51
|
Greenler SM, Estrada LA, Kellner KF, Saunders MR, Swihart RK. Prescribed fire and partial overstory removal alter an acorn-rodent conditional mutualism. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2019; 29:e01958. [PMID: 31240798 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In eastern North America, oak (Quercus) regeneration failure has spurred management using silvicultural approaches better aligned with the autecology of oaks. In particular, shelterwood harvests can create favorable intermediate light conditions for oak establishment and prescribed fire is predicted (by the oak-fire hypothesis) to favor oak regeneration. These approaches substantially modify forest structure and may affect crucial trophic interactions including the conditional mutualism between oaks and granivorous rodents that scatterhoard acorns, which shifts along a continuum from antagonistic to mutualistic depending on external factors. We investigated how overwinter survival and dispersal of northern red oak (Quercus rubra) acorns were influenced by location within or outside of group shelterwood harvests (small canopy gaps created throughout an intact forest stand) with and without prescribed fire. We conducted two concurrent experiments to test (1) dispersal and survival of acorns presented on the forest floor and (2) acorn pilferage rates from caches that mimic squirrel scatterhoards in shelterwood gap/group interiors, edges, and the uncut forest matrix in burned and unburned forest stands. In both experiments, acorn survival was generally higher in burned than unburned stands. Acorn survival from forest floor presentations was higher in the unharvested forest matrix than harvest gap interiors; however, there was no effect of proximity to harvest gaps on survival of cached acorns. Survival of cached acorns was associated with understory vegetative cover (-), coarse woody debris cover (-), and distance to nearest tree (+), but uncorrelated with canopy cover above the cache. Our results suggest that reduced understory cover following prescribed fire may increase perceived habitat riskiness for granivores resulting in higher acorn survival up to 2 yr post-fire. These findings unify the oak-fire and oak-granivore conditional mutualism hypotheses, and suggest that the environmental conditions following prescribed fire and group shelterwood harvests may shift the oak-granivore conditional mutualism in a direction beneficial for oak regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Skye M Greenler
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, 715 W. State Street, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
| | - Laura A Estrada
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, 715 W. State Street, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
| | - Kenneth F Kellner
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, 715 W. State Street, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
| | - Michael R Saunders
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, 715 W. State Street, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
| | - Robert K Swihart
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, 715 W. State Street, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Snell RS, Beckman NG, Fricke E, Loiselle BA, Carvalho CS, Jones LR, Lichti NI, Lustenhouwer N, Schreiber SJ, Strickland C, Sullivan LL, Cavazos BR, Giladi I, Hastings A, Holbrook KM, Jongejans E, Kogan O, Montaño-Centellas F, Rudolph J, Rogers HS, Zwolak R, Schupp EW. Consequences of intraspecific variation in seed dispersal for plant demography, communities, evolution and global change. AOB PLANTS 2019; 11:plz016. [PMID: 31346404 PMCID: PMC6644487 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plz016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
As the single opportunity for plants to move, seed dispersal has an important impact on plant fitness, species distributions and patterns of biodiversity. However, models that predict dynamics such as risk of extinction, range shifts and biodiversity loss tend to rely on the mean value of parameters and rarely incorporate realistic dispersal mechanisms. By focusing on the mean population value, variation among individuals or variability caused by complex spatial and temporal dynamics is ignored. This calls for increased efforts to understand individual variation in dispersal and integrate it more explicitly into population and community models involving dispersal. However, the sources, magnitude and outcomes of intraspecific variation in dispersal are poorly characterized, limiting our understanding of the role of dispersal in mediating the dynamics of communities and their response to global change. In this manuscript, we synthesize recent research that examines the sources of individual variation in dispersal and emphasize its implications for plant fitness, populations and communities. We argue that this intraspecific variation in seed dispersal does not simply add noise to systems, but, in fact, alters dispersal processes and patterns with consequences for demography, communities, evolution and response to anthropogenic changes. We conclude with recommendations for moving this field of research forward.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca S Snell
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Noelle G Beckman
- Department of Biology and Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Evan Fricke
