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Lao W, Kang H, Jin G, Chen L, Chu Y, Sun J, Sun B. Evaluation of the relationship between MARCO and CD36 single-nucleotide polymorphisms and susceptibility to pulmonary tuberculosis in a Chinese Han population. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:488. [PMID: 28693442 PMCID: PMC5504633 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2595-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gene polymorphisms impact greatly on a person’s susceptibility to pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). Macrophage receptor with collagenous structure (MARCO) and CD36 are two scavenger receptors (SRs) that can recognize Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and play a key role in tuberculosis infection. Gene polymorphisms of MARCO and CD36 may contribute to tuberculosis risk. Methods To investigate whether genetic polymorphisms of MARCO and CD36 are associated with susceptibility to PTB, genomic DNA samples from patients (n = 202) and healthy controls (n = 216) were collected and analyzed by polymerase chain reaction with high-resolution melting analysis. Results We studied two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in MARCO (rs12998782 and rs17009726) and three SNPs in CD36 (rs1194182, rs3211956 and rs10499859). Rs12998782 (P = 0.018) might be associated with susceptibility to PTB. Rs1194182 (P < 0.01) and rs10499859 (P < 0.001) might be associated with resistance to PTB. Rs17009726 and rs3211956 were not associated with susceptibility/resistance to PTB. Conclusions These data showed that MARCO rs12998782 may increase PTB risk while two SNPs of CD36, rs1194182 and rs10499859 may reduce the risk, indicating MARCO and CD36 as important receptors in response to PTB. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-017-2595-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Lao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110001, China
| | - Hui Kang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110001, China.
| | - Guojiang Jin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110001, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Yang Chu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110001, China
| | - Jiao Sun
- Tuberculosis Research Institute of Shenyang Tenth People's Hospital, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110041, China
| | - Bingqi Sun
- Tuberculosis Research Institute of Shenyang Tenth People's Hospital, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110041, China
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52
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Mishra A, Akhtar S, Jagannath C, Khan A. Pattern recognition receptors and coordinated cellular pathways involved in tuberculosis immunopathogenesis: Emerging concepts and perspectives. Mol Immunol 2017; 87:240-248. [PMID: 28514713 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) play a central role in the recognition of numerous pathogens, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, resulting in activation of innate and adaptive immune responses. Besides Toll Like Receptors, C-type Lectin Receptors and Nod Like Receptors are now being recognized for their involvement in inducing immune response against M. tuberculosis infection. Although, a functional redundancy of the PRRs has also been reported in many studies, emerging evidences support the notion that a cooperative and coordinated response generated by these receptors is critical to sustain the full immune control of M. tuberculosis infection. Many of the PRRs are now found to be involved in various cellular host defenses, such as inflammasome activation, phagosome biogenesis, endosomal trafficking, and antigen processing pathways that are all very critical for an effective immune response against M. tuberculosis. In support, polymorphism in several of these receptors has also been found associated with increased susceptibility to tuberculosis in humans. Nonetheless, increasing evidences also show that in order to enhance its intracellular survival, M. tuberculosis has also evolved multiple strategies to subvert and reprogram PPR-mediated immune responses. In light of these findings, this review analyzes the interaction of bacterial and host factors at the intersections of PRR signaling pathways that could provide integrative insights for the development of better vaccines and therapeutics for tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Mishra
- Department of Biotechnology, Goa University, Taleigao Plateau, Goa, 403206, India
| | - Shamim Akhtar
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. D.Y. Patil College of Arts Commerce and Science, Saint Tukaram Nagar, Pimpri, Pune, 411018, India
| | - Chinnaswamy Jagannath
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Sciences Center-Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Arshad Khan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Sciences Center-Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Peddireddy V, Doddam SN, Ahmed N. Mycobacterial Dormancy Systems and Host Responses in Tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2017; 8:84. [PMID: 28261197 PMCID: PMC5309233 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) caused by the intracellular pathogen, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), claims more than 1.5 million lives worldwide annually. Despite promulgation of multipronged strategies to prevent and control TB, there is no significant downfall occurring in the number of new cases, and adding to this is the relapse of the disease due to the emergence of antibiotic resistance and the ability of Mtb to remain dormant after primary infection. The pathology of Mtb is complex and largely attributed to immune-evading strategies that this pathogen adopts to establish primary infection, its persistence in the host, and reactivation of pathogenicity under favorable conditions. In this review, we present various biochemical, immunological, and genetic strategies unleashed by Mtb inside the host for its survival. The bacterium enables itself to establish a niche by evading immune recognition via resorting to masking, establishment of dormancy by manipulating immune receptor responses, altering innate immune cell fate, enhancing granuloma formation, and developing antibiotic tolerance. Besides these, the regulatory entities, such as DosR and its regulon, encompassing various putative effector proteins play a vital role in maintaining the dormant nature of this pathogen. Further, reactivation of Mtb allows relapse of the disease and is favored by the genes of the Rtf family and the conditions that suppress the immune system of the host. Identification of target genes and characterizing the function of their respective antigens involved in primary infection, dormancy, and reactivation would likely provide vital clues to design novel drugs and/or vaccines for the control of dormant TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidyullatha Peddireddy
