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Houbaert A, Zhang C, Tiwari M, Wang K, de Marcos Serrano A, Savatin DV, Urs MJ, Zhiponova MK, Gudesblat GE, Vanhoutte I, Eeckhout D, Boeren S, Karimi M, Betti C, Jacobs T, Fenoll C, Mena M, de Vries S, De Jaeger G, Russinova E. POLAR-guided signalling complex assembly and localization drive asymmetric cell division. Nature 2018; 563:574-578. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0714-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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52
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Arongaus AB, Chen S, Pireyre M, Glöckner N, Galvão VC, Albert A, Winkler JB, Fankhauser C, Harter K, Ulm R. Arabidopsis RUP2 represses UVR8-mediated flowering in noninductive photoperiods. Genes Dev 2018; 32:1332-1343. [PMID: 30254107 PMCID: PMC6169840 DOI: 10.1101/gad.318592.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Arongaus et al. show that genetic mutation of REPRESSOR OF UV-B PHOTOMORPHOGENESIS 2 (RUP2) renders the facultative long day plant Arabidopsis thaliana a day-neutral plant (specifically under light conditions that include UV-B radiation) and dependent on the UV RESISTANCE LOCUS 8 (UVR8) UV-B photoreceptor. Plants have evolved complex photoreceptor-controlled mechanisms to sense and respond to seasonal changes in day length. This ability allows plants to optimally time the transition from vegetative growth to flowering. UV-B is an important part intrinsic to sunlight; however, whether and how it affects photoperiodic flowering has remained elusive. Here, we report that, in the presence of UV-B, genetic mutation of REPRESSOR OF UV-B PHOTOMORPHOGENESIS 2 (RUP2) renders the facultative long day plant Arabidopsis thaliana a day-neutral plant and that this phenotype is dependent on the UV RESISTANCE LOCUS 8 (UVR8) UV-B photoreceptor. We provide evidence that the floral repression activity of RUP2 involves direct interaction with CONSTANS, repression of this key activator of flowering, and suppression of FLOWERING LOCUS T transcription. RUP2 therefore functions as an essential repressor of UVR8-mediated induction of flowering under noninductive short day conditions and thus provides a crucial mechanism of photoperiodic flowering control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana B Arongaus
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, Section of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Song Chen
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, Section of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Marie Pireyre
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, Section of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Nina Glöckner
- Department of Plant Physiology, Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Vinicius C Galvão
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Albert
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - J Barbro Winkler
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christian Fankhauser
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Klaus Harter
- Department of Plant Physiology, Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Roman Ulm
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, Section of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.,Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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53
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Mehlhorn DG, Wallmeroth N, Berendzen KW, Grefen C. 2in1 Vectors Improve In Planta BiFC and FRET Analyses. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1691:139-158. [PMID: 29043675 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7389-7_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) play vital roles in all subcellular processes and a number of tools have been developed for their detection and analysis. Each method has its unique set of benefits and drawbacks that need to be considered prior to their application. In fact, researchers are spoilt for choice when it comes to deciding which method to use for the initial detection of a PPI, and which to corroborate the findings. With constant improvements in microscope development, the possibilities of techniques to study PPIs in vivo, and in real time, are continuously enhanced, and expanded. Here, we describe three common approaches, their recent improvements incorporating a 2in1-cloning approach, and their application in plant cell biology: ratiometric Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation (rBiFC), FRET Acceptor Photobleaching (FRET-AB), and Fluorescent Lifetime Imaging (FRET-FLIM), using Nicotiana benthamiana leaves and Arabidopsis thaliana cell culture protoplasts as transient expression systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietmar G Mehlhorn
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Niklas Wallmeroth
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, Developmental Genetics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kenneth W Berendzen
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christopher Grefen
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, Developmental Genetics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
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54
