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Brinker P, Weig A, Rambold G, Feldhaar H, Tragust S. Microbial community composition of nest-carton and adjoining soil of the ant Lasius fuliginosus and the role of host secretions in structuring microbial communities. FUNGAL ECOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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52
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McLean AH. Cascading effects of defensive endosymbionts. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2019; 32:42-46. [PMID: 31113630 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Defensive endosymbionts are now understood to be widespread among insects, targeting many different threats, including predators, parasites and disease. The effects on natural enemies can be significant, resulting in dramatic changes in the outcome of interactions between insects and their attackers. Evidence is now emerging from laboratory and field work that defensive symbionts can have important effects on the surrounding insect community, as well as on vulnerable enemy species; for example, by reducing prey available for the trophic level above the enemy. However, there is a need for more experimental work across a greater taxonomic range of species in order to understand the different ways in which defensive symbionts influence insect communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailsa Hc McLean
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PS, United Kingdom.
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53
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Polenogova OV, Kabilov MR, Tyurin MV, Rotskaya UN, Krivopalov AV, Morozova VV, Mozhaitseva K, Kryukova NA, Alikina T, Kryukov VY, Glupov VV. Parasitoid envenomation alters the Galleria mellonella midgut microbiota and immunity, thereby promoting fungal infection. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4012. [PMID: 30850650 PMCID: PMC6408550 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40301-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut bacteria influence the development of different pathologies caused by bacteria, fungi and parasitoids in insects. Wax moth larvae became more susceptible to fungal infections after envenomation by the ectoparasitoid Habrobracon hebetor. In addition, spontaneous bacterioses occurred more often in envenomated larvae. We analyzed alterations in the midgut microbiota and immunity of the wax moth in response to H. hebetor envenomation and topical fungal infection (Beauveria bassiana) alone or in combination using 16S rRNA sequencing, an analysis of cultivable bacteria and a qPCR analysis of immunity- and stress-related genes. Envenomation led to a predominance shift from enterococci to enterobacteria, an increase in CFUs and the upregulation of AMPs in wax moth midguts. Furthermore, mycosis nonsignificantly increased the abundance of enterobacteria and the expression of AMPs in the midgut. Combined treatment led to a significant increase in the abundance of Serratia and a greater upregulation of gloverin. The oral administration of predominant bacteria (Enterococcus faecalis, Enterobacter sp. and Serratia marcescens) to wax moth larvae synergistically increased fungal susceptibility. Thus, the activation of midgut immunity might prevent the bacterial decomposition of envenomated larvae, thus permitting the development of fungal infections. Moreover, changes in the midgut bacterial community may promote fungal killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V Polenogova
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630091, Russia
| | - Marsel R Kabilov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Maksim V Tyurin
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630091, Russia
| | - Ulyana N Rotskaya
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630091, Russia
| | - Anton V Krivopalov
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630091, Russia
| | - Vera V Morozova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Kseniya Mozhaitseva
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630091, Russia
| | - Nataliya A Kryukova
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630091, Russia
| | - Tatyana Alikina
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Vadim Yu Kryukov
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630091, Russia.
| | - Viktor V Glupov
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630091, Russia
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54
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Zakalyukina YV, Birykov MV, Lukianov DA, Shiriaev DI, Komarova ES, Skvortsov DA, Kostyukevich Y, Tashlitsky VN, Polshakov VI, Nikolaev E, Sergiev PV, Osterman IA. Nybomycin-producing Streptomyces isolated from carpenter ant Camponotus vagus. Biochimie 2019; 160:93-99. [PMID: 30797881 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A novel strain of Actinomycetes was isolated from the body of an ant (Camponotus vagus Scopoli) and its genetic and morphological properties were characterized. The 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis of the isolate revealed its high phylogenetic relationship with type strains of Streptomyces violaceochromogenes NBRC 13100T. As a result of antimicrobial activity assessment, it was found that the fermentation broth of the isolated strain both inhibited the growth and induced the SOS response in E. coli BW25113 ΔtolC strain cells. Using bioassay-guided fractionation, mass spectrometric and NMR analyses we identified the active compound to be nybomycin, a previously described antibiotic. Here we report for the first time Streptomyces producer of nybomycin in association with carpenter ants and demonstrate cytotoxic activity of nybomycin against human cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya V Zakalyukina
- Department of Soil Science, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234 Russia
| | - Mikhail V Birykov
- Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234 Russia
| | - Dmitrii A Lukianov
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo, Moscow Region, 143025, Russia
| | - Dmitrii I Shiriaev
- Department of Chemistry and A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia
| | - Ekaterina S Komarova
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo, Moscow Region, 143025, Russia; Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234 Russia
| | - Dmitry A Skvortsov
- Department of Chemistry and A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia
| | - Yury Kostyukevich
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo, Moscow Region, 143025, Russia
| | - Vadim N Tashlitsky
- Department of Chemistry and A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia
| | - Vladimir I Polshakov
- Center for Magnetic Tomography and Spectroscopy, Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, M.V., Russia
| | - Eugene Nikolaev
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo, Moscow Region, 143025, Russia
| | - Petr V Sergiev
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo, Moscow Region, 143025, Russia; Department of Chemistry and A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia
| | - Ilya A Osterman
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo, Moscow Region, 143025, Russia; Department of Chemistry and A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia.
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55
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Kellner K, Kardish MR, Seal JN, Linksvayer TA, Mueller UG. Symbiont-Mediated Host-Parasite Dynamics in a Fungus-Gardening Ant. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2018; 76:530-543. [PMID: 29285550 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-017-1124-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Group-living can promote the evolution of adaptive strategies to prevent and control disease. Fungus-gardening ants must cope with two sets of pathogens, those that afflict the ants themselves and those of their symbiotic fungal gardens. While much research has demonstrated the impact of specialized fungal pathogens that infect ant fungus gardens, most of these studies focused on the so-called higher attine ants, which are thought to coevolve diffusely with two clades of leucocoprinaceous fungi. Relatively few studies have addressed disease ecology of lower Attini, which are thought to occasionally recruit (domesticate) novel leucocoprinaceous fungi from free-living populations; coevolution between lower-attine ants and their fungi is therefore likely weaker (or even absent) than in the higher Attini, which generally have many derived modifications. Toward understanding the disease ecology of lower-attine ants, this study (a) describes the diversity in the microfungal genus Escovopsis that naturally infect fungus gardens of the lower-attine ant Mycocepurus smithii and (b) experimentally determines the relative contributions of Escovopsis strain (a possible garden disease), M. smithii ant genotype, and fungal cultivar lineage to disease susceptibility and colony fitness. In controlled in-vivo infection laboratory experiments, we demonstrate that the susceptibility to Escovopsis infection was an outcome of ant-cultivar-Escovopsis interaction, rather than solely due to ant genotype or fungal cultivar lineage. The role of complex ant-cultivar-Escovopsis interactions suggests that switching M. smithii farmers onto novel fungus types might be a strategy to generate novel ant-fungus combinations resistant to most, but perhaps not all, Escovopsis strains circulating in a local population of this and other lower-attine ants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Kellner
- Section of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX, 75799, USA.
