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Georgel P. Innate immune receptors in solid organ transplantation. Hum Immunol 2016; 77:1071-1075. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Iskender I, Sakamoto J, Nakajima D, Lin H, Chen M, Kim H, Guan Z, Del Sorbo L, Hwang D, Waddell TK, Cypel M, Keshavjee S, Liu M. Human α1-antitrypsin improves early post-transplant lung function: Pre-clinical studies in a pig lung transplant model. J Heart Lung Transplant 2016; 35:913-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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He WT, Zhang LM, Li C, Li SY, Ding ZC, Fang ZM, Meng FY, Chen ZK, Zhou P. Short-term MyD88 inhibition ameliorates cardiac graft rejection and promotes donor-specific hyporesponsiveness of skin grafts in mice. Transpl Int 2016; 29:941-52. [PMID: 27125343 DOI: 10.1111/tri.12789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Recognition of evolutionarily conserved ligands by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) triggers signaling cascades in innate immune cells to amplify adaptive immune responses. Nearly all TLRs require MyD88 to transduce downstream signaling. MyD88 deficiency has been shown to promote the allograft acceptance in mice. However, direct evidence for therapeutic potential of MyD88 inhibitors remains lacking. Herein, we used a MyD88 inhibitor, namely ST2825, to explore its therapeutic potential and mechanisms in fully allogeneic skin and heart transplant models. Phenotypic maturation of dendritic cells stimulated by TLR ligands was alleviated by ST2825 in parallel with reduced T-cell proliferation in vitro. A short-course treatment with ST2825 significantly prolonged cardiac graft survival (mean survival time = 18.5 ± 0.92 days vs. 7.25 ± 0.46 days). ST2825-treated group had significantly reduced proinflammatory cytokines in allografts compared with control group. ST2825 combined with anti-CD154 induced long-term skin allograft acceptance in about one-third of recipients (>100 days). 'Skin-tolerant' recipients showed attenuated donor-specific IFN-γ responses, intact IL-4 responses, and compromised alloantibody responses. We conclude that MyD88 inhibitor ST2825 attenuates acute cardiac rejection and promotes donor-specific hyporesponsiveness in stringent skin transplant models. The direct evidence suggests that pharmacological inhibition of MyD88 hold promising potential for transplant rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Tao He
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Health, Wuhan, China.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li-Min Zhang
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Health, Wuhan, China
| | - Chao Li
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Health, Wuhan, China.,Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Shu-Yuan Li
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Health, Wuhan, China.,Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Zuo-Chuan Ding
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Health, Wuhan, China
| | - Ze-Min Fang
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Health, Wuhan, China
| | - Fan-Ying Meng
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Health, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhonghua Klaus Chen
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Health, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Zhou
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Health, Wuhan, China
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Braza F, Brouard S, Chadban S, Goldstein DR. Role of TLRs and DAMPs in allograft inflammation and transplant outcomes. Nat Rev Nephrol 2016; 12:281-90. [PMID: 27026348 DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2016.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Graft inflammation impairs the induction of solid organ transplant tolerance and enhances acute and chronic rejection. Elucidating the mechanisms by which inflammation is induced after organ transplantation could lead to novel therapeutics to improve transplant outcomes. In this Review we describe endogenous substances--damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)--that are released after allograft reperfusion and induce inflammation. We also describe innate immune signalling pathways that are activated after solid organ transplantation, with a focus on Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and their signal adaptor, MYD88. Experimental and clinical studies have yielded a large body of evidence that TLRs and MYD88 are instrumental in initiating allograft inflammation and promoting the development of acute and chronic rejection. Ongoing clinical studies are testing TLR inhibition strategies in solid organ transplantation, although avoiding compromising host defence to pathogens is a key challenge. Further elucidation of the mechanisms by which sterile inflammation is induced, maintained and amplified within the allograft has the potential to lead to novel anti-inflammatory treatments that could improve outcomes for solid organ transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faouzi Braza
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Sophie Brouard
- INSERM, UMR 1064, CHU de Nantes, ITUN, 30 Bd Jean Monnet Nantes F-44093, France
| | - Steve Chadban
- Renal Medicine and Transplantation, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Missenden Road Camperdown, NSW 2050, Sydney, Australia.,Kidney Node, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Missenden Road, Camperdown, NSW 2093, Australia
| | - Daniel R Goldstein
- Department of Internal Medicine, 333 Cedar St, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06525, USA.,Department of Immunobiology, 300 Cedar St, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06525, USA
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55
