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Baba ZA, Hamid B, Sheikh TA, Alotaibi SH, El Enshasy HA, Ansari MJ, Zuan ATK, Sayyed RZ. Psychrotolerant Mesorhizobium sp. Isolated from Temperate and Cold Desert Regions Solubilizes Potassium and Produces Multiple Plant Growth Promoting Metabolites. Molecules 2021; 26:5758. [PMID: 34641302 PMCID: PMC8510370 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil potassium (K) supplement depends intensively on the application of chemical fertilizers, which have substantial harmful environmental effects. However, some bacteria can act as inoculants by converting unavailable and insoluble K forms into plant-accessible forms. Such bacteria are an eco-friendly approach for enhancing plant K absorption and consequently reducing utilization of chemical fertilization. Therefore, the present research was undertaken to isolate, screen, and characterize the K solubilizing bacteria (KSB) from the rhizosphere soils of northern India. Overall, 110 strains were isolated, but only 13 isolates showed significant K solubilizing ability by forming a halo zone on solid media. They were further screened for K solubilizing activity at 0 °C, 1 °C, 3 °C, 5 °C, 7 °C, 15 °C, and 20 °C for 5, 10, and 20 days. All the bacterial isolates showed mineral K solubilization activity at these different temperatures. However, the content of K solubilization increased with the upsurge in temperature and period of incubation. The isolate KSB (Grz) showed the highest K solubilization index of 462.28% after 48 h of incubation at 20 °C. The maximum of 23.38 µg K/mL broth was solubilized by the isolate KSB (Grz) at 20 °C after 20 days of incubation. Based on morphological, biochemical, and molecular characterization (through the 16S rDNA approach), the isolate KSB (Grz) was identified as Mesorhizobium sp. The majority of the strains produced HCN and ammonia. The maximum indole acetic acid (IAA) (31.54 µM/mL) and cellulase (390 µM/mL) were produced by the isolate KSB (Grz). In contrast, the highest protease (525.12 µM/mL) and chitinase (5.20 µM/mL) activities were shown by standard strain Bacillus mucilaginosus and KSB (Gmr) isolate, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahoor Ahmad Baba
- Division of Basic Science and Humanities, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Sopore 193201, India;
| | - Basharat Hamid
- Division of Basic Science and Humanities, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Sopore 193201, India;
| | - Tahir Ahmad Sheikh
- Division of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Sopore 193201, India;
| | - Saad H. Alotaibi
- Department of Chemistry, Turabah University College, Taif University, P. O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Hesham A. El Enshasy
- Institute of Bioproduct Development (IBD), University Teknologi Malayisa (UTM), Skudai 81310, Johor, Malaysia
- City of Scientific Research and Technology Applications (SRTA), New Burg Al Arab, Alexandria 21934, Egypt
| | - Mohammad Javed Ansari
- Department of Botany, Hindu College, Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Rohilkhand University Bareilly, Moradabad 244001, India;
| | - Ali Tan Kee Zuan
- Department of Land Management, Faculty of Agriculture, University Putra Malaysia, (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - R. Z. Sayyed
- Department of Microbiology, PSGVP Mandal’s Arts, Science and Commerce College, Shahada 425409, India
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Roesler BCS, Vaz RG, Castellane TCL, de Macedo Lemos EG, Burkert CAV. The potential of extracellular biopolymer production by Mesorhizobium sp. from monosaccharide constituents of lignocellulosic biomass. Biotechnol Lett 2021; 43:1385-1394. [PMID: 33797656 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-021-03119-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The effects of monosaccharide constituents of lignocellulosic materials on exopolysaccharide (EPS) production by Mesorhizobium sp. Semia 816 were studied. RESULTS According to the results, by using sugars commonly found in lignocellulosic biomass as carbon sources (glucose, arabinose and xylose), no significant differences were observed in the production of EPS, reaching 3.39 g/L, 3.33 g/L and 3.27 g/L, respectively. Differences were observed in monosaccharide composition, mainly in relation to rhamnose and glucuronic acid contents (1.8 times higher when arabinose was compared with xylose). However, the biopolymers showed no differences in relation to rheological properties, with EPS aqueous-based suspensions (1.0% w/v) presenting pseudoplastic behavior, and a slight difference in degradation temperatures. Using soybean hulls hydrolysate as carbon source, slightly higher values were obtained (3.93 g/L). CONCLUSION The results indicate the potential of the use of lignocellulosic hydrolysates containing these sugars as a source of carbon in the cultivation of Mesorhizobium sp. Semia 816 for the production of EPS with potential industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belkis Chalup Silveira Roesler
- Bioprocess Engineering Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Food, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Renata Gonçalves Vaz
- Bioprocess Engineering Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Food, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Tereza Cristina Luque Castellane
- Laboratory of Genetics of Bacteria and Applied Biotechnology, Department of Biology Applied To Agriculture, Universidade Estadual Paulista UNESP/FCAV, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Eliana Gertrudes de Macedo Lemos
- Laboratory of Genetics of Bacteria and Applied Biotechnology, Department of Biology Applied To Agriculture, Universidade Estadual Paulista UNESP/FCAV, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Carlos André Veiga Burkert
- Bioprocess Engineering Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Food, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil.