| | - M R Kardish
- Section of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
- Deptartment of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - J N Seal
- Section of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX, 75799, USA
| | - T A Linksvayer
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - U G Mueller
- Section of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
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56
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Antifungal activity of 3-acetylbenzamide produced by actinomycete WA23-4-4 from the intestinal tract of Periplaneta americana. J Microbiol 2018; 56:516-523. [PMID: 29956124 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-018-7510-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Actinomycetes are well-known for producing numerous bioactive secondary metabolites. In this study, primary screening by antifungal activity assay found one actinomycete strain WA23-4-4 isolated from the intestinal tract of Periplaneta americana that exhibited broad spectrum antifungal activity. 16S rDNA gene analysis of strain WA23-4-4 revealed close similarity to Streptomyces nogalater (AB045886) with 86.6% sequence similarity. Strain WA23-4-4 was considered as a novel Streptomyces and the 16s rDNA sequence has been submitted to GenBank (accession no. KX291006). The maximum antifungal activity of WA23-4-4 was achieved when culture conditions were optimized to pH 8.0, with 12% inoculum concentration and 210 ml ISP2 medium, which remained stable between the 5th and the 9th day. 3-Acetyl benzoyl amide was isolated by ethyl acetate extraction of WA23-4-4 fermentation broth, and its molecular formula was determined as C9H9NO2 based on MS, IR, 1H, and 13C NMR analyses. The compound showed significant antifungal activity against Candida albicans ATCC 10231 (MIC: 31.25 μg/ml) and Aspergillus niger ATCC 16404 (MIC: 31.25 μg/ml). However, the compound had higher MIC values against Trichophyton rubrum ATCC 60836 (MIC: 500 μg/ml) and Aspergillus fumigatus ATCC 96918 (MIC: 1,000 μg/ml). SEM analysis showed damage to the cell membrane of Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and to the mycelium of Aspergillus niger ATCC 16404 after being treatment with 3-acetyl benzoyl amide. In conclusion, this is the first time that 3-acetyl benzoyl amide has been identified from an actinomycete and this compound exhibited antifungal activity against Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and Aspergillus niger ATCC 16404.
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57
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Wang Z, Peng AH, Lu DD, Song YJ, Wang CL, Xie WD. Manumycin-type Derivatives from a Streptomyces sp. Associated with Meson Bee Osmia cornifrons. Nat Prod Commun 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1801300605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Two new manumycin-type derivatives named as cornifronin A and cornifronin B, and one known analogue antibiotic SW-B were isolated from the liquid fermentation of Streptomyces sp. OC1401 obtained from body surface of a meson bee Osmia cornifrons. The structures of all isolates were identified by spectroscopic methods (HRESIMS, IR, 1D and 2D NMR) and comparison with literature data. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of these manumycin-type derivatives were evaluated by disc diffusion method and more accurate data on the antibacterial activity were obtained through the MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) and MBC (Minimal bactericidal concentration) values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Marine Science, Shandong University at Weihai, Weihai 264209, P. R. China
| | - Ai-Hong Peng
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Marine Science, Shandong University at Weihai, Weihai 264209, P. R. China
| | - Dan-Dan Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Marine Science, Shandong University at Weihai, Weihai 264209, P. R. China
| | - Ya-Jie Song
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Marine Science, Shandong University at Weihai, Weihai 264209, P. R. China
| | - Cheng-Lei Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Marine Science, Shandong University at Weihai, Weihai 264209, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Dong Xie
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Marine Science, Shandong University at Weihai, Weihai 264209, P. R. China
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58
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Boucias DG, Zhou Y, Huang S, Keyhani NO. Microbiota in insect fungal pathology. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:5873-5888. [PMID: 29802479 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9089-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Significant progress has been made in the biochemical and genetic characterization of the host-pathogen interaction mediated by insect pathogenic fungi, with the most widely studied being the Ascomycetes (Hypocrealean) fungi, Metarhizium robertsii and Beauveria bassiana. However, few studies have examined the consequences and effects of host (insect) microbes, whether compatible or antagonistic, on the development and survival of entomopathogenic fungi. Host microbes can act on the insect cuticular surface, within the gut, in specialized insect microbe hosting structures, and within cells, and they include a wide array of facultative and/or obligate exosymbionts and endosymbionts. The insect microbiome differs across developmental stages and in response to nutrition (e.g., different plant hosts for herbivores) and environmental conditions, including exposure to chemical insecticides. Here, we review recent advances indicating that insect-pathogenic fungi have evolved a spectrum of strategies for exploiting or suppressing host microbes, including the production of antimicrobial compounds that are expressed at discrete stages of the infection process. Conversely, there is increasing evidence that some insects have acquired microbes that may be specialized in the production of antifungal compounds to combat infection by (entomopathogenic) fungi. Consideration of the insect microbiome in fungal insect pathology represents a new frontier that can help explain previously obscure ecological and pathological aspects of the biology of entomopathogenic fungi. Such information may lead to novel approaches to improving the efficacy of these organisms in pest control efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drion G Boucias
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Yonghong Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Shuaishuai Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Nemat O Keyhani
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
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59
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Donkersley P, Rhodes G, Pickup RW, Jones KC, Wilson K. Bacterial communities associated with honeybee food stores are correlated with land use. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:4743-4756. [PMID: 29876054 PMCID: PMC5980251 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial communities, associated with almost all metazoans, can be inherited from the environment. Although the honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) gut microbiome is well documented, studies of the gut focus on just a small component of the bee microbiome. Other key areas such as the comb, propolis, honey, and stored pollen (bee bread) are poorly understood. Furthermore, little is known about the relationship between the pollinator microbiome and its environment. Here we present a study of the bee bread microbiome and its relationship with land use. We estimated bacterial community composition using both Illumina MiSeq DNA sequencing and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Illumina was used to gain a deeper understanding of precise species diversity across samples. DGGE was used on a larger number of samples where the costs of MiSeq had become prohibitive and therefore allowed us to study a greater number of bee breads across broader geographical axes. The former demonstrates bee bread comprises, on average, 13 distinct bacterial phyla; Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Alpha-proteobacteria, Beta-proteobacteria, and Gamma-proteobacteria were the five most abundant. The most common genera were Pseudomonas, Arsenophonus, Lactobacillus, Erwinia, and Acinetobacter. DGGE data show bacterial community composition and diversity varied spatially and temporally both within and between hives. Land use data were obtained from the 2007 Countryside Survey. Certain habitats, such as improved grasslands, are associated with low diversity bee breads, meaning that these environments may be poor sources of bee-associated bacteria. Decreased bee bread bacterial diversity may result in reduced function within hives. Although the dispersal of microbes is ubiquitous, this study has demonstrated landscape-level effects on microbial community composition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Glenn Rhodes
- Lake Ecosystems GroupCentre for Ecology and HydrologyLancasterUK
| | - Roger W. Pickup
- Division of Biomedical and Life SciencesLancaster UniversityLancasterUK
| | - Kevin C. Jones
- Lancaster Environment CentreLancaster UniversityLancasterUK
| | - Kenneth Wilson
- Lancaster Environment CentreLancaster UniversityLancasterUK
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60
