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Dubois M, Van den Broeck L, Inzé D. The Pivotal Role of Ethylene in Plant Growth. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 23:311-323. [PMID: 29428350 PMCID: PMC5890734 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Being continuously exposed to variable environmental conditions, plants produce phytohormones to react quickly and specifically to these changes. The phytohormone ethylene is produced in response to multiple stresses. While the role of ethylene in defense responses to pathogens is widely recognized, recent studies in arabidopsis and crop species highlight an emerging key role for ethylene in the regulation of organ growth and yield under abiotic stress. Molecular connections between ethylene and growth-regulatory pathways have been uncovered, and altering the expression of ethylene response factors (ERFs) provides a new strategy for targeted ethylene-response engineering. Crops with optimized ethylene responses show improved growth in the field, opening new windows for future crop improvement. This review focuses on how ethylene regulates shoot growth, with an emphasis on leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke Dubois
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Present address: Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Lisa Van den Broeck
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dirk Inzé
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Correspondence: @InzeDirk
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Wagner S, Van Aken O, Elsässer M, Schwarzländer M. Mitochondrial Energy Signaling and Its Role in the Low-Oxygen Stress Response of Plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 176:1156-1170. [PMID: 29298823 PMCID: PMC5813528 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.01387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Cellular responses to low-oxygen stress and to respiratory inhibitors share common mitochondrial energy signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Wagner
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48143 Münster, Germany
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Marlene Elsässer
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48143 Münster, Germany
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Botany (IZMB), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Markus Schwarzländer
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48143 Münster, Germany
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany
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Loreti E, Valeri MC, Novi G, Perata P. Gene Regulation and Survival under Hypoxia Requires Starch Availability and Metabolism. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 176:1286-1298. [PMID: 29084901 PMCID: PMC5813553 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.01002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Plants respond to hypoxia, often caused by submergence, by expressing a specific set of genes that contribute to acclimation to this unfavorable environmental condition. Genes induced by low oxygen include those encoding enzymes for carbohydrate metabolism and fermentation, pathways that are required for survival. Sugar availability is therefore of crucial importance for energy production under hypoxia. Here, we show that Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants require starch for surviving submergence as well as for ensuring the rapid induction of genes encoding enzymes required for anaerobic metabolism. The starchless pgm mutant is highly susceptible to submergence and also fails to induce anaerobic genes at the level of the wild type. Treating wild-type plants under conditions inducing sugar starvation results in a weak induction of alcohol dehydrogenase and other anaerobic genes. Induction of gene expression under hypoxia requires transcription factors belonging to group VII ethylene response factors (ERF-VII) that, together with plant Cys oxidases, act as an oxygen-sensing mechanism. We show that repression of this pathway by sugar starvation occurs downstream of the hypoxia-dependent stabilization of ERF-VII proteins and independently of the energy sensor protein kinases SnRK1.1 (SNF1-related kinase 1.1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Loreti
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, CNR, National Research Council, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Valeri
- PlantLab, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56017 San Giuliano Terme (Pisa), Italy
| | - Giacomo Novi
- PlantLab, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56017 San Giuliano Terme (Pisa), Italy
| | - Pierdomenico Perata
- PlantLab, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56017 San Giuliano Terme (Pisa), Italy
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54
