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Role of NLRP3 Inflammasome in the Progression of NAFLD to NASH. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 2016:6489012. [PMID: 27446858 PMCID: PMC4904645 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6489012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been recognized as a major public health problem worldwide. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is an advanced form of NAFLD that may progress to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The pathogenesis of disease progression from NAFLD to NASH has not been fully understood. Immunological mechanisms that have been increasingly recognized in the disease progression include defects in innate immunity, adaptive immunity, Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling, and gut-liver axis. The NLRP3 inflammasome is an intracellular multiprotein complex involved in the production of mature interleukin 1-beta (IL-1β) and induces metabolic inflammation. NLRP3 inflammasome has been recently demonstrated to play a crucial role in the progression of NASH. This review highlights the recent findings linking NLRP3 inflammasome to the progression of NASH.
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Oral supplementations with L-glutamine or L-alanyl-L-glutamine do not change metabolic alterations induced by long-term high-fat diet in the B6.129F2/J mouse model of insulin resistance. Mol Cell Biochem 2015; 411:351-62. [PMID: 26530165 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-015-2597-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we aimed to investigate the effects of long-term supplementations with L-glutamine or L-alanyl-L-glutamine in the high-fat diet (HFD)-fed B6.129SF2/J mouse model over insulin sensitivity response and signaling, oxidative stress markers, metabolism and HSP70 expression. Mice were fed in a standard low-fat diet (STA) or a HFD for 20 weeks. In the 21th week, mice from the HFD group were allocated in five groups and supplemented for additional 8 weeks with different amino acids: HFD control group (HFD-Con), HFD + dipeptide L-alanyl-L-glutamine group (HFD-Dip), HFD + L-alanine group (HFD-Ala), HFD + L-glutamine group (HFD-Gln), or the HFD + L-alanine + L-glutamine (in their free forms) group (HFD-Ala + Gln). HFD induced higher body weight, fat pad, fasted glucose, and total cholesterol in comparison with STA group. Amino acid supplementations did not induce any modifications in these parameters. Although insulin tolerance tests indicated insulin resistance in all HFD groups, amino acid supplementations did not improve insulin sensitivity in the present model. There were also no significant differences in the immunocontents of insulin receptor, Akt, and Toll-like receptor-4. Notably, total 70 kDa heat shock protein (HSP72 + HSP73) contents in the liver was markedly increased in HFD-Con group as compared to STA group, which might suggest that insulin resistance is only in the beginning. Apparently, B6.129SF2/J mice are more resistant to the harmful effects of HFD through a mechanism that may include gut adaptation, reducing the absorption of nutrients, including amino acids, which may explain the lack of improvements in our intervention.
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Snell JN, Westall GP, Snell GI. The potential role of activin and follistatin in lung transplant dysfunction. Expert Rev Respir Med 2015; 9:697-701. [DOI: 10.1586/17476348.2015.1098537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Novel role of TLR4 in NAFLD development: Modulation of metabolic enzymes expression. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2015; 1851:1353-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Souza ACP, Tsuji T, Baranova IN, Bocharov AV, Wilkins KJ, Street JM, Alvarez-Prats A, Hu X, Eggerman T, Yuen PST, Star RA. TLR4 mutant mice are protected from renal fibrosis and chronic kidney disease progression. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:3/9/e12558. [PMID: 26416975 PMCID: PMC4600397 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with persistent low-grade inflammation and immunosuppression. In this study we tested the role of Toll-like receptor 4, the main receptor for endotoxin (LPS), in a mouse model of renal fibrosis and in a model of progressive CKD that better resembles the human disease. C3HeJ (TLR4 mutant) mice have a missense point mutation in the TLR4 gene, rendering the receptor nonfunctional. In a model of renal fibrosis after folic acid injection, TLR4 mutant mice developed less interstititial fibrosis in comparison to wild-type (WT) mice. Furthermore, 4 weeks after 5/6 nephrectomy with continuous low-dose angiotensin II infusion, C3HeOuJ (TLR4 WT) mice developed progressive CKD with albuminuria, increased serum levels of BUN and creatinine, glomerulosclerosis, and interstitial fibrosis, whereas TLR4 mutant mice were significantly protected from CKD progression. TLR4 WT mice also developed low-grade systemic inflammation, splenocyte apoptosis and increased expression of the immune inhibitory receptor PD-1 in the spleen, which were not observed in TLR4 mutant mice. In vitro, endotoxin (LPS) directly upregulated NLRP3 inflammasome expression in renal epithelial cells via TLR4. In summary, TLR4 contributes to renal fibrosis and CKD progression, at least in part, via inflammasome activation in renal epithelial cells, and may also participate in the dysregulated immune response that is associated with CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C P Souza
- Renal Diagnostics and Therapeutics Unit, NIDDK NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Takayuki Tsuji
- Renal Diagnostics and Therapeutics Unit, NIDDK NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Irina N Baranova
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Kenneth J Wilkins
- Biostatistics Program, Office of Director, NIDDK NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jonathan M Street
- Renal Diagnostics and Therapeutics Unit, NIDDK NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Xuzhen Hu