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Zhao X, Zhang X, Chen Z, Wang Z, Lu Y, Cheng D. The Divergence in Bacterial Components Associated with Bactrocera dorsalis across Developmental Stages. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:114. [PMID: 29449838 PMCID: PMC5799270 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Eco-evolutionary dynamics of microbiotas at the macroscale level are largely driven by ecological variables. The diet and living environment of the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis, diversify during development, providing a natural system to explore convergence, divergence, and repeatability in patterns of microbiota dynamics as a function of the host diet, phylogeny, and environment. Here, we characterized the microbiotas of 47 B. dorsalis individuals from three distinct populations by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. A significant deviation was found within the larvae, pupae, and adults of each population. Pupae were characterized by an increased bacterial taxonomic and functional diversity. Principal components analysis showed that the microbiotas of larvae, pupae, and adults clearly separated into three clusters. Acetobacteraceae, Lactobacillaceae, and Enterobacteriaceae were the predominant families in larval and adult samples, and PICRUSt analysis indicated that phosphoglycerate mutases and transketolases were significantly enriched in larvae, while phosphoglycerate mutases, transketolases, and proteases were significantly enriched in adults, which may support the digestive function of the microbiotas in larvae and adults. The abundances of Intrasporangiaceae, Dermabacteraceae (mainly Brachybacterium) and Brevibacteriaceae (mainly Brevibacterium) were significantly higher in pupae, and the antibiotic transport system ATP-binding protein and antibiotic transport system permease protein pathways were significantly enriched there as well, indicating the defensive function of microbiotas in pupae. Overall, differences in the microbiotas of the larvae, pupae, and adults are likely to contribute to differences in nutrient assimilation and living environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Zhao
- Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenshi Chen
- Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongyue Lu
- Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Daifeng Cheng
- Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Grouped Microorganism Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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61
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Abstract
With a million described species and more than half a billion preserved specimens, the large scale of insect collections is unequaled by those of any other group. Advances in genomics, collection digitization, and imaging have begun to more fully harness the power that such large data stores can provide. These new approaches and technologies have transformed how entomological collections are managed and utilized. While genomic research has fundamentally changed the way many specimens are collected and curated, advances in technology have shown promise for extracting sequence data from the vast holdings already in museums. Efforts to mainstream specimen digitization have taken root and have accelerated traditional taxonomic studies as well as distribution modeling and global change research. Emerging imaging technologies such as microcomputed tomography and confocal laser scanning microscopy are changing how morphology can be investigated. This review provides an overview of how the realization of big data has transformed our field and what may lie in store.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Edward Z Short
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; and Division of Entomology, Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA;
| | - Torsten Dikow
- Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013, USA;
| | - Corrie S Moreau
- Department of Science and Education, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois 60605, USA;
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62
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Van Arnam EB, Currie CR, Clardy J. Defense contracts: molecular protection in insect-microbe symbioses. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:1638-1651. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00340d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Insects frequently host microbes that produce defensive molecules: a successful protective strategy and also an opportunity for antibiotic discovery
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan B. Van Arnam
- Keck Science Department
- Claremont McKenna
- Pitzer
- and Scripps Colleges
- Claremont
| | | | - Jon Clardy
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology
- Harvard Medical School
- Boston
- USA
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63
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Gualtieri L, Nugnes F, Nappo AG, Gebiola M, Bernardo U. Life inside a gall: closeness does not favour horizontal transmission of Rickettsia between a gall wasp and its parasitoid. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2017; 93:3934658. [PMID: 28854679 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fix087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of horizontal transmission as a route for spreading symbiont infections is still being debated, but a common view is that horizontal transfers require intimate between-species relationships. Here we study a system that meets ideal requirements for horizontal transmission: the gall wasp Leptocybe invasa and its parasitoid Quadrastichus mendeli (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). These wasps belong to the same subfamily, spend most of their lives inside the same minute gall and are both infected by Rickettsia, a maternally inherited endosymbiotic bacteria that infects several arthropods, sometimes manipulating their reproduction, like inducing thelytokous parthenogenesis in L. invasa. Despite intimate contact, close phylogenetic relationship and the parasitoid's host specificity, we show that host and parasitoid do not share the same Rickettsia. We provide indirect evidence that Rickettsia infecting Q. mendeli may be inducing thelytokous parthenogenesis, as the symbiont is densely present in the reproductive apparatus and is vertically transmitted. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S and gltA placed this symbiont in the leech group. The confirmed and presumed parthenogenesis-inducing Rickettsia discovered so far only infect eulophid wasps, and belong to three different groups, suggesting multiple independent evolution of the parthenogenesis inducing phenotype. We also show some degree of cospeciation between Rickettsia and their eulophid hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liberata Gualtieri
- CNR, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, SS of Portici, Via Università 133, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy. Tel: +39-081-7753658-19; E-mail:
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64
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Otti O, Deines P, Hammerschmidt K, Reinhardt K. Regular Wounding in a Natural System: Bacteria Associated With Reproductive Organs of Bedbugs and Their Quorum Sensing Abilities. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1855. [PMID: 29326722 PMCID: PMC5741697 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
During wounding, tissues are disrupted so that bacteria can easily enter the host and trigger a host response. Both the host response and bacterial communication can occur through quorum sensing (QS) and quorum sensing inhibition (QSI). Here, we characterize the effect of wounding on the host-associated bacterial community of the bed bug. This is a model system where the male is wounding the female during every mating. Whereas several aspects of the microbial involvement during wounding have been previously examined, it is not clear to what extent QS and QSI play a role. We find that the microbiome differs depending on mating and feeding status of female bedbugs and is specific to the location of isolation. Most organs of bedbugs harbor bacteria, which are capable of both QS and QSI signaling. By focusing on the prokaryotic quorum communication system, we provide a baseline for future research in this unique system. We advocate the bedbug system as suitable for studying the effects of bacteria on reproduction and for addressing prokaryote and eukaryote communication during wounding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Otti
- Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,Animal Population Ecology, Animal Ecology I, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Peter Deines
- Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,Zoological Institute, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Katrin Hammerschmidt
- Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,Institute of Microbiology, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Klaus Reinhardt
- Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,Applied Zoology, Department of Biology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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65
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Matarrita-Carranza B, Moreira-Soto RD, Murillo-Cruz C, Mora M, Currie CR, Pinto-Tomas AA. Evidence for Widespread Associations between Neotropical Hymenopteran Insects and Actinobacteria. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2016. [PMID: 29089938 PMCID: PMC5651009 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary success of hymenopteran insects has been associated with complex physiological and behavioral defense mechanisms against pathogens and parasites. Among these strategies are symbiotic associations between Hymenoptera and antibiotic-producing Actinobacteria, which provide protection to insect hosts. Herein, we examine associations between culturable Actinobacteria and 29 species of tropical hymenopteran insects that span five families, including Apidae (bees), Vespidae (wasps), and Formicidae (ants). In total, 197 Actinobacteria isolates were obtained from 22 of the 29 different insect species sampled. Through 16S rRNA gene sequences of 161 isolates, we show that 91% of the symbionts correspond to members of the genus Streptomyces with less common isolates belonging to Pseudonocardia and Amycolatopsis. Electron microscopy revealed the presence of filamentous bacteria with Streptomyces morphology in brood chambers of two different species of the eusocial wasps. Four fungal strains in the family Ophiocordycipitacea (Hypocreales) known to be specialized insect parasites were also isolated. Bioassay challenges between the Actinobacteria and their possible targeted pathogenic antagonist (both obtained from the same insect at the genus or species level) provide evidence that different Actinobacteria isolates produced antifungal activity, supporting the hypothesis of a defensive association between the insects and these microbe species. Finally, phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA and gyrB demonstrate the presence of five Streptomyces lineages associated with a broad range of insect species. Particularly our Clade I is of much interest as it is composed of one 16S rRNA phylotype repeatedly isolated from different insect groups in our sample. This phylotype corresponds to a previously described lineage of host-associated Streptomyces. These results suggest Streptomyces Clade I is a Hymenoptera host-associated lineage spanning several new insect taxa and ranging from the American temperate to the Neotropical region. Our work thus provides important insights into the widespread distribution of Actinobacteria and hymenopteran insects associations, while also pointing at novel resources that could be targeted for the discovery of active natural products with great potential in medical and biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernal Matarrita-Carranza