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Giuntoli B, Shukla V, Maggiorelli F, Giorgi FM, Lombardi L, Perata P, Licausi F. Age-dependent regulation of ERF-VII transcription factor activity in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:2333-2346. [PMID: 28741696 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The Group VII Ethylene Responsive Factors (ERFs-VII) RAP2.2 and RAP2.12 have been mainly characterized with regard to their contribution as activators of fermentation in plants. However, transcriptional changes measured in conditions that stabilize these transcription factors exceed the mere activation of this biochemical pathway, implying additional roles performed by the ERF-VIIs in other processes. We evaluated gene expression in transgenic Arabidopsis lines expressing a stabilized form of RAP2.12, or hampered in ERF-VII activity, and identified genes affected by this transcriptional regulator and its homologs, including some involved in oxidative stress response, which are not universally induced under anaerobic conditions. The contribution of the ERF-VIIs in regulating this set of genes in response to chemically induced or submergence-stimulated mitochondria malfunctioning was found to depend on the plant developmental stage. A similar age-dependent mechanism also restrained ERF-VII activity upon the core-hypoxic genes, independently of the N-end rule pathway, which is accounted for the control of the anaerobic response. To conclude, this study shed new light on a dual role of ERF-VII proteins under submergence: as positive regulators of the hypoxic response and as repressors of oxidative-stress related genes, depending on the developmental stage at which plants are challenged by stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Giuntoli
- Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Institute of Life Sciences, Plantlab, Via Guidiccioni 8/10, 56017, Pisa, Italy
| | - Vinay Shukla
- Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Institute of Life Sciences, Plantlab, Via Guidiccioni 8/10, 56017, Pisa, Italy
| | - Federica Maggiorelli
- Biology Department, Università degli Studi di Pisa, Via Luca Ghini 13, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Federico M Giorgi
- Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Institute of Life Sciences, Plantlab, Via Guidiccioni 8/10, 56017, Pisa, Italy
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 1TN, UK
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Lara Lombardi
- Biology Department, Università degli Studi di Pisa, Via Luca Ghini 13, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Pierdomenico Perata
- Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Institute of Life Sciences, Plantlab, Via Guidiccioni 8/10, 56017, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Licausi
- Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Institute of Life Sciences, Plantlab, Via Guidiccioni 8/10, 56017, Pisa, Italy
- Biology Department, Università degli Studi di Pisa, Via Luca Ghini 13, 56126, Pisa, Italy
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Yao Y, Chen X, Wu AM. ERF-VII members exhibit synergistic and separate roles in Arabidopsis. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2017; 12:e1329073. [PMID: 28537474 PMCID: PMC5566254 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2017.1329073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The ethylene response factor VII (ERF-VII) transcription factor has been reported to be involved in multiple different stress responses. In a previous study, we showed that ERF74 and ERF75 play a redundant role in the upregulation of RESPIRATORY BURST OXIDASE HOMOLOG D (RbohD) transcription and enhance the oxygen species (ROS) burst during early stages of the stress response. Induction of stress marker genes and ROS-scavenging enzymes under various stress conditions are dependent on this ROS burst. Here, we propose an assumption that ERF71-ERF75 have different functions and act synergistically in response to stresses in Arabidopsis. ERF74 and ERF75 are involved in controlling an RbohD-dependent mechanism in response to different stresses, subsequently maintaining H2O2 homeostasis in Arabidopsis as we previously reported. ERF71 and ERF73 may have a role in supervising plant intracellular ROS homeostasis, whereas ERF72 may only act as an activator of ERF74 and ERF75 in the stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyang Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ai-Min Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- CONTACT Ai-Min Wu College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
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Liu B, Sun L, Ma L, Hao FS. Both AtrbohD and AtrbohF are essential for mediating responses to oxygen deficiency in Arabidopsis. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2017; 36:947-957. [PMID: 28337518 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-017-2128-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Both AtrbohD and AtrbohF promote the increases in activities of ADH, PDC, LDH, and Ca2+ levels, and induce the expression of multiple hypoxia response genes, thus improving Arabidopsis adaptation to oxygen deficiency. NADPH oxidase AtrbohD and AtrbohF cooperatively play key roles in regulation of growth and stress signaling in Arabidopsis. However, reports on AtrbohD and AtrbohF functioning together in hypoxia signaling are scarce, and the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we show that the double null mutant atrbohD/F is more sensitive to oxygen deprivation compared with wild type (WT) and the single mutant atrbohD and atrbohF. Under oxygen deficiency, enhancements of the transcripts of alcohol dehydrogenase 1 (ADH1) and pyruvate decarboxylase 1 (PDC1) and the activities of ADH, PDC and lactate dehydrogenase in WT are clearly reduced in the single mutants, and more strongly reduced in the double mutant. Moreover, increases in the production of ATP, H2O2 and Ca2+ in WT are significantly arrested in atrbohD, atrbohF, and especially in