- Renal Diagnostics and Therapeutics Unit, NIDDK NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Thomas Eggerman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center NIH, Bethesda, Maryland Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolic Diseases, NIDDK NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Peter S T Yuen
- Renal Diagnostics and Therapeutics Unit, NIDDK NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Robert A Star
- Renal Diagnostics and Therapeutics Unit, NIDDK NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
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Kirpich IA, Marsano LS, McClain CJ. Gut-liver axis, nutrition, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Biochem 2015; 48:923-30. [PMID: 26151226 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2015.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents a spectrum of diseases involving hepatic fat accumulation, inflammation with the potential progression to fibrosis and cirrhosis over time. NAFLD is often associated with obesity, insulin resistance, and diabetes. The interactions between the liver and the gut, the so-called "gut-liver axis", play a critical role in NAFLD onset and progression. Compelling evidence links the gut microbiome, intestinal barrier integrity, and NAFLD. The dietary factors may alter the gut microbiota and intestinal barrier function, favoring the occurrence of metabolic endotoxemia and low grade inflammation, thereby contributing to the development of obesity and obesity-associated fatty liver disease. Therapeutic manipulations with prebiotics and probiotics to modulate the gut microbiota and maintain intestinal barrier integrity are potential agents for NAFLD management. This review summarizes the current knowledge regarding the complex interplay between the gut microbiota, intestinal barrier, and dietary factors in NAFLD pathogenesis. The concepts addressed in this review have important clinical implications, although more work needs to be done to understand how dietary factors affect the gut barrier and microbiota, and to comprehend how microbe-derived components may interfere with the host's metabolism contributing to NAFLD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina A Kirpich
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 40202, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 40202, Louisville, KY, USA.
| | - Luis S Marsano
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 40202, Louisville, KY, USA.
| | - Craig J McClain
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 40202, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 40202, Louisville, KY, USA; Robley Rex Veterans Medical Center, 40202, Louisville, KY, USA.
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Yang Y, Zhang DM, Liu JH, Hu LS, Xue QC, Ding XQ, Kong LD. Wuling San protects kidney dysfunction by inhibiting renal TLR4/MyD88 signaling and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in high fructose-induced hyperuricemic mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 169:49-59. [PMID: 25914040 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Wuling San, a famous prescription in Chinese medicine, is composed of Polyporus, Poria, Alismatis rhizoma, Cinnamomi cortex and Atractylodis macrocephalae rhizoma, and promotes kidney function and diuresis. The main purpose of this study was to investigate its renal protective effect in high fructose-induced hyperuricemic mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS ICR mice were fed with 30% fructose in drinking water for 6 weeks to induce hyperuricemia and renal dysfunction. Then mice were orally administrated for other 6 weeks with Wuling San (987, 1316, 1755 and 2340mg/kg), allopurinol (5mg/kg) and water daily, respectively. Serum and urine levels of uric acid, creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were measured. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was used to assess renal histological changes. Renal interleukin (IL)-1β concentrations were measured using ELISA kit. Renal protein levels of organic ion transporters, as well as toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) signaling and pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome were determined by Western blot assay. RESULTS Wuling San significantly decreased serum uric acid, creatinine and BUN levels, increased fractional excretion of uric acid (FEUA) in fructose-fed mice. It restored fructose-induced dysregulation of renal urate transporter 1 (URAT1), glucose transporter 9 (GLUT9), ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 2 (ABCG2) and organic anion transporter 1 (OAT1), as well as organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1) and OCT2 in mice. Wuling San obviously alleviated infiltration of inflammation cells in kidney glomerulus of fructose-fed mice. Moreover, Wuling San suppressed the activation of TLR4/ MyD88 signaling to inhibit nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) activation in fructose-fed mice. Additionally, Wuling San decreased NLRP3 inflammasome activation and IL-1β secretion in the kidney of fructose-fed mice. CONCLUSION Wuling San exerts renal protective effect by modulating renal organic ion transporters in fructose-induced hyperuricemic mice. The molecular mechanism of its action may be associated with the suppression of TLR4/MyD88 signaling and NLRP3 inflammasome activation to reduce IL-1β production in high fructose-induced hyperuricemic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Dong-Mei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Jia-Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Lin-Shui Hu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Technology, Zhejiang CONBA Pharmaceutical Co., LTD, Lanxi 321109, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Qiao-Chu Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Qin Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Ling-Dong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People׳s Republic of China.