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Bette A Loiselle
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Center for Latin American Studies, University of Florida, Gainsville, FL, USA
| | | | - Landon R Jones
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | | | - Nicky Lustenhouwer
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Sebastian J Schreiber
- Department of Evolution and Ecology and Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Christopher Strickland
- Department of Mathematics and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Lauren L Sullivan
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Brittany R Cavazos
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Itamar Giladi
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Swiss Institute for Dryland Environmental and Energy Research, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
| | - Alan Hastings
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, USA
| | | | - Eelke Jongejans
- Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Oleg Kogan
- Physics Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA
| | | | - Javiera Rudolph
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Haldre S Rogers
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Rafal Zwolak
- Department of Systematic Zoology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Eugene W Schupp
- Department of Wildland Resources and Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Yadok BG, Forget PM, Gerhard D, Chapman H. Low fruit-crop years of Carapa oreophila drive increased seed removal and predation by scatterhoarding rodents in a West African forest. ACTA OECOLOGICA 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2019.103448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
54
|
Brehm AM, Mortelliti A, Maynard GA, Zydlewski J. Land-use change and the ecological consequences of personality in small mammals. Ecol Lett 2019; 22:1387-1395. [PMID: 31207017 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Many plants rely on animals for seed dispersal, but are all individuals equally effective at dispersing seeds? If not, then the loss of certain individual dispersers from populations could have cascade effects on ecosystems. Despite the importance of seed dispersal for forest ecosystems, variation among individual dispersers and whether land-use change interferes with this process remains untested. Through a large-scale field experiment conducted on small mammal seed dispersers, we show that an individual's personality affects its choice of seeds, as well as how distant and where seeds are cached. We also show that anthropogenic habitat modifications shift the distribution of personalities within a population, by increasing the proportion of bold, active, and anxious individuals and in-turn affecting the potential survival and dispersal of seeds. We demonstrate that preserving diverse personality types within a population is critical for maintaining the key ecosystem function of seed dispersal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allison M Brehm
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries and Conservation Biology, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, 04469, USA
| | - Alessio Mortelliti
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries and Conservation Biology, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, 04469, USA
| | - George A Maynard
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries and Conservation Biology, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, 04469, USA
| | - Joseph Zydlewski
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries and Conservation Biology, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, 04469, USA.,U.S. Geological Survey, Maine Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, 04469, USA
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Hanley ME, Cook BI, Fenner M. Climate variation, reproductive frequency and acorn yield in English Oaks. JOURNAL OF PLANT ECOLOGY : JPE 2019; 12:542-549. [PMID: 33414843 PMCID: PMC7787049 DOI: 10.1093/jpe/rty046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
AIMS - Annually variable, but synchronous production of large seed crops ('masting') is a widespread phenomenon in temperate trees. Mounting concerns about the impacts of anthropogenic climate change (ACC) on plant reproduction, gives urgency to our need to understand better the role of climate on tree reproduction, and in particular, mast events. Unlike our understanding of reproductive phenology however, there is little consensus regarding how climate affects plant reproductive effort, or indeed the actual environmental triggers that underpin masting behaviour. METHODS - We used a 27-year record of acorn yield from a population of 12 Quercus robur trees located in southern England to compare masting frequency and post-dispersal acorn yield each year for each tree, with long-term weather data over the same period. We focussed on discrete or sequential climate cues (temperature, precipitation, and frost days) as likely predictors of oak reproduction. IMPORTANT FINDINGS - Annual post-dispersal acorn crop varied greatly; i.e. no acorns in 14 of the 27 years, but there was no sequential pattern of crop versus non-crop years indicating that weather, rather than resource limitation alone, dictated the timing of reproduction. Crop