atrbohD/F. Hypoxia-promoted rise in the expression of some hypoxic responsive genes is also inhibited in atrbohD/F relative to WT, atrbohD and atrbohF. These genes include ethylene response factor 73, lactate dehydrogenase, MYB transcription factor 2, sucrose synthase 1 (SUS1), SUS4, heat stress transcription factor A2 and heat-shock protein 18.2. These results suggest that both AtrbohD and AtrbohF are essential for mediating hypoxia signaling. H2O2 derived from AtrbohD and AtrbohF triggers the Ca2+ increase and induces the expression of multiple hypoxia response genes, thus improving Arabidopsis tolerance to low-oxygen stress. These findings provide new insights into the mechanisms of AtrbohF in regulating the responses to oxygen deprivation in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, College of Life Sciences, Henan University Jinming Campus, Kaifeng, 475004, China
- Department of Ecology, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lirong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, College of Life Sciences, Henan University Jinming Campus, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Liya Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, College of Life Sciences, Henan University Jinming Campus, Kaifeng, 475004, China
- Anci District Agricultural Bureau of Langfang, Langfang, 065000, China
| | - Fu-Shun Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, College of Life Sciences, Henan University Jinming Campus, Kaifeng, 475004, China.
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Parvin N, Carrie C, Pabst I, Läßer A, Laha D, Paul MV, Geigenberger P, Heermann R, Jung K, Vothknecht UC, Chigri F. TOM9.2 Is a Calmodulin-Binding Protein Critical for TOM Complex Assembly but Not for Mitochondrial Protein Import in Arabidopsis thaliana. MOLECULAR PLANT 2017; 10:575-589. [PMID: 28062321 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2016.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The translocon on the outer membrane of mitochondria (TOM) facilitates the import of nuclear-encoded proteins. The principal machinery of mitochondrial protein transport seems conserved in eukaryotes; however, divergence in the composition and structure of TOM components has been observed between mammals, yeast, and plants. TOM9, the plant homolog of yeast Tom22, is significantly smaller due to a truncation in the cytosolic receptor domain, and its precise function is not understood. Here we provide evidence showing that TOM9.2 from Arabidopsis thaliana is involved in the formation of mature TOM complex, most likely by influencing the assembly of the pore-forming subunit TOM40. Dexamethasone-induced RNAi gene silencing of TOM9.2 results in a severe reduction in the mature TOM complex, and the assembly of newly imported TOM40 into the complex is impaired. Nevertheless, mutant plants are fully viable and no obvious downstream effects of the loss of TOM complex, i.e., on mitochondrial import capacity, were observed. Furthermore, we found that TOM9.2 can bind calmodulin (CaM) in vitro and that CaM impairs the assembly of TOM complex in the isolated wild-type mitochondria, suggesting a regulatory role of TOM9.2 and a possible integration of TOM assembly into the cellular calcium signaling network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nargis Parvin
- Department Biology I, Botany, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Großhaderner Straße 2-4, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Chris Carrie
- Department Biology I, Botany, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Großhaderner Straße 2-4, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Isabelle Pabst
- Department Biology I, Botany, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Großhaderner Straße 2-4, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Antonia Läßer
- Department Biology I, Botany, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Großhaderner Straße 2-4, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Debabrata Laha
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Plant Physiology, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Melanie V Paul
- Department Biology I, Botany, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Großhaderner Straße 2-4, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Peter Geigenberger
- Department Biology I, Botany, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Großhaderner Straße 2-4, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Ralf Heermann
- Department Biology I, Microbiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Großhaderner Straße 2-4, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Kirsten Jung
- Department Biology I, Microbiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Großhaderner Straße 2-4, 82152 Martinsried, Germany; Department of Biology, Center for Integrated Protein Science (Munich), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Ute C Vothknecht
- Department Biology I, Botany, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Großhaderner Straße 2-4, 82152 Martinsried, Germany; Department of Biology, Center for Integrated Protein Science (Munich), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Fatima Chigri
- Department Biology I, Botany, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Großhaderner Straße 2-4, 82152 Martinsried, Germany; Department of Biology, Center for Integrated Protein Science (Munich), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany.
