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Eloy NB, Voorend W, Lan W, Saleme MDLS, Cesarino I, Vanholme R, Smith RA, Goeminne G, Pallidis A, Morreel K, Nicomedes J, Ralph J, Boerjan W. Silencing CHALCONE SYNTHASE in Maize Impedes the Incorporation of Tricin into Lignin and Increases Lignin Content. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 173:998-1016. [PMID: 27940492 PMCID: PMC5291018 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is a phenolic heteropolymer that is deposited in secondary-thickened cell walls, where it provides mechanical strength. A recent structural characterization of cell walls from monocot species showed that the flavone tricin is part of the native lignin polymer, where it is hypothesized to initiate lignin chains. In this study, we investigated the consequences of altered tricin levels on lignin structure and cell wall recalcitrance by phenolic profiling, nuclear magnetic resonance, and saccharification assays of the naturally silenced maize (Zea mays) C2-Idf (inhibitor diffuse) mutant, defective in the CHALCONE SYNTHASE Colorless2 (C2) gene. We show that the C2-Idf mutant produces highly reduced levels of apigenin- and tricin-related flavonoids, resulting in a strongly reduced incorporation of tricin into the lignin polymer. Moreover, the lignin was enriched in β-β and β-5 units, lending support to the contention that tricin acts to initiate lignin chains and that, in the absence of tricin, more monolignol dimerization reactions occur. In addition, the C2-Idf mutation resulted in strikingly higher Klason lignin levels in the leaves. As a consequence, the leaves of C2-Idf mutants had significantly reduced saccharification efficiencies compared with those of control plants. These findings are instructive for lignin engineering strategies to improve biomass processing and biochemical production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nubia B Eloy
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (N.B.E., W.V., M.d.L.S.S., I.C., R.V., G.G., A.P., K.M., J.N., W.B.)
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (N.B.E., W.V., M.d.L.S.S., I.C., R.V., G.G., A.P., K.M., J.N., W.B.)
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Butantã, Sao Paulo SP 05508-090, Brazil (I.C.)
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726 (W.L., R.A.S., J.R.); and
- Department of Biological System Engineering (W.L., J.R.) and Department of Biochemistry (R.A.S., J.R.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Wannes Voorend
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (N.B.E., W.V., M.d.L.S.S., I.C., R.V., G.G., A.P., K.M., J.N., W.B.)
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (N.B.E., W.V., M.d.L.S.S., I.C., R.V., G.G., A.P., K.M., J.N., W.B.)
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Butantã, Sao Paulo SP 05508-090, Brazil (I.C.)
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726 (W.L., R.A.S., J.R.); and
- Department of Biological System Engineering (W.L., J.R.) and Department of Biochemistry (R.A.S., J.R.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Wu Lan
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (N.B.E., W.V., M.d.L.S.S., I.C., R.V., G.G., A.P., K.M., J.N., W.B.)
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (N.B.E., W.V., M.d.L.S.S., I.C., R.V., G.G., A.P., K.M., J.N., W.B.)
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Butantã, Sao Paulo SP 05508-090, Brazil (I.C.)
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726 (W.L., R.A.S., J.R.); and
- Department of Biological System Engineering (W.L., J.R.) and Department of Biochemistry (R.A.S., J.R.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Marina de Lyra Soriano Saleme
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (N.B.E., W.V., M.d.L.S.S., I.C., R.V., G.G., A.P., K.M., J.N., W.B.)
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (N.B.E., W.V., M.d.L.S.S., I.C., R.V., G.G., A.P., K.M., J.N., W.B.)
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Butantã, Sao Paulo SP 05508-090, Brazil (I.C.)
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726 (W.L., R.A.S., J.R.); and
- Department of Biological System Engineering (W.L., J.R.) and Department of Biochemistry (R.A.S., J.R.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Igor Cesarino
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (N.B.E., W.V., M.d.L.S.S., I.C., R.V., G.G., A.P., K.M., J.N., W.B.)
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (N.B.E., W.V., M.d.L.S.S., I.C., R.V., G.G., A.P., K.M., J.N., W.B.)
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Butantã, Sao Paulo SP 05508-090, Brazil (I.C.)
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726 (W.L., R.A.S., J.R.); and
- Department of Biological System Engineering (W.L., J.R.) and Department of Biochemistry (R.A.S., J.R.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Ruben Vanholme
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (N.B.E., W.V., M.d.L.S.S., I.C., R.V., G.G., A.P., K.M., J.N., W.B.)
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (N.B.E., W.V., M.d.L.S.S., I.C., R.V., G.G., A.P., K.M., J.N., W.B.)
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Butantã, Sao Paulo SP 05508-090, Brazil (I.C.)
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726 (W.L., R.A.S., J.R.); and
- Department of Biological System Engineering (W.L., J.R.) and Department of Biochemistry (R.A.S., J.R.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Rebecca A Smith
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (N.B.E., W.V., M.d.L.S.S., I.C., R.V., G.G., A.P., K.M., J.N., W.B.)