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Gantner J, Ordon J, Ilse T, Kretschmer C, Gruetzner R, Löfke C, Dagdas Y, Bürstenbinder K, Marillonnet S, Stuttmann J. Peripheral infrastructure vectors and an extended set of plant parts for the Modular Cloning system. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197185. [PMID: 29847550 PMCID: PMC5976141 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Standardized DNA assembly strategies facilitate the generation of multigene constructs from collections of building blocks in plant synthetic biology. A common syntax for hierarchical DNA assembly following the Golden Gate principle employing Type IIs restriction endonucleases was recently developed, and underlies the Modular Cloning and GoldenBraid systems. In these systems, transcriptional units and/or multigene constructs are assembled from libraries of standardized building blocks, also referred to as phytobricks, in several hierarchical levels and by iterative Golden Gate reactions. Here, a toolkit containing further modules for the novel DNA assembly standards was developed. Intended for use with Modular Cloning, most modules are also compatible with GoldenBraid. Firstly, a collection of approximately 80 additional phytobricks is provided, comprising e.g. modules for inducible expression systems, promoters or epitope tags. Furthermore, DNA modules were developed for connecting Modular Cloning and Gateway cloning, either for toggling between systems or for standardized Gateway destination vector assembly. Finally, first instances of a "peripheral infrastructure" around Modular Cloning are presented: While available toolkits are designed for the assembly of plant transformation constructs, vectors were created to also use coding sequence-containing phytobricks directly in yeast two hybrid interaction or bacterial infection assays. The presented material will further enhance versatility of hierarchical DNA assembly strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Gantner
- Institute for Biology, Department of Plant Genetics, Martin Luther University Halle (Saale), Halle, Germany
| | - Jana Ordon
- Institute for Biology, Department of Plant Genetics, Martin Luther University Halle (Saale), Halle, Germany
| | - Theresa Ilse
- Institute for Biology, Department of Plant Genetics, Martin Luther University Halle (Saale), Halle, Germany
| | - Carola Kretschmer
- Institute for Biology, Department of Plant Genetics, Martin Luther University Halle (Saale), Halle, Germany
| | - Ramona Gruetzner
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Christian Löfke
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Yasin Dagdas
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Bürstenbinder
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Sylvestre Marillonnet
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Johannes Stuttmann
- Institute for Biology, Department of Plant Genetics, Martin Luther University Halle (Saale), Halle, Germany
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55
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Liu TY, Chou WC, Chen WY, Chu CY, Dai CY, Wu PY. Detection of membrane protein-protein interaction in planta based on dual-intein-coupled tripartite split-GFP association. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 94:426-438. [PMID: 29451720 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite the great interest in identifying protein-protein interactions (PPIs) in biological systems, only a few attempts have been made at large-scale PPI screening in planta. Unlike biochemical assays, bimolecular fluorescence complementation allows visualization of transient and weak PPIs in vivo at subcellular resolution. However, when the non-fluorescent fragments are highly expressed, spontaneous and irreversible self-assembly of the split halves can easily generate false positives. The recently developed tripartite split-GFP system was shown to be a reliable PPI reporter in mammalian and yeast cells. In this study, we adapted this methodology, in combination with the β-estradiol-inducible expression cassette, for the detection of membrane PPIs in planta. Using a transient expression assay by agroinfiltration of Nicotiana benthamiana leaves, we demonstrate the utility of the tripartite split-GFP association in plant cells and affirm that the tripartite split-GFP system yields no spurious background signal even with abundant fusion proteins readily accessible to the compartments of interaction. By validating a few of the Arabidopsis PPIs, including the membrane PPIs implicated in phosphate homeostasis, we proved the fidelity of this assay for detection of PPIs in various cellular compartments in planta. Moreover, the technique combining the tripartite split-GFP association and dual-intein-mediated cleavage of polyprotein precursor is feasible in stably transformed Arabidopsis plants. Our results provide a proof-of-concept implementation of the tripartite split-GFP system as a potential tool for membrane PPI screens in planta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Yin Liu
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chun Chou
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Yuan Chen
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yi Chu
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yi Dai
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yu Wu
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
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56
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Tian Y, Fan M, Qin Z, Lv H, Wang M, Zhang Z, Zhou W, Zhao N, Li X, Han C, Ding Z, Wang W, Wang ZY, Bai MY. Hydrogen peroxide positively regulates brassinosteroid signaling through oxidation of the BRASSINAZOLE-RESISTANT1 transcription factor. Nat Commun 2018. [PMID: 29540799 PMCID: PMC5852159 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03463-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is an important signaling molecule in plant developmental processes and stress responses. However, whether H2O2-mediated signaling crosstalks with plant hormone signaling is largely unclear. Here, we show that H2O2 induces the oxidation of the BRASSINAZOLE-RESISTANT1 (BZR1) transcription factor, which functions as a master regulator of brassinosteroid (BR) signaling. Oxidative modification enhances BZR1 transcriptional activity by promoting its interaction with key regulators in the auxin-signaling and light-signaling pathways, including AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR6 (ARF6) and PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR4 (PIF4). Genome-wide analysis shows that H2O2-dependent regulation of BZR1 activity plays a major role in modifying gene expression related to several BR-mediated biological processes. Furthermore, we show that the thioredoxin TRXh5 can interact with BZR1 and catalyzes its reduction. We conclude that reversible oxidation of BZR1 connects H2O2-mediated and thioredoxin-mediated redox signaling to BR signaling to regulate plant development. Hydrogen peroxide and brassinosteroids (BR) both regulate plant development and stress responses. Here Tian et al. show that hydrogen peroxide can trigger oxidation of the BR-responsive BZR1 transcription factor and promote its transcriptional activity, thereby linking BR and redox signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanchen Tian
- Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environment Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Min Fan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environment Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhaoxia Qin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environment Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hongjun Lv
- Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environment Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Minmin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environment Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wenying Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environment Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Na Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environment Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environment Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Chao Han
- Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environment Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhaojun Ding
- Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environment Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wenfei Wang
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Wang
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ming-Yi Bai
- Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environment Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
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57
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Long Y, Stahl Y, Weidtkamp-Peters S, Smet W, Du Y, Gadella TWJ, Goedhart J, Scheres B, Blilou I. Optimizing FRET-FLIM Labeling Conditions to Detect Nuclear Protein Interactions at Native Expression Levels in Living Arabidopsis Roots. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:639. [PMID: 29868092 PMCID: PMC5962846 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Protein complex formation has been extensively studied using Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) measured by Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy (FLIM). However, implementing this technology to detect protein interactions in living multicellular organism at single-cell resolution and under native condition is still difficult to achieve. Here we describe the optimization of the labeling conditions to detect FRET-FLIM in living plants. This study exemplifies optimization procedure involving the identification of the optimal position for the labels either at the N or C terminal region and the selection of the bright and suitable, fluorescent proteins as donor and acceptor labels for the FRET study. With an effective optimization strategy, we were able to detect the interaction between the stem cell regulators SHORT-ROOT and SCARECROW at endogenous expression levels in the root pole of living Arabidopsis embryos and developing lateral roots by FRET-FLIM. Using this approach we show that the spatial profile of interaction between two transcription factors can be highly modulated in reoccurring and structurally resembling organs, thus providing new information on the dynamic redistribution of nuclear protein complex configurations in different developmental stages. In principle, our optimization procedure for transcription factor complexes is applicable to any biological system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Long
- Plant Developmental Biology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Yvonne Stahl
- Institute for Developmental Genetics, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Wouter Smet
- Plant Developmental Biology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Yujuan Du
- Plant Developmental Biology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Theodorus W. J. Gadella
- Section of Molecular Cytology, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joachim Goedhart
- Section of Molecular Cytology, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ben Scheres
- Plant Developmental Biology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Ikram Blilou
- Plant Developmental Biology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, Netherlands
- Plant Cell and Developmental Biology, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- *Correspondence: Ikram Blilou
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58