- La Selva Biological Station, Organization for Tropical Studies, Heredia, Costa Rica
- Centro de Investigación en Estructuras Microscópicas, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Rolando D. Moreira-Soto
- Centro de Investigación en Estructuras Microscópicas, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Catalina Murillo-Cruz
- Centro de Investigación en Estructuras Microscópicas, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Marielos Mora
- Centro de Investigación en Biología Celular y Molecular, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Cameron R. Currie
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Adrián A. Pinto-Tomas
- Centro de Investigación en Estructuras Microscópicas, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
- Centro de Investigación en Biología Celular y Molecular, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
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66
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Zanni V, Galbraith DA, Annoscia D, Grozinger CM, Nazzi F. Transcriptional signatures of parasitization and markers of colony decline in Varroa-infested honey bees (Apis mellifera). INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 87:1-13. [PMID: 28595898 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Extensive annual losses of honey bee colonies (Apis mellifera L.) reported in the northern hemisphere represent a global problem for agriculture and biodiversity. The parasitic mite Varroa destructor, in association with deformed wing virus (DWV), plays a key role in this phenomenon, but the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. To elucidate these mechanisms, we analyzed the gene expression profile of uninfested and mite infested bees, under laboratory and field conditions, highlighting the effects of parasitization on the bee's transcriptome under a variety of conditions and scenarios. Parasitization was significantly correlated with higher viral loads. Honey bees exposed to mite infestation exhibited an altered expression of genes related to stress response, immunity, nervous system function, metabolism and behavioural maturation. Additionally, mite infested young bees showed a gene expression profile resembling that of forager bees. To identify potential molecular markers of colony decline, the expression of genes that were commonly regulated across the experiments were subsequently assessed in colonies experiencing increasing mite infestation levels. These studies suggest that PGRP-2, hymenoptaecin, a glucan recognition protein, UNC93 and a p450 cytocrome maybe suitable general biomarkers of Varroa-induced colony decline. Furthermore, the reliability of vitellogenin, a yolk protein previously identified as a good marker of colony survival, was confirmed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Zanni
- Dipartimento di Scienze AgroAlimentari, Ambientali e Animali, Università degli Studi di Udine, Via delle Scienze 206, 33100, Udine, Italy.
| | - David A Galbraith
- Center for Pollinator Research, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Desiderato Annoscia
- Dipartimento di Scienze AgroAlimentari, Ambientali e Animali, Università degli Studi di Udine, Via delle Scienze 206, 33100, Udine, Italy.
| | - Christina M Grozinger
- Center for Pollinator Research, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Francesco Nazzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze AgroAlimentari, Ambientali e Animali, Università degli Studi di Udine, Via delle Scienze 206, 33100, Udine, Italy.
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67
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Koskella B, Meaden S, Crowther WJ, Leimu R, Metcalf CJE. A signature of tree health? Shifts in the microbiome and the ecological drivers of horse chestnut bleeding canker disease. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 215:737-746. [PMID: 28418070 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Host susceptibility to pathogens can be shaped by genetic, ecological, and evolutionary factors. The ability to predict the spread of disease therefore requires an integrated understanding of these factors, including effects of pests on pathogen growth and competition between pathogens and commensal microbiota for host resources. We examined interactions between the leaf-mining moth Cameraria ohridella, the bacterial causal agent of bleeding canker disease Pseudomonas syringae pv aesculi, and the bark-associated microbiota of horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) trees. Through surveys of > 900 trees from 60 sites in the UK, we tested for ecological or life history predictors of leaf miner infestation, bleeding canker, or coinfection. Using culture-independent sequencing, we then compared the bark microbiomes from 46 trees to measure the association between microbiome composition and key ecological variables, including the severity of disease. Both pest and pathogen were found to respond to tree characteristics, but neither explained damage inflicted by the other. However, we found a clear loss of microbial diversity and associated shift in microbiome composition of trees as a function of disease. These results show a link between bark-associated microbiota and tree health that introduces the intriguing possibility that tree microbiota play key roles in the spread of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britt Koskella
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Tremough, TR11 4EH, UK
| | - Sean Meaden
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Tremough, TR11 4EH, UK
| | | | - Roosa Leimu
- Department of Plant Sciences, Oxford University, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - C Jessica E Metcalf
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
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68
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Łukasik P, Newton JA, Sanders JG, Hu Y, Moreau CS, Kronauer DJC, O'Donnell S, Koga R, Russell JA. The structured diversity of specialized gut symbionts of the New World army ants. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:3808-3825. [PMID: 28393425 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Symbiotic bacteria play important roles in the biology of their arthropod hosts. Yet the microbiota of many diverse and influential groups remain understudied, resulting in a paucity of information on the fidelities and histories of these associations. Motivated by prior findings from a smaller scale, 16S rRNA-based study, we conducted a broad phylogenetic and geographic survey of microbial communities in the ecologically dominant New World army ants (Formicidae: Dorylinae). Amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene across 28 species spanning the five New World genera showed that the microbial communities of army ants consist of very few common and abundant bacterial species. The two most abundant microbes, referred to as Unclassified Firmicutes and Unclassified Entomoplasmatales, appear to be specialized army ant associates that dominate microbial communities in the gut lumen of three host genera, Eciton, Labidus and Nomamyrmex. Both are present in other army ant genera, including those from the Old World, suggesting that army ant symbioses date back to the Cretaceous. Extensive sequencing of bacterial protein-coding genes revealed multiple strains of these symbionts coexisting within colonies, but seldom within the same individual ant. Bacterial strains formed multiple host species-specific lineages on phylogenies, which often grouped strains from distant geographic locations. These patterns deviate from those seen in other social insects and raise intriguing questions about the influence of army ant colony swarm-founding and within-colony genetic diversity on strain coexistence, and the effects of hosting a diverse suite of symbiont strains on colony ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Łukasik
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Justin A Newton
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jon G Sanders
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yi Hu
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Corrie S Moreau
- Department of Science and Education, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Daniel J C Kronauer
- Laboratory of Social Evolution and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sean O'Donnell
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ryuichi Koga
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Jacob A Russell
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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69
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Macke E, Tasiemski A, Massol F, Callens M, Decaestecker E. Life history and eco-evolutionary dynamics in light of the gut microbiota. OIKOS 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.03900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Macke
- Laboratory Aquatic Biology, KU Leuven (Kulak), Dept of Biology; E. Sabbelaan 53, BE-8500 Kortrijk Belgium
| | | | - François Massol
- Univ. Lille; CNRS UMR 8198 Evo-Eco-Paleo SPICI group Lille France
| | - Martijn Callens
- Laboratory Aquatic Biology, KU Leuven (Kulak), Dept of Biology; E. Sabbelaan 53, BE-8500 Kortrijk Belgium
| | - Ellen Decaestecker
- Laboratory Aquatic Biology, KU Leuven (Kulak), Dept of Biology; E. Sabbelaan 53, BE-8500 Kortrijk Belgium
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70
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71