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Alvarez Rojas CA, Ansell BRE, Hall RS, Gasser RB, Young ND, Jex AR, Scheerlinck JPY. Transcriptional analysis identifies key genes involved in metabolism, fibrosis/tissue repair and the immune response against Fasciola hepatica in sheep liver. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:124. [PMID: 25885344 PMCID: PMC4382932 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0715-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although fascioliasis has been relatively well studied, little is known about the molecular basis of this disease. This is particularly relevant, considering the very different response that sheep have to Fasciola hepatica relative to cattle. The acute phase of this disease is severe in sheep, whereas chronic fascioliasis is more common in cattle. METHODS To begin to explore the host-response to Fasciola in sheep and improve the understanding of the host-pathogen interactions during the parasite's migration through liver parenchyma to the bile duct, we used RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to investigate livers from sheep infected for eight weeks compared with those from uninfected controls. RESULTS This study identified 572 and 42 genes that were up- and down-regulated, respectively, in infected livers relative to uninfected controls. Our molecular findings provide significant new insights into the mechanisms linked to metabolism, fibrosis and tissue-repair in sheep, and highlight the relative importance of specific components of immune response pathways, which appear to be driven toward a suppression of inflammation. CONCLUSIONS This study is, to our knowledge, the first detailed investigation of the transcriptomic responses in the liver tissue of any host to F. hepatica infection. It defines the involvement of specific genes associated with the host's metabolism, immune response and tissue repair/regeneration, and highlights an apparent overlapping function of many genes involved in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian A Alvarez Rojas
- Centre for Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
| | - Brendan R E Ansell
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
| | - Ross S Hall
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
| | - Neil D Young
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
| | - Aaron R Jex
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
| | - Jean-Pierre Y Scheerlinck
- Centre for Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
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Dietary blueberry and bifidobacteria attenuate nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in rats by affecting SIRT1-mediated signaling pathway. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2014; 2014:469059. [PMID: 25544867 PMCID: PMC4265704 DOI: 10.1155/2014/469059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
NAFLD model rats were established and divided into NAFLD model (MG group), SIRT1 RNAi (SI group), blueberry juice (BJ group), blueberry juice + bifidobacteria (BJB group), blueberry juice + SIRT1 RNAi (BJSI group), and blueberry juice + bifidobacteria + SIRT1 RNAi groups (BJBSI group). A group with normal rats was a control group (CG). BJB group ameliorated NAFLD, which was better than BJ group (P < 0.05). The lipid accumulation was lower in CG, BJ, and BJB groups than that in MG, SI, BJSI, and BJBSI groups (P < 0.05). The levels of SIRT1 and PPAR-α were higher in CG, BJ, and BJB groups than those in MG, SI, BJSI, and BJBSI groups (P < 0.05). The levels of SREBP-1c were lower in CG, BJ, and BJB groups than those in MG, SI, BJSI, and BJBSI groups (P < 0.05). The biochemical indexes SOD, GSH, and HDL-c were improved from CG to BJB group (P < 0.05). Inversely, the levels of AST and ALT, TG, TC, LDL-c, and MDA were decreased from CG to BJB group (P < 0.05). These changes enhance antioxidative capability and biochemical index of rats. Blueberry juice and bifidobacteria improve NAFLD by activating SIRTI-mediating signaling pathway.
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