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Gutsche N, Holtmannspötter M, Maß L, O'Donoghue M, Busch A, Lauri A, Schubert V, Zachgo S. Conserved redox-dependent DNA binding of ROXY glutaredoxins with TGA transcription factors. PLANT DIRECT 2017; 1:e00030. [PMID: 31245678 PMCID: PMC6508501 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis thaliana CC-type glutaredoxin (GRX) ROXY1 and the bZIP TGA transcription factor (TF) PERIANTHIA (PAN) interact in the nucleus and together regulate petal development. The CC-type GRXs exist exclusively in land plants, and in contrast to the ubiquitously occurring CPYC and CGFS GRX classes, only the CC-type GRXs expanded strongly during land plant evolution. Phylogenetic analyses show that TGA TFs evolved before the CC-type GRXs in charophycean algae. MpROXY1/2 and MpTGA were isolated from the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha to analyze regulatory ROXY/TGA interactions in a basal land plant. Homologous and heterologous protein interaction studies demonstrate that nuclear ROXY/TGA interactions are conserved since the occurrence of CC-type GRXs in bryophytes and mediated by a conserved ROXY C-terminus. Redox EMSA analyses show a redox-sensitive binding of MpTGA to the cis-regulatory as-1-like element. Furthermore, we demonstrate that MpTGA binds together with MpROXY1/2 to this motif under reducing conditions, whereas this interaction is not observed under oxidizing conditions. Remarkably, heterologous complementation studies reveal a strongly conserved land plant ROXY activity, suggesting an ancestral role for CC-type GRXs in modulating the activities of TGA TFs. Super-resolution microscopy experiments detected a strong colocalization of ROXY1 with the active form of the RNA polymerase II in the nucleus. Together, these data shed new light on the function of ROXYs and TGA TFs and the evolution of redox-sensitive transcription regulation processes, which likely contributed to adapt land plants to novel terrestrial habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Gutsche
- Botany DepartmentSchool of Biology and ChemistryOsnabrück UniversityOsnabrückGermany
| | | | - Lucia Maß
- Botany DepartmentSchool of Biology and ChemistryOsnabrück UniversityOsnabrückGermany
| | | | - Andrea Busch
- Botany DepartmentSchool of Biology and ChemistryOsnabrück UniversityOsnabrückGermany
| | | | - Veit Schubert
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK)Stadt SeelandGermany
| | - Sabine Zachgo
- Botany DepartmentSchool of Biology and ChemistryOsnabrück UniversityOsnabrückGermany
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59
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Goodin MM. Protein Localization and Interaction Studies in Plants: Toward Defining Complete Proteomes by Visualization. Adv Virus Res 2017; 100:117-144. [PMID: 29551133 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Protein interaction and localization studies in plants are a fundamental component of achieving mechanistic understanding of virus:plant interactions at the systems level. Many such studies are conducted using transient expression assays in leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana, the most widely used experimental plant host in virology, examined by laser-scanning confocal microscopy. This chapter provides a workflow for protein interaction and localization experiments, with particular attention to the many control and supporting assays that may also need to be performed. Basic principles of microscopy are introduced to aid researchers in the early stages of adding imaging techniques to their experimental repertoire. Three major types of imaging-based experiments are discussed in detail: (i) protein localization using autofluorescent proteins, (ii) colocalization studies, and (iii) bimolecular fluorescence complementation, with emphasis on judicious interpretation of the data obtained from these approaches. In addition to establishing a general framework for protein localization experiments in plants, the need for proteome-scale localization projects is discussed, with emphasis on nuclear-localized proteins.
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60
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Aboulela M, Tanaka Y, Nishimura K, Mano S, Nishimura M, Ishiguro S, Kimura T, Nakagawa T. Development of an R4 dual-site (R4DS) gateway cloning system enabling the efficient simultaneous cloning of two desired sets of promoters and open reading frames in a binary vector for plant research. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177889. [PMID: 28520787 PMCID: PMC5433782 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vast numbers of proteins work cooperatively to exert their functions in various cells. In order to understand the functions and molecular mechanisms of these proteins in plants, analyses of transgenic plants that concomitantly express two protein-coding genes are often required. We developed a novel Gateway cloning technology-compatible binary vector system, the R4 dual-site (R4DS) Gateway cloning system, which enables the easy and efficient cloning of two desired sets of promoters and open reading frames (ORFs) into a binary vector using promoter and ORF entry clones. In this system, C-terminal fusions with 17 kinds of tags including visible reporters and epitope tags are available for each ORF, and selection by four kinds of resistance markers is possible. We verified that the R4DS Gateway cloning system functioned well in Arabidopsis thaliana by observing the expression and localization patterns of fluorescent proteins fused with organelle-targeting signals and driven by stomatal-lineage specific promoters. We also confirmed that the two cloning sites in the R4DS Gateway cloning system were equivalent and independently regulated. The results obtained indicate that the R4DS Gateway cloning system facilitates detailed comparisons of the expression patterns of two promoters as well as co-localization and interaction analyses of two proteins in specific cells in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Aboulela
- Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research, Organization for Research, Shimane University, Matsue, Japan
- Bioresources Science, The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Yuji Tanaka
- Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research, Organization for Research, Shimane University, Matsue, Japan
| | - Kohji Nishimura
- Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research, Organization for Research, Shimane University, Matsue, Japan