years were instead most closely associated with relatively cool late summer conditions in the preceding year, followed by anomalous summer warmth within crop year. Acorn yield increased following dry April and above average May and June temperatures within crop year. Although our results support a general association between warm late spring and summer conditions, and crop frequency and yield respectively, the influence of cooler later summer conditions in the year prior to masting highlights how a combination of weather cues may dictate the occurrence of mast years. Consequently, our results corroborate not only the hypothesis that temperature differentials between consecutive years, not absolute temperatures, may be the better predictor of mast seeding events, but lend support also to the suggestion that reproductive failure and resource accumulation resulting from a climate-linked environmental veto, drives future reproductive synchronization in temperate tree species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mick E Hanley
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Benjamin I Cook
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, New York, USA
- Ocean and Climate Physics, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Palisades, New York, USA
| | - Michael Fenner
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Feldman M, Ferrandiz-Rovira M, Espelta JM, Muñoz A. Evidence of high individual variability in seed management by scatter-hoarding rodents: does ‘personality’ matter? Anim Behav 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
57
|
Day CC, McCann NP, Zollner PA, Gilbert JH, MacFarland DM. Temporal plasticity in habitat selection criteria explains patterns of animal dispersal. Behav Ecol 2019; 30:528-540. [PMID: 30971861 PMCID: PMC6450207 DOI: 10.1093/beheco/ary193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Patterns of dispersal behavior are often driven by the composition and configuration of suitable habitat in a matrix of unsuitable habitat. Interactions between animal behavior and landscapes can therefore influence population dynamics, population and species distributions, population genetic structure, and the evolution of behavior. Spatially explicit individual-based models (IBMs) are ideal tools for exploring the effects of landscape structure on dispersal. We developed an empirically parameterized IBM in the modeling framework SEARCH to simulate dispersal of translocated American martens in Wisconsin. We tested the hypothesis that a time-limited disperser should be willing to settle in lower quality habitat over time. To evaluate model performance, we used a pattern-oriented modeling approach. Our best model matched all empirical dispersal patterns (e.g., dispersal distance) except time to settlement. This model incorporated a required search phase as well as the mechanism for declining habitat selectivity over time, which represents the first demonstration of this hypothesis for a vertebrate species. We suggest that temporal plasticity in habitat selectivity allows individuals to maximize fitness by making a tradeoff between habitat quality and risk of mortality. Our IBM is pragmatic in that it addresses a management need for a species of conservation concern. However, our model is also paradigmatic in that we explicitly tested a theory of dispersal behavior. Linking these 2 approaches to ecological modeling can further the utility of individual-based modeling and provide direction for future theoretical and empirical work on animal behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Casey C Day
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Nicholas P McCann
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Patrick A Zollner
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
58
|
Li D, Jin Z, Yang C, Yang C, Zhang M. Scatter-Hoarding the Seeds of Sympatric Forest Trees by Apodemus peninsulae in a Temperate Forest in Northeast China. POLISH JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.3161/15052249pje2018.66.4.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dianwei Li
- College of Wildlife Resource, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Zhimin Jin
- College of Wildlife Resource, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Changyu Yang
- College of Life Sciences and Technology, Mudanjiang Normal University, Mudanjiang 157011, China
| | - Chunwen Yang
- College of Life Sciences and Technology, Mudanjiang Normal University, Mudanjiang 157011, China
| | - Minghai Zhang
- College of Wildlife Resource, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
VANDER WALL SB, DIMITRI LA, LONGLAND WS, WHITE JDM. Seed value influences cache pilfering rates by desert rodents. Integr Zool 2019; 14:75-86. [DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen B. VANDER WALL
- Department of Biology and Program in Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology; University of Nevada; Reno USA
| | | | | | - Joseph D. M. WHITE
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Cape Town; Cape Town Republic of South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Kuprewicz EK, García‐Robledo C. Deciphering seed dispersal decisions: Size, not tannin content, drives seed fate and survival in a tropical forest. Ecosphere 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Erin K. Kuprewicz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Connecticut Storrs Connecticut 06269‐3043 USA