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Heyworth ER, Ferrari J. Heat Stress Affects Facultative Symbiont-Mediated Protection from a Parasitoid Wasp. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167180. [PMID: 27875577 PMCID: PMC5119854 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Many insects carry facultative bacterial symbionts, which provide benefits including resistance to natural enemies and abiotic stresses. Little is known about how these beneficial phenotypes are affected when biotic or abiotic threats occur simultaneously. The pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) can host several well-characterized symbiont species. The symbiont known as X-type can protect against both parasitoid wasps and heat stress. Here, we used three pea aphid genotypes that were naturally infected with X-type and the symbiont Spiroplasma sp. We compared aphids coinfected with these two symbionts with those cured from X-type and infected with only Spiroplasma to investigate the ability of X-type to confer benefits to the host when two threats are experienced simultaneously. Our aim is to explore how robust symbiont protection may be outside a benign laboratory environment. Aphids were subjected to heat shock either before or after attack by parasitoid wasps. Under a benign temperature regime, the aphids carrying X-type tended to be better protected from the parasitoid than those cured. When the aphids experienced a heat shock before being parasitized aphids carrying X-type were more susceptible than those cured. Regardless of infection with the symbiont, the aphids benefitted from being heat shocked after parasitization. The results demonstrate how resistance to parasitoid wasps can be strongly environment-dependent and that a beneficial phenotype conferred by a symbiont under controlled conditions in the laboratory does not necessarily equate to a consistently useful effect in natural populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia Ferrari
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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72
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Martinez J, Cogni R, Cao C, Smith S, Illingworth CJR, Jiggins FM. Addicted? Reduced host resistance in populations with defensive symbionts. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 283:20160778. [PMID: 27335421 PMCID: PMC4936038 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.0778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Heritable symbionts that protect their hosts from pathogens have been described in a wide range of insect species. By reducing the incidence or severity of infection, these symbionts have the potential to reduce the strength of selection on genes in the insect genome that increase resistance. Therefore, the presence of such symbionts may slow down the evolution of resistance. Here we investigated this idea by exposing Drosophila melanogaster populations to infection with the pathogenic Drosophila C virus (DCV) in the presence or absence of Wolbachia, a heritable symbiont of arthropods that confers protection against viruses. After nine generations of selection, we found that resistance to DCV had increased in all populations. However, in the presence of Wolbachia the resistant allele of pastrel-a gene that has a major effect on resistance to DCV-was at a lower frequency than in the symbiont-free populations. This finding suggests that defensive symbionts have the potential to hamper the evolution of insect resistance genes, potentially leading to a state of evolutionary addiction where the genetically susceptible insect host mostly relies on its symbiont to fight pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Martinez
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rodrigo Cogni
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508 900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Chuan Cao
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sophie Smith
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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73
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Ford SA, King KC. Harnessing the Power of Defensive Microbes: Evolutionary Implications in Nature and Disease Control. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005465. [PMID: 27058881 PMCID: PMC4826280 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne A. Ford
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (SAF); (KCK)
| | - Kayla C. King
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (SAF); (KCK)
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74
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Alves M, Pereira A, Matos P, Henriques J, Vicente C, Aikawa T, Hasegawa K, Nascimento F, Mota M, Correia A, Henriques I. Bacterial community associated to the pine wilt disease insect vectors Monochamus galloprovincialis and Monochamus alternatus. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23908. [PMID: 27045340 PMCID: PMC4820700 DOI: 10.1038/srep23908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Monochamus beetles are the dispersing vectors of the nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the causative agent of pine wilt disease (PWD). PWD inflicts significant damages in Eurasian pine forests. Symbiotic microorganisms have a large influence in insect survival. The aim of this study was to characterize the bacterial community associated to PWD vectors in Europe and East Asia using a culture-independent approach. Twenty-three Monochamus galloprovincialis were collected in Portugal (two different locations); twelve Monochamus alternatus were collected in Japan. DNA was extracted from the insects’ tracheas for 16S rDNA analysis through denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and barcoded pyrosequencing. Enterobacteriales, Pseudomonadales, Vibrionales and Oceanospirilales were present in all samples. Enterobacteriaceae was represented by 52.2% of the total number of reads. Twenty-three OTUs were present in all locations. Significant differences existed between the microbiomes of the two insect species while for M. galloprovincialis there were no significant differences between samples from different Portuguese locations. This study presents a detailed description of the bacterial community colonizing the Monochamus insects’ tracheas. Several of the identified bacterial groups were described previously in association with pine trees and B. xylophilus, and their previously described functions suggest that they may play a relevant role in PWD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Alves
- Departamento de Biologia e Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM), Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal.,Departamento de Biologia e Instituto de Biomedicina (iBiMED), Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Anabela Pereira
- Departamento de Biologia e Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM), Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Matos
- Departamento de Biologia e Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM), Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Joana Henriques
- INIAV/Unidade Estratégica de Investigação e Serviços de Sistemas Agrários e Florestais e Sanidade Vegetal, Av. da República, Quinta do Marquês, Oeiras, 2780-157, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Vicente
- NemaLab-ICAAM, Universidade de Évora, Núcleo da Mitra, Ap. 94, Évora, 7002-554, Portugal.,Environmental Biology Department, Chubu University, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Takuya Aikawa
- FFPRI - Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tohuku, Japan
| | - Koichi Hasegawa
- Environmental Biology Department, Chubu University, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Francisco Nascimento
- NemaLab-ICAAM, Universidade de Évora, Núcleo da Mitra, Ap. 94, Évora, 7002-554, Portugal
| | - Manuel Mota
- NemaLab-ICAAM, Universidade de Évora, Núcleo da Mitra, Ap. 94, Évora, 7002-554, Portugal.,Dep. Ciências da Vida, EPCV, Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias (ULHT), Av. Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - António Correia
- Departamento de Biologia e Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM), Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Isabel Henriques
- Departamento de Biologia e Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM), Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal.,Departamento de Biologia e Instituto de Biomedicina (iBiMED), Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
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75
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Smanski MJ, Schlatter DC, Kinkel LL. Leveraging ecological theory to guide natural product discovery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 43:115-28. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-015-1683-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Technological improvements have accelerated natural product (NP) discovery and engineering to the point that systematic genome mining for new molecules is on the horizon. NP biosynthetic potential is not equally distributed across organisms, environments, or microbial life histories, but instead is enriched in a number of prolific clades. Also, NPs are not equally abundant in nature; some are quite common and others markedly rare. Armed with this knowledge, random ‘fishing expeditions’ for new NPs are increasingly harder to justify. Understanding the ecological and evolutionary pressures that drive the non-uniform distribution of NP biosynthesis provides a rational framework for the targeted isolation of strains enriched in new NP potential. Additionally, ecological theory leads to testable hypotheses regarding the roles of NPs in shaping ecosystems. Here we review several recent strain prioritization practices and discuss the ecological and evolutionary underpinnings for each. Finally, we offer perspectives on leveraging microbial ecology and evolutionary biology for future NP discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Smanski
- grid.17635.36 0000000419368657 Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics University of Minnesota-Twin Cities 55108 Saint Paul MN USA
- grid.17635.36 0000000419368657 BioTechnology Institute University of Minnesota-Twin Cities 55108 Saint Paul MN USA
| | - Daniel C Schlatter