- Bioresources Science, The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Shoji Mano
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Japan
| | - Mikio Nishimura
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Sumie Ishiguro
- Department of Biological Mechanisms and Functions, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kimura
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Nakagawa
- Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research, Organization for Research, Shimane University, Matsue, Japan
- Bioresources Science, The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
- * E-mail:
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61
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Aboulela M, Tanaka Y, Nishimura K, Mano S, Kimura T, Nakagawa T. A dual-site gateway cloning system for simultaneous cloning of two genes for plant transformation. Plasmid 2017; 92:1-11. [PMID: 28499723 DOI: 10.1016/j.plasmid.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Analyses of the subcellular localization of proteins and protein-protein interaction networks are essential to uncover the molecular basis of diverse biological processes in plants. To this end, we have created a Gateway cloning-compatible vector system, named dual-site (DS) Gateway cloning system to allow simple cloning of two expression cassettes in a binary vector and to express them simultaneously in plant cells. In the DS Gateway cloning system, (i) a moderate constitutive nopaline synthase promoter (Pnos), which is much suitable for localization analysis, is used to guide each expression cassette, (ii) four series of vectors with different plant resistance markers are established, (iii) N-terminal fusion with 6 fluorescent proteins and 7 epitope tags is available, (iv) both N- and C-terminal fusions with split enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (EYFP) are possible for efficient detection of protein-protein interactions using a bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assay. The usefulness of the DS Gateway cloning system has been demonstrated by the analysis of the expression and the subcellular localization patterns of two Golgi proteins in stable expression system using A. thaliana, and by the analyses of interactions between subunits of coat protein complex II (COPII) both in transient and stable expression systems using Japanese leek and A. thaliana, respectively. The DS Gateway cloning system provides a multipurpose, efficient expression tool in gene function analyses and especially suitable for investigating interactions and subcellular localization of two proteins in living plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Aboulela
- Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research, Organization for Research, Shimane University, Matsue, Japan; Bioresources Science, The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan; Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Yuji Tanaka
- Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research, Organization for Research, Shimane University, Matsue, Japan
| | - Kohji Nishimura
- Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research, Organization for Research, Shimane University, Matsue, Japan; Bioresources Science, The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Shoji Mano
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan; Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kimura
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Nakagawa
- Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research, Organization for Research, Shimane University, Matsue, Japan; Bioresources Science, The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan.
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62
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Xing S, Mehlhorn DG, Wallmeroth N, Asseck LY, Kar R, Voss A, Denninger P, Schmidt VAF, Schwarzländer M, Stierhof YD, Grossmann G, Grefen C. Loss of GET pathway orthologs in Arabidopsis thaliana causes root hair growth defects and affects SNARE abundance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E1544-E1553. [PMID: 28096354 PMCID: PMC5338382 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1619525114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) proteins are key players in cellular trafficking and coordinate vital cellular processes, such as cytokinesis, pathogen defense, and ion transport regulation. With few exceptions, SNAREs are tail-anchored (TA) proteins, bearing a C-terminal hydrophobic domain that is essential for their membrane integration. Recently, the Guided Entry of Tail-anchored proteins (GET) pathway was described in mammalian and yeast cells that serve as a blueprint of TA protein insertion [Schuldiner M, et al. (2008) Cell 134(4):634-645; Stefanovic S, Hegde RS (2007) Cell 128(6):1147-1159]. This pathway consists of six proteins, with the cytosolic ATPase GET3 chaperoning the newly synthesized TA protein posttranslationally from the ribosome to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. Structural and biochemical insights confirmed the potential of pathway components to facilitate membrane insertion, but the physiological significance in multicellular organisms remains to be resolved. Our phylogenetic analysis of 37 GET3 orthologs from 18 different species revealed the presence of two different GET3 clades. We identified and analyzed GET pathway components in Arabidopsis thaliana and found reduced root hair elongation in Atget lines, possibly as a result of reduced SNARE biogenesis. Overexpression of AtGET3a in a receptor knockout (KO) results in severe growth defects, suggesting presence of alternative insertion pathways while highlighting an intricate involvement for the GET pathway in cellular homeostasis of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuping Xing