| | - Carlos García‐Robledo
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Connecticut Storrs Connecticut 06269‐3043 USA
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Gómez JM, Schupp EW, Jordano P. Synzoochory: the ecological and evolutionary relevance of a dual interaction. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2018; 94:874-902. [PMID: 30467946 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José María Gómez
- Departamento de Ecología Funcional y Evolutiva, Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas (EEZA-CSIC), Ctra Sacramento s/n, La Cañada de San Urbano, E-04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Eugene W Schupp
- Department of Wildland Resources and Ecology Center, S. J. and Jesse E. Quinney College of Natural Resources, 5230 Old Main Hill, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-5230,, U.S.A
| | - Pedro Jordano
- Departamento de Ecología Integrativa, Integrative Ecology Group, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Avda. Americo Vespucio S/N, E-41092 Sevilla, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Converting Larch Plantations to Larch-Walnut Mixed Stands: Effects of Spatial Distribution Pattern of Larch Plantations on the Rodent-Mediated Seed Dispersal of Juglans mandshurica. FORESTS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/f9110716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Larch (Larix spp.) is planted after a clear-cut of secondary forests (SFs) to meet the timber demand of Northeast China. However, the declination of soil fertility and the acidification of surface runoff in larch plantations (LPs) resulting from mono-species composition have threatened the sustainable development of LPs. Converting pure LPs into larch-walnut mixed forests can solve those problems, in which it is crucial to promote the seed regeneration of Juglans mandshurica in LPs. The success of walnut seed regeneration is dependent on rodent removing seed away from mother trees and the dispersal processes rely on the stand structure. The spatial distribution pattern between LPs and SFs is a type of stand structure that might affect seed dispersal. There are two typical spatial patterns in Northeast China due to different topographical conditions, that is, contour type (C-T, LPs and SFs located at the same slope position and aspect) and downslope type (D-T, LPs located at the down slope of the adjacent SF in the same aspect). The objectives of our study were to verify the effects of the spatial distribution pattern of LPs on rodent-mediated seed dispersal and to determine the optimal spatial distribution type for seed dispersal. The field trial was conducted by releasing tagged J. mandshurica seeds at three stages of seed rain during two continuous growing seasons in two types of spatial distribution patterns for LPs. We found that contour type had a substantial advantage in the rodent-mediated seed dispersal, that is, the dispersal rate and the proportion of scatter-hoarded seeds in LPs of C-T stands were much higher than in D-T stands, respectively. These differences may be caused by the variation in the topographic factor for these two types of spatial distribution pattern of LPs. In the C-T stands, it was a translational motion for rodents to remove walnuts from SFs to LPs, which would be an energy efficient and favorable method of seed dispersal. Fluctuation of seed abundance had an effect on rodent behaviors and seed fates, that is, there was a faster dispersal rate and lower proportion of seeds in situ in the non-masting year of 2015 than in the masting year of 2016 and proportion of scatter-hoarded seeds reached the highest during the early stage and lowest at the middle stage of seed rain. Thus, the contour type of LPs with a favorable terrain advantage is potentially conducive to dispersing walnut seeds by rodents during early stage of seed rain and converting larch plantations into larch-walnut mixed forests.
Collapse
|
63
|
LaBonte NR, Woeste KE. Pooled whole-genome sequencing of interspecific chestnut ( Castanea) hybrids reveals loci associated with differences in caching behavior of fox squirrels ( Sciurus niger L.). Ecol Evol 2018; 8:10638-10654. [PMID: 30519394 PMCID: PMC6262733 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dispersal of seeds by scatter-hoarding rodents is common among tropical and temperate tree species, including chestnuts in the genus Castanea. Backcrossed (BC) interspecific hybrid chestnuts exhibit wide variation in seed traits: as the parent species (Castanea dentata and C. mollissima) have distinct seed phenotypes and tend to be handled differently by seed dispersers, phenotypic variation in BC trees is likely due to inheritance of genes that have undergone divergent evolution in the parent species. To identify candidate genomic regions for interspecific differences in seed dispersal, we used tagged seeds to measure average dispersal distance for seeds of third-generation BC chestnuts and sequenced pooled whole genomes of mother trees with contrasting seed dispersal: high caching rate/long distance; low caching rate/short distance; no caching. Candidate regions affecting seed dispersal were identified as loci with more C. mollissima alleles in the high caching rate/ long-distance pool than expected by chance and observed in the other two pools. Functional annotations of candidate regions included predicted lipid metabolism, dormancy regulation, seed development, and carbohydrate metabolism genes. The results support the hypothesis that perception of seed dormancy is a predominant factor in squirrel caching decisions, and also indicate profitable directions for future work on the evolutionary genomics of trees and coevolved seed dispersers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Keith E. Woeste