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Cantu E, Suzuki Y, Diamond JM, Ellis J, Tiwari J, Beduhn B, Nellen JR, Shah R, Meyer NJ, Lederer DJ, Kawut SM, Palmer SM, Snyder LD, Hartwig MG, Lama VN, Bhorade S, Crespo M, Demissie E, Wille K, Orens J, Shah PD, Weinacker A, Weill D, Wilkes D, Roe D, Ware LB, Wang F, Feng R, Christie JD. Protein Quantitative Trait Loci Analysis Identifies Genetic Variation in the Innate Immune Regulator TOLLIP in Post-Lung Transplant Primary Graft Dysfunction Risk. Am J Transplant 2016; 16:833-40. [PMID: 26663441 PMCID: PMC4767612 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The authors previously identified plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) level as a quantitative lung injury biomarker in primary graft dysfunction (PGD). They hypothesized that plasma levels of PAI-1 used as a quantitative trait could facilitate discovery of genetic loci important in PGD pathogenesis. A two-stage cohort study was performed. In stage 1, they tested associations of loci with PAI-1 plasma level using linear modeling. Genotyping was performed using the Illumina CVD Bead Chip v2. Loci meeting a p < 5 × 10(-4) cutoff were carried forward and tested in stage 2 for association with PGD. Two hundred ninety-seven enrollees were evaluated in stage 1. Six loci, associated with PAI-1, were carried forward to stage 2 and evaluated in 728 patients. rs3168046 (Toll interacting protein [TOLLIP]) was significantly associated with PGD (p = 0.006). The increased risk of PGD for carrying at least one copy of this variant was 11.7% (95% confidence interval 4.9-18.5%). The false-positive rate for individuals with this genotype who did not have PGD was 6.1%. Variants in the TOLLIP gene are associated with higher circulating PAI-1 plasma levels and validate for association with clinical PGD. A protein quantitative trait analysis for PGD risk prioritizes genetic variations in TOLLIP and supports a role for Toll-like receptors in PGD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Cantu
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Yoshikazu Suzuki
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Joshua M. Diamond
- Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Division, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - John Ellis
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jaya Tiwari
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Ben Beduhn
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - James R. Nellen
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Rupal Shah
- Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Division, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Nuala J. Meyer
- Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Division, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - David J. Lederer
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Steven M. Kawut
- Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Division, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA,Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA,Penn Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Scott M. Palmer
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Laurie D. Snyder
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Matthew G. Hartwig
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Vibha N. Lama
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Sangeeta Bhorade
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Maria Crespo
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Ejigayehu Demissie
- Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Division, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA,Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Keith Wille
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Jonathan Orens
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Pali D. Shah
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ann Weinacker
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - David Weill
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - David Wilkes
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - David Roe
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Lorraine B. Ware
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Fan Wang
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Rui Feng
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jason D. Christie
- Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Division, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA,Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
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56
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Design and Implementation of the International Genetics and Translational Research in Transplantation Network. Transplantation 2016; 99:2401-12. [PMID: 26479416 PMCID: PMC4623847 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000000913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Genetic association studies of transplantation outcomes have been hampered by small samples and highly complex multifactorial phenotypes, hindering investigations of the genetic architecture of a range of comorbidities which significantly impact graft and recipient life expectancy. We describe here the rationale and design of the International Genetics & Translational Research in Transplantation Network. The network comprises 22 studies to date, including 16494 transplant recipients and 11669 donors, of whom more than 5000 are of non-European ancestry, all of whom have existing genomewide genotype data sets. iGeneTRAiN is a consortium that has genome-wide genotype datasets. These genomic data allows robust statistically analysis of genetic associations that impact graft and patients variables such as, such as: graft survival, acute rejection, new onset of diabetes after transplantation, and delayed graft kidney function. Supplemental digital content is available in the text.
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57
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Lung Transplantation. PATHOLOGY OF TRANSPLANTATION 2016. [PMCID: PMC7153460 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-29683-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic options for patients with advanced pulmonary parenchymal or vascular disorders are currently limited. Lung transplantation remains one of the few viable interventions, but on account of the insufficient donor pool only a minority of these patients actually undergo the procedure each year. Following transplantation there are a number of early and late allograft complications such as primary graft dysfunction, allograft rejection, infection, post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder and late injury that is now classified as chronic lung allograft dysfunction. The pathologist plays an essential role in the diagnosis and classification of these myriad complications. Although the transplant procedures are performed in selected centers patients typically return to their local centers. When complications arise it is often the responsibility of the local pathologist to evaluate specimens. Therefore familiarity with the pathology of lung transplantation is important.