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, Developmental Genetics, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Dietmar Gerald Mehlhorn
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, Developmental Genetics, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Niklas Wallmeroth
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, Developmental Genetics, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Lisa Yasmin Asseck
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, Developmental Genetics, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Ritwika Kar
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, Developmental Genetics, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Alessa Voss
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, Developmental Genetics, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Philipp Denninger
- Centre for Organismal Studies, CellNetworks Excellence Cluster, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vanessa Aphaia Fiona Schmidt
- Centre for Organismal Studies, CellNetworks Excellence Cluster, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Schwarzländer
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - York-Dieter Stierhof
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, Microscopy, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Guido Grossmann
- Centre for Organismal Studies, CellNetworks Excellence Cluster, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christopher Grefen
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, Developmental Genetics, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany;
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63
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Zhang B, Karnik R, Waghmare S, Donald N, Blatt MR. VAMP721 Conformations Unmask an Extended Motif for K+ Channel Binding and Gating Control. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 173:536-551. [PMID: 27821719 PMCID: PMC5210753 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) proteins play a major role in membrane fusion and contribute to cell expansion, signaling, and polar growth in plants. The SNARE SYP121 of Arabidopsis thaliana that facilitates vesicle fusion at the plasma membrane also binds with, and regulates, K+ channels already present at the plasma membrane to affect K+ uptake and K+-dependent growth. Here, we report that its cognate partner VAMP721, which assembles with SYP121 to drive membrane fusion, binds to the KAT1 K+ channel via two sites on the protein, only one of which contributes to channel-gating control. Binding to the VAMP721 SNARE domain suppressed channel gating. By contrast, interaction with the amino-terminal longin domain conferred specificity on VAMP721 binding without influencing gating. Channel binding was defined by a linear motif within the longin domain. The SNARE domain is thought to wrap around this structure when not assembled with SYP121 in the SNARE complex. Fluorescence lifetime analysis showed that mutations within this motif, which suppressed channel binding and its effects on gating, also altered the conformational displacement between the VAMP721 SNARE and longin domains. The presence of these two channel-binding sites on VAMP721, one also required for SNARE complex assembly, implies a well-defined sequence of events coordinating K+ uptake and the final stages of vesicle traffic. It suggests that binding begins with VAMP721, and subsequently with SYP121, thereby coordinating K+ channel gating during SNARE assembly and vesicle fusion. Thus, our findings also are consistent with the idea that the K+ channels are nucleation points for SNARE complex assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Zhang
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Rucha Karnik
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Sakharam Waghmare
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Naomi Donald
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Michael R Blatt
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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64
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Larson ER. Measuring Plant Protein Secretion. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1662:199-207. [PMID: 28861830 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7262-3_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent protein fusions are widely used for visualizing the subcellular localization and mobility of intercellular proteins. There is now a variety of colors, expression vectors, and photoactivated molecules to choose from, each with their own strengths and limitations. In this chapter, the methodologies for expressing and quantifying protein secretion with fluorescent protein fusion constructs using two separate protocols-one in which the retention of a transiently expressed fluorescent marker is measured in seedling roots to quantify a block in secretion, and one in which the secretion of a fluorescent marker into the space of the apoplast is measured to quantify secretion in plant leaves-are described. In the first protocol, seedling roots are transiently transformed with multicistronic constructs; and in the second protocol, markers can be stably expressed and controlled under an inducible promoter in mature plants. Both methods provide tools for quantifying protein secretion and visualizing defects in secretion pathways in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Larson
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
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65