- USDA Forest ServiceNorthern Research StationHardwood Tree Improvement and Regeneration CenterWest LafayetteIndiana
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Del Arco JM, Beltrán D, Martínez-Ruiz C. Risk for the natural regeneration of Quercus species due to the expansion of rodent species (Microtus arvalis). Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-018-2575-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
65
|
Yadok BG, Gerhard D, Forget PM, Chapman H. Size doesn't matter: Larger Carapa seeds are not dispersed farther by African rodent community. Afr J Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/aje.12542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Biplang G. Yadok
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Canterbury; Christchurch New Zealand
- Nigerian Montane Forest Project; Yelwa village Taraba State Nigeria
| | - Daniel Gerhard
- School of Mathematics and Statistics; University of Canterbury; Christchurch New Zealand
| | | | - Hazel Chapman
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Canterbury; Christchurch New Zealand
- Nigerian Montane Forest Project; Yelwa village Taraba State Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Kempter I, Nopp-Mayr U, Hausleithner C, Gratzer G. Tricky to track: comparing different tagging methods for tracing beechnut dispersal by small mammals. Ecol Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-018-1640-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
67
|
Sawaya GM, Goldberg AS, Steele MA, Dalgleish HJ. Environmental variation shifts the relationship between trees and scatterhoarders along the continuum from mutualism to antagonism. Integr Zool 2018; 13:319-330. [PMID: 29436764 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The conditional mutualism between scatterhoarders and trees varies on a continuum from mutualism to antagonism and can change across time and space, and among species. We examined 4 tree species (red oak [Quercus rubra], white oak [Quercus alba], American chestnut [Castanea dentata] and hybrid chestnut [C. dentata × Castanea mollissima) across 5 sites and 3 years to quantify the variability in this conditional mutualism. We used a published model to compare the rates of seed emergence with and without burial to the probability that seeds will be cached and left uneaten by scatterhoarders to quantify variation in the conditional mutualism that can be explained by environmental variation among sites, years, species, and seed provenance within species. All species tested had increased emergence when buried. However, comparing benefits of burial to the probability of caching by scatterhoarders indicated a mutualism in red oak, while white oak was nearly always antagonistic. Chestnut was variable around the boundary between mutualism and antagonism, indicating a high degree of context dependence in the relationship with scatterhoarders. We found that different seed provenances did not vary in their potential for mutualism. Temperature did not explain microsite differences in seed emergence in any of the species tested. In hybrid chestnut only, emergence on the surface declined with soil moisture in the fall. By quantifying the variation in the conditional mutualism that was not caused by changes in scatterhoarder behavior, we show that environmental conditions and seed traits are an important and underappreciated component of the variation in the relationship between trees and scatterhoarders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gina M Sawaya
- Department of Biology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Adam S Goldberg
- Department of Biology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Michael A Steele
- Department of Biology, Wilkes University, Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Harmony J Dalgleish
- Department of Biology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Wang Z, Wang B, Yi X, Yan C, Cao L, Zhang Z. Scatter-hoarding rodents are better pilferers than larder-hoarders. Anim Behav 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2018.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
|
69
|
Cao L, Wang B, Yan C, Wang Z, Zhang H, Geng Y, Chen J, Zhang Z. Risk of cache pilferage determines hoarding behavior of rodents and seed fate. Behav Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/ary040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Cao
- Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents in Agriculture, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, China
| | - Chuan Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents in Agriculture, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Normal University, Donghu District, Nanchang, China
| | - Hongmao Zhang
- Animal Behaviour Research Group, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Hongshan District, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuanzhao Geng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Wuhou District, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Weed and Rodent Biology and Management, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Chen
- Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhibin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents in Agriculture, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
|
71
|
Wróbel A, Zwolak R. Deciphering the effects of disperser assemblages and seed mass on patterns of seed dispersal in a rodent community. Integr Zool 2017; 12:457-467. [PMID: 28488781 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The sizes of both seed dispersers and seeds are traits that are likely to interact to influence seed fate in many synzoochoric plant species. Here, we examined whether members of a granivorous rodent community consisting of species of different body size vary in their effectiveness as seed dispersers, and how this relationship may be altered by seed size. We marked northern red oak (Quercus rubra) acorns with plastic tags and placed them in size-selective rodent exclosures. The exclosures allowed differential access of rodent groups based on different body size: (i) small (e.g. Peromyscus spp.); (ii) small and medium (e.g. Tamias striatus); and (iii) small, medium and large (e.g. Sciurus carolinensis) species of rodents. Acorn removal did not differ among exclosure types, but more seeds were missing when removed by small rodents, probably because of larderhoarding. The treatments did not influence the relative frequency of acorn consumption. However, small rodents cached considerably fewer and partially ate more acorns than the other 2 groups. The mean dispersal distance was the longest for cages with medium openings, intermediate for cages with large openings and the shortest for cages with small openings. Acorn mass positively affected the probability of caching and this relationship was unaffected by exclosure type. In conclusion, granivorous rodents of different body sizes strongly differed in their interactions with acorns, with small rodents acting primarily as acorn predators and medium and large species contributing significantly more to dispersal of red oaks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Wróbel
- Department of Systematic Zoology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poland
| | - Rafał Zwolak
- Department of Systematic Zoology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
SUNDARAM M, LICHTI NI, WIDMAR NJO, SWIHART RK. Eastern gray squirrels are consistent shoppers of seed traits: insights from discrete choice experiments. Integr Zool 2017; 13:280-296. [PMID: 29168614 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mekala SUNDARAM
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources; Purdue University; West Lafayette Indiana USA
| | - Nathanael I. LICHTI
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources; Purdue University; West Lafayette Indiana USA
| | | | - Robert K. SWIHART
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources; Purdue University; West Lafayette Indiana USA
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Gelmi-Candusso TA, Heymann EW, Heer K. Effects of zoochory on the spatial genetic structure of plant populations. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:5896-5910. [PMID: 28921766 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Spatial genetic structure (SGS) of plants results from the nonrandom distribution of related individuals. SGS provides information on gene flow and spatial patterns of genetic diversity within populations. Seed dispersal creates the spatial template for plant distribution. Thus, in zoochorous plants, dispersal mode and disperser behaviour might have a strong impact on SGS. However, many studies only report the taxonomic group of seed dispersers, without further details. The recent increase in studies on SGS provides the opportunity to review findings and test for the influence of dispersal mode, taxonomic affiliation of dispersers and their behaviour. We compared the proportions of studies with SGS among groups and tested for differences in strength of SGS using Sp statistics. The presence of SGS differed among taxonomic groups, with reduced presence in plants dispersed by birds. Strength of SGS was instead significantly influenced by the behaviour of seed dispersal vectors, with higher SGS in plant species dispersed by animals with behavioural traits that result in short seed dispersal distances. We observed high variance in the strength of SGS in plants dispersed by animals that actively or passively accumulate seeds. Additionally, we found SGS was also affected by pollination and marker type used. Our study highlights the importance of vector behaviour on SGS even in the presence of variance created by other factors. Thus, more detailed information on the behaviour of seed dispersers would contribute to better understand which factors shape the spatial scale of gene flow in animal-dispersed plant species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana A Gelmi-Candusso
- Verhaltensökologie & Soziobiologie, Deutsches Primatenzentrum - Leibniz-Institut für Primatenforschung, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Eckhard W Heymann
- Verhaltensökologie & Soziobiologie, Deutsches Primatenzentrum - Leibniz-Institut für Primatenforschung, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Katrin Heer