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad , Hyderabad , India
| | - Sankara Narayana Doddam
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad , Hyderabad , India
| | - Niyaz Ahmed
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India; Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Silencing Triggering Receptors Expressed on Myeloid Cells-1 Impaired the Inflammatory Response to Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein in Macrophages. Inflammation 2016; 39:199-208. [PMID: 26277357 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-015-0239-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic progressive inflammatory disease characterized by the accumulation of lipid contents in arterial walls. Previous studies suggest participation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in lipid deposition and inflammatory response in vascular wall. The triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (TREM-1) is a cell surface receptor of the immunoglobulin superfamily, which amplifies signal transduction of TLR pathway and enhances immune response to microbial infections. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of the oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) on the expression of the TREM-1, as well as its engagement in proinflammatory cytokine production and foam cell formation in RAW264.7 mice macrophages. oxLDL enhanced TREM-1 and TLR-4, but not TLR-2 gene expression in macrophages; furthermore, silencing TREM-1 expression by short hairpin interfering RNA inhibited lipid phagocytosis and proinflammatory tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) as well as interleukin-6 (IL-6) production in macrophages; moreover, application of synthetic antagonist, LP-17 polypeptide, reduced IL-6 production upon oxLDL stimulation in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, in macrophages, oxLDL enhanced expression of TREM-1, which amplifies the innate immune response of TLR pathway; activation of TREM-1 contributes to atherogenesis process by enhancing proinflammatory cytokine production and foam cell formation.
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55
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Li H, Wu M, Shi Y, Javid B. Over-Expression of the Mycobacterial Trehalose-Phosphate Phosphatase OtsB2 Results in a Defect in Macrophage Phagocytosis Associated with Increased Mycobacterial-Macrophage Adhesion. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1754. [PMID: 27867377 PMCID: PMC5095139 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase (OtsB2) is involved in the OtsAB trehalose synthesis pathway to produce free trehalose and is strictly essential for mycobacterial growth. We wished to determine the effects of OtsB2 expression on mycobacterial phenotypes such as growth, phagocytosis and survival in macrophages. Mycobacterium bovis-bacillus calmette-guerin (BCG) over-expressing OtsB2 were able to better survive in stationary phase. Over-expression of OtsB2 led to a decrease in phagocytosis but not survival in THP-1 macrophage-like cells, and this was not due to a decrease in general macrophage phagocytic activity. Surprisingly, when we investigated macrophage-mycobacterial interactions by flow cytometry and atomic force microscopy, we discovered that BCG over-expressing OtsB2 have stronger binding to THP-1 cells than wild-type BCG. These results suggest that altering OtsB2 expression has implications for mycobacterial host-pathogen interactions. Macrophage-mycobacteria phagocytic interactions are complex and merit further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Collaborative Innovation Centre for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University Beijing, China
| | - Mei Wu
- Tsinghua Immunology Institute, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University Beijing, China
| | - Yan Shi
- Tsinghua Immunology Institute, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University Beijing, China
| | - Babak Javid
- Collaborative Innovation Centre for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University Beijing, China
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56
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Ramakrishna K, Premkumar K, Kabeerdoss J, John KR. Impaired toll like receptor 9 response in pulmonary tuberculosis. Cytokine 2016; 90:38-43. [PMID: 27768958 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIM Innate immune responses are important in susceptibility to pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). In order to test the hypothesis that Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 function would be abnormal in patients with active pulmonary TB we compared the cytokine responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) to innate immune ligands in a case-control study. METHODS PBMC from 19 untreated pulmonary TB patients, 17 healthy controls, and 11 treated pulmonary TB patients, were cultured for 24h with TLR 2 ligand (PAM-CSK) and other TLR ligands (muramyl dipeptide, flagellin, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG-ODN)). Interleukin-8 (IL-8) was estimated in the supernatant by ELISA. Messenger RNA expression for inflammatory cytokines was quantitated using real time PCR. RESULTS The important findings were (1) reduced PBMC secretion of IL-8 in response to all ligands in active TB; (2) normal to increased PBMC secretion of IL-8 in response to all ligands except CpG ODN (TLR 9 ligand) in TB patients who had recovered; (3) absence of difference in mRNA expression for a consortium of inflammatory pathway genes between healthy controls, active pulmonary tuberculosis and treated pulmonary tuberculosis patients. CONCLUSION There was a generalized post-translational suppression of the IL-8 response to innate immune ligands in active TB. There appears to be a defect of TLR 9 signaling in patients with tuberculosis, the nature of which needs to be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kartik Ramakrishna
- Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Christian Medical College, Vellore 632004, India.