- grid.17635.36 0000000419368657 Department of Plant Pathology University of Minnesota-Twin Cities 55108 Saint Paul MN USA
| | - Linda L Kinkel
- grid.17635.36 0000000419368657 BioTechnology Institute University of Minnesota-Twin Cities 55108 Saint Paul MN USA
- grid.17635.36 0000000419368657 Department of Plant Pathology University of Minnesota-Twin Cities 55108 Saint Paul MN USA
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76
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Weiss K, Strohm E, Kaltenpoth M, Herzner G. Comparative morphology of the postpharyngeal gland in the Philanthinae (Hymenoptera, Crabronidae) and the evolution of an antimicrobial brood protection mechanism. BMC Evol Biol 2015; 15:291. [PMID: 26690740 PMCID: PMC4687156 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-015-0565-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hymenoptera that mass-provision their offspring have evolved elaborate antimicrobial strategies to ward off fungal infestation of the highly nutritive larval food. Females of the Afro-European Philanthus triangulum and the South American Trachypus elongatus (Crabronidae, Philanthinae) embalm their prey, paralyzed bees, with a secretion from a complex postpharyngeal gland (PPG). This coating consists of mainly unsaturated hydrocarbons and reduces water accumulation on the prey's surface, thus rendering it unfavorable for fungal growth. Here we (1) investigated whether a North American Philanthus species also employs prey embalming and (2) assessed the occurrence and morphology of a PPG among females of the subfamily Philanthinae in order to elucidate the evolution of prey embalming as an antimicrobial strategy. RESULTS We provide clear evidence that females of the North American Philanthus gibbosus possess large PPGs and embalm their prey. The comparative analyses of 26 species from six genera of the Philanthinae, using histological methods and 3D-reconstructions, revealed pronounced differences in gland morphology within the subfamily. A formal statistical analysis based on defined characters of the glands confirmed that while all members of the derived tribe Philanthini have large and complex PPGs, species of the two more basal tribes, Cercerini and Aphilanthopsini, possess simple and comparatively small glands. According to an ancestral state reconstruction, the complex PPG most likely evolved in the last common ancestor of the Philanthini, thus representing an autapomorphy of this tribe. CONCLUSION Prey embalming, as described for P. triangulum and T. elongatus, and now also for P. gibbosus, most probably requires a complex PPG. Hence, the morphology and size of the PPG may allow for inferences about the origin and distribution of the prey embalming behavior within the Philanthinae. Based on our results, we suggest that prey embalming has evolved as an antimicrobial strategy in and is restricted to the tribe Philanthini, which seems to face exceptional threats with regard to fungal infestations of their larval provisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Weiss
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Institute of Zoology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Erhard Strohm
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Institute of Zoology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Martin Kaltenpoth
- Insect Symbiosis Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany. .,Department for Evolutionary Ecology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Institute for Zoology, Johann-Joachim-Becher-Weg 13, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Gudrun Herzner
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Institute of Zoology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
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77
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Bai L, Liu C, Guo L, Piao C, Li Z, Li J, Jia F, Wang X, Xiang W. Streptomyces formicae sp. nov., a novel actinomycete isolated from the head of Camponotus japonicus Mayr. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2015; 109:253-61. [PMID: 26608172 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-015-0628-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
During a screening for novel and biotechnologically useful actinobacteria in insects, a novel actinomycete with antifungal activity, designated strain 1H-GS9(T), was isolated from the head of a Camponotus japonicus Mayr ant, which were collected from Northeast Agricultural University (Harbin, Heilongjiang, China). Strain 1H-GS9(T) was characterised using a polyphasic approach. The organism was found to have morphological and chemotaxonomic characteristics typical of members of the genus Streptomyces. 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity studies showed that strain 1H-GS9(T) belongs to the genus Streptomyces with high sequence similarities to Streptomyces scopuliridis DSM 41917(T) (98.8 %) and Streptomyces mauvecolor JCM 5002(T) (98.6 %). However, phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that it forms a monophyletic clade with Streptomyces kurssanovii JCM 4388(T) (98.6 %), Streptomyces xantholiticus JCM 4282(T) (98.6 %) and Streptomyces peucetius JCM 9920(T) (98.5 %). Thus, a combination of DNA-DNA hybridization experiments and phenotypic tests were carried out between strain 1H-GS9(T) and the above-mentioned five strains, which further clarified their relatedness and demonstrated that strain 1H-GS9(T) could be distinguished from these strains. Therefore, the strain is concluded to represent a novel species of the genus Streptomyces, for which the name Streptomyces formicae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 1H-GS9(T) (=CGMCC 4.7277(T) = DSM 100524(T)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Bai
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Biological Functional Gene of Heilongjiang Provincial Education Committee, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 59 Mucai Street, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Chongxi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Biological Functional Gene of Heilongjiang Provincial Education Committee, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 59 Mucai Street, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Lifeng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Biological Functional Gene of Heilongjiang Provincial Education Committee, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 59 Mucai Street, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenyu Piao
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Biological Functional Gene of Heilongjiang Provincial Education Committee, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 59 Mucai Street, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhilei Li
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Biological Functional Gene of Heilongjiang Provincial Education Committee, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 59 Mucai Street, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiansong Li
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Biological Functional Gene of Heilongjiang Provincial Education Committee, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 59 Mucai Street, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Feiyu Jia
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Biological Functional Gene of Heilongjiang Provincial Education Committee, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 59 Mucai Street, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangjing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Biological Functional Gene of Heilongjiang Provincial Education Committee, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 59 Mucai Street, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wensheng Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Biological Functional Gene of Heilongjiang Provincial Education Committee, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 59 Mucai Street, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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78
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Menezes C, Vollet-Neto A, Marsaioli AJ, Zampieri D, Fontoura IC, Luchessi AD, Imperatriz-Fonseca VL. A Brazilian social bee must cultivate fungus to survive. Curr Biol 2015; 25:2851-2855. [PMID: 26592344 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The nests of social insects provide suitable microenvironments for many microorganisms as they offer stable environmental conditions and a rich source of food [1-4]. Microorganisms in turn may provide several benefits to their hosts, such as nutrients and protection against pathogens [1, 4-6]. Several examples of symbiosis between social insects and microorganisms have been found in ants and termites. These symbioses have driven the evolution of complex behaviors and nest structures associated with the culturing of the symbiotic microorganisms [5, 7, 8]. However, while much is known about these relationships in many species of ants and termites, symbiotic relationships between microorganisms and social bees have been poorly explored [3, 4, 9, 10]. Here, we report the first case of an obligatory relationship between the Brazilian stingless bee Scaptotrigona depilis and a fungus of the genus Monascus (Ascomycotina). Fungal mycelia growing on the provisioned food inside the brood cell are eaten by the larva. Larvae reared in vitro on sterilized larval food supplemented with fungal mycelia had a much higher survival rate (76%) compared to larvae reared under identical conditions but without fungal mycelia (8% survival). The fungus was found to originate from the material from which the brood cells are made. Since the bees recycle and transport this material between nests, fungus would be transferred to newly built cells and also to newly founded nests. This is the first report of a fungus cultivation mutualism in a social bee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano Menezes
- Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Tv. Dr. Enéas Pinheiro, 66095-100 Belém-PA, Brazil; Embrapa Meio Ambiente, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Rodovia SP-340, Km 127.5, 13820-000 Jaguariúna-SP, Brazil; Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Languages of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, 3900 Av. Bandeirantes, 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil.
