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Hardesty J, Hawthorne M, Day L, Warner J, Warner D, Gritsenko M, Asghar A, Stolz A, Morgan T, McClain C, Jacobs J, Kirpich IA. Steroid responsiveness in alcohol-associated hepatitis is linked to glucocorticoid metabolism, mitochondrial repair, and heat shock proteins. Hepatol Commun 2024; 8:e0393. [PMID: 38437061 PMCID: PMC10914234 DOI: 10.1097/hc9.0000000000000393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol-associated hepatitis (AH) is one of the clinical presentations of alcohol-associated liver disease. AH has poor prognosis, and corticosteroids remain the mainstay of drug therapy. However, ~40% of patients do not respond to this treatment, and the mechanisms underlying the altered response to corticosteroids are not understood. The current study aimed to identify changes in hepatic protein expression associated with responsiveness to corticosteroids and prognosis in patients with AH. METHODS Patients with AH were enrolled based on the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism inclusion criteria for acute AH and further confirmed by a diagnostic liver biopsy. Proteomic analysis was conducted on liver samples acquired from patients with AH grouped as nonresponders (AH-NR, n = 7) and responders (AH-R, n = 14) to corticosteroids, and nonalcohol-associated liver disease controls (n = 10). The definition of responders was based on the clinical prognostic model, the Lille Score, where a score < 0.45 classified patients as AH-R and a score > 0.45 as AH-NR. Primary outcomes used to assess steroid response were Lille Score (eg, improved liver function) and survival at 24 weeks. RESULTS Reduced levels of the glucocorticoid receptor and its transcriptional co-activator, glucocorticoid modulatory element-binding protein 2, were observed in the hepatic proteome of AH-NR versus AH-R. The corticosteroid metabolizing enzyme, 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1, was increased in AH-NR versus AH-R along with elevated mitochondrial DNA repair enzymes, while several proteins of the heat shock pathway were reduced. Analysis of differentially expressed proteins in AH-NR who survived 24 weeks relative to AH-NR nonsurvivors revealed several protein expression changes, including increased levels of acute phase proteins, elevated coagulation factors, and reduced mast cell markers. CONCLUSIONS This study identified hepatic proteomic changes that may predict responsiveness to corticosteroids and mortality in patients with AH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiah Hardesty
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Meghan Hawthorne
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Le Day
- Department of Biological Sciences, Biological Sciences Division and Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Jeffrey Warner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Dennis Warner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Marina Gritsenko
- Department of Biological Sciences, Biological Sciences Division and Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Aliya Asghar
- Department of Medicine and Research Services, Medicine and Research Services, VA Long Beach Healthcare System, Long Beach, California, USA
| | - Andrew Stolz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Timothy Morgan
- Department of Medicine and Research Services, Medicine and Research Services, VA Long Beach Healthcare System, Long Beach, California, USA
| | - Craig McClain
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Robley Rex Veterans Medical Center, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville Alcohol Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville Hepatobiology and Toxicology Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky USA
| | - Jon Jacobs
- Department of Biological Sciences, Biological Sciences Division and Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Irina A. Kirpich
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville Alcohol Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville Hepatobiology and Toxicology Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
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Warner JB, Hardesty JE, Song YL, Floyd AT, Deng Z, Jebet A, He L, Zhang X, McClain CJ, Hammock BD, Warner DR, Kirpich IA. Hepatic Transcriptome and Its Regulation Following Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase Inhibition in Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease. Am J Pathol 2024; 194:71-84. [PMID: 37925018 PMCID: PMC10768534 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2023.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) is a serious public health problem with limited pharmacologic options. The goal of the current study was to investigate the efficacy of pharmacologic inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), an enzyme involved in lipid metabolism, in experimental ALD, and to examine the underlying mechanisms. C57BL/6J male mice were subjected to acute-on-chronic ethanol (EtOH) feeding with or without the sEH inhibitor 4-[[trans-4-[[[[4-trifluoromethoxy phenyl]amino]carbonyl]-amino]cyclohexyl]oxy]-benzoic acid (TUCB). Liver injury was assessed by multiple end points. Liver epoxy fatty acids and dihydroxy fatty acids were measured by targeted metabolomics. Whole-liver RNA sequencing was performed, and free modified RNA bases were measured by mass spectrometry. EtOH-induced liver injury was ameliorated by TUCB treatment as evidenced by reduced plasma alanine aminotransferase levels and was associated with attenuated alcohol-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress, reduced neutrophil infiltration, and increased numbers of hepatic M2 macrophages. TUCB altered liver epoxy and dihydroxy fatty acids and led to a unique hepatic transcriptional profile characterized by decreased expression of genes involved in apoptosis, inflammation, fibrosis, and carcinogenesis. Several modified RNA bases were robustly changed by TUCB, including N6-methyladenosine and 2-methylthio-N6-threonylcarbamoyladenosine. These findings show the beneficial effects of sEH inhibition by TUCB in experimental EtOH-induced liver injury, warranting further mechanistic studies to explore the underlying mechanisms, and highlighting the translational potential of sEH as a drug target for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey B Warner
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Josiah E Hardesty
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Ying L Song
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Alison T Floyd
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Zhongbin Deng
- Division of Immunotherapy, Department of Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky; Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Audriy Jebet
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Liqing He
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Craig J McClain
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky; University of Louisville Alcohol Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky; University of Louisville Hepatobiology & Toxicology Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky; Robley Rex Veterans Medical Center, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Bruce D Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Dennis R Warner
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Irina A Kirpich
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky; University of Louisville Alcohol Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky; University of Louisville Hepatobiology & Toxicology Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky.
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Vatsalya V, Royer AJ, Jha SK, Parthasarathy R, Tiwari H, Feng W, Ramchandani VA, Kirpich IA, McClain CJ. Drinking and laboratory biomarkers, and nutritional status characterize the clinical presentation of early-stage alcohol-associated liver disease. Adv Clin Chem 2023; 114:83-108. [PMID: 37268335 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Chronic and heavy alcohol consumption is commonly observed in alcohol use disorder (AUD). AUD often leads to alcohol-associated organ injury, including alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD). Approximately 10-20% of patients with AUD progress to ALD. Progression of ALD from the development phase to more advanced states involve the interplay of several pathways, including nutritional alterations. Multiple pathologic processes have been identified in the progression and severity of ALD. However, there are major gaps in the characterization and understanding of the clinical presentation of early-stage ALD as assessed by clinical markers and laboratory measures. Several Institutions and Universities, including the University of Louisville, in collaboration with the National Institutes of Health, have published a series of manuscripts describing early-stage ALD over the past decade. Here, we comprehensively describe early-stage ALD using the liver injury and drinking history markers, and the laboratory biomarkers (with a focus on nutrition status) that are uniquely involved in the development and progression of early-stage ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vatsalya Vatsalya
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States; Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States; National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIAAA, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States; Robley Rex VA Medical Center, Louisville, KY, United States.
| | - Amor J Royer
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Suman Kumar Jha
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Ranganathan Parthasarathy
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Harsh Tiwari
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Wenke Feng
- Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY United States
| | - Vijay A Ramchandani
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIAAA, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Irina A Kirpich
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States; Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville KY United States
| | - Craig J McClain
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States; Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY United States; Robley Rex VA Medical Center, Louisville, KY, United States
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Hardesty JE, Warner JB, Song YL, Floyd A, McClain CJ, Warner DR, Kirpich IA. Fpr2-/- Mice Developed Exacerbated Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease. Biology (Basel) 2023; 12:639. [PMID: 37237453 PMCID: PMC10215685 DOI: 10.3390/biology12050639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) is the most common chronic liver disease and carries a significant healthcare burden. ALD has no long-term treatment options aside from abstinence, and the mechanisms that contribute to its pathogenesis are not fully understood. This study aimed to investigate the role of formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2), a receptor for immunomodulatory signals, in the pathogenesis of ALD. WT and Fpr2-/- mice were exposed to chronic-binge ethanol administration and subsequently assessed for liver injury, inflammation, and markers of regeneration. The differentiation capacity of liver macrophages and the oxidative burst activity of neutrophils were also examined. Compared to WT, Fpr2-/- mice developed more severe liver injury and inflammation and had compromised liver regeneration in response to ethanol administration. Fpr2-/- mice had fewer hepatic monocyte-derived restorative macrophages, and neutrophils isolated from Fpr2-/- mice had diminished oxidative burst capacity. Fpr2-/- MoMF differentiation was restored when co-cultured with WT neutrophils. Loss of FPR2 led to exacerbated liver damage via multiple mechanisms, including abnormal immune responses, indicating the crucial role of FPR2 in ALD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiah E. Hardesty
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Jeffrey B. Warner
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Ying L. Song
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Alison Floyd
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Craig J. McClain
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Robley Rex Veterans Medical Center, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- University of Louisville Alcohol Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- University of Louisville Hepatobiology & Toxicology Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Dennis R. Warner
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Irina A. Kirpich
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- University of Louisville Alcohol Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- University of Louisville Hepatobiology & Toxicology Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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Hardesty JE, Warner JB, Song YL, Rouchka EC, McClain CJ, Warner DR, Kirpich IA. Resolvin D1 attenuated liver injury caused by chronic ethanol and acute LPS challenge in mice. FASEB J 2023; 37:e22705. [PMID: 36520060 PMCID: PMC9832974 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200778r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) is a major health problem with limited effective treatment options. Alcohol-associated hepatitis (AH) is a subset of severe ALD with a high rate of mortality due to infection, severe inflammation, and ultimately multi-organ failure. There is an urgent need for novel therapeutic approaches to alleviate the human suffering associated with this condition. Resolvin D1 (RvD1) promotes the resolution of inflammation and regulates immune responses. The current study aimed to test the therapeutic efficacy and mechanisms of RvD1-mediated effects on liver injury and inflammation in an experimental animal model that mimics severe AH in humans. Our data demonstrated that mice treated with RvD1 had attenuated liver injury and inflammation caused by EtOH and LPS exposure by limiting hepatic neutrophil accumulation and decreasing hepatic levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In addition, RvD1 treatment attenuated hepatic pyroptosis, an inflammatory form of cell death, via downregulation of pyroptosis-related genes such as GTPase family member b10 and guanylate binding protein 2, and reducing cleavage of caspase 11 and gasdermin-D. In vitro experiments with primary mouse hepatocytes and bone marrow-derived macrophages confirmed the effectiveness of RvD1 in the attenuation of pyroptosis. In summary, our data demonstrated that RvD1 treatment provided beneficial effects against liver injury and inflammation in an experimental animal model recapitulating features of severe AH in humans. Our results suggest that RvD1 may be a novel adjunct strategy to traditional therapeutic options for AH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiah E. Hardesty
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Jeffrey B. Warner
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Ying L. Song
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Eric C. Rouchka
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Speed School of Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Craig J. McClain
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Robley Rex Veterans Medical Center, Louisville, KY 40206, USA
- University of Louisville Alcohol Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
- University of Louisville Hepatobiology & Toxicology Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Dennis R. Warner
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Irina A. Kirpich
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- University of Louisville Alcohol Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