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Husbands AY, Aggarwal V, Ha T, Timmermans MCP. In Planta Single-Molecule Pull-Down Reveals Tetrameric Stoichiometry of HD-ZIPIII:LITTLE ZIPPER Complexes. THE PLANT CELL 2016; 28:1783-94. [PMID: 27385814 PMCID: PMC5006705 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.16.00289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Deciphering complex biological processes markedly benefits from approaches that directly assess the underlying biomolecular interactions. Most commonly used approaches to monitor protein-protein interactions typically provide nonquantitative readouts that lack statistical power and do not yield information on the heterogeneity or stoichiometry of protein complexes. Single-molecule pull-down (SiMPull) uses single-molecule fluorescence detection to mitigate these disadvantages and can quantitatively interrogate interactions between proteins and other compounds, such as nucleic acids, small molecule ligands, and lipids. Here, we establish SiMPull in plants using the HOMEODOMAIN LEUCINE ZIPPER III (HD-ZIPIII) and LITTLE ZIPPER (ZPR) interaction as proof-of-principle. Colocalization analysis of fluorophore-tagged HD-ZIPIII and ZPR proteins provides strong statistical evidence of complex formation. In addition, we use SiMPull to directly quantify YFP and mCherry maturation probabilities, showing these differ substantially from values obtained in mammalian systems. Leveraging these probabilities, in conjunction with fluorophore photobleaching assays on over 2000 individual complexes, we determined HD-ZIPIII:ZPR stoichiometry. Intriguingly, these complexes appear as heterotetramers, comprising two HD-ZIPIII and two ZPR molecules, rather than heterodimers as described in the current model. This surprising result raises new questions about the regulation of these key developmental factors and is illustrative of the unique contribution SiMPull is poised to make to in planta protein interaction studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman Y Husbands
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724
| | - Vasudha Aggarwal
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Taekjip Ha
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Marja C P Timmermans
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724 Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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66
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Andersen TG, Nintemann SJ, Marek M, Halkier BA, Schulz A, Burow M. Improving analytical methods for protein-protein interaction through implementation of chemically inducible dimerization. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27766. [PMID: 27282591 PMCID: PMC4901268 DOI: 10.1038/srep27766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
When investigating interactions between two proteins with complementary reporter tags in yeast two-hybrid or split GFP assays, it remains troublesome to discriminate true- from false-negative results and challenging to compare the level of interaction across experiments. This leads to decreased sensitivity and renders analysis of weak or transient interactions difficult to perform. In this work, we describe the development of reporters that can be chemically induced to dimerize independently of the investigated interactions and thus alleviate these issues. We incorporated our reporters into the widely used split ubiquitin-, bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC)- and Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)- based methods and investigated different protein-protein interactions in yeast and plants. We demonstrate the functionality of this concept by the analysis of weakly interacting proteins from specialized metabolism in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Our results illustrate that chemically induced dimerization can function as a built-in control for split-based systems that is easily implemented and allows for direct evaluation of functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonni Grube Andersen
- Center for Dynamic Molecular Interactions (DynaMo), Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Sebastian J. Nintemann
- Center for Dynamic Molecular Interactions (DynaMo), Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Magdalena Marek
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Barbara A. Halkier
- Center for Dynamic Molecular Interactions (DynaMo), Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Alexander Schulz
- Center for Dynamic Molecular Interactions (DynaMo), Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Meike Burow
- Center for Dynamic Molecular Interactions (DynaMo), Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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67
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Xing S, Wallmeroth N, Berendzen KW, Grefen C. Techniques for the Analysis of Protein-Protein Interactions in Vivo. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 171:727-58. [PMID: 27208310 PMCID: PMC4902627 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.00470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Identifying key players and their interactions is fundamental for understanding biochemical mechanisms at the molecular level. The ever-increasing number of alternative ways to detect protein-protein interactions (PPIs) speaks volumes about the creativity of scientists in hunting for the optimal technique. PPIs derived from single experiments or high-throughput screens enable the decoding of binary interactions, the building of large-scale interaction maps of single organisms, and the establishment of cross-species networks. This review provides a historical view of the development of PPI technology over the past three decades, particularly focusing on in vivo PPI techniques that are inexpensive to perform and/or easy to implement in a state-of-the-art molecular biology laboratory. Special emphasis is given to their feasibility and application for plant biology as well as recent improvements or additions to these established techniques. The biology behind each method and its advantages and disadvantages are discussed in detail, as are the design, execution, and evaluation of PPI analysis. We also aim to raise awareness about the technological considerations and the inherent flaws of these methods, which may have an impact on the biological interpretation of PPIs. Ultimately, we hope this review serves as a useful reference when choosing the most suitable PPI technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuping Xing