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (N.B.E., W.V., M.d.L.S.S., I.C., R.V., G.G., A.P., K.M., J.N., W.B.)
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Butantã, Sao Paulo SP 05508-090, Brazil (I.C.)
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726 (W.L., R.A.S., J.R.); and
- Department of Biological System Engineering (W.L., J.R.) and Department of Biochemistry (R.A.S., J.R.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Geert Goeminne
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (N.B.E., W.V., M.d.L.S.S., I.C., R.V., G.G., A.P., K.M., J.N., W.B.)
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (N.B.E., W.V., M.d.L.S.S., I.C., R.V., G.G., A.P., K.M., J.N., W.B.)
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Butantã, Sao Paulo SP 05508-090, Brazil (I.C.)
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726 (W.L., R.A.S., J.R.); and
- Department of Biological System Engineering (W.L., J.R.) and Department of Biochemistry (R.A.S., J.R.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Andreas Pallidis
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (N.B.E., W.V., M.d.L.S.S., I.C., R.V., G.G., A.P., K.M., J.N., W.B.)
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (N.B.E., W.V., M.d.L.S.S., I.C., R.V., G.G., A.P., K.M., J.N., W.B.)
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Butantã, Sao Paulo SP 05508-090, Brazil (I.C.)
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726 (W.L., R.A.S., J.R.); and
- Department of Biological System Engineering (W.L., J.R.) and Department of Biochemistry (R.A.S., J.R.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Kris Morreel
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (N.B.E., W.V., M.d.L.S.S., I.C., R.V., G.G., A.P., K.M., J.N., W.B.)
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (N.B.E., W.V., M.d.L.S.S., I.C., R.V., G.G., A.P., K.M., J.N., W.B.)
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Butantã, Sao Paulo SP 05508-090, Brazil (I.C.)
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726 (W.L., R.A.S., J.R.); and
- Department of Biological System Engineering (W.L., J.R.) and Department of Biochemistry (R.A.S., J.R.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - José Nicomedes
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (N.B.E., W.V., M.d.L.S.S., I.C., R.V., G.G., A.P., K.M., J.N., W.B.)
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (N.B.E., W.V., M.d.L.S.S., I.C., R.V., G.G., A.P., K.M., J.N., W.B.)
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Butantã, Sao Paulo SP 05508-090, Brazil (I.C.)
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726 (W.L., R.A.S., J.R.); and
- Department of Biological System Engineering (W.L., J.R.) and Department of Biochemistry (R.A.S., J.R.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - John Ralph
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (N.B.E., W.V., M.d.L.S.S., I.C., R.V., G.G., A.P., K.M., J.N., W.B.)
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (N.B.E., W.V., M.d.L.S.S., I.C., R.V., G.G., A.P., K.M., J.N., W.B.)
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Butantã, Sao Paulo SP 05508-090, Brazil (I.C.)
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726 (W.L., R.A.S., J.R.); and
- Department of Biological System Engineering (W.L., J.R.) and Department of Biochemistry (R.A.S., J.R.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Wout Boerjan
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (N.B.E., W.V., M.d.L.S.S., I.C., R.V., G.G., A.P., K.M., J.N., W.B.);
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (N.B.E., W.V., M.d.L.S.S., I.C., R.V., G.G., A.P., K.M., J.N., W.B.);
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Butantã, Sao Paulo SP 05508-090, Brazil (I.C.);
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726 (W.L., R.A.S., J.R.); and
- Department of Biological System Engineering (W.L., J.R.) and Department of Biochemistry (R.A.S., J.R.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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53
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Moural TW, Lewis KM, Barnaba C, Zhu F, Palmer NA, Sarath G, Scully ED, Jones JP, Sattler SE, Kang C. Characterization of Class III Peroxidases from Switchgrass. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 173:417-433. [PMID: 27879392 PMCID: PMC5210742 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Class III peroxidases (CIIIPRX) catalyze the oxidation of monolignols, generate radicals, and ultimately lead to the formation of lignin. In general, CIIIPRX genes encode a large number of isozymes with ranges of in vitro substrate specificities. In order to elucidate the mode of substrate specificity of these enzymes, we characterized one of the CIIIPRXs (PviPRX9) from switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), a strategic plant for second-generation biofuels. The crystal structure, kinetic experiments, molecular docking, as well as expression patterns of PviPRX9 across multiple tissues and treatments, along with its levels of coexpression with the majority of genes in the monolignol biosynthesis pathway, revealed the function of PviPRX9 in lignification. Significantly, our study suggested that PviPRX9 has the ability to oxidize a broad range of phenylpropanoids with rather similar efficiencies, which reflects its role in the fortification of cell walls during normal growth and root development and in response to insect feeding. Based on the observed interactions of phenylpropanoids in the active site and analysis of kinetics, a catalytic mechanism involving two water molecules and residues histidine-42, arginine-38, and serine-71 was proposed. In addition, proline-138 and gluntamine-140 at the 137P-X-P-X140 motif, leucine-66, proline-67, and asparagine-176 may account for the broad substrate specificity of PviPRX9. Taken together, these observations shed new light on the function and catalysis of PviPRX9 and potentially benefit efforts to improve biomass conservation properties in bioenergy and forage crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy W Moural
- Department of Chemistry (T.W.M., K.M.L., C.B., J.P.J., C.K.) and Department of Entomology (F.Z.), Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164
- Wheat, Sorghum, and Forage Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583 (N.A.P., G.S., S.E.S.)