| | - Kalpana Premkumar
- Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Christian Medical College, Vellore 632004, India
| | | | - K R John
- Department of Community Health, Christian Medical College, Vellore 632004, India
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57
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Barthe P, Veyron-Churlet R, de Visch A, Gilleron M, Saliou JM, Tomavo S, Nigou J, Brodin P, Cohen-Gonsaud M. Mycobacterium tuberculosis LppM Displays an Original Structure and Domain Composition Linked to a Dual Localization. Structure 2016; 24:1788-1794. [DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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58
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Kim YS, Yang CS, Nguyen LT, Kim JK, Jin HS, Choe JH, Kim SY, Lee HM, Jung M, Kim JM, Kim MH, Jo EK, Jang JC. Mycobacterium abscessus ESX-3 plays an important role in host inflammatory and pathological responses during infection. Microbes Infect 2016; 19:5-17. [PMID: 27637463 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterial ESX systems are often related to pathogenesis during infection. However, little is known about the function of ESX systems of Mycobacterium abscessus (Mab). This study focuses on the Mab ESX-3 cluster, which contains major genes such as esxH (Rv0288, low molecular weight protein antigen 7; CFP-7) and esxG (Rv0287, ESAT-6 like protein). An esx-3 (MAB 2224c-2234c)-deletional mutant of Mab (Δesx) was constructed and used to infect murine and human macrophages. We then investigated whether Mab Δesx modulated innate host immune responses in macrophages. Mab Δesx infection resulted in less pathological and inflammatory responses. Additionally, Δesx resulted in significantly decreased activation of inflammatory signaling and cytokine production in macrophages compared to WT. Moreover, recombinant EsxG·EsxH (rEsxGH) proteins encoded by the ESX-3 region showed synergistic enhancement of inflammatory cytokine generation in macrophages infected with Δesx. Taken together, our data suggest that Mab ESX-3 plays an important role in inflammatory and pathological responses during Mab infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Sak Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea; Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea
| | - Chul-Su Yang
- Department of Molecular and Life Science, Hanyang University, Ansan 426-791, South Korea
| | - Loi T Nguyen
- Infection and Immunity Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, South Korea
| | - Jin Kyung Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea; Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea
| | - Hyo Sun Jin
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea; Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea
| | - Jin Ho Choe
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea; Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea
| | - Soo Yeon Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea; Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea
| | - Hye-Mi Lee
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea; Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea
| | - Mingyu Jung
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea; Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea
| | - Jin-Man Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea; Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea
| | - Myung Hee Kim
- Infection and Immunity Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, South Korea
| | - Eun-Kyeong Jo
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea; Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea
| | - Ji-Chan Jang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea; Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea; Molecular Mechanism of Antibiotics, Division of Life Science, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, South Korea.