- University of Louisville Hepatobiology & Toxicology Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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Gripshover TC, Wahlang B, Head KZ, Young JL, Luo J, Mustafa MT, Kirpich IA, Cave MC. The environmental pollutant, polychlorinated biphenyl 126, alters liver function in a rodent model of alcohol-associated liver disease. Alcohol Clin Exp Res (Hoboken) 2023; 47:60-75. [PMID: 36377258 PMCID: PMC9974797 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD), a subtype of fatty liver disease (FLD), continues to rise. ALD is a major cause of preventable death. Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) 126 is an environmentally relevant, dioxin-like pollutant whose negative metabolic effects have been well documented. In human and animal studies, PCB has been associated with the severity of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, few studies have investigated whether exposures to environmental toxicants can worsen ALD. Thus, the objective of the current study was to develop an alcohol-plus-toxicant model to study how an environmental pollutant, PCB 126, impacts rodent ALD pathology. METHODS Briefly, male C57BL/6J mice were exposed to 0.2 mg/kg PCB 126 or corn oil vehicle four days prior to ethanol feeding using the chronic-binge (10-plus-one) model. RESULTS Concentrations of macromolecules, including hepatic lipids, carbohydrates, and protein (albumin) were impacted. Exposure to PCB 126 exacerbated hepatic steatosis and hepatomegaly in mice exposed to the chemical and fed an ethanol diet. Gene expression and the analysis of blood chemistry showed a potential net increase and retention of hepatic lipids and reductions in lipid oxidation and clearance capabilities. Depletion of glycogen and glucose was evident, which contributes to disease progression by generating systemic malnutrition. Granulocytic immune infiltrates were present but driven solely by ethanol feeding. Hepatic albumin gene expression and plasma levels were decreased by ~50% indicating a potential compromise of liver function. Finally, gene expression analyses indicated that the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and constitutive androstane receptor were activated by PCB 126 and ethanol, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Various environmental toxicants are known to modify or enhance FLD in high-fat diet models. Findings from the present study suggest that they interact with other lifestyle factors such as alcohol consumption to reprogram intermediary metabolism resulting in exacerbated ethanol-associated systemic malnutrition in ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler C. Gripshover
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- University of Louisville Superfund Research Program, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Banrida Wahlang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Hepatobiology & Toxicology COBRE, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- University of Louisville Superfund Research Program, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Kimberly Z. Head
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Hepatobiology & Toxicology COBRE, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Jamie L. Young
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Jianzhu Luo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Muhammad T. Mustafa
- The Center for Integrative Environmental Health Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Irina A. Kirpich
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Hepatobiology & Toxicology COBRE, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Matthew C. Cave
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- The Robley Rex Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Louisville, KY 40206, USA
- The Liver Transplant Program at UofL Health - Jewish Hospital Trager Transplant Center, Louisville, KY 40202 USA
- Hepatobiology & Toxicology COBRE, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- University of Louisville Superfund Research Program, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- The Center for Integrative Environmental Health Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
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Warner JB, Zirnheld KH, Hu H, Floyd A, Kong M, McClain CJ, Kirpich IA. Analysis of alcohol use, consumption of micronutrient and macronutrients, and liver health in the 2017-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2022; 46:2025-2040. [PMID: 36124871 PMCID: PMC9722540 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol use is a major global healthcare burden that contributes to numerous adverse health outcomes, including liver disease. Many factors influence individual susceptibility to alcohol-associated diseases, including nutritional factors. The objective of the current study was to examine inter-relations among alcohol, dietary micronutrients and macronutrient consumption, and liver health by analyzing data from the 2017-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). METHODS Based on self-reported alcohol consumption, NHANES respondents were assigned to one of four categories: never drinkers (lifetime abstainers), non-drinkers (past-year abstainers), moderate drinkers (1/2 drinks per day for females/males, respectively), and heavy drinkers (>1/>2 drinks per day for females/males, respectively, and/or frequent binge drinking). Survey-weighted regression analyses (adjusted for gender, age, race, education, and body mass index) were performed to examine associations between alcohol intake, dietary, and liver health characteristics. RESULTS Individuals categorized as heavy drinkers were significantly younger, most often well-educated males with low incidences of diabetes and other comorbidities. They consumed the most overall calories and various micronutrients, indicating a diet that was not necessarily nutrient poor. Neither moderate nor heavy drinkers had liver steatosis or fibrosis as measured by liver elastography, although heavy drinkers had modestly elevated plasma biomarkers of liver injury, including ALT, AST, and GGT, compared with the other groups. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the category of heavy drinkers in the 2017-2018 NHANES consisted of generally healthy individuals with high-energy intake and no evidence of liver steatosis or fibrosis. However, slightly increased plasma liver markers may indicate a risk of future progression to more advanced stages of liver disease over time in some individuals. Several limitations should be considered when interpreting these data, including the potential misclassification of drinking categories and the lack of standardized cutoff scores for fatty liver as assessed by elastography, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey B. Warner
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 505 South Hancock Street, Louisville KY, 40202, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 505 South Hancock Street, Louisville KY, 40202, United States
| | - Kara H. Zirnheld
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 505 South Hancock Street, Louisville KY, 40202, United States
| | - Huirong Hu
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, 485 East Gray Street, Louisville, KY 40202, United States
| | - Alison Floyd
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 505 South Hancock Street, Louisville KY, 40202, United States
| | - Maiying Kong
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, 485 East Gray Street, Louisville, KY 40202, United States
- Robley Rex Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 800 Zorn Avenue, Louisville, KY 40206, United States
| | - Craig J. McClain
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 505 South Hancock Street, Louisville KY, 40202, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 505 South Hancock Street, Louisville KY, 40202, United States
- Alcohol Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 505 South Hancock Street, Louisville KY, 40202, United States
- Hepatobiology and Toxicology Center, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 505 South Hancock Street, Louisville KY, 40202, United States
- Robley Rex Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 800 Zorn Avenue, Louisville, KY 40206, United States
| | - Irina A. Kirpich
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 505 South Hancock Street, Louisville KY, 40202, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 505 South Hancock Street, Louisville KY, 40202, United States
- Alcohol Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 505 South Hancock Street, Louisville KY, 40202, United States
- Hepatobiology and Toxicology Center, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 505 South Hancock Street, Louisville KY, 40202, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 505 South Hancock Street, Louisville KY, 40202, United States
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8
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Warner JB, Larsen IS, Hardesty JE, Song YL, Warner DR, McClain CJ, Sun R, Deng Z, Jensen BAH, Kirpich IA. Human Beta Defensin 2 Ameliorated Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease in Mice. Front Physiol 2022; 12:812882. [PMID: 35153819 PMCID: PMC8829467 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.812882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) is a prevalent liver disorder and significant global healthcare burden with limited effective therapeutic options. The gut-liver axis is a critical factor contributing to susceptibility to liver injury due to alcohol consumption. In the current study, we tested whether human beta defensin-2 (hBD-2), a small anti-microbial peptide, attenuates experimental chronic ALD. Male C57Bl/6J mice were fed an ethanol (EtOH)-containing diet for 6 weeks with daily administration of hBD-2 (1.2 mg/kg) by oral gavage during the final week. Two independent cohorts of mice with distinct baseline gut microbiota were used. Oral hBD-2 administration attenuated liver injury in both cohorts as determined by decreased plasma ALT activity. Notably, the degree of hBD-2-mediated reduction of EtOH-associated liver steatosis, hepatocellular death, and inflammation was different between cohorts, suggesting microbiota-specific mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of hBD-2. Indeed, we observed differential mechanisms of hBD-2 between cohorts, which included an induction of hepatic and small intestinal IL-17A and IL-22, as well as an increase in T regulatory cell abundance in the gut and mesenteric lymph nodes. Lastly, hBD-2 modulated the gut microbiota composition in EtOH-fed mice in both cohorts, with significant decreases in multiple genera including Barnesiella, Parabacteroides, Akkermansia, and Alistipes, as well as altered abundance of several bacteria within the family Ruminococcaceae. Collectively, our results demonstrated a protective effect of hBD-2 in experimental ALD associated with immunomodulation and microbiota alteration. These data suggest that while the beneficial effects of hBD-2 on liver injury are uniform, the specific mechanisms of action are associated with baseline microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey B. Warner
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Ida S. Larsen
- Québec Heart and Lung Institute (IUCPQ), Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec city, QC, Canada
| | - Josiah E. Hardesty
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Ying L. Song
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Dennis R. Warner
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Craig J. McClain
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States
- University of Louisville Alcohol Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States
- University of Louisville Hepatobiology and Toxicology Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States
- Robley Rex Veterans Medical Center, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Rui Sun
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Zhongbin Deng
- University of Louisville Alcohol Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States
- University of Louisville Hepatobiology and Toxicology Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
- Department of Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Benjamin A. H. Jensen
- Québec Heart and Lung Institute (IUCPQ), Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec city, QC, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Irina A. Kirpich
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States
- University of Louisville Alcohol Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States
- University of Louisville Hepatobiology and Toxicology Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States
- *Correspondence: Irina A. Kirpich,
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9
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Liang N, Hennebelle M, Gaul S, Johnson CD, Zhang Z, Kirpich IA, McClain CJ, Feldstein AE, Ramsden CE, Taha AY. Feeding mice a diet high in oxidized linoleic acid metabolites does not alter liver oxylipin concentrations. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2021; 172:102316. [PMID: 34403987 PMCID: PMC9157566 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2021.102316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The oxidation of dietary linoleic acid (LA) produces oxidized LA metabolites (OXLAMs) known to regulate multiple signaling pathways in vivo. Recently, we reported that feeding OXLAMs to mice resulted in liver inflammation and apoptosis. However, it is not known whether this is due to a direct effect of OXLAMs accumulating in the liver, or to their degradation into bioactive shorter chain molecules (e.g. aldehydes) that can provoke inflammation and related cascades. To address this question, mice were fed a low or high LA diet low in OXLAMs, or a low LA diet supplemented with OXLAMs from heated corn oil (high OXLAM diet). Unesterified oxidized fatty acids (i.e. oxylipins), including OXLAMs, were measured in liver after 8 weeks of dietary intervention using ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass-spectrometry. The high OXLAM diet did not alter liver oxylipin concentrations compared to the low LA diet low in OXLAMs. Significant increases in several omega-6 derived oxylipins and reductions in omega-3 derived oxylipins were observed in the high LA dietary group compared to the low LA group. Our findings suggest that dietary OXLAMs do not accumulate in liver, and likely exert pro-inflammatory and pro-apoptotic effects via downstream secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuanyi Liang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, Unites States
| | - Marie Hennebelle
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, Unites States
| | - Susanne Gaul
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, Unites States; Klinik und Poliklinik für Kardiologie, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig University, Germany
| | - Casey D Johnson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, Unites States
| | - Zhichao Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, Unites States
| | - Irina A Kirpich
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY; Hepatobiology and Toxicology Program, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and University of Louisville Alcohol Center
| | - Craig J McClain
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY; Hepatobiology and Toxicology Program, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and University of Louisville Alcohol Center; Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA; and Robley Rex Veterans Medical Center, Louisville, KY
| | - Ariel E Feldstein
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, Unites States
| | - Christopher E Ramsden
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, Unites States; National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ameer Y Taha
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, Unites States.