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Helliwell KE, Pandhal J, Cooper MB, Longworth J, Kudahl UJ, Russo DA, Tomsett EV, Bunbury F, Salmon DL, Smirnoff N, Wright PC, Smith AG. Quantitative proteomics of a B 12 -dependent alga grown in coculture with bacteria reveals metabolic tradeoffs required for mutualism. New Phytol 2018; 217:599-612. [PMID: 29034959 PMCID: PMC5765456 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The unicellular green alga Lobomonas rostrata requires an external supply of vitamin B12 (cobalamin) for growth, which it can obtain in stable laboratory cultures from the soil bacterium Mesorhizobium loti in exchange for photosynthate. We investigated changes in protein expression in the alga that allow it to engage in this mutualism. We used quantitative isobaric tagging (iTRAQ) proteomics to determine the L. rostrata proteome grown axenically with B12 supplementation or in coculture with M. loti. Data are available via ProteomeXchange (PXD005046). Using the related Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as a reference genome, 588 algal proteins could be identified. Enzymes of amino acid biosynthesis were higher in coculture than in axenic culture, and this was reflected in increased amounts of total cellular protein and several free amino acids. A number of heat shock proteins were also elevated. Conversely, photosynthetic proteins and those of chloroplast protein synthesis were significantly lower in L. rostrata cells in coculture. These observations were confirmed by measurement of electron transfer rates in cells grown under the two conditions. The results indicate that, despite the stability of the mutualism, L. rostrata experiences stress in coculture with M. loti, and must adjust its metabolism accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jagroop Pandhal
- Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringUniversity of SheffieldMappin StreetSheffieldS1 3JDUK
| | - Matthew B. Cooper
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 3EAUK
| | - Joseph Longworth
- Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringUniversity of SheffieldMappin StreetSheffieldS1 3JDUK
| | | | - David A. Russo
- Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringUniversity of SheffieldMappin StreetSheffieldS1 3JDUK
| | | | - Freddy Bunbury
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 3EAUK
| | - Deborah L. Salmon
- BiosciencesCollege of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterEX4 4QDUK
| | - Nicholas Smirnoff
- BiosciencesCollege of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterEX4 4QDUK
| | - Phillip C. Wright
- Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringUniversity of SheffieldMappin StreetSheffieldS1 3JDUK
| | - Alison G. Smith
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 3EAUK
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Quides KW, Stomackin GM, Lee HH, Chang JH, Sachs JL. Lotus japonicus alters in planta fitness of Mesorhizobium loti dependent on symbiotic nitrogen fixation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185568. [PMID: 28957401 PMCID: PMC5619806 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhizobial bacteria are known for their capacity to fix nitrogen for legume hosts. However ineffective rhizobial genotypes exist and can trigger the formation of nodules but fix little if any nitrogen for hosts. Legumes must employ mechanisms to minimize exploitation by the ineffective rhizobial genotypes to limit fitness costs and stabilize the symbiosis. Here we address two key questions about these host mechanisms. What stages of the interaction are controlled by the host, and can hosts detect subtle differences in nitrogen fixation? We provide the first explicit evidence for adaptive host control in the interaction between Lotus japonicus and Mesorhizobium loti. In both single inoculation and co-inoculation experiments, less effective rhizobial strains exhibited reduced in planta fitness relative to the wildtype M. loti. We uncovered evidence of host control during nodule formation and during post-infection proliferation of symbionts within nodules. We found a linear relationship between rhizobial fitness and symbiotic effectiveness. Our results suggest that L. japonicus can adaptively modulate the fitness of symbionts as a continuous response to symbiotic nitrogen fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenjiro W. Quides
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, United States of America
| | - Glenna M. Stomackin
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, United States of America
| | - Hsu-Han Lee
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, United States of America
| | - Jeff H. Chang
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America
| | - Joel L. Sachs
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, United States of America
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, United States of America
- Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Ma C, Zhou X, Xie F, Li Y. [Mutant construction and characterization of hfq in Mesorhizobium huakuii 7653R]. Wei Sheng Wu Xue Bao 2017; 57:77-86. [PMID: 29746762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We studied the functions and characteristics of hfq gene in Mesorhizobium huakuii 7653R in adverse environment and symbiotic with its host plant. METHODS The hfq mutant of 7653R was constructed via homologous recombination with small cloned fragments on suicide plasmids pK19mob to insert target gene. We applied 7653RΔhfq to characterize stress tolerance and symbiosis with host plant, in comparison with the complementary strains 7653R △hfq-C and the wild type. RESULTS Mutant 7653RΔhfq presented lower growth rate, and higher mortality after heat shock-pretreated than that of the wild type, as well as the decreasing adaptability under the stress of 4.5% ethanol and 50 mmol H2O2. The defection of hfq affected the expression of some sRNAs in 7653R. Moreover, the mutant displayed significant reduced nodulation ability and nitrogenase activity compared with the wild type. CONCLUSION As a crucial post transcriptional regulatory factor, hfq plays an important role in Mesorhizobium Huakuii 7653R on both processes of stress resistance and symbiosis with the host plant Astragalus sinicus L.
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Teng Y, Li X, Chen T, Zhang M, Wang X, Li Z, Luo Y. Isolation of the PCB-degrading bacteria Mesorhizobium sp. ZY1 and its combined remediation with Astragalus sinicus L. for contaminated soil. Int J Phytoremediation 2016; 18:141-149. [PMID: 26292091 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2015.1073667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A bacterial strain ZY1 capable of utilizing PCBs as its carbon source was isolated from the root nodules of Chinese milk vetch (Astragalus sinicus L.). The strain was identified as Mesorhizobium sp. according to its physiological-biochemical properties and the analysis of its 16S rRNA gene sequence. When the initial OD600 was 0.15, 62.7% of 15 mg L(-1) 3,3',4,4'-TCB in a liquid culture was degraded by Mesorhizobium sp. ZY1 within 10 days. Mesorhizobium sp. ZY1 also greatly increased the biotransformation of soil PCBs. Pot experiments indicated that the soil PCB concentrations of a single incubation of strain ZY1 (R) and a single planting of A. sinicus (P) decreased by 20.5% and 23.0%, respectively, and the concentration of PCBs in soil treated with A. sinicus and strain ZY1 decreased by 53.1%. We also observed that A. sinicus-Mesorhizobium sp. ZY1 treatment (PR) improved plant biomass and the concentration of PCBs in plants compared with a single A. sinicus planting treatment (P). The results suggest that the synergistic association between A. sinicus and PCBs-degrading Mesorhizobium sp. ZY1 can stimulate the phytoextraction of PCBs and the rhizosphere microflora to degrade PCBs, and might be a promising bioremediation strategy for PCB-contaminated soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Teng
- a Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Nanjing China
| | - Xiufen Li
- a Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Nanjing China
- b University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing China
| | - Ting Chen
- a Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Nanjing China
| | - Manyun Zhang
- a Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Nanjing China
- b University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing China
| | - Xiaomi Wang
- a Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Nanjing China
- b University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing China
| | - Zhengao Li
- a Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Nanjing China
| | - Yongming Luo
- a Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Nanjing China
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Holt DB, Gupta V, Meyer D, Abel NB, Andersen SU, Stougaard J, Markmann K. micro RNA 172 (miR172) signals epidermal infection and is expressed in cells primed for bacterial invasion in Lotus japonicus roots and nodules. New Phytol 2015; 208:241-56. [PMID: 25967282 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Legumes interact with rhizobial bacteria to form nitrogen-fixing root nodules. Host signalling following mutual recognition ensures a specific response, but is only partially understood. Focusing on the stage of epidermal infection with Mesorhizobium loti, we analysed endogenous small RNAs (sRNAs) of the model legume Lotus japonicus to investigate their involvement in host response regulation. We used Illumina sequencing to annotate the L. japonicus sRNA-ome and isolate infection-responsive sRNAs, followed by candidate-based functional characterization. Sequences from four libraries revealed 219 novel L. japonicus micro RNAs (miRNAs) from 114 newly assigned families, and 76 infection-responsive sRNAs. Unlike infection-associated coding genes such as NODULE INCEPTION (NIN), a micro RNA 172 (miR172) isoform showed strong accumulation in dependency of both Nodulation (Nod) factor and compatible rhizobia. The genetics of miR172 induction support the existence of distinct epidermal and cortical signalling events. MIR172a promoter activity followed a previously unseen pattern preceding infection thread progression in epidermal and cortical cells. Nodule-associated miR172a expression was infection-independent, representing the second of two genetically separable activity waves. The combined data provide a valuable resource for further study, and identify miR172 as an sRNA marking successful epidermal infection. We show that miR172 acts upstream of several APETALA2-type (AP2) transcription factors, and suggest that it has a role in fine-tuning AP2 levels during bacterial symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis B Holt