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Altun GT, Arslantaş MK, Cinel İ. Primary Graft Dysfunction after Lung Transplantation. Turk J Anaesthesiol Reanim 2015; 43:418-23. [PMID: 27366539 DOI: 10.5152/tjar.2015.16443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary graft dysfunction (PGD) is a severe form of acute lung injury that is a major cause of early morbidity and mortality encountered after lung transplantation. PGD is diagnosed by pulmonary oedema with diffuse alveolar damage that manifests clinically as progressive hypoxemia with radiographic pulmonary infiltrates. Inflammatory and immunological response caused by ischaemia and reperfusion is important with regard to pathophysiology. PGD affects short- and long-term outcomes, the donor organ is the leading factor affecting these adverse ramifications. To minimize the risk of PGD, reduction of lung ischaemia time, reperfusion optimisation, prostaglandin level regulation, haemodynamic control, hormone replacement therapy, ventilator management are carried out; for research regarding donor lung preparation strategies, certain procedures are recommended. In this review, recent updates in epidemiology, pathophysiology, molecular and genetic biomarkers and technical developments affecting PGD are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gülbin Töre Altun
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Kemal Arslantaş
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - İsmail Cinel
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
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59
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Porteous MK, Diamond JM, Christie JD. Primary graft dysfunction: lessons learned about the first 72 h after lung transplantation. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2015; 20:506-14. [PMID: 26262465 PMCID: PMC4624097 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0000000000000232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In 2005, the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation published a standardized definition of primary graft dysfunction (PGD), facilitating new knowledge on this form of acute lung injury that occurs within 72 h of lung transplantation. PGD continues to be associated with significant morbidity and mortality. This article will summarize the current literature on the epidemiology of PGD, pathogenesis, risk factors, and preventive and treatment strategies. RECENT FINDINGS Since 2011, several manuscripts have been published that provide insight into the clinical risk factors and pathogenesis of PGD. In addition, several transplant centers have explored preventive and treatment strategies for PGD, including the use of extracorporeal strategies. More recently, results from several trials assessing the role of extracorporeal lung perfusion may allow for much-needed expansion of the donor pool, without raising PGD rates. SUMMARY This article will highlight the current state of the science regarding PGD, focusing on recent advances, and set a framework for future preventive and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary K Porteous
- aDepartment of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA bCenter for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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60
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Role of innate immunity in primary graft dysfunction after lung transplantation. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2015; 18:518-23. [PMID: 23995372 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0b013e3283651994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Primary graft dysfunction (PGD), a form of acute lung injury after lung transplantation, has a significant impact on clinical outcomes after lung transplantation. This potentially reversible graft impairment occurs after ischemia-reperfusion injury. This review describes the expanding body of literature evaluating the central role of innate immune activation, nonadaptive responses and dysregulation in the development of PGD after lung transplant. RECENT FINDINGS The innate immune system, highlighted by Toll-like receptor pathways and neutrophil migration and influx, plays an important role in the initiation and propagation of ischemia-reperfusion injury. Recent plasma biomarker and gene association studies have identified several genes and proteins composing innate immune pathways to be associated with PGDs. Long pentraxin-3 and Toll-like receptors, as well as inflammasomes and Toll-interacting protein, are associated with the development of PGD after lung transplantation. SUMMARY Innate immune pathways are involved in the development of PGD and may provide attractive targets for therapies. It may be possible to prevent or treat PGD, as well as to allow pre-transplant PGD risk stratification. To improve understanding of the mechanisms behind clinical risk factors for PGD will require further in-depth correlation of donor-specific and recipient-related triggers of nonadaptive immune responses.
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61
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Identification of key transcription factors in caerulein-induced pancreatitis through expression profiling data. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:2570-6. [PMID: 25975747 PMCID: PMC4464163 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study aimed to isolate key transcription factors (TFs) in caerulein-induced pancreatitis, and to identify the difference between wild type and Mist1 knockout (KO) mice, in order to elucidate the contribution of Mist1 to pancreatitis. The gene profile of GSE3644 was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database then analyzed using the t-test. The isolated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were mapped into a transcriptional regulatory network derived from the Integrated Transcription Factor Platform database and in the network, the interaction pairs involving at least one DEG were screened. Fisher’s exact test was used to analyze the functional enrichment of the target genes. A total of 1,555 and 3,057 DEGs were identified in the wild type and Mist1KO mice treated with caerulein, respectively. DEGs screened in Mist1KO mice were predominantly enriched in apoptosis, mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling and other cancer-associated pathways. A total of 188 and 51 TFs associated with pathopoiesis were isolated in Mist1KO and wild type mice, respectively. Out of the top 10 TFs (ranked by P-value), 7 TFs, including S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (Skp2); minichromosome maintenance complex component 3 (Mcm3); cell division cycle 6 (Cdc6); cyclin B1 (Ccnb1); mutS homolog 6 (Msh6); cyclin A2 (Ccna2); and cyclin B2 (Ccnb2), were expressed in the two types of mouse. These TFs were predominantly involved in phosphorylation, DNA replication, cell division and DNA mismatch repair. In addition, specific TFs, including minichromosome maintenance complex component 7 (Mcm7); lymphoid-specific helicase (Hells); and minichromosome maintenance complex component 6 (Mcm6), that function in the unwinding of DNA were identified to participate in Mist1KO pancreatitis. The DEGs, including Cdc6, Mcm6, Msh6 and Wdr1 are closely associated with the regulation of caerulein-induced pancreatitis. Furthermore, other identified TFs were also involved in this type of regulation.
