion flux was strongly suppressed. In null mutants of the heterotrimeric G protein α subunit, ATP-promoted stomatal opening, cytoplasmic ROS generation, Ca(2+) influx, and H(+) efflux were all suppressed. These results indicated that eATP-promoted stomatal opening possibly involves the heterotrimeric G protein, ROS, cytosolic Ca(2+), and plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hua Hao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, PR China
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Sun J, Zhang CL, Deng SR, Lu CF, Shen X, Zhou XY, Zheng XJ, Hu ZM, Chen SL. An ATP signalling pathway in plant cells: extracellular ATP triggers programmed cell death in Populus euphratica. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2012; 35:893-916. [PMID: 22070751 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2011.02461.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We elucidated the extracellular ATP (eATP) signalling cascade active in programmed cell death (PCD) using cell cultures of Populus euphratica. Millimolar amounts of eATP induced a dose- and time-dependent reduction in viability, and the agonist-treated cells displayed hallmark features of PCD. eATP caused an elevation of cytosolic Ca(2+) levels, resulting in Ca(2+) uptake by the mitochondria and subsequent H(2) O(2) accumulation. P. euphratica exhibited an increased mitochondrial transmembrane potential, and cytochrome c was released without opening of the permeability transition pore over the period of ATP stimulation. Moreover, the eATP-induced increase of intracellular ATP, essential for the activation of caspase-like proteases and subsequent PCD, was found to be related to increased mitochondrial transmembrane potential. NO is implicated as a downstream component of the cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration but plays a negligible role in eATP-stimulated cell death. We speculate that ATP binds purinoceptors in the plasma membrane, leading to the induction of downstream intermediate signals, as the proposed sequence of events in PCD signalling was terminated by the animal P2 receptor antagonist suramin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University (Box 162), Beijing 100083 College of Life Science, Xuzhou Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, China
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69
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Sun J, Zhang C, Zhang X, Deng S, Zhao R, Shen X, Chen S. Extracellular ATP signaling and homeostasis in plant cells. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2012; 7:566-569. [PMID: 22516815 PMCID: PMC3419021 DOI: 10.4161/psb.19857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular ATP (eATP) is now recognized as an important signaling agent in plant growth and defense response to environmental stimuli. eATP has dual functions in plant cell signaling, which is largely dependent on its concentration in the extracellular matrix (ECM). A lethal level of eATP (extremely low or high) causes cell death, whereas a moderate level of eATP benefits plant growth and development. Ecto-apyrases (Nucleoside Triphosphate-Diphosphohydrolase) help control the eATP concentrations in the ECM, and thus contributing to the mediation of plant growth and defense response upon environmental stress. In this review, we summarize eATP signaling in plants and highlight the correlation between eATP homeostasis control and programmed cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Sun
- College of Life Science; Jiangsu Normal University; Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology; Beijing Forestry University; Beijing, China
| | - Chunlan Zhang
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology; Beijing Forestry University; Beijing, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology; Beijing Forestry University; Beijing, China
| | - Shurong Deng
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology; Beijing Forestry University; Beijing, China
| | - Rui Zhao
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology; Beijing Forestry University; Beijing, China
| | - Xin Shen
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology; Beijing Forestry University; Beijing, China
| | - Shaoliang Chen
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology; Beijing Forestry University; Beijing, China
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Burnstock G. Purinergic signalling: Its unpopular beginning, its acceptance and its exciting future. Bioessays 2012; 34:218-25. [PMID: 22237698 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201100130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) was identified in 1970 as the transmitter responsible for non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic neurotransmission in the gut and bladder and the term 'purinergic' was coined. Purinergic cotransmission was proposed in 1976 and ATP is now recognized as a cotransmitter in all nerves in the peripheral and central nervous systems. P1 (adenosine) and P2 (ATP) receptors were distinguished in 1978. Cloning of these receptors in the early 1990s was a turning point in the acceptance of the purinergic signalling hypothesis. There are both short-term purinergic signalling in neurotransmission, neuromodulation and secretion and long-term (trophic) purinergic signalling of cell proliferation, differentiation and death in development and regeneration. Much is known about the mechanisms of ATP release and its breakdown by ectonucleotidases. Recently, there has been emphasis on purinergic pathophysiology, including neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. Purinergic therapeutic strategies are being developed for treatment of gut, kidney, bladder, lung, skeletal and reproductive system disorders, pain and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Burnstock
- Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, University College Medical School, London, UK.
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Clark G, Roux SJ. Apyrases, extracellular ATP and the regulation of growth. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 14:700-6. [PMID: 21855397 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2011.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Although no definitive receptor for extracellular ATP (eATP) has been identified in plants, there is now stronger physiological evidence that the effects of eATP on plant growth are mediated by a receptor, or, as in animals, by multiple receptors. Recent papers clarify how extracellular nucleotides induce changes in [Ca(2+)](cyt), and the production of nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species. They document links between eATP signaling and the synthesis or transport of hormones, and they reveal that applied nucleotides can regulate the aperture of stomates, which release ATP when stimulated by light and hormones. Ectoapyrases (ecto-nucleoside triphosphate-diphosphohydrolase) help control both the diverse signaling changes and downstream growth changes induced by extracellular nucleotides by limiting their concentration in the extracellular matrix (ECM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Clark
- Section of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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