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10
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Warner DR, Warner JB, Hardesty JE, Song YL, Chen CY, Chen Z, Kang JX, McClain CJ, Kirpich IA. Beneficial effects of an endogenous enrichment in n3-PUFAs on Wnt signaling are associated with attenuation of alcohol-mediated liver disease in mice. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21377. [PMID: 33481293 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001202r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) is a major human health issue for which there are limited treatment options. Experimental evidence suggests that nutrition plays an important role in ALD pathogenesis, and specific dietary fatty acids, for example, n6 or n3-PUFAs, may exacerbate or attenuate ALD, respectively. The purpose of the current study was to determine whether the beneficial effects of n3-PUFA enrichment in ALD were mediated, in part, by improvement in Wnt signaling. Wild-type (WT) and fat-1 transgenic mice (that endogenously convert n6-PUFAs to n3) were fed ethanol (EtOH) for 6 weeks followed by a single LPS challenge. fat-1 mice had less severe liver damage than WT littermates as evidenced by reduced plasma alanine aminotransferase, hepatic steatosis, liver tissue neutrophil infiltration, and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. WT mice had a greater downregulation of Axin2, a key gene in the Wnt pathway, than fat-1 mice in response to EtOH and LPS. Further, there were significant differences between WT and fat-1 EtOH+LPS-challenged mice in the expression of five additional genes linked to the Wnt signaling pathway, including Apc, Fosl1/Fra-1, Mapk8/Jnk-1, Porcn, and Nkd1. Compared to WT, primary hepatocytes isolated from fat-1 mice exhibited more effective Wnt signaling and were more resistant to EtOH-, palmitic acid-, or TNFα-induced cell death. Further, we demonstrated that the n3-PUFA-derived lipid mediators, resolvins D1 and E1, can regulate hepatocyte expression of several Wnt-related genes that were differentially expressed between WT and fat-1 mice. These data demonstrate a novel mechanism by which n3-PUFAs can ameliorate ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis R Warner
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Jeffrey B Warner
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Josiah E Hardesty
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Ying L Song
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Chi-Yu Chen
- Laboratory for Lipid Medicine and Technology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zoe Chen
- Laboratory for Lipid Medicine and Technology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jing X Kang
- Laboratory for Lipid Medicine and Technology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Craig J McClain
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.,University of Louisville Alcohol Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.,Hepatobiology & Toxicology Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.,Robley Rex Veterans Medical Center, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Irina A Kirpich
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.,University of Louisville Alcohol Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.,Hepatobiology & Toxicology Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
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11
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Warner D, Vatsalya V, Zirnheld KH, Warner JB, Hardesty JE, Umhau JC, McClain CJ, Maddipati K, Kirpich IA. Linoleic Acid-Derived Oxylipins Differentiate Early Stage Alcoholic Hepatitis From Mild Alcohol-Associated Liver Injury. Hepatol Commun 2021; 5:947-960. [PMID: 34141982 PMCID: PMC8183177 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) is a spectrum of liver disorders ranging from steatosis to steatohepatitis, fibrosis, and cirrhosis. Alcohol-associated hepatitis (AH) is an acute and often severe form of ALD with substantial morbidity and mortality. The mechanisms and mediators of ALD progression and severity are not well understood, and effective therapeutic options are limited. Various bioactive lipid mediators have recently emerged as important factors in ALD pathogenesis. The current study aimed to examine alterations in linoleic acid (LA)-derived lipid metabolites in the plasma of individuals who are heavy drinkers and to evaluate associations between these molecules and markers of liver injury and systemic inflammation. Analysis of plasma LA-derived metabolites was performed on 66 individuals who were heavy drinkers and 29 socially drinking but otherwise healthy volunteers. Based on plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels, 15 patients had no liver injury (ALT ≤ 40 U/L), 33 patients had mild liver injury (ALT > 40 U/L), and 18 were diagnosed with moderate AH (mAH) (Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score <20). Lipoxygenase-derived LA metabolites (13-hydroxy-octadecadienoic acid [13-HODE] and 13-oxo-octadecadienoic acid) were markedly elevated only in patients with mAH. The cytochrome P450-derived LA epoxides 9,10-epoxy-octadecenoic acid (9,10-EpOME) and 12,13-EpOME were decreased in all patients regardless of the presence or absence of liver injury. LA-derived diols 9,10-dihydroxy-octadecenoic acid (9,10-DiHOME) and 12,13-DiHOME as well as the corresponding diol/epoxide ratio were elevated in the mAH group, specifically compared to patients with mild liver injury. We found that 13-HODE and 12,13-EpOME (elevated and decreased, respectively) in combination with elevated interleukin-1β as independent predictors can effectively predict altered liver function as defined by elevated bilirubin levels. Conclusion: Specific changes in LA metabolites in individuals who are heavy drinkers can distinguish individuals with mAH from those with mild ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Warner
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and NutritionDepartment of MedicineUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKYUSA
| | - Vatsalya Vatsalya
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and NutritionDepartment of MedicineUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKYUSA.,Robley Rex Veterans Medical CenterLouisvilleKYUSA
| | - Kara H Zirnheld
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and NutritionDepartment of MedicineUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKYUSA
| | - Jeffrey B Warner
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and NutritionDepartment of MedicineUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKYUSA.,Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of Louisville School of MedicineKYUSA
| | - Josiah E Hardesty
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and NutritionDepartment of MedicineUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKYUSA.,Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of Louisville School of MedicineKYUSA
| | | | - Craig J McClain
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and NutritionDepartment of MedicineUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKYUSA.,Robley Rex Veterans Medical CenterLouisvilleKYUSA.,Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of Louisville School of MedicineKYUSA.,University of Louisville Alcohol CenterLouisvilleKYUSA.,Hepatobiology and Toxicology CenterUniversity of Louisville School of MedicineLouisvilleKYUSA
| | | | - Irina A Kirpich
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and NutritionDepartment of MedicineUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKYUSA.,Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of Louisville School of MedicineKYUSA.,University of Louisville Alcohol CenterLouisvilleKYUSA.,Hepatobiology and Toxicology CenterUniversity of Louisville School of MedicineLouisvilleKYUSA
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12
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Wahlang B, Alexander NC, Li X, Rouchka EC, Kirpich IA, Cave MC. Polychlorinated biphenyls altered gut microbiome in CAR and PXR knockout mice exhibiting toxicant-associated steatohepatitis. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:536-547. [PMID: 33777700 PMCID: PMC7985695 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent organic pollutants associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Previously, we demonstrated that the PCB mixture, Aroclor1260, exacerbated NAFLD, reflective of toxicant-associated steatohepatitis, in diet-induced obese mice, in part through pregnane-xenobiotic receptor (PXR) and constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) activation. Recent studies have also reported PCB-induced changes in the gut microbiome that consequently impact NAFLD. Therefore, the objective of this study is to examine PCB effects on the gut-liver axis and characterize the role of CAR and PXR in microbiome alterations. C57Bl/6 (wildtype, WT), CAR and PXR knockout mice were fed a high fat diet and exposed to Aroclor1260 (20 mg/kg, oral gavage, 12 weeks). Metagenomics analysis of cecal samples revealed that CAR and/or PXR ablation increased bacterial alpha diversity regardless of exposure status. CAR and PXR ablation also increased bacterial composition (beta diversity) versus WT; Aroclor1260 altered beta diversity only in WT and CAR knockouts. Distinct changes in bacterial abundance at different taxonomic levels were observed between WT and knockout groups; however Aroclor1260 had modest effects on bacterial abundance within each genotype. Notably, both knockout groups displayed increased Actinobacteria and Verrucomicrobia abundance. In spite of improved bacterial diversity, the knockout groups however failed to show protection from PCB-induced hepato- and intestinal- toxicity including decreased mRNA levels of ileal permeability markers (occludin, claudin3). In summary, CAR and PXR ablation significantly altered gut microbiome in diet-induced obesity while Aroclor1260 compromised intestinal integrity in knockout mice, implicating interactions between PCBs and CAR, PXR on the gut-liver axis.