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583 (N.A.P., G.S., S.E.S.); and
- Stored Product Insect and Engineering Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Center for Grain and Animal Health, Manhattan, Kansas 66502 (E.D.S.)
| | - Kevin M Lewis
- Department of Chemistry (T.W.M., K.M.L., C.B., J.P.J., C.K.) and Department of Entomology (F.Z.), Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164
- Wheat, Sorghum, and Forage Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583 (N.A.P., G.S., S.E.S.)
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583 (N.A.P., G.S., S.E.S.); and
- Stored Product Insect and Engineering Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Center for Grain and Animal Health, Manhattan, Kansas 66502 (E.D.S.)
| | - Carlo Barnaba
- Department of Chemistry (T.W.M., K.M.L., C.B., J.P.J., C.K.) and Department of Entomology (F.Z.), Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164
- Wheat, Sorghum, and Forage Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583 (N.A.P., G.S., S.E.S.)
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583 (N.A.P., G.S., S.E.S.); and
- Stored Product Insect and Engineering Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Center for Grain and Animal Health, Manhattan, Kansas 66502 (E.D.S.)
| | - Fang Zhu
- Department of Chemistry (T.W.M., K.M.L., C.B., J.P.J., C.K.) and Department of Entomology (F.Z.), Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164
- Wheat, Sorghum, and Forage Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583 (N.A.P., G.S., S.E.S.)
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583 (N.A.P., G.S., S.E.S.); and
- Stored Product Insect and Engineering Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Center for Grain and Animal Health, Manhattan, Kansas 66502 (E.D.S.)
| | - Nathan A Palmer
- Department of Chemistry (T.W.M., K.M.L., C.B., J.P.J., C.K.) and Department of Entomology (F.Z.), Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164
- Wheat, Sorghum, and Forage Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583 (N.A.P., G.S., S.E.S.)
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583 (N.A.P., G.S., S.E.S.); and
- Stored Product Insect and Engineering Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Center for Grain and Animal Health, Manhattan, Kansas 66502 (E.D.S.)
| | - Gautam Sarath
- Department of Chemistry (T.W.M., K.M.L., C.B., J.P.J., C.K.) and Department of Entomology (F.Z.), Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164
- Wheat, Sorghum, and Forage Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583 (N.A.P., G.S., S.E.S.)
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583 (N.A.P., G.S., S.E.S.); and
- Stored Product Insect and Engineering Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Center for Grain and Animal Health, Manhattan, Kansas 66502 (E.D.S.)
| | - Erin D Scully
- Department of Chemistry (T.W.M., K.M.L., C.B., J.P.J., C.K.) and Department of Entomology (F.Z.), Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164
- Wheat, Sorghum, and Forage Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583 (N.A.P., G.S., S.E.S.)
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583 (N.A.P., G.S., S.E.S.); and
- Stored Product Insect and Engineering Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Center for Grain and Animal Health, Manhattan, Kansas 66502 (E.D.S.)
| | - Jeffrey P Jones
- Department of Chemistry (T.W.M., K.M.L., C.B., J.P.J., C.K.) and Department of Entomology (F.Z.), Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164
- Wheat, Sorghum, and Forage Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583 (N.A.P., G.S., S.E.S.)
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583 (N.A.P., G.S., S.E.S.); and
- Stored Product Insect and Engineering Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Center for Grain and Animal Health, Manhattan, Kansas 66502 (E.D.S.)
| | - Scott E Sattler
- Department of Chemistry (T.W.M., K.M.L., C.B., J.P.J., C.K.) and Department of Entomology (F.Z.), Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164
- Wheat, Sorghum, and Forage Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583 (N.A.P., G.S., S.E.S.)
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583 (N.A.P., G.S., S.E.S.); and
- Stored Product Insect and Engineering Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Center for Grain and Animal Health, Manhattan, Kansas 66502 (E.D.S.)
| | - ChulHee Kang
- Department of Chemistry (T.W.M., K.M.L., C.B., J.P.J., C.K.) and Department of Entomology (F.Z.), Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164;
- Wheat, Sorghum, and Forage Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583 (N.A.P., G.S., S.E.S.);
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583 (N.A.P., G.S., S.E.S.); and
- Stored Product Insect and Engineering Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Center for Grain and Animal Health, Manhattan, Kansas 66502 (E.D.S.)
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