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Centre for Carbohydrate Recognition and Signalling (CARB), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Vikas Gupta
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Centre for Carbohydrate Recognition and Signalling (CARB), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Dörte Meyer
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Centre for Carbohydrate Recognition and Signalling (CARB), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Nikolaj B Abel
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Centre for Carbohydrate Recognition and Signalling (CARB), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Stig U Andersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Centre for Carbohydrate Recognition and Signalling (CARB), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jens Stougaard
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Centre for Carbohydrate Recognition and Signalling (CARB), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Katharina Markmann
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Centre for Carbohydrate Recognition and Signalling (CARB), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
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Karaś MA, Turska-Szewczuk A, Trapska D, Urbanik-Sypniewska T. Growth and Survival of Mesorhizobium loti Inside Acanthamoeba Enhanced Its Ability to Develop More Nodules on Lotus corniculatus. Microb Ecol 2015; 70:566-75. [PMID: 25779926 PMCID: PMC4494150 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-015-0587-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The importance of protozoa as environmental reservoirs of pathogens is well recognized, while their impact on survival and symbiotic properties of rhizobia has not been explored. The possible survival of free-living rhizobia inside amoebae could influence bacterial abundance in the rhizosphere of legume plants and the nodulation competitiveness of microsymbionts. Two well-characterized strains of Mesorhizobium: Mesorhizobium loti NZP2213 and Mesorhizobium huakuii symbiovar loti MAFF303099 were assayed for their growth ability within the Neff strain of Acanthamoeba castellanii. Although the association ability and the initial uptake rate of both strains were similar, recovery of viable M. huakuii MAFF303099 after 4 h postinfection decreased markedly and that of M. loti NZP2213 increased. The latter strain was also able to survive prolonged co-incubation within amoebae and to self-release from the amoeba cell. The temperature 28 °C and PBS were established as optimal for the uptake of Mesorhizobium by amoebae. The internalization of mesorhizobia was mediated by the mannose-dependent receptor. M. loti NZP2213 bacteria released from amoebae developed 1.5 times more nodules on Lotus corniculatus than bacteria cultivated in an amoebae-free medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena A Karaś
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033, Lublin, Poland,
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Perrine-Walker FM, Lartaud M, Kouchi H, Ridge RW. Microtubule array formation during root hair infection thread initiation and elongation in the Mesorhizobium-Lotus symbiosis. Protoplasma 2014; 251:1099-1111. [PMID: 24488109 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-014-0618-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear migration during infection thread (IT) development in root hairs is essential for legume-Rhizobium symbiosis. However, little is known about the relationships between IT formation, nuclear migration, and microtubule dynamics. To this aim, we used transgenic Lotus japonicus expressing a fusion of the green fluorescent protein and tubulin-α6 from Arabidopsis thaliana to visualize in vivo dynamics of cortical microtubules (CMT) and endoplasmic microtubules (EMTs) in root hairs in the presence or absence of Mesorhizobium loti inoculation. We also examined the effect of microtubule-depolymerizing herbicide, cremart, on IT initiation and growth, since cremart is known to inhibit nuclear migration. In live imaging studies of M. loti-treated L. japonicus root hairs, EMTs were found in deformed, curled, and infected root hairs. The continuous reorganization of the EMT array linked to the nucleus appeared to be essential for the reorientation, curling, and IT initiation and the growth of zone II root hairs which are susceptible to rhizobial infection. During IT initiation, the EMTs appeared to be linked to the root hair surface surrounding the M. loti microcolonies. During IT growth, EMTs dissociated from the curled root hair tip, remained linked to the nucleus, and appeared to surround the IT tip. Lack or disorganized EMT arrays that were no longer linked to the nucleus were observed only in infection-aborted root hairs. Cremart affected IT formation and nodulation in a concentration-dependent manner, suggesting that the microtubule (MT) organization and successive nuclear migration are essential for successful nodulation in L. japonicus by M. loti.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Perrine-Walker