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Key Words
- ACHS, anniston community healthy survey
- AhR, arylhydrocarbon receptor
- Aroclor1260
- CAR, constitutive androstane receptor
- Camp, cathelicidin anti-microbial peptide
- Cdh5, adhesion molecule VE-cadherin
- Cldn, claudin
- Fasn, fatty acid synthase
- Fgf15, fibroblast growth factor 15
- Gut-liver
- HFD, high fat diet
- HOMA, homeostasis model assessment
- IBD, inflammatory bowel diseases
- LDA, linear discriminant analysis
- LEfSe, linear discriminant analysis effect size
- Microbiome
- Muc, mucin
- NAFLD
- NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
- NASH, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
- OTU, operational taxonomic unit
- Ocln, occludin
- PCBs
- PCBs, polychlorinated biphenyls
- PXR, pregnane-xenobiotic receptor
- Pck1, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1
- Ppara, peroxisome-proliferator activated receptor alpha
- RER, respiratory exchange rate
- Reg3g, regenerating islet-derived protein 3-gamma
- TASH
- TASH, toxicant-associated steatohepatitis
- Tff3, trefoil factor 3
- Tjp1, tight junction protein 1
- Tnfa, tumor necrosis factor
- WT, wildtype
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Affiliation(s)
- Banrida Wahlang
- UofL Superfund Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | | | - Xiaohong Li
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- KBRIN Bioinformatics Core, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Eric C. Rouchka
- KBRIN Bioinformatics Core, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, J.B. Speed School of Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Irina A. Kirpich
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Matthew C. Cave
- UofL Superfund Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Robley Rex Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Louisville, KY, USA
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13
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Hardesty JE, Warner JB, Song YL, Rouchka EC, Chen CY, Kang JX, McClain CJ, Warner DR, Kirpich IA. Transcriptional signatures of the small intestinal mucosa in response to ethanol in transgenic mice rich in endogenous n3 fatty acids. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19930. [PMID: 33199802 PMCID: PMC7670449 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76959-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestine interacts with many factors, including dietary components and ethanol (EtOH), which can impact intestinal health. Previous studies showed that different types of dietary fats can modulate EtOH-induced changes in the intestine; however, mechanisms underlying these effects are not completely understood. Here, we examined intestinal transcriptional responses to EtOH in WT and transgenic fat-1 mice (which endogenously convert n6 to n3 polyunsaturated fatty acids [PUFAs]) to identify novel genes and pathways involved in EtOH-associated gut pathology and discern the impact of n3 PUFA enrichment. WT and fat-1 mice were chronically fed EtOH, and ileum RNA-seq and bioinformatic analyses were performed. EtOH consumption led to a marked down-regulation of genes encoding digestive and xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes, and transcription factors involved in developmental processes and tissue regeneration. Compared to WT, fat-1 mice exhibited a markedly plastic transcriptome response to EtOH. Cell death, inflammation, and tuft cell markers were downregulated in fat-1 mice in response to EtOH, while defense responses and PPAR signaling were upregulated. This transcriptional reprogramming may contribute to the beneficial effects of n3 PUFAs on EtOH-induced intestinal pathology. In summary, our study provides a reference dataset of the intestinal mucosa transcriptional responses to chronic EtOH exposure for future hypothesis-driven mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiah E Hardesty
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, 505 Hancock St., Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Jeffrey B Warner
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, 505 Hancock St., Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Ying L Song
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, 505 Hancock St., Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Eric C Rouchka
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Speed School of Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Chih-Yu Chen
- Laboratory for Lipid Medicine and Technology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jing X Kang
- Laboratory for Lipid Medicine and Technology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Craig J McClain
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, 505 Hancock St., Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.,University of Louisville Alcohol Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.,University of Louisville Hepatobiology and Toxicology Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.,Robley Rex Veterans Medical Center, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Dennis R Warner
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, 505 Hancock St., Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Irina A Kirpich
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, 505 Hancock St., Louisville, KY, 40202, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA. .,University of Louisville Alcohol Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA. .,University of Louisville Hepatobiology and Toxicology Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.
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14
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Kirpich IA, Warner DR, Feng W, Joshi-Barve S, McClain CJ, Seth D, Zhong W, Zhou Z, Osna NA, Kharbanda KK. Mechanisms, biomarkers and targets for therapy in alcohol-associated liver injury: From Genetics to nutrition: Summary of the ISBRA 2018 symposium. Alcohol 2020; 83:105-114. [PMID: 31129175 PMCID: PMC7043088 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The symposium "Mechanisms, Biomarkers and Targets for Therapy in Alcohol-associated Liver Injury: From Genetics to Nutrition" was held at the 19th Congress of International Society for Biomedical Research on Alcoholism on September 13th, 2018 in Kyoto, Japan. The goal of the symposium was to discuss the importance of genetics and nutrition in alcoholic liver disease (ALD) development from mechanistic and therapeutic perspectives. The following is a summary of this session addressing the gene polymorphisms in ALD, the role of zinc in gut-liver axis perturbations associated with ALD, highlighting the importance of dietary fat in ALD pathogenesis, the hepatic n6 and n3 PUFA oxylipin pattern associated with ethanol-induced liver injury, and finally deliberating on new biomarkers for alcoholic hepatitis and their implications for diagnosis and therapy. This summary of the symposium will benefit junior and senior faculty currently investigating alcohol-induced organ pathology as well as undergraduate, graduate, and post-graduate students and fellows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina A Kirpich
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA; University of Louisville Alcohol Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA; Robley Rex Veterans Medical Center, Louisville, KY, USA; Hepatobiology & Toxicology Program, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Dennis R Warner
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Wenke Feng
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA; University of Louisville Alcohol Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA; Hepatobiology & Toxicology Program, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Swati Joshi-Barve
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA; University of Louisville Alcohol Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA; Hepatobiology & Toxicology Program, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Craig J McClain
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA; University of Louisville Alcohol Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA; Robley Rex Veterans Medical Center, Louisville, KY, USA; Hepatobiology & Toxicology Program, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Devanshi Seth
- Drug Health Services, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia, And Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Wei Zhong
- Center for Translational Biomedical Research, Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA
| | - Zhanxiang Zhou
- Center for Translational Biomedical Research, Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA
| | - Natalia A Osna
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Kusum K Kharbanda
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
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15
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Zirnheld KH, Warner DR, Warner JB, Hardesty JE, McClain CJ, Kirpich IA. Dietary fatty acids and bioactive fatty acid metabolites in alcoholic liver disease. Liver Research 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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16
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Warner DR, Warner JB, Hardesty JE, Song YL, King TN, Kang JX, Chen CY, Xie S, Yuan F, Prodhan MAI, Ma X, Zhang X, Rouchka EC, Maddipati KR, Whitlock J, Li EC, Wang GP, McClain CJ, Kirpich IA. Decreased ω-6:ω-3 PUFA ratio attenuates ethanol-induced alterations in intestinal homeostasis, microbiota, and liver injury. J Lipid Res 2019; 60:2034-2049. [PMID: 31586017 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.ra119000200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ethanol (EtOH)-induced alterations in intestinal homeostasis lead to multi-system pathologies, including liver injury. ω-6 PUFAs exert pro-inflammatory activity, while ω-3 PUFAs promote anti-inflammatory activity that is mediated, in part, through specialized pro-resolving mediators [e.g., resolvin D1 (RvD1)]. We tested the hypothesis that a decrease in the ω-6:ω-3 PUFA ratio would attenuate EtOH-mediated alterations in the gut-liver axis. ω-3 FA desaturase-1 (fat-1) mice, which endogenously increase ω-3 PUFA levels, were protected against EtOH-mediated downregulation of intestinal tight junction proteins in organoid cultures and in vivo. EtOH- and lipopolysaccharide-induced expression of INF-γ, Il-6, and Cxcl1 was attenuated in fat-1 and WT RvD1-treated mice. RNA-seq of ileum tissue revealed upregulation of several genes involved in cell proliferation, stem cell renewal, and antimicrobial defense (including Alpi and Leap2) in fat-1 versus WT mice fed EtOH. fat-1 mice were also resistant to EtOH-mediated downregulation of genes important for xenobiotic/bile acid detoxification. Further, gut microbiome and plasma metabolomics revealed several changes in fat-1 versus WT mice that may contribute to a reduced inflammatory response. Finally, these data correlated with a significant reduction in liver injury. Our study suggests that ω-3 PUFA enrichment or treatment with resolvins can attenuate the disruption in intestinal homeostasis caused by EtOH consumption and systemic inflammation with a concomitant reduction in liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis R Warner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Jeffrey B Warner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY.,Department of Medicine Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Josiah E Hardesty
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Ying L Song
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Taylor N King
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Jing X Kang
- Laboratory for Lipid Medicine and Technology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Chih-Yu Chen
- Laboratory for Lipid Medicine and Technology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Shanfu Xie
- Laboratory for Lipid Medicine and Technology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Fang Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | | | - Xipeng Ma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Eric C Rouchka
- Department of Computer Engineering and Computer Science, Speed School of Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | | | - Joan Whitlock
- Department of Medicine Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Eric C Li
- Department of Medicine Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Gary P Wang
- Department of Medicine Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Craig J McClain
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and University of Louisville Alcohol Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY.,Robley Rex Veterans Medical Center, Louisville, KY
| | - Irina A Kirpich
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY .,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and University of Louisville Alcohol Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY
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17
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Wahlang B, Jin J, Beier JI, Hardesty JE, Daly EF, Schnegelberger RD, Falkner KC, Prough RA, Kirpich IA, Cave MC. Mechanisms of Environmental Contributions to Fatty Liver Disease. Curr Environ Health Rep 2019; 6:80-94. [PMID: 31134516 PMCID: PMC6698418 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-019-00232-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Fatty liver disease (FLD) affects over 25% of the global population and may lead to liver-related mortality due to cirrhosis and liver cancer. FLD caused by occupational and environmental chemical exposures is termed "toxicant-associated steatohepatitis" (TASH). The current review addresses the scientific progress made in the mechanistic understanding of TASH since its initial description in 2010. RECENT FINDINGS Recently discovered modes of actions for volatile organic compounds and persistent organic pollutants include the following: (i) the endocrine-, metabolism-, and signaling-disrupting chemical hypotheses; (ii) chemical-nutrient interactions and the "two-hit" hypothesis. These key hypotheses were then reviewed in the context of the steatosis adverse outcome pathway (AOP) proposed by the US Environmental Protection Agency. The conceptual understanding of the contribution of environmental exposures to FLD has progressed significantly. However, because this is a new research area, more studies including mechanistic human data are required to address current knowledge gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banrida Wahlang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
- University of Louisville Superfund Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Jian Jin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Juliane I Beier
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Josiah E Hardesty
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Erica F Daly
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Regina D Schnegelberger
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - K Cameron Falkner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Russell A Prough
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Irina A Kirpich
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
- Hepatobiology & Toxicology COBRE Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
- University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Matthew C Cave
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
- University of Louisville Superfund Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
- Hepatobiology & Toxicology COBRE Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
- University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
- The Robley Rex Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Louisville, KY, 40206, USA.