| | - Ayrton Vollet-Neto
- Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Languages of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, 3900 Av. Bandeirantes, 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil
| | | | - Davila Zampieri
- Chemistry Institute, University of Campinas, R. Josué de Castro, 13083-970 Campinas, Brazil
| | - Isabela Cardoso Fontoura
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, 1300 R. Pedro Zaccaria, 13484-350 Limeira-SP, Brazil
| | - Augusto Ducati Luchessi
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, 1300 R. Pedro Zaccaria, 13484-350 Limeira-SP, Brazil
| | - Vera Lucia Imperatriz-Fonseca
- Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Languages of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, 3900 Av. Bandeirantes, 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil; Vale Institute of Technology, 955 R. Boaventura da Silva, 66055-090 Belém-PA, Brazil
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79
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Guo J, Wu J, Chen Y, Evans JD, Dai R, Luo W, Li J. Characterization of gut bacteria at different developmental stages of Asian honey bees, Apis cerana. J Invertebr Pathol 2015; 127:110-4. [PMID: 25805518 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Previous surveys have shown that adult workers of the Asian honey bee Apis cerana harbor four major gut microbes (Bifidobacterium, Snodgrassella alvi, Gilliamella apicola, and Lactobacillus). Using quantitative PCR we characterized gut bacterial communities across the life cycle of A. cerana from larvae to workers. Our results indicate that the presence and quantity of these four bacteria were low on day 1, increased rapidly after day 5, and then peaked during days 10-20. They stabilized from days 20-25 or days 25-30, then dropped to a low level at day 30. In addition, the larvae infected by Sacbrood virus or European foulbrood had significantly lower copies of 16S rRNA genes than healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Guo
- Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100093, China; Institute of Economic Animals, Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing 402460, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100093, China.
| | - Yanping Chen
- USDA-ARS, Bee Research Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Jay D Evans
- USDA-ARS, Bee Research Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Rongguo Dai
- Institute of Economic Animals, Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing 402460, China
| | - Wenhua Luo
- Institute of Economic Animals, Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing 402460, China
| | - Jilian Li
- Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100093, China.
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80
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Diehl JMC, Körner M, Pietsch M, Meunier J. Feces production as a form of social immunity in an insect with facultative maternal care. BMC Evol Biol 2015; 15:40. [PMID: 25888183 PMCID: PMC4408575 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-015-0330-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Social animals have the unique capability of mounting social defenses against pathogens. Over the last decades, social immunity has been extensively studied in species with obligatory and permanent forms of social life. However, its occurrence in less derived social systems and thus its role in the early evolution of group-living remains unclear. Here, we investigated whether lining nests with feces is a form of social immunity against microbial growth in the European earwig Forficula auricularia, an insect with temporary family life and facultative maternal care. Results Using a total of 415 inhibition zone assays, we showed that earwig feces inhibit the growth of two GRAM+ bacteria, two fungi, but not of a GRAM- bacteria. These inhibitions did not result from the consumed food or the nesting environment. We then demonstrated that the antimicrobial activity against fungus was higher in offspring than maternal feces, but that this difference was absent against bacteria. Finally, we showed that family interactions inhibited the antibacterial activity of maternal feces against one of the two GRAM+ bacteria, whereas it had no effect on the one of nymphal feces. By contrast, antifungal activities of the feces were independent of mother-offspring interactions. Conclusion These results demonstrate that social immunity occurs in a species with simple and facultative social life, and thus shed light on the general importance of this process in the evolution of group-living. These results also emphasize that defecation can be under selection for other life-history traits than simple waste disposal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina M C Diehl
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Maximilian Körner
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Michael Pietsch
- Department of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Mainz Medical Center, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Joël Meunier
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
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81
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Poulsen M. Towards an integrated understanding of the consequences of fungus domestication on the fungus-growing termite gut microbiota. Environ Microbiol 2015; 17:2562-72. [PMID: 25581852 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Revised: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 30 million years ago (MYA), the subfamily of higher termites Macrotermitinae domesticated a fungus, Termitomyces, as the main plant decomposer and food source for the termite host. The origin of fungiculture shifted the composition of the termite gut microbiota, and some of the functional implications of this shift have recently been established. I review reports on the composition of the Macrotermitinae gut microbiota, evidence for a subfamily core gut microbiota, and the first insight into functional complementarity between fungal and gut symbionts. In addition, I argue that we need to explore the capacities of all members of the symbiotic communities, including better solidifying Termitomyces role(s) in order to understand putative complementary gut bacterial contributions. Approaches that integrate natural history and sequencing data to elucidate symbiont functions will be powerful, particularly if executed in comparative analyses across the well-established congruent termite-fungus phylogenies. This will allow for testing if gut communities have evolved in parallel with their hosts, with implications for our general understanding of the evolution of gut symbiont communities with hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Poulsen
- Centre for Social Evolution, Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Copenhagen Ø, DK-2100, Denmark
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82
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Flórez LV, Biedermann PHW, Engl T, Kaltenpoth M. Defensive symbioses of animals with prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms. Nat Prod Rep 2015; 32:904-36. [DOI: 10.1039/c5np00010f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Many organisms team up with symbiotic microbes for defense against predators, parasites, parasitoids, or pathogens. Here we review the known defensive symbioses in animals and the microbial secondary metabolites responsible for providing protection to the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura V. Flórez
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology
- Insect Symbiosis Research Group
- 07745 Jena
- Germany
| | - Peter H. W. Biedermann
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology
- Insect Symbiosis Research Group
- 07745 Jena
- Germany
| | - Tobias Engl
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology
- Insect Symbiosis Research Group
- 07745 Jena
- Germany
| | - Martin Kaltenpoth
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology
- Insect Symbiosis Research Group
- 07745 Jena
- Germany
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83
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Otti O, Tragust S, Feldhaar H. Unifying external and internal immune defences. Trends Ecol Evol 2014; 29:625-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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84
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Routes of Acquisition of the Gut Microbiota of the Honey Bee Apis mellifera. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:7378-87. [PMID: 25239900 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01861-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of newly emerged Apis mellifera worker bees have demonstrated that their guts are colonized by a consistent core microbiota within several days of eclosure. We conducted experiments aimed at illuminating the transmission routes and spatiotemporal colonization dynamics of this microbiota. Experimental groups of newly emerged workers were maintained in cup cages and exposed to different potential transmission sources. Colonization patterns were evaluated using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) to assess community sizes and using deep sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons to assess community composition. In addition, we monitored the establishment of the ileum and rectum communities within workers sampled over time from natural hive conditions. The study verified that workers initially lack gut bacteria and gain large characteristic communities in the ileum and rectum within 4 to 6 days within hives. Typical communities, resembling those of workers within hives, were established in the presence of nurse workers or nurse worker fecal material, and atypical communities of noncore or highly skewed compositions were established when workers were exposed only to oral trophallaxis or hive components (comb, honey, bee bread). The core species of Gram-negative bacteria, Snodgrassella alvi, Gilliamella apicola, and Frischella perrara, were dependent on the presence of nurses or hindgut material, whereas some Gram-positive species were more often transferred through exposure to hive components. These results indicate aspects of the colony life cycle and behavior that are key to the propagation of the characteristic honey bee gut microbiota.