- Department of Life Science, International Christian University, 3-10-2 Osawa, Mitaka-shi, Tokyo, 181-8585, Japan,
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Kelly SJ, Muszyński A, Kawaharada Y, Hubber AM, Sullivan JT, Sandal N, Carlson RW, Stougaard J, Ronson CW. Conditional requirement for exopolysaccharide in the Mesorhizobium-Lotus symbiosis. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2013; 26:319-29. [PMID: 23134480 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-12-0227-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Rhizobial surface polysaccharides are required for nodule formation on the roots of at least some legumes but the mechanisms by which they act are yet to be determined. As a first step to investigate the function of exopolysaccharide (EPS) in the formation of determinate nodules, we isolated Mesorhizobium loti mutants affected in various steps of EPS biosynthesis and characterized their symbiotic phenotypes on two Lotus spp. The wild-type M. loti R7A produced both high molecular weight EPS and lower molecular weight (LMW) polysaccharide fractions whereas most mutant strains produced only LMW fractions. Mutants affected in predicted early biosynthetic steps (e.g., exoB) formed nitrogen-fixing nodules on Lotus corniculatus and L. japonicus 'Gifu', whereas mutants affected in mid or late biosynthetic steps (e.g., exoU) induced uninfected nodule primordia and, occasionally, a few infected nodules following a lengthy delay. These mutants were disrupted at the stage of infection thread (IT) development. Symbiotically defective EPS and Nod factor mutants functionally complemented each other in co-inoculation experiments. The majority of full-length IT observed harbored only the EPS mutant strain and did not show bacterial release, whereas the nitrogen-fixing nodules contained both mutants. Examination of the symbiotic proficiency of the exoU mutant on various L. japonicus ecotypes revealed that both host and environmental factors were linked to the requirement for EPS. These results reveal a complex function for M. loti EPS in determinate nodule formation and suggest that EPS plays a signaling role at the stages of both IT initiation and bacterial release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Kelly
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Roberts NJ, Morieri G, Kalsi G, Rose A, Stiller J, Edwards A, Xie F, Gresshoff PM, Oldroyd GE, Downie JA, Etzler ME. Rhizobial and mycorrhizal symbioses in Lotus japonicus require lectin nucleotide phosphohydrolase, which acts upstream of calcium signaling. Plant Physiol 2013; 161:556-67. [PMID: 23136382 PMCID: PMC3532285 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.206110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Nodulation in legumes requires the recognition of rhizobially made Nod factors. Genetic studies have revealed that the perception of Nod factors involves LysM domain receptor-like kinases, while biochemical approaches have identified LECTIN NUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHOHYDROLASE (LNP) as a Nod factor-binding protein. Here, we show that antisense inhibition of LNP blocks nodulation in Lotus japonicus. This absence of nodulation was due to a defect in Nod factor signaling based on the observations that the early nodulation gene NODULE INCEPTION was not induced and that both Nod factor-induced perinuclear calcium spiking and calcium influx at the root hair tip were blocked. However, Nod factor did induce root hair deformation in the LNP antisense lines. LNP is also required for infection by the mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices, suggesting that LNP plays a role in the common signaling pathway shared by the rhizobial and mycorrhizal symbioses. Taken together, these observations indicate that LNP acts at a novel position in the early stages of symbiosis signaling. We propose that LNP functions at the earliest stage of the common nodulation and mycorrhization symbiosis signaling pathway downstream of the Nod factor receptors; it may act either by influencing signaling via changes in external nucleotides or in conjunction with the LysM receptor-like kinases for recognition of Nod factor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gurpreet Kalsi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (N.J.R., G.K., A.R., M.E.E.)