- The Jewish Hospital Liver Transplant Program, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
- Kosair Charities Clinical & Translational Research Building, 505 South Hancock Street, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
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18
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Hardesty J, Warner JC, Warner DC, Jacobs J, McClain CC, Kirpich IA. Proteomic and Phosphoproteomic Signatures of Severe Alcoholic Hepatitis. FASEB J 2019. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2019.33.1_supplement.473.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeffrey C. Warner
- University of LouisvilleLouisvilleKY
- Division of GastroenterologyUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKY
| | | | - Jon Jacobs
- Pacific Northwest National LaboratoryRichlandWA
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19
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Warner JB, Warner DR, Song YL, McClain CJ, Kirpich IA. Decrease of n6/n3 PUFA Ratio Augmented Growth and Improved Markers of Intestinal Barrier Integrity in Small Intestinal Organoids Derived from Naïve and Alcohol‐Fed Mice. FASEB J 2019. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2019.33.1_supplement.795.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ying L Song
- MedicineUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKY
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20
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Warner DR, Dastidar SG, Song YL, McClain CJ, Kirpich IA. Effects of Endogenous ω6:ω3 PUFA Ratio Reduction on Ileum Homeostasis and Liver Injury in Mice Chronically Fed Ethanol. FASEB J 2019. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2019.33.1_supplement.869.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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21
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Kirpich IA, McClain CJ. Introduction to the Virtual Issue "Translational Studies in AUD: Liver Disease". Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2019; 43:593-596. [PMID: 30694554 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Irina A Kirpich
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky.,Hepatobiology and Toxicology Program, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky.,University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Craig J McClain
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky.,Hepatobiology and Toxicology Program, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky.,University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky.,Robley Rex Veterans Medical Center, Louisville, Kentucky
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22
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Warner DR, Liu H, Ghosh Dastidar S, Warner JB, Prodhan MAI, Yin X, Zhang X, Feldstein AE, Gao B, Prough RA, McClain CJ, Kirpich IA. Ethanol and unsaturated dietary fat induce unique patterns of hepatic ω-6 and ω-3 PUFA oxylipins in a mouse model of alcoholic liver disease. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204119. [PMID: 30256818 PMCID: PMC6157879 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD), a significant health problem, progresses through the course of several pathologies including steatosis, steatohepatitis, fibrosis, and cirrhosis. There are no effective FDA-approved medications to prevent or treat any stages of ALD, and the mechanisms involved in ALD pathogenesis are not well understood. Bioactive lipid metabolites play a crucial role in numerous pathological conditions, as well as in the induction and resolution of inflammation. Herein, a hepatic lipidomic analysis was performed on a mouse model of ALD with the objective of identifying novel metabolic pathways and lipid mediators associated with alcoholic steatohepatitis, which might be potential novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets for the disease. We found that ethanol and dietary unsaturated, but not saturated, fat caused elevated plasma ALT levels, hepatic steatosis and inflammation. These pathologies were associated with increased levels of bioactive lipid metabolites generally involved in pro-inflammatory responses, including 13-hydroxy-octadecadienoic acid, 9,10- and 12,13-dihydroxy-octadecenoic acids, 5-, 8-, 9-, 11-, 15-hydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acids, and 8,9- and 11,12-dihydroxy-eicosatrienoic acids, in parallel with an increase in pro-resolving mediators, such as lipoxin A4, 18-hydroxy-eicosapentaenoic acid, and 10S,17S-dihydroxy-docosahexaenoic acid. Elucidation of alterations in these lipid metabolites may shed new light into the molecular mechanisms underlying ALD development/progression, and be potential novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis R. Warner
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Huilin Liu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shubha Ghosh Dastidar
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey B. Warner
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Md Aminul Islam Prodhan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Xinmin Yin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- University of Louisville Alcohol Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- Hepatobiology & Toxicology Program, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Ariel E. Feldstein
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Bin Gao
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Russell A. Prough
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- University of Louisville Alcohol Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- Hepatobiology & Toxicology Program, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Craig J. McClain
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- University of Louisville Alcohol Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- Hepatobiology & Toxicology Program, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- Robley Rex Veterans Medical Center, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Irina A. Kirpich
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- University of Louisville Alcohol Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- Hepatobiology & Toxicology Program, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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23
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Schuster S, Johnson CD, Hennebelle M, Holtmann T, Taha AY, Kirpich IA, Eguchi A, Ramsden CE, Papouchado BG, McClain CJ, Feldstein AE. Oxidized linoleic acid metabolites induce liver mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis, and NLRP3 activation in mice. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:1597-1609. [PMID: 30084831 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m083741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating oxidized linoleic acid (LA) metabolites (OXLAMs) are increased in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and their levels correlate with disease severity. However, the mechanisms by which OXLAMs contribute to NASH development are incompletely understood. We tested the hypothesis that LA or OXLAMs provided directly through the diet are involved in the development of hepatic injury. C57BL/6 mice were fed an isocaloric high-fat diet containing low LA, high LA, or OXLAMs for 8 weeks. The livers of OXLAM-fed mice showed lower triglyceride concentrations, but higher FA oxidation and lipid peroxidation in association with increased oxidative stress. OXLAM-induced mitochondrial dysfunction was associated with reduced Complex I protein and hepatic ATP levels, as well as increased mitochondrial biogenesis and cytoplasmic mitochondrial DNA. Oxidative stress increased thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) in the liver and stimulated the activation of mitochondrial apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) leading to apoptosis. We also found increased levels of NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome components and Caspase-1 activation in the livers of OXLAM-fed mice. In vitro, OXLAMs induced hepatocyte cell death, which was partly dependent on Caspase-1 activation. This study identified key mechanisms by which dietary OXLAMs contribute to NASH development, including mitochondrial dysfunction, hepatocyte cell death, and NLRP3 inflammasome activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Schuster
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Casey D Johnson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Marie Hennebelle
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Theresa Holtmann
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Ameer Y Taha
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Irina A Kirpich
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition University of Louisville, Louisville, KY; Hepatobiology and Toxicology Program, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and University of Louisville Alcohol Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY
| | - Akiko Eguchi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Christopher E Ramsden
- Intramural Programs of the National Institute on Aging and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, and FOODplus Research Center, School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Bettina G Papouchado
- Department of Pathology, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA
| | - Craig J McClain
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition University of Louisville, Louisville, KY; Hepatobiology and Toxicology Program, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and University of Louisville Alcohol Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY; Robley Rex Veterans Medical Center, Louisville, KY
| | - Ariel E Feldstein
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA.
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24
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Ghosh Dastidar S, Warner JB, Warner DR, McClain CJ, Kirpich IA. Rodent Models of Alcoholic Liver Disease: Role of Binge Ethanol Administration. Biomolecules 2018; 8:biom8010003. [PMID: 29342874 PMCID: PMC5871972 DOI: 10.3390/biom8010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Both chronic and acute (binge) alcohol drinking are important health and economic concerns worldwide and prominent risk factors for the development of alcoholic liver disease (ALD). There are no FDA-approved medications to prevent or to treat any stage of ALD. Therefore, discovery of novel therapeutic strategies remains a critical need for patients with ALD. Relevant experimental animal models that simulate human drinking patterns and mimic the spectrum and severity of alcohol-induced liver pathology in humans are critical to our ability to identify new mechanisms and therapeutic targets. There are several animal models currently in use, including the most widely utilized chronic ad libitum ethanol (EtOH) feeding (Lieber–DeCarli liquid diet model), chronic intragastric EtOH administration (Tsukamoto–French model), and chronic-plus-binge EtOH challenge (Bin Gao—National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) model). This review provides an overview of recent advances in rodent models of binge EtOH administration which help to recapitulate different features and etiologies of progressive ALD. These models include EtOH binge alone, and EtOH binge coupled with chronic EtOH intake, a high fat diet, or endotoxin challenge. We analyze the strengths, limitations, and translational relevance of these models, as well as summarize the liver injury outcomes and mechanistic insights. We further discuss the application(s) of binge EtOH models in examining alcohol-induced multi-organ pathology, sex- and age-related differences, as well as circadian rhythm disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubha Ghosh Dastidar
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
| | - Jeffrey B Warner
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
| | - Dennis R Warner
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
| | - Craig J McClain
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
- Robley Rex Veterans Medical Center, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
- University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center and Hepatobiology & Toxicology COBRE, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
| | - Irina A Kirpich
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
- University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center and Hepatobiology & Toxicology COBRE, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
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25
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Warner DR, Liu H, Miller ME, Ramsden CE, Gao B, Feldstein AE, Schuster S, McClain CJ, Kirpich IA. Dietary Linoleic Acid and Its Oxidized Metabolites Exacerbate Liver Injury Caused by Ethanol via Induction of Hepatic Proinflammatory Response in Mice. Am J Pathol 2017; 187:2232-2245. [PMID: 28923202 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease is a major human health problem leading to significant morbidity and mortality in the United States and worldwide. Dietary fat plays an important role in alcoholic liver disease pathogenesis. Herein, we tested the hypothesis that a combination of ethanol and a diet rich in linoleic acid (LA) leads to the increased production of oxidized LA metabolites (OXLAMs), specifically 9- and 13-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acids (HODEs), which contribute to a hepatic proinflammatory response exacerbating liver injury. Mice were fed unsaturated (with a high LA content) or saturated fat diets (USF and SF, respectively) with or without ethanol for 10 days, followed by a single binge of ethanol. Compared to SF+ethanol, mice fed USF+ethanol had elevated plasma alanine transaminase levels, enhanced hepatic steatosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Plasma and liver levels of 9- and 13-HODEs were increased in response to USF+ethanol feeding. We demonstrated that primarily 9-HODE, but not 13-HODE, induced the expression of several proinflammatory cytokines in vitro in RAW264.7 macrophages. Finally, deficiency of arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase, a major enzyme involved in LA oxidation and OXLAM production, attenuated liver injury and inflammation caused by USF+ethanol feeding but had no effect on hepatic steatosis. This study demonstrates that OXLAM-mediated induction of a proinflammatory response in macrophages is one of the potential mechanisms underlying the progression from alcohol-induced steatosis to alcoholic steatohepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis R Warner
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Huilin Liu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky; College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Matthew E Miller
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Christopher E Ramsden
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland; National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Bin Gao
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ariel E Feldstein
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Susanne Schuster
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Craig J McClain
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky; Robley Rex Veterans Medical Center, Louisville, Kentucky; Hepatobiology and Toxicology Program, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky; University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Irina A Kirpich
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky; Hepatobiology and Toxicology Program, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky; University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky.