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62
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Mori DN, Kreisel D, Fullerton JN, Gilroy DW, Goldstein DR. Inflammatory triggers of acute rejection of organ allografts. Immunol Rev 2015; 258:132-44. [PMID: 24517430 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Solid organ transplantation is a vital therapy for end stage diseases. Decades of research have established that components of the adaptive immune system are critical for transplant rejection, but the role of the innate immune system in organ transplantation is just emerging. Accumulating evidence indicates that the innate immune system is activated at the time of organ implantation by the release of endogenous inflammatory triggers. This review discusses the nature of these triggers in organ transplantation and also potential mediators that may enhance inflammation resolution after organ implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel N Mori
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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63
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Abstract
Research in pulmonary transplantation is actively evolving in quality and scope to meet the challenges of a growing population of lung allograft recipients. In 2013, research groups leveraged large publicly available datasets in addition to multicenter research networks and single-center studies to make significant contributions to our knowledge and clinical care in the areas of donor use, clinical transplant outcomes, mechanisms of rejection, infectious complications, and chronic allograft dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L Todd
- 1 Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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64
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Diamond JM, Akimova T, Kazi A, Shah RJ, Cantu E, Feng R, Levine MH, Kawut SM, Meyer NJ, Lee JC, Hancock WW, Aplenc R, Ware LB, Palmer SM, Bhorade S, Lama VN, Weinacker A, Orens J, Wille K, Crespo M, Lederer DJ, Arcasoy S, Demissie E, Christie JD. Genetic variation in the prostaglandin E2 pathway is associated with primary graft dysfunction. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014; 189:567-75. [PMID: 24467603 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201307-1283oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Biologic pathways with significant genetic conservation across human populations have been implicated in the pathogenesis of primary graft dysfunction (PGD). The evaluation of the role of recipient genetic variation in PGD has thus far been limited to single, candidate gene analyses. OBJECTIVES We sought to identify genetic variants in lung transplant recipients that are responsible for increased risk of PGD using a two-phase large-scale genotyping approach. METHODS Phase 1 was a large-scale candidate gene association study of the multicenter, prospective Lung Transplant Outcomes Group cohort. Phase 2 included functional evaluation of selected variants and a bioinformatics screening of variants identified in phase 1. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS After genetic data quality control, 680 lung transplant recipients were included in the analysis. In phase 1, a total of 17 variants were significantly associated with PGD, four of which were in the prostaglandin E2 family of genes. Among these were a coding variant in the gene encoding prostaglandin E2 synthase (PTGES2; P = 9.3 × 10(-5)) resulting in an arginine to histidine substitution at amino acid position 298, and three variants in a block containing the 5' promoter and first intron of the PTGER4 gene (encoding prostaglandin E2 receptor subtype 4; all P < 5 × 10(-5)). Functional evaluation in regulatory T cells identified that rs4434423A in the PTGER4 gene was associated with differential suppressive function of regulatory T cells. CONCLUSIONS Further research aimed at replication and additional functional insight into the role played by genetic variation in prostaglandin E2 synthetic and signaling pathways in PGD is warranted.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Beyond their crucial role in host defence against invading pathogens, Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are now known to be key mediators of the 'sterile' innate immune response triggered by tissue injury. Here, we will review recent evidence examining the role of TLRs in determining the fate of the transplanted organ. RECENT FINDINGS Experimental studies have delineated a crucial role for TLRs in the pathogenesis of ischaemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). Following transplantation, experimental models and observational human studies have confirmed TLRs as mediators of IRI but also suggest that TLRs modify the subsequent adaptive alloimmune response, which determines whether an organ is rejected or accepted. SUMMARY As a key determinant of organ damage following ischaemia-reperfusion and as a modulator of the adaptive alloimmune response, we propose that TLR-mediated innate immune responses represent a potential therapeutic target to improve organ outcomes following transplantation.
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