- John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (G.M., A.E., F.X., G.E.D.O., J.A.D.)
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia (J.S., P.M.G.)
| | - Alan Rose
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (N.J.R., G.K., A.R., M.E.E.)
- John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (G.M., A.E., F.X., G.E.D.O., J.A.D.)
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia (J.S., P.M.G.)
| | - Jiri Stiller
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (N.J.R., G.K., A.R., M.E.E.)
- John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (G.M., A.E., F.X., G.E.D.O., J.A.D.)
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia (J.S., P.M.G.)
| | - Anne Edwards
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (N.J.R., G.K., A.R., M.E.E.)
- John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (G.M., A.E., F.X., G.E.D.O., J.A.D.)
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia (J.S., P.M.G.)
| | - Fang Xie
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (N.J.R., G.K., A.R., M.E.E.)
- John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (G.M., A.E., F.X., G.E.D.O., J.A.D.)
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia (J.S., P.M.G.)
| | - Peter M. Gresshoff
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (N.J.R., G.K., A.R., M.E.E.)
- John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (G.M., A.E., F.X., G.E.D.O., J.A.D.)
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia (J.S., P.M.G.)
| | - Giles E.D. Oldroyd
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (N.J.R., G.K., A.R., M.E.E.)
- John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (G.M., A.E., F.X., G.E.D.O., J.A.D.)
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia (J.S., P.M.G.)
| | - J. Allan Downie
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (N.J.R., G.K., A.R., M.E.E.)
- John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (G.M., A.E., F.X., G.E.D.O., J.A.D.)
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia (J.S., P.M.G.)
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Brígido C, Robledo M, Menéndez E, Mateos PF, Oliveira S. A ClpB chaperone knockout mutant of Mesorhizobium ciceri shows a delay in the root nodulation of chickpea plants. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2012; 25:1594-1604. [PMID: 23134119 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-12-0140-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Several molecular chaperones are known to be involved in bacteria stress response. To investigate the role of chaperone ClpB in rhizobia stress tolerance as well as in the rhizobia-plant symbiosis process, the clpB gene from a chickpea microsymbiont, strain Mesorhizobium ciceri LMS-1, was identified and a knockout mutant was obtained. The ClpB knockout mutant was tested to several abiotic stresses, showing that it was unable to grow after a heat shock and it was more sensitive to acid shock than the wild-type strain. A plant-growth assay performed to evaluate the symbiotic performance of the clpB mutant showed a higher proportion of ineffective root nodules obtained with the mutant than with the wild-type strain. Nodulation kinetics analysis showed a 6- to 8-day delay in nodule appearance in plants inoculated with the ΔclpB mutant. Analysis of nodC gene expression showed lower levels of transcript in the ΔclpB mutant strain. Analysis of histological sections of nodules formed by the clpB mutant showed that most of the nodules presented a low number of bacteroids. No differences in the root infection abilities of green fluorescent protein-tagged clpB mutant and wild-type strains were detected. To our knowledge, this is the first study that presents evidence of the involvement of the chaperone ClpB from rhizobia in the symbiotic nodulation process.