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Kirpich IA, Warner DR, Feldstein AE, McClain CJ. S09-2DIETARY LINOLEIC ACID AND ITS OXIDIZED METABOLITES EXACERBATE LIVER INJURY CAUSED BY ETHANOL VIA INDUCTION OF HEPATIC PRO-INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE. Alcohol Alcohol 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agx075.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Warner DR, Ghosh Dastidar S, Song YL, Warner JB, McClain CJ, Kirpich IA. OR4-4DECREASED ω-6:ω-3 RATIO OR RESOLVIN D1 TREATMENT ATTENUATED CHRONIC ALCOHOL-INDUCED LIVER INJURY IN MICE VIA REDUCING HEPATIC NEUTROPHIL INFILTRATION AND DOWN-REGULATION OF PRO-INFLAMMATORY GENE EXPRESSION. Alcohol Alcohol 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agx074.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Warner DR, Chen C, Hibbeln J, McClain CJ, Kirpich IA. OR4-7A DIET HIGH IN ω6 POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS LEADS TO LIVER INJURY THAT WAS ATTENUATED BY DECREASED ω6:ω3 RATIO IN A DRINKING IN THE DARK MOUSE MODEL. Alcohol Alcohol 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agx074.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Kirpich IA, McClain CJ, Vatsalya V, Schwandt M, Phillips M, Falkner KC, Zhang L, Harwell C, George DT, Umhau JC. Liver Injury and Endotoxemia in Male and Female Alcohol-Dependent Individuals Admitted to an Alcohol Treatment Program. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2017; 41:747-757. [PMID: 28166367 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interactions between the liver, the gut, and the immune system are critical components of alcoholic liver disease (ALD). The aim of this study was to explore the associations between alcohol-induced liver injury, endotoxemia, and inflammation at admission and over time during abstinence, as well as to examine the sex-related differences in these parameters in alcohol-dependent individuals admitted to an alcohol treatment program. METHODS A cohort of 48 otherwise healthy participants with alcohol use disorder, but no clinical signs of alcoholic liver injury (34 males [M]/14 females [F]) admitted to an alcohol detoxification program, was stratified into 2 groups based on baseline plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels (as a marker of liver injury). Group 1 (ALT < 40 U/l, 7M/8F) and Group 2 (ALT ≥ 40 U/l, 27M/6F) were identified. Plasma biomarkers of liver damage, endotoxemia, and inflammation were examined at baseline, day 8, and day 15 of the admission. The drinking history was also evaluated. RESULTS Sixty-nine percent of patients had elevated ALT and other markers of liver damage, including aspartate aminotransferase and cytokeratin 18 (CK18 M65 and CK M30) at baseline, indicating the presence of mild ALD. Elevated CK18 M65:M30 ratio suggested a greater contribution of necrotic rather than apoptotic hepatocyte cell death in the liver injury observed in these individuals. Females showed greater elevations of liver injury markers compared to males, although they had fewer drinks per day and shorter lifetime duration of heavy drinking. Liver injury was associated with systemic inflammation, specifically, elevated plasma tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels. Compared to patients without liver injury, patients with mild ALD had greater endotoxemia (increased serum lipopolysaccharide levels), which decreased with abstinence and this decrease preceded the drop in CK18 M65 levels. CONCLUSIONS The study documented the association of mild alcohol-induced liver injury and endotoxemia, which improved with 2 weeks of abstinence, in a subset of individuals admitted to an alcohol detoxification program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina A Kirpich
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky.,Robley Rex Veterans Medical Center, Louisville, Kentucky.,University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky.,University of Louisville Hepatobiology & Toxicology Program, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Craig J McClain
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky.,Robley Rex Veterans Medical Center, Louisville, Kentucky.,University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky.,University of Louisville Hepatobiology & Toxicology Program, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Vatsalya Vatsalya
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky.,University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky.,University of Louisville Hepatobiology & Toxicology Program, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky.,National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Melanie Schwandt
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Monte Phillips
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Keith Cameron Falkner
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky.,University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky.,University of Louisville Hepatobiology & Toxicology Program, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Lucy Zhang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Catey Harwell
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - David T George
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.,George Washington University Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - John C Umhau
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.,Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
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Neuman MG, French SW, Zakhari S, Malnick S, Seitz HK, Cohen LB, Salaspuro M, Voinea-Griffin A, Barasch A, Kirpich IA, Thomes PG, Schrum LW, Donohue TM, Kharbanda KK, Cruz M, Opris M. Alcohol, microbiome, life style influence alcohol and non-alcoholic organ damage. Exp Mol Pathol 2017; 102:162-180. [PMID: 28077318 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This paper is based upon the "8th Charles Lieber's Satellite Symposium" organized by Manuela G. Neuman at the Research Society on Alcoholism Annual Meeting, on June 25, 2016 at New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. The integrative symposium investigated different aspects of alcohol-induced liver disease (ALD) as well as non-alcohol-induced liver disease (NAFLD) and possible repair. We revealed the basic aspects of alcohol metabolism that may be responsible for the development of liver disease as well as the factors that determine the amount, frequency and which type of alcohol misuse leads to liver and gastrointestinal diseases. We aimed to (1) describe the immuno-pathology of ALD, (2) examine the role of genetics in the development of alcoholic hepatitis (ASH) and NAFLD, (3) propose diagnostic markers of ASH and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), (4) examine age and ethnic differences as well as analyze the validity of some models, (5) develop common research tools and biomarkers to study alcohol-induced effects, 6) examine the role of alcohol in oral health and colon and gastrointestinal cancer and (7) focus on factors that aggravate the severity of organ-damage. The present review includes pre-clinical, translational and clinical research that characterizes ALD and NAFLD. Strong clinical and experimental evidence lead to recognition of the key toxic role of alcohol in the pathogenesis of ALD with simple fatty infiltrations and chronic alcoholic hepatitis with hepatic fibrosis or cirrhosis. These latter stages may also be associated with a number of cellular and histological changes, including the presence of Mallory's hyaline, megamitochondria, or perivenular and perisinusoidal fibrosis. Genetic polymorphisms of ethanol metabolizing enzymes and cytochrome p450 (CYP) 2E1 activation may change the severity of ASH and NASH. Other risk factors such as its co-morbidities with chronic viral hepatitis in the presence or absence of human deficiency virus were discussed. Dysregulation of metabolism, as a result of ethanol exposure, in the intestine leads to colon carcinogenesis. The hepatotoxic effects of ethanol undermine the contribution of malnutrition to the liver injury. Dietary interventions such as micro and macronutrients, as well as changes to the microbiota have been suggested. The clinical aspects of NASH, as part of the metabolic syndrome in the aging population, have been presented. The symposium addressed mechanisms and biomarkers of alcohol induced damage to different organs, as well as the role of the microbiome in this dialog. The microbiota regulates and acts as a key element in harmonizing immune responses at intestinal mucosal surfaces. It is known that microbiota is an inducer of proinflammatory T helper 17 cells and regulatory T cells in the intestine. The signals at the sites of inflammation mediate recruitment and differentiation in order to remove inflammatory inducers and promote tissue homeostasis restoration. The change in the intestinal microbiota also influences the change in obesity and regresses the liver steatosis. Evidence on the positive role of moderate alcohol consumption on heart and metabolic diseases as well on reducing steatosis have been looked up. Moreover nutrition as a therapeutic intervention in alcoholic liver disease has been discussed. In addition to the original data, we searched the literature (2008-2016) for the latest publication on the described subjects. In order to obtain the updated data we used the usual engines (Pub Med and Google Scholar). The intention of the eighth symposia was to advance the international profile of the biological research on alcoholism. We also wish to further our mission of leading the forum to progress the science and practice of translational research in alcoholism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela G Neuman
- In Vitro Drug Safety and Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | | | | | - Stephen Malnick
- Department Internal Medicine, Kaplan Medical Centre and Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Helmut K Seitz
- Centre of Alcohol Research, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lawrence B Cohen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mikko Salaspuro
- Research Unit on Acetaldehyde and Cancer, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andreea Voinea-Griffin
- Public Health Science Texas A&M University, College of Dentistry, Dallas University, TX, USA
| | - Andrei Barasch
- Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Irina A Kirpich
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Paul G Thomes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Laura W Schrum
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Terrence M Donohue
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Kusum K Kharbanda
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Marcus Cruz
- In Vitro Drug Safety and Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mihai Opris
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Family Medicine Clinic CAR, Bucharest, Romania
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Osna NA, Carter WG, Ganesan M, Kirpich IA, McClain CJ, Petersen DR, Shearn CT, Tomasi ML, Kharbanda KK. Aberrant post-translational protein modifications in the pathogenesis of alcohol-induced liver injury. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:6192-6200. [PMID: 27468209 PMCID: PMC4945978 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i27.6192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Revised: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It is likely that the majority of proteins will undergo post-translational modification, be it enzymatic or non-enzymatic. These modified protein(s) regulate activity, localization and interaction with other cellular molecules thereby maintaining cellular hemostasis. Alcohol exposure significantly alters several of these post-translational modifications leading to impairments of many essential physiological processes. Here, we present new insights into novel modifications following ethanol exposure and their role in the initiation and progression of liver injury. This critical review condenses the proceedings of a symposium at the European Society for the Biomedical Research on Alcoholism Meeting held September 12-15, 2015, in Valencia, Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina A. Kirpich
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of MedicineUniversity of Louisville School of MedicineLouisvilleKY,Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of Louisville School of MedicineLouisvilleKY
| | - Dipendra Parajuli
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of MedicineUniversity of Louisville School of MedicineLouisvilleKY,Robley Rex Veterans Medical CenterLouisvilleKY
| | - Craig J. McClain
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of MedicineUniversity of Louisville School of MedicineLouisvilleKY,Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of Louisville School of MedicineLouisvilleKY,Robley Rex Veterans Medical CenterLouisvilleKY
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Kirpich IA, Marsano LS, McClain CJ. Gut-liver axis, nutrition, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Biochem 2015; 48:923-30. [PMID: 26151226 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2015.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents a spectrum of diseases involving hepatic fat accumulation, inflammation with the potential progression to fibrosis and cirrhosis over time. NAFLD is often associated with obesity, insulin resistance, and diabetes. The interactions between the liver and the gut, the so-called "gut-liver axis", play a critical role in NAFLD onset and progression. Compelling evidence links the gut microbiome, intestinal barrier integrity, and NAFLD. The dietary factors may alter the gut microbiota and intestinal barrier function, favoring the occurrence of metabolic endotoxemia and low grade inflammation, thereby contributing to the development of obesity and obesity-associated fatty liver disease. Therapeutic manipulations with prebiotics and probiotics to modulate the gut microbiota and maintain intestinal barrier integrity are potential agents for NAFLD management. This review summarizes the current knowledge regarding the complex interplay between the gut microbiota, intestinal barrier, and dietary factors in NAFLD pathogenesis. The concepts addressed in this review have important clinical implications, although more work needs to be done to understand how dietary factors affect the gut barrier and microbiota, and to comprehend how microbe-derived components may interfere with the host's metabolism contributing to NAFLD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina A Kirpich
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 40202, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 40202, Louisville, KY, USA.
| | - Luis S Marsano
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 40202, Louisville, KY, USA.
| | - Craig J McClain
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 40202, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 40202, Louisville, KY, USA; Robley Rex Veterans Medical Center, 40202, Louisville, KY, USA.