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85
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Irwin RE, Cook D, Richardson LL, Manson JS, Gardner DR. Secondary compounds in floral rewards of toxic rangeland plants: impacts on pollinators. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:7335-44. [PMID: 24766254 DOI: 10.1021/jf500521w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The study of plant secondary chemistry has been essential in understanding plant consumption by herbivores. There is growing evidence that secondary compounds also occur in floral rewards, including nectar and pollen. Many pollinators are generalist nectar and pollen foragers and thus are exposed to an array of secondary compounds in their diet. This review documents secondary compounds in the nectar or pollen of poisonous rangeland plants of the western United States and the effects of these compounds on the behavior, performance, and survival of pollinators. Furthermore, the biochemical, physiological, and behavioral mechanisms by which pollinators cope with secondary compound consumption are discussed, drawing parallels between pollinators and herbivores. Finally, three avenues of future research on floral reward chemistry are proposed. Given that the majority of flowering plants require animals for pollination, understanding how floral reward chemistry affects pollinators has implications for plant reproduction in agricultural and rangeland habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E Irwin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College , Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
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86
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Nechitaylo TY, Westermann M, Kaltenpoth M. Cultivation reveals physiological diversity among defensive 'Streptomyces philanthi' symbionts of beewolf digger wasps (Hymenoptera, Crabronidae). BMC Microbiol 2014; 14:202. [PMID: 25266732 PMCID: PMC4236554 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-014-0202-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 'Candidatus Streptomyces philanthi' is a monophyletic clade of formerly uncultured bacterial symbionts in solitary digger wasps of the genera Philanthus, Philanthinus and Trachypus (Hymenoptera, Crabronidae). These bacteria grow in female-specific antennal reservoirs and - after transmission to the cocoon - produce antibiotics protecting the host larvae from fungal infection. However, the symbionts' refractoriness to cultivation has thus far hampered detailed in vitro studies on their physiology and on the evolutionary changes in metabolic versatility in response to the host environment. RESULTS Here we isolated in axenic culture 22 'Streptomyces philanthi' biovars from different host species. Sequencing of gyrB revealed no heterogeneity among isolates within host individuals, suggesting low levels of (micro)diversity or even clonality of the symbionts in individual beewolf antennae. Surprisingly, however, isolates from different host species differed strongly in their physiology. All biovars from the Eurasian/African Philanthus and the South American Trachypus host species had high nutritional demands and were susceptible to most antibiotics tested, suggesting a tight association with the hosts. By contrast, biovars isolated from the genus Philanthinus and the monophyletic North American Philanthus clade were metabolically versatile and showed broad antibiotic resistance. Concordantly, recent horizontal symbiont transfer events - reflected in different symbiont strains infecting the same host species - have been described only among North American Philanthus species, altogether indicative of facultative symbionts potentially capable of a free-living lifestyle. Phylogenetic analyses reveal a strong correlation between symbiont metabolic versatility and host phylogeny, suggesting that the host environment differentially affects the symbionts' evolutionary fate. Although opportunistic bacteria were occasionally isolated from the antennae of different host species, only filamentous Actinobacteria (genera Streptomyces, Amycolatopsis and Nocardia) could replace 'S. philanthi' in the antennal gland reservoirs. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that closely related bacteria from a monophyletic clade of symbionts can experience very different evolutionary trajectories in response to the symbiotic lifestyle, which is reflected in different degrees of metabolic versatility and host-dependency. We propose that the host-provided environment could be an important factor in shaping the degenerative metabolic evolution in the symbionts and deciding whether they evolve into obligate symbionts or remain facultative and capable of a host-independent lifestyle.
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87
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Walke JB, Becker MH, Loftus SC, House LL, Cormier G, Jensen RV, Belden LK. Amphibian skin may select for rare environmental microbes. ISME JOURNAL 2014; 8:2207-17. [PMID: 24858782 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2014.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Host-microbe symbioses rely on the successful transmission or acquisition of symbionts in each new generation. Amphibians host a diverse cutaneous microbiota, and many of these symbionts appear to be mutualistic and may limit infection by the chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, which has caused global amphibian population declines and extinctions in recent decades. Using bar-coded 454 pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA gene, we addressed the question of symbiont transmission by examining variation in amphibian skin microbiota across species and sites and in direct relation to environmental microbes. Although acquisition of environmental microbes occurs in some host-symbiont systems, this has not been extensively examined in free-living vertebrate-microbe symbioses. Juvenile bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana), adult red-spotted newts (Notophthalmus viridescens), pond water and pond substrate were sampled at a single pond to examine host-specificity and potential environmental transmission of microbiota. To assess population level variation in skin microbiota, adult newts from two additional sites were also sampled. Cohabiting bullfrogs and newts had distinct microbial communities, as did newts across the three sites. The microbial communities of amphibians and the environment were distinct; there was very little overlap in the amphibians' core microbes and the most abundant environmental microbes, and the relative abundances of OTUs that were shared by amphibians and the environment were inversely related. These results suggest that, in a host species-specific manner, amphibian skin may select for microbes that are generally in low abundance in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenifer B Walke
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Matthew H Becker
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Stephen C Loftus
- Department of Statistics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Leanna L House
- Department of Statistics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Guy Cormier
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Roderick V Jensen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Lisa K Belden
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
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88
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Clay
- Department of Biology; Indiana University; Bloomington IN USA
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89
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Maternal and environmental effects on symbiont-mediated antimicrobial defense. J Chem Ecol 2013; 39:978-88. [PMID: 23779268 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-013-0304-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria produce a remarkable diversity of bioactive molecules with antimicrobial properties. Despite the importance of such compounds for human medicine, little is known about the factors influencing antibiotic production in natural environments. Recently, several insects have been found to benefit from symbiont-produced antimicrobial compounds for defense against pathogenic microbes. In the European beewolf, Philanthus triangulum (Hymenoptera, Crabronidae), bacteria of the genus Streptomyces provide protection against pathogens by producing antimicrobials on the larval cocoon during hibernation, thereby significantly enhancing the survival probability of the beewolf larva. To investigate the effects of abiotic and biotic factors on antibiotic production, we exposed beewolf cocoons to different environmental conditions and quantified the amount of Streptomyces-produced antibiotics by using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The results revealed no significant influence of temperature, humidity, or pathogen load on the antibiotic amount, indicating that antibiotic production is not affected by current environmental conditions but rather may be optimized to serve as a reliable long-term protection during the unpredictable phase of beewolf hibernation. However, the amount of antibiotics was positively correlated with the symbiont population size on the cocoon, which in turn is affected by the number of Streptomyces cells provided by the mother into the brood cell. Additionally, we found a positive correlation between the amount of hydrocarbons and the number and length of bacterial cells in the antennal gland secretion, suggesting that maternal investment affects symbiont growth and, thus, antibiotic production on the larval cocoon.
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