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13
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Liao J, Singh S, Hossain MS, Andersen SU, Ross L, Bonetta D, Zhou Y, Sato S, Tabata S, Stougaard J, Szczyglowski K, Parniske M. Negative regulation of CCaMK is essential for symbiotic infection. Plant J 2012; 72:572-84. [PMID: 22775286 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2012.05098.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
One of the earliest responses of legumes to symbiotic signalling is oscillation of the calcium concentration in the nucleoplasm of root epidermal cells. Integration and decoding of the calcium-spiking signal involve a calcium- and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CCaMK) and its phosphorylation substrates, such as CYCLOPS. Here we describe the Lotus japonicus ccamk-14 mutant that originated from a har1-1 suppressor screen. The ccamk-14 mutation causes a serine to asparagine substitution at position 337 located within the calmodulin binding site, which we determined to be an in vitro phosphorylation site in CCaMK. We show that ccamk-14 exerts cell-specific effects on symbiosis. The mutant is characterized by an increased frequency of epidermal infections and significantly compromised cortical infections by Mesorhizobium loti and also the arbuscular mycorrhiza fungus Rhizophagus irregularis. The S337 residue is conserved across angiosperm CCaMKs, and testing discrete substitutions at this site showed that it participates in a negative regulation of CCaMK activity, which is required for the cell-type-specific integration of symbiotic signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinqiu Liao
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, London, Ontario N5V 4T3, Canada
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14
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Hossain MS, Liao J, James EK, Sato S, Tabata S, Jurkiewicz A, Madsen LH, Stougaard J, Ross L, Szczyglowski K. Lotus japonicus ARPC1 is required for rhizobial infection. Plant Physiol 2012; 160:917-28. [PMID: 22864583 PMCID: PMC3461565 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.202572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Remodeling of the plant cell cytoskeleton precedes symbiotic entry of nitrogen-fixing bacteria within the host plant roots. Here we identify a Lotus japonicus gene encoding a predicted ACTIN-RELATED PROTEIN COMPONENT1 (ARPC1) as essential for rhizobial infection but not for arbuscular mycorrhiza symbiosis. In other organisms ARPC1 constitutes a subunit of the ARP2/3 complex, the major nucleator of Y-branched actin filaments. The L. japonicus arpc1 mutant showed a distorted trichome phenotype and was defective in epidermal infection thread formation, producing mostly empty nodules. A few partially colonized nodules that did form in arpc1 contained abnormal infections. Together with previously described L. japonicus Nck-associated protein1 and 121F-specific p53 inducible RNA mutants, which are also impaired in the accommodation of rhizobia, our data indicate that ARPC1 and, by inference a suppressor of cAMP receptor/WASP-family verpolin homologous protein-ARP2/3 pathway, must have been coopted during evolution of nitrogen-fixing symbiosis to specifically mediate bacterial entry.