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Li H, Wang Y, Wu M, Li L, Li C, Han Z, Yuan J, Chen C, Song W, Wang C. Genome-Wide Identification of AP2/ERF Transcription Factors in Cauliflower and Expression Profiling of the ERF Family under Salt and Drought Stresses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:946. [PMID: 28642765 PMCID: PMC5462956 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The AP2/ERF transcription factors (TFs) comprise one of the largest gene superfamilies in plants. These TFs perform vital roles in plant growth, development, and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, 171 AP2/ERF TFs were identified in cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis), one of the most important horticultural crops in Brassica. Among these TFs, 15, 9, and 1 TFs were classified into the AP2, RAV, and Soloist family, respectively. The other 146 TFs belong to ERF family, which were further divided into the ERF and DREB subfamilies. The ERF subfamily contained 91 TFs, while the DREB subfamily contained 55 TFs. Phylogenetic analysis results indicated that the AP2/ERF TFs can be classified into 13 groups, in which 25 conserved motifs were confirmed. Some motifs were group- or subgroup- specific, implying that they are significant to the functions of the AP2/ERF TFs of these clades. In addition, 35 AP2/ERF TFs from the 13 groups were selected randomly and then used for expression pattern analysis under salt and drought stresses. The majority of these AP2/ERF TFs exhibited positive responses to these stress conditions. In specific, Bra-botrytis-ERF054a, Bra-botrytis-ERF056, and Bra-botrytis-CRF2a demonstrated rapid responses. By contrast, six AP2/ERF TFs were showed to delay responses to both stresses. The AP2/ERF TFs exhibiting specific expression patterns under salt or drought stresses were also confirmed. Further functional analysis indicated that ectopic overexpression of Bra-botrytis-ERF056 could increase tolerance to both salt and drought treatments. These findings provide new insights into the AP2/ERF TFs present in cauliflower, and offer candidate AP2/ERF TFs for further studies on their roles in salt and drought stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai UniversityTianjin, China
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Tianjin Agricultural UniversityTianjin, China
| | - Yu Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai UniversityTianjin, China
| | - Mei Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai UniversityTianjin, China
| | - Lihong Li
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai UniversityTianjin, China
| | - Cong Li
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai UniversityTianjin, China
| | - Zhanpin Han
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Tianjin Agricultural UniversityTianjin, China
| | - Jiye Yuan
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai UniversityTianjin, China
| | - Chengbin Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai UniversityTianjin, China
| | - Wenqin Song
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai UniversityTianjin, China
| | - Chunguo Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai UniversityTianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Chunguo Wang
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Phukan UJ, Jeena GS, Tripathi V, Shukla RK. Regulation of Apetala2/Ethylene Response Factors in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:150. [PMID: 28270817 PMCID: PMC5318435 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Multiple environmental stresses affect growth and development of plants. Plants try to adapt under these unfavorable condition through various evolutionary mechanisms like physiological and biochemical alterations connecting various network of regulatory processes. Transcription factors (TFs) like APETALA2/ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTORS (AP2/ERFs) are an integral component of these signaling cascades because they regulate expression of a wide variety of down stream target genes related to stress response and development through different mechanism. This downstream regulation of transcript does not always positively or beneficially affect the plant but also they display some developmental defects like senescence and reduced growth under normal condition or sensitivity to stress condition. Therefore, tight auto/cross regulation of these TFs at transcriptional, translational and domain level is crucial to understand. The present manuscript discuss the multiple regulation and advantage of plasticity and specificity of these family of TFs to a wide or single downstream target(s) respectively. We have also discussed the concern which comes with the unwanted associated traits, which could only be averted by further study and exploration of these AP2/ERFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ujjal J. Phukan
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic PlantsLucknow, India
| | - Gajendra S. Jeena
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic PlantsLucknow, India
| | - Vineeta Tripathi
- Botany Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research InstituteLucknow, India
| | - Rakesh K. Shukla
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic PlantsLucknow, India
- *Correspondence: Rakesh K. Shukla
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