- Naturschutzbiologie, Phillips-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Bartlow AW, Agosta SJ, Curtis R, Yi X, Steele MA. Acorn size and tolerance to seed predators: the multiple roles of acorns as food for seed predators, fruit for dispersal and fuel for growth. Integr Zool 2017; 13:251-266. [PMID: 29078026 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Fitness of parents and offspring is affected by offspring size. In oaks (Quercus spp.), acorns vary considerably in size across, and within, species. Seed size influences dispersal and establishment of oaks, but it is not known whether size imparts tolerance to seed predators. Here, we examine the relative extent to which cotyledon size serves as both a means for sustaining partial consumption and energy reserves for developing seedlings during early stages of establishment. Acorns of 6 oak species were damaged to simulate acorn predation by vertebrate and invertebrate seed predators. Seedling germination/emergence and growth rates were used to assess seedling performance. We predicted that if cotyledons are important for dispersal, acorns should show tolerance to partial seed consumption. Alternatively, if the cotyledon functions primarily as an energy reserve, damage should significantly influence seedling performance. Acorns of each species germinated and produced seedlings even after removing >50% of the cotyledon. Seed mass explained only some of the variation in performance. Within species, larger acorns performed better than smaller acorns when damaged. Undamaged acorns performed as well or better than damaged acorns. There was no pattern among individual species with increasing amounts of damage. In some species, simulated invertebrate damage resulted in the poorest performance, suggesting alternative strategies of oaks to sustain damage. Large cotyledons in acorns may be important for attracting seed dispersers and sustaining partial damage, while also providing energy to young seedlings. Success of oak establishment may follow from the resilience of acorns to sustain damage at an early stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Bartlow
- Department of Biology and The WIESS Institute for Environmental Science and Sustainability, Wilkes University, Wilkes Barre, Pennsylvania, USA.,Present address: Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Salvatore J Agosta
- Department of Biology and The WIESS Institute for Environmental Science and Sustainability, Wilkes University, Wilkes Barre, Pennsylvania, USA.,Present address: Center for Environmental Studies and Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Rachel Curtis
- Department of Biology and The WIESS Institute for Environmental Science and Sustainability, Wilkes University, Wilkes Barre, Pennsylvania, USA.,Present address: Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Xianfeng Yi
- Department of Biology and The WIESS Institute for Environmental Science and Sustainability, Wilkes University, Wilkes Barre, Pennsylvania, USA.,Present address: College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Michael A Steele
- Department of Biology and The WIESS Institute for Environmental Science and Sustainability, Wilkes University, Wilkes Barre, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Zwolak R. How intraspecific variation in seed-dispersing animals matters for plants. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2017; 93:897-913. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Zwolak
- Department of Systematic Zoology, Faculty of Biology; Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89; 61-614 Poznań Poland
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Context dependence of acorn handling by the Algerian mouse ( Mus spretus ). ACTA OECOLOGICA 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
77
|
Delgado MM, Jacobs LF. Caching for where and what: evidence for a mnemonic strategy in a scatter-hoarder. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2017; 4:170958. [PMID: 28989788 PMCID: PMC5627128 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.170958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Scatter-hoarding animals face the task of maximizing retrieval of their scattered food caches while minimizing loss to pilferers. This demand should select for mnemonics, such as chunking, i.e. a hierarchical cognitive representation that is known to improve recall. Spatial chunking, where caches with the same type of content are related to each other in physical location and memory, would be one such mechanism. Here we tested the hypothesis that scatter-hoarding eastern fox squirrels (Sciurus niger) are organizing their caches in spatial patterns consistent with a chunking strategy. We presented 45 individual wild fox squirrels with a series of 16 nuts of four different species, either in runs of four of the same species or 16 nuts offered in a pseudorandom order. Squirrels either collected each nut from a different location or collected all nuts from a single location; we then mapped their subsequent cache distributions using GPS. The chunking hypothesis predicted that squirrels would spatially organize caches by nut species, regardless of presentation order. Our results instead demonstrated that squirrels spatially chunked their caches by nut species but only when caching food that was foraged from a single location. This first demonstration of spatial chunking in a scatter hoarder underscores the cognitive demand of scatter hoarding.