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Barve S, Kirpich IA, McClain CJ. Tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced receptor 1 signaling in alcoholic liver disease: A gut reaction? Hepatology 2015; 61:754-6. [PMID: 25482079 PMCID: PMC6445372 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shirish Barve
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY
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Neuman MG, French SW, French BA, Seitz HK, Cohen LB, Mueller S, Osna NA, Kharbanda KK, Seth D, Bautista A, Thompson KJ, McKillop IH, Kirpich IA, McClain CJ, Bataller R, Nanau RM, Voiculescu M, Opris M, Shen H, Tillman B, Li J, Liu H, Thomes PG, Ganesan M, Malnick S. Alcoholic and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Exp Mol Pathol 2014; 97:492-510. [PMID: 25217800 PMCID: PMC4696068 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This paper is based upon the "Charles Lieber Satellite Symposia" organized by Manuela G. Neuman at the Research Society on Alcoholism (RSA) Annual Meetings, 2013 and 2014. The present review includes pre-clinical, translational and clinical research that characterize alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). In addition, a literature search in the discussed area was performed. Strong clinical and experimental evidence lead to recognition of the key toxic role of alcohol in the pathogenesis of ALD. The liver biopsy can confirm the etiology of NASH or alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH) and assess structural alterations of cells, their organelles, as well as inflammatory activity. Three histological stages of ALD are simple steatosis, ASH, and chronic hepatitis with hepatic fibrosis or cirrhosis. These latter stages may also be associated with a number of cellular and histological changes, including the presence of Mallory's hyaline, megamitochondria, or perivenular and perisinusoidal fibrosis. Genetic polymorphisms of ethanol metabolizing enzymes such as cytochrome p450 (CYP) 2E1 activation may change the severity of ASH and NASH. Alcohol mediated hepatocarcinogenesis, immune response to alcohol in ASH, as well as the role of other risk factors such as its co-morbidities with chronic viral hepatitis in the presence or absence of human immunodeficiency virus are discussed. Dysregulation of hepatic methylation, as result of ethanol exposure, in hepatocytes transfected with hepatitis C virus (HCV), illustrates an impaired interferon signaling. The hepatotoxic effects of ethanol undermine the contribution of malnutrition to the liver injury. Dietary interventions such as micro and macronutrients, as well as changes to the microbiota are suggested. The clinical aspects of NASH, as part of metabolic syndrome in the aging population, are offered. The integrative symposia investigate different aspects of alcohol-induced liver damage and possible repair. We aim to (1) determine the immuno-pathology of alcohol-induced liver damage, (2) examine the role of genetics in the development of ASH, (3) propose diagnostic markers of ASH and NASH, (4) examine age differences, (5) develop common research tools to study alcohol-induced effects in clinical and pre-clinical studies, and (6) focus on factors that aggravate severity of organ-damage. The intention of these symposia is to advance the international profile of the biological research on alcoholism. We also wish to further our mission of leading the forum to progress the science and practice of translational research in alcoholism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela G Neuman
- In Vitro Drug Safety and Biotechnology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | | | | | - Helmut K Seitz
- Centre of Alcohol Research, University of Heidelberg and Department of Medicine (Gastroenterology and Hepatology), Salem Medical Centre, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lawrence B Cohen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sebastian Mueller
- Centre of Alcohol Research, University of Heidelberg and Department of Medicine (Gastroenterology and Hepatology), Salem Medical Centre, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Natalia A Osna
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Internal Medicine, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Kusum K Kharbanda
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Internal Medicine, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Devanshi Seth
- Drug Health Services, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Abraham Bautista
- Office of Extramural Activities, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Kyle J Thompson
- Department of Surgery, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Iain H McKillop
- Department of Surgery, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Irina A Kirpich
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine and Department of Pharmacology; Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Craig J McClain
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine and Department of Pharmacology; Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA; Robley Rex Veterans Medical Center, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Ramon Bataller
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Radu M Nanau
- In Vitro Drug Safety and Biotechnology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mihai Voiculescu
- Division of Nephrology and Internal Medicine, Fundeni Clinical Institute and University of Medicine and Pharmacy, "Carol Davila", Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihai Opris
- In Vitro Drug Safety and Biotechnology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Family Medicine Clinic CAR, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Hong Shen
- Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | | | - Jun Li
- Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Hui Liu
- Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Paul G Thomes
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Internal Medicine, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Murali Ganesan
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Internal Medicine, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Steve Malnick
- Department Internal Medicine, Kaplan Medical Centre and Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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Liu H, Beier JI, Arteel GE, Ramsden CE, Feldstein AE, McClain CJ, Kirpich IA. Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 gene deficiency ameliorates hepatic injury in a mouse model of chronic binge alcohol-induced alcoholic liver disease. Am J Pathol 2014; 185:43-54. [PMID: 25447051 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Experimental alcohol-induced liver injury is exacerbated by a high polyunsaturated fat diet rich in linoleic acid. We postulated that bioactive oxidized linoleic acid metabolites (OXLAMs) play a critical role in the development/progression of alcohol-mediated hepatic inflammation and injury. OXLAMs are endogenous ligands for transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1). Herein, we evaluated the role of signaling through TRPV1 in an experimental animal model of alcoholic liver disease (ALD). Chronic binge alcohol administration increased plasma OXLAM levels, specifically 9- and 13-hydroxy-octadecadienoic acids. This effect was associated with up-regulation of hepatic TRPV1. Exposure of hepatocytes to these OXLAMs in vitro resulted in activation of TRPV1 signal transduction with increased intracellular Ca(2+) levels. Genetic depletion of TRPV1 did not blunt hepatic steatosis caused by ethanol, but prevented hepatic injury. TRPV1 deficiency protected from hepatocyte death and prevented the increase in proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine expression, including tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-6, macrophage inflammatory protein-2, and monocyte chemotactic protein 1. TRPV1 depletion markedly blunted ethanol-mediated induction of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, an important alcohol-induced hepatic inflammation mediator, via fibrin accumulation. This study indicates, for the first time, that TRPV1 receptor pathway may be involved in hepatic inflammatory response in an experimental animal model of ALD. TRPV1-OXLAM interactions appear to play a significant role in hepatic inflammation/injury, further supporting an important role for dietary lipids in ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilin Liu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky; College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Juliane I Beier
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Gavin E Arteel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Christopher E Ramsden
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ariel E Feldstein
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Craig J McClain
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Robley Rex Veterans Medical Center, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Irina A Kirpich
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky.
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Kirpich IA, Feng W, Wang Y, Liu Y, Beier JI, Arteel GE, Falkner KC, Barve SS, McClain CJ. Ethanol and dietary unsaturated fat (corn oil/linoleic acid enriched) cause intestinal inflammation and impaired intestinal barrier defense in mice chronically fed alcohol. Alcohol 2013; 47:257-64. [PMID: 23453163 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2013.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Revised: 01/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol and dietary fat both play an important role in alcohol-mediated multi-organ pathology, including gut and liver. In the present study we hypothesized that the combination of alcohol and dietary unsaturated fat (USF) would result in intestinal inflammatory stress and mucus layer alterations, thus contributing to disruption of intestinal barrier integrity. C57BL/6N mice were fed Lieber-DeCarli liquid diets containing EtOH and enriched in USF (corn oil/linoleic acid) or SF (medium chain triglycerides: beef tallow) for 8 weeks. Intestinal histology, morphometry, markers of inflammation, as well as levels of mucus protective factors were evaluated. Alcohol and dietary USF triggered an intestinal pro-inflammatory response, characterized by increase in Tnf-α, MCP1, and MPO activity. Further, alcohol and dietary USF, but not SF, resulted in alterations of the intestinal mucus layer, characterized by decreased expression of Muc2 in the ileum. A strong correlation was observed between down-regulation of the antimicrobial factor Cramp and increased Tnf-α mRNA. Therefore, dietary unsaturated fat (corn oil/LA enriched) is a significant contributing factor to EtOH-mediated intestinal inflammatory response and mucus layer alterations in rodents.