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MESH Headings
- Actin Cytoskeleton/genetics
- Actin Cytoskeleton/metabolism
- Actin-Related Protein 2-3 Complex/genetics
- Actin-Related Protein 2-3 Complex/metabolism
- Agrobacterium tumefaciens/genetics
- Agrobacterium tumefaciens/metabolism
- Cloning, Molecular
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
- Genes, Plant
- Genetic Complementation Test
- Genetic Loci
- Lotus/genetics
- Lotus/growth & development
- Lotus/metabolism
- Lotus/microbiology
- Mesorhizobium/growth & development
- Mutation
- Mycorrhizae/growth & development
- Phenotype
- Plant Epidermis/metabolism
- Plant Epidermis/microbiology
- Plant Proteins/genetics
- Plant Proteins/metabolism
- Plants, Genetically Modified/genetics
- Plants, Genetically Modified/metabolism
- Plants, Genetically Modified/microbiology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Root Nodules, Plant/growth & development
- Root Nodules, Plant/microbiology
- Seeds/genetics
- Seeds/metabolism
- Symbiosis
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15
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Hakoyama T, Oi R, Hazuma K, Suga E, Adachi Y, Kobayashi M, Akai R, Sato S, Fukai E, Tabata S, Shibata S, Wu GJ, Hase Y, Tanaka A, Kawaguchi M, Kouchi H, Umehara Y, Suganuma N. The SNARE protein SYP71 expressed in vascular tissues is involved in symbiotic nitrogen fixation in Lotus japonicus nodules. Plant Physiol 2012; 160:897-905. [PMID: 22858633 PMCID: PMC3461563 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.200782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Soluble N-Ethylmaleimide Sensitive Factor Attachment Protein Receptor (SNARE) proteins are crucial for signal transduction and development in plants. Here, we investigate a Lotus japonicus symbiotic mutant defective in one of the SNARE proteins. When in symbiosis with rhizobia, the growth of the mutant was retarded compared with that of the wild-type plant. Although the mutant formed nodules, these exhibited lower nitrogen fixation activity than the wild type. The rhizobia were able to invade nodule cells, but enlarged symbiosomes were observed in the infected cells. The causal gene, designated LjSYP71 (for L. japonicus syntaxin of plants71), was identified by map-based cloning and shown to encode a Qc-SNARE protein homologous to Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) SYP71. LjSYP71 was expressed ubiquitously in shoot, roots, and nodules, and transcripts were detected in the vascular tissues. In the mutant, no other visible defects in plant morphology were observed. Furthermore, in the presence of combined nitrogen, the mutant plant grew almost as well as the wild type. These results suggest that the vascular tissues expressing LjSYP71 play a pivotal role in symbiotic nitrogen fixation in L. japonicus nodules.
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MESH Headings
- Chromosome Mapping
- Cloning, Molecular
- Crosses, Genetic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
- Genes, Plant
- Genetic Complementation Test
- Lotus/genetics
- Lotus/metabolism
- Lotus/microbiology
- Mesorhizobium/growth & development
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
- Mutagenesis
- Nitrogen Fixation
- Phylogeny
- Plant Proteins/genetics
- Plant Proteins/metabolism
- Plant Shoots/genetics
- Plant Shoots/metabolism
- Plant Vascular Bundle/genetics
- Plant Vascular Bundle/metabolism
- Plants, Genetically Modified/genetics
- Plants, Genetically Modified/metabolism
- Plants, Genetically Modified/microbiology
- Qc-SNARE Proteins/genetics
- Qc-SNARE Proteins/metabolism
- Root Nodules, Plant/genetics
- Root Nodules, Plant/metabolism
- Root Nodules, Plant/microbiology
- Symbiosis
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16
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Yuan S, Zhu H, Gou H, Fu W, Liu L, Chen T, Ke D, Kang H, Xie Q, Hong Z, Zhang Z. A ubiquitin ligase of symbiosis receptor kinase involved in nodule organogenesis. Plant Physiol 2012; 160:106-17. [PMID: 22822209 PMCID: PMC3440188 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.199000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The symbiosis receptor kinase (SymRK) is required for morphological changes of legume root hairs triggered by rhizobial infection. How protein turnover of SymRK is regulated and how the nodulation factor signals are transduced downstream of SymRK are not known. In this report, a SymRK-interacting E3 ubiquitin ligase (SIE3) was shown to bind and ubiquitinate SymRK. The SIE3-SymRK interaction and the ubiquitination of SymRK were shown to occur in vitro and in planta. SIE3 represents a new class of plant-specific E3 ligases that contain a unique pattern of the conserved CTLH (for C-terminal to LisH), CRA (for CT11-RanBPM), and RING (for Really Interesting New Gene) domains. Expression of SIE3 was detected in all tested tissues of Lotus japonicus plants, and its transcript level in roots was enhanced by rhizobial infection. The SIE3 protein was localized to multiple subcellular locations including the nuclei and plasma membrane, where the SIE3-SymRK interaction took place. Overexpression of SIE3 promoted nodulation in transgenic hairy roots, whereas downregulation of SIE3 transcripts by RNA interference inhibited infection thread development and nodule organogenesis. These results suggest that SIE3 represents a new class of E3 ubiquitin ligase, acts as a regulator of SymRK, and is involved in rhizobial infection and nodulation in L. japonicus.
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