Collapse
|
78
|
Chen Q, Tomlinson KW, Cao L, Wang B. Effects of fragmentation on the seed predation and dispersal by rodents differ among species with different seed size. Integr Zool 2017; 12:468-476. [PMID: 28688128 PMCID: PMC5725673 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fragmentation influences the population dynamics and community composition of vertebrate animals. Fragmentation effects on rodent species in forests may, in turn, affect seed predation and dispersal of many plant species. Previous studies have usually addressed this question by monitoring a single species, and their results are contradictory. Very few studies have discussed the fragmentation effect on rodent-seed interaction among tree species with different seed sizes, which can significantly influence rodent foraging preference and seed fate. Given that fruiting periods for many coexisting plant species overlap, the changing foraging preference of rodents may substantially alter plant communities. In this study, we monitored the dispersal and predation by rodents of 9600 seeds, belonging to 4 Fagaceae species with great variation in seed size, in both the edge and interior areas of 12 tropical forest fragments ranging in area from 6.3 to 13872.9 ha in Southwest China. The results showed that forest fragmentation altered the seed fates of all the species, but the intensity and even the direction of fragmentation effect differed between species with large versus small seeds. For the seeds harvested, fragment size showed negative effects in forest interiors but positive effects at edges for the 2 large-seeded species, but showed little effect for the 2 small-seeded species. For the seeds removed, negative effects of fragment size only existed among the small-seeded species. The different fragmentation effect on seed dispersal and predation among plant species may, in turn, translate into the composition differences of the regeneration of the whole fragmented forest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Chen
- Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kyle W Tomlinson
- Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, China
| | - Lin Cao
- Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, China
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Larios L, Pearson DE, Maron JL. Incorporating the effects of generalist seed predators into plant community theory. Funct Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Loralee Larios
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences University of California Riverside CA92507 USA
- Division of Biological Sciences University of Montana Missoula MT59812 USA
| | - Dean E. Pearson
- Division of Biological Sciences University of Montana Missoula MT59812 USA
- Rocky Mountain Research Station U.S.D.A. Forest Service Missoula MT59801 USA
| | - John L. Maron
- Division of Biological Sciences University of Montana Missoula MT59812 USA
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Wang B, Corlett RT. Scatter‐hoarding rodents select different caching habitats for seeds with different traits. Ecosphere 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Center for Integrative Conservation Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Mengla Yunnan Province 666303 China
| | - Richard T. Corlett
- Center for Integrative Conservation Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Mengla Yunnan Province 666303 China
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Cao L, Guo C, Chen J. Fluctuation in seed abundance has contrasting effects on the fate of seeds from two rapidly germinating tree species in an Asian tropical forest. Integr Zool 2017; 12:2-11. [PMID: 27265119 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The seed predator satiation hypothesis states that high seed abundance can satiate seed predators or seed dispersers, thus promoting seed survival. However, for rapidly germinating seeds in tropical forests, high seed abundance may limit dispersal as the seeds usually remain under parent trees for long periods, which may lead to high mortality due to rodent predation or fungal infestations. By tracking 2 species of rapidly germinating seeds (Pittosporopsis kerrii, family Icacinaceae; Camellia kissi, family Theaceae), which depend on dispersal by scatter-hoarding rodents, we investigated the effects of seed abundance at the community level on predation and seed dispersal in the tropical forest of Xishuangbanna Prefecture, Southwest China. We found that high seed abundance at the community level was associated with delayed and reduced seed removal, decreased dispersal distance and increased pre-dispersal seed survival for both plant species. High seed abundance was also associated with reduced seed caching of C. kissi, but it showed little effect on seed caching of P. kerrii. However, post-dispersal seed survival for the 2 plant species followed the reverse pattern. High seed abundance in the community was associated with higher post-dispersal survival of P. kerrii seeds, but with lower post-dispersal survival of C. kissi seeds. Our results suggest that different plant species derive benefit from fluctuations in seed production in different ways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Cao
- Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents in Agriculture, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Cong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jin Chen
- Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, China
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Wang B, Ives AR. Tree-to-tree variation in seed size and its consequences for seed dispersal versus predation by rodents. Oecologia 2016; 183:751-762. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-016-3793-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
83
|
Frequency-dependent hoarding bySciurus carolinensisoccurs with seeds of similar perceived value. J Mammal 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyw152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
|
84
|
Reher S, Dausmann KH, Warnecke L, Turner JM. Food availability affects habitat use of Eurasian red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) in a semi-urban environment. J Mammal 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyw105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|