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Kirpich IA, Feng W, Wang Y, Liu Y, Barker DF, Barve SS, McClain CJ. The type of dietary fat modulates intestinal tight junction integrity, gut permeability, and hepatic toll-like receptor expression in a mouse model of alcoholic liver disease. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2011; 36:835-46. [PMID: 22150547 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01673.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interactions between the gut, immune system, and the liver, as well as the type of fat in the diet, are critical components of alcoholic liver disease (ALD). The goal of the present study was to determine the effects of saturated fat (SF) and unsaturated fat (USF) on ethanol (EtOH)-induced gut-liver interactions in a mouse model of ALD. METHODS C57BL/6N mice were fed Lieber-DeCarli liquid diets containing EtOH and enriched in USF (corn oil) or SF (medium chain triglycerides:beef tallow). Control mice were pair-fed on an isocaloric basis. Liver injury and steatosis, blood endotoxin levels, intestinal permeability, and tight junction (TJ) integrity, as well as hepatic Toll-like receptor (TLR) gene expression, were evaluated. RESULTS After 8 weeks of EtOH feeding, liver injury and steatosis were observed in USF + EtOH group compared with control and SF + EtOH. Significantly increased intestinal permeability in conjunction with elevated blood endotoxin levels were observed in the ileal segments of the mice fed USF + EtOH. USF diet alone resulted in down-regulation of intestinal TJ protein mRNA expression compared with SF. Importantly, alcohol further suppressed TJ proteins in USF + EtOH, but did not affect intestinal TJ in SF + EtOH group. The type of fat in the diet alone did not affect hepatic TLR expression. Compared with control animals, hepatic TLR (TLR 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9) mRNA expression was significantly (p < 0.05) increased in USF + EtOH, but not in SF + EtOH group. Notably, TLR5 was the only up-regulated TLR in both SF + EtOH and USF + EtOH groups. CONCLUSIONS Dietary fat is an important cofactor in alcohol-associated liver injury. We demonstrate that USF (corn oil/linoleic acid) by itself results in dysregulation of intestinal TJ integrity leading to increased gut permeability, and alcohol further exacerbates these alterations. We postulate that elevated blood endotoxin levels in response to USF and alcohol in conjunction with up-regulation of hepatic TLRs combine to cause hepatic injury in ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina A Kirpich
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Kentucky, USA
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Gobejishvili L, Avila DV, Barker DF, Ghare S, Henderson D, Brock GN, Kirpich IA, Joshi-Barve S, Mokshagundam SPL, McClain CJ, Barve S. S-adenosylmethionine decreases lipopolysaccharide-induced phosphodiesterase 4B2 and attenuates tumor necrosis factor expression via cAMP/protein kinase A pathway. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2011; 337:433-43. [PMID: 21266552 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.174268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
S-Adenosylmethionine (SAM) treatment has anti-inflammatory, cytoprotective effects against endotoxin-induced organ injury. An important component of the anti-inflammatory action of SAM involves down-regulation of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced transcriptional induction of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF) expression by monocytes/macrophages. We examined the effect of SAM on expression and activity of LPS-induced up-regulation of phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4), which regulates cellular cAMP levels and TNF expression. LPS treatment of RAW 264.7, a mouse macrophage cell line, led to the induction of Pde4b2 mRNA expression with no effect on Pde4a or Pde4d. SAM pretreatment led to a significant decrease in LPS-induced up-regulation of Pde4b2 expression in both RAW 264.7 cells and primary human CD14(+) monocytes. Of note, the decreased Pde4b2 mRNA expression correlated with the SAM-dependent increase in the transcriptionally repressive histone H3 lysine 9 trimethylation on the Pde4b2 intronic promoter region. The SAM-mediated decrease in LPS-inducible Pde4b2 up-regulation resulted in an increase in cellular cAMP levels and activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA), which plays an inhibitory role in LPS-induced TNF production. In addition, SAM did not affect LPS-inducible inhibitor of nuclear factor-κB degradation or nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)-p65 translocation into the nucleus but rather inhibited NF-κB transcriptional activity. These results demonstrate for the first time that inhibition of LPS-induced PDE4B2 up-regulation and increased cAMP-dependent PKA activation are significant mechanisms contributing to the anti-TNF effect of SAM. Moreover, these data also suggest that SAM may be used as an effective PDE4B inhibitor in the treatment of chronic inflammatory disorders in which TNF expression plays a significant pathogenic role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Gobejishvili
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Louisville Medical Center, 505 S. Hancock St., Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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Kirpich IA, Gobejishvili LN, Bon Homme M, Waigel S, Cave M, Arteel G, Barve SS, McClain CJ, Deaciuc IV. Integrated hepatic transcriptome and proteome analysis of mice with high-fat diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Nutr Biochem 2010; 22:38-45. [PMID: 20303728 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2009.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2009] [Revised: 11/10/2009] [Accepted: 11/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common form of liver disease in the US and refers to a wide spectrum of liver damage, including simple steatosis, steatohepatitis, fibrosis and cirrhosis. The goal of the present study was to achieve a more detailed understanding of the molecular changes in response to high fat-induced liver steatosis through the identification of a differentially expressed liver transcriptome and proteome. Male C57/BL6 mice fed a high-fat lard diet for 8 weeks developed visceral obesity and hepatic steatosis characterized by significantly increased liver and plasma free fatty acid and triglyceride levels and plasma alanine aminotransferase activities. Transcriptome analysis demonstrated that, compared to the control diet (CD), high-fat diet changed the expression of 309 genes (132 up- and 177 down-regulated; by a twofold change and more, P<.05). Multiple genes encoding proteins involved in lipogenesis were down-regulated, whereas genes involved in fatty acid oxidation were up-regulated. Proteomic analysis revealed 12 proteins which were differentially expressed. Of these, glutathione S-transferases mu1 and pi1 and selenium-binding protein 2 were decreased at both the gene and protein levels. This is the first study to perform a parallel transcriptomic and proteomic analysis of diet-induced hepatic steatosis. Several key pathways involving xenobiotic and lipid metabolism, the inflammatory response and cell-cycle control were identified. These pathways provide targets for future mechanistic and therapeutic studies as related to the development and prevention of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina A Kirpich
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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Kirpich IA, Solovieva NV, Leikhter SN, Shidakova NA, Lebedeva OV, Sidorov PI, Bazhukova TA, Soloviev AG, Barve SS, McClain CJ, Cave M. Probiotics restore bowel flora and improve liver enzymes in human alcohol-induced liver injury: a pilot study. Alcohol 2008; 42:675-82. [PMID: 19038698 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2008.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2008] [Revised: 07/22/2008] [Accepted: 08/09/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The effects of chronic alcohol consumption on the bowel flora and the potential therapeutic role of probiotics in alcohol-induced liver injury have not previously been evaluated. In this study, 66 adult Russian males admitted to a psychiatric hospital with a diagnosis of alcoholic psychosis were enrolled in a prospective, randomized, clinical trial to study the effects of alcohol and probiotics on the bowel flora and alcohol-induced liver injury. Patients were randomized to receive 5 days of Bifidobacterium bifidum and Lactobacillus plantarum 8PA3 versus standard therapy alone (abstinence plus vitamins). Stool cultures and liver enzymes were performed at baseline and again after therapy. Results were compared between groups and with 24 healthy, matched controls who did not consume alcohol. Compared to healthy controls, alcoholic patients had significantly reduced numbers of bifidobacteria (6.3 vs. 7.5 log colony-forming unit [CFU]/g), lactobacilli (3.15 vs. 4.59 log CFU/g), and enterococci (4.43 vs. 5.5 log CFU/g). The mean baseline alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) activities were significantly elevated in the alcoholic group compared to the healthy control group (AST: 104.1 vs. 29.15 U/L; ALT: 50.49 vs. 22.96 U/L; GGT 161.5 vs. 51.88 U/L), indicating that these patients did have mild alcohol-induced liver injury. After 5 days of probiotic therapy, alcoholic patients had significantly increased numbers of both bifidobacteria (7.9 vs. 6.81 log CFU/g) and lactobacilli (4.2 vs. 3.2 log CFU/g) compared to the standard therapy arm. Despite similar values at study initiation, patients treated with probiotics had significantly lower AST and ALT activity at the end of treatment than those treated with standard therapy alone (AST: 54.67 vs. 76.43 U/L; ALT 36.69 vs. 51.26 U/L). In a subgroup of 26 subjects with well-characterized mild alcoholic hepatitis (defined as AST and ALT greater than 30 U/L with AST-to-ALT ratio greater than one), probiotic therapy was associated with a significant end of treatment reduction in ALT, AST, GGT, lactate dehydrogenase, and total bilirubin. In this subgroup, there was a significant end of treatment mean ALT reduction in the probiotic arm versus the standard therapy arm. In conclusion, patients with alcohol-induced liver injury have altered bowel flora compared to healthy controls. Short-term oral supplementation with B. bifidum and L. plantarum 8PA3 was associated with restoration of the bowel flora and greater improvement in alcohol-induced liver injury than standard therapy alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina A Kirpich
- Department of Biochemistry, Northern State Medical University, 161020, Arkhangelsk, Russia
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Sidorov PI, Kirpich IA, Sorokovoi VI, Solov'ev AG, Buravkov SV, Degteva GN. Scanning electron microscopy of rat erythrocytes during chronic alcoholic intoxication combined with protein and vitamin deficit. Bull Exp Biol Med 2001; 132:705-8. [PMID: 11687858 DOI: 10.1023/a:1012548816530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2001] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Electron microscopy revealed morphological changes in erythrocytes from rats with chronic alcoholic intoxication kept on protein- and vitamin B-deficient rations. All animals had anisopoikilocytosis (up to 50%). Most pronounced changes in erythrocyte population attesting to accelerated erythrocyte aging (stomato- and microcytosis, discocyte swelling, and spontaneous hemolysis) were found in alcohol-fed rats kept on deficient ration.
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Affiliation(s)
- P I Sidorov
- North State Medical University, Arkhangel'sk; Institute of Human Morphology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow
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Sidorov PI, Solov'ev AG, Sinitskaia EN, Zubatkina OV, Kirpich IA. [The blood and urine spectral indices in the dynamics of acute alcoholic psychoses]. Fiziol Cheloveka 2000; 26:139-41. [PMID: 10905047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
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Solov'ev AG, Boĭko ER, Sidorov PI, Kirpich IA. [The determination of the degree of body thiamine allowance]. Fiziol Cheloveka 1999; 25:129-31. [PMID: 10641395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
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Solov'ev AG, Boĭko ER, Sidorov PI, Kirpich IA. [The thiamine index as an integral indicator of the body allowance of vitamin B1]. Patol Fiziol Eksp Ter 1998:38-40. [PMID: 9951304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
One of the most wide-spread methods of evaluation of thiamine content in the body is determination of the activity of the thiamine pyrophosphate-dependent enzyme--transketolase--and so-called TPP-effect (the quantitative measure of unsaturation of transketolase with coenzyme). Absence of distinct correlation between the parameters in a number of cases calls for a search for the integral coefficient less dependent on the original dynamics of the given markers. Thus, we propose to use the thiamine index calculated by means of division of transketolase activity index expressed in absolute units by TPP-effect index expressed in relative units. The examples of thiamine index calculation and peculiarities of its interpretation with consideration of dynamic state of chronic alcoholics in abstinence and of patients with acute alcohol psychoses are shown.
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Sidorov PI, Boĭko EP, Solov'ev AG, Kirpich IA. [Body thiamine level in acute alcohol psychoses]. Biull Eksp Biol Med 1998; 125:98-100. [PMID: 9532379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Bołko EP, Sidorov PI, Solov'ev AG, Kirpich IA. [ Indicators of thiamine content and energy homeostasis in alcoholic psychosis]. Vopr Pitan 1997:6-8. [PMID: 9412081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In dynamics of acute alcoholic psychoses--delirium and hallucinosis-- considerable deficit of thiamine in the organisms of ill people that can not be compensated while desintoxicative treatment and signs of energy homeostasis changes and of deterioration of tissues reserves depending on the type of psychoses were determined. Pathogenic peculiarities of the revealed disorders were analysed, possible compensative mechanisms connected in particular with the rise of pyruvate utilization speed and activation of glyconeogenesis while leaving the psychotic state were considered.
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