- University of Tübingen, ZMBP Developmental Genetics (S.X., N.W., C.G.) and ZMBP Central Facilities (K.W.B.), D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Niklas Wallmeroth
- University of Tübingen, ZMBP Developmental Genetics (S.X., N.W., C.G.) and ZMBP Central Facilities (K.W.B.), D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Kenneth W Berendzen
- University of Tübingen, ZMBP Developmental Genetics (S.X., N.W., C.G.) and ZMBP Central Facilities (K.W.B.), D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Christopher Grefen
- University of Tübingen, ZMBP Developmental Genetics (S.X., N.W., C.G.) and ZMBP Central Facilities (K.W.B.), D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
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68
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Ghareeb H, Laukamm S, Lipka V. COLORFUL-Circuit: A Platform for Rapid Multigene Assembly, Delivery, and Expression in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:246. [PMID: 26973687 PMCID: PMC4772762 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Advancing basic and applied plant research requires the continuous innovative development of the available technology toolbox. Essential components of this toolbox are methods that simplify the assembly, delivery, and expression of multiple transgenes of interest. To allow simultaneous and directional multigene assembly on the same plant transformation vector, several strategies based on overlapping sequences or restriction enzymes have recently been developed. However, the assembly of homologous and repetitive DNA sequences can be inefficient and the frequent occurrence of target sequences recognized by commonly used restriction enzymes can be a limiting factor. Here, we noted that recognition sites for the restriction enzyme SfiI are rarely occurring in plant genomes. This fact was exploited to establish a multigene assembly system called "COLORFUL-Circuit." To this end, we developed a set of binary vectors which provide a flexible and cost efficient cloning platform. The gene expression cassettes in our system are flanked with unique SfiI sites, which allow simultaneous multi-gene cassette assembly in a hosting binary vector. We used COLORFUL-Circuit to transiently and stably express up to four fluorescent organelle markers in addition to a selectable marker and analyzed the impact of assembly design on coexpression efficiency. Finally, we demonstrate the utility of our optimized "COLORFUL-Circuit" system in an exemplary case study, in which we monitored simultaneously the subcellular behavior of multiple organelles in a biotrophic plant-microbe interaction by Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Ghareeb
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute of Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University of GöttingenGöttingen, Germany
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, National Research CentreCairo, Egypt
- *Correspondence: Hassan Ghareeb
| | - Sabine Laukamm
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute of Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University of GöttingenGöttingen, Germany
| | - Volker Lipka
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute of Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University of GöttingenGöttingen, Germany
- Volker Lipka
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69
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Grefen C, Karnik R, Larson E, Lefoulon C, Wang Y, Waghmare S, Zhang B, Hills A, Blatt MR. A vesicle-trafficking protein commandeers Kv channel voltage sensors for voltage-dependent secretion. NATURE PLANTS 2015; 1:15108. [PMID: 27250541 DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2015.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Growth in plants depends on ion transport for osmotic solute uptake and secretory membrane trafficking to deliver material for wall remodelling and cell expansion. The coordination of these processes lies at the heart of the question, unresolved for more than a century, of how plants regulate cell volume and turgor. Here we report that the SNARE protein SYP121 (SYR1/PEN1), which mediates vesicle fusion at the Arabidopsis plasma membrane, binds the voltage sensor domains (VSDs) of K(+) channels to confer a voltage dependence on secretory traffic in parallel with K(+) uptake. VSD binding enhances secretion in vivo subject to voltage, and mutations affecting VSD conformation alter binding and secretion in parallel with channel gating, net K(+) concentration, osmotic content and growth. These results demonstrate a new and unexpected mechanism for secretory control, in which a subset of plant SNAREs commandeer K(+) channel VSDs to coordinate membrane trafficking with K(+) uptake for growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Grefen
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Rucha Karnik
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Emily Larson
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Cécile Lefoulon
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Yizhou Wang
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Sakharam Waghmare
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Ben Zhang
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Adrian Hills
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Michael R Blatt
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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