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59
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Deboosère N, Iantomasi R, Queval CJ, Song OR, Deloison G, Jouny S, Debrie AS, Chamaillard M, Nigou J, Cohen-Gonsaud M, Locht C, Brodin P, Veyron-Churlet R. LppM impact on the colonization of macrophages by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Cell Microbiol 2016; 19. [PMID: 27220037 PMCID: PMC5217060 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis produces several bacterial effectors impacting the colonization of phagocytes. Here, we report that the putative lipoprotein LppM hinders phagocytosis by macrophages in a toll-like receptor 2-dependent manner. Moreover, recombinant LppM is able to functionally complement the phenotype of the mutant, when exogenously added during macrophage infection. LppM is also implicated in the phagosomal maturation, as a lppM deletion mutant is more easily addressed towards the acidified compartments of the macrophage than its isogenic parental strain. In addition, this mutant was affected in its ability to induce the secretion of pro-inflammatory chemokines, interferon-gamma-inducible protein-10, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and macrophage inflammatory protein-1α. Thus, our results describe a new mycobacterial protein involved in the early trafficking of the tubercle bacillus and its manipulation of the host immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Deboosère
- Univ. Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, F-59000, France.,CNRS, UMR 8204, Lille, F-59000, France.,Inserm U1019, Lille, F-59000, France.,CHU Lille, Lille, F-59000, France.,Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Raffaella Iantomasi
- Univ. Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, F-59000, France.,CNRS, UMR 8204, Lille, F-59000, France.,Inserm U1019, Lille, F-59000, France.,CHU Lille, Lille, F-59000, France.,Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Christophe J Queval
- Univ. Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, F-59000, France.,CNRS, UMR 8204, Lille, F-59000, France.,Inserm U1019, Lille, F-59000, France.,CHU Lille, Lille, F-59000, France.,Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Ok-Ryul Song
- Univ. Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, F-59000, France.,CNRS, UMR 8204, Lille, F-59000, France.,Inserm U1019, Lille, F-59000, France.,CHU Lille, Lille, F-59000, France.,Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Gaspard Deloison
- Univ. Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, F-59000, France.,CNRS, UMR 8204, Lille, F-59000, France.,Inserm U1019, Lille, F-59000, France.,CHU Lille, Lille, F-59000, France.,Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Samuel Jouny
- Univ. Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, F-59000, France.,CNRS, UMR 8204, Lille, F-59000, France.,Inserm U1019, Lille, F-59000, France.,CHU Lille, Lille, F-59000, France.,Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Debrie
- Univ. Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, F-59000, France.,CNRS, UMR 8204, Lille, F-59000, France.,Inserm U1019, Lille, F-59000, France.,CHU Lille, Lille, F-59000, France.,Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Mathias Chamaillard
- Univ. Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, F-59000, France.,CNRS, UMR 8204, Lille, F-59000, France.,Inserm U1019, Lille, F-59000, France.,CHU Lille, Lille, F-59000, France.,Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Jérôme Nigou
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse CNRS, Toulouse, F-31077, France
| | - Martin Cohen-Gonsaud
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale, CNRS UMR 5048, Inserm U1054, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34090, France
| | - Camille Locht
- Univ. Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, F-59000, France.,CNRS, UMR 8204, Lille, F-59000, France.,Inserm U1019, Lille, F-59000, France.,CHU Lille, Lille, F-59000, France.,Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Priscille Brodin
- Univ. Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, F-59000, France.,CNRS, UMR 8204, Lille, F-59000, France.,Inserm U1019, Lille, F-59000, France.,CHU Lille, Lille, F-59000, France.,Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Romain Veyron-Churlet
- Univ. Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, F-59000, France.,CNRS, UMR 8204, Lille, F-59000, France.,Inserm U1019, Lille, F-59000, France.,CHU Lille, Lille, F-59000, France.,Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, F-59000, France
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Agger EM. Novel adjuvant formulations for delivery of anti-tuberculosis vaccine candidates. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 102:73-82. [PMID: 26596558 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
There is an urgent need for a new and improved vaccine against tuberculosis for controlling this disease that continues to pose a global health threat. The current research strategy is to replace the present BCG vaccine or boost BCG-immunity with subunit vaccines such as viral vectored- or protein-based vaccines. The use of recombinant proteins holds a number of production advantages including ease of scalability, but requires an adjuvant inducing cell-mediated immune responses. A number of promising novel adjuvant formulations have recently been designed and show evidence of induction of cellular immune responses in humans. A common trait of effective TB adjuvants including those already in current clinical testing is a two-component approach combining a delivery system with an appropriate immunomodulator. This review summarizes the status of current TB adjuvant research with a focus on the division of labor between delivery systems and immunomodulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Else Marie Agger
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark.
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61
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Gupta A, Misra A, Deretic V. Targeted pulmonary delivery of inducers of host macrophage autophagy as a potential host-directed chemotherapy of tuberculosis. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 102:10-20. [PMID: 26829287 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
One of the promising host-directed chemotherapeutic interventions in tuberculosis (TB) is based on inducing autophagy as an immune effector. Here we consider the strengths and weaknesses of potential autophagy-based pharmacological intervention. Using the existing drugs that induce autophagy is an option, but it has limitations given the broad role of autophagy in most cells, tissues, and organs. Thus, it may be desirable that the agent being used to modulate autophagy is applied in a targeted manner, e.g. delivered to affected tissues, with infected macrophages being an obvious choice. This review addresses the advantages and disadvantages of delivering drugs to induce autophagy in M. tuberculosis-infected macrophages. One option, already being tested in models, is to design particles for inhalation delivery to lung macrophages. The choice of drugs, drug release kinetics and intracellular residence times, non-target cell exposure and feasibility of use by patients is discussed. We term here this (still experimental) approach, of compartment-targeting, autophagy-based, host-directed therapy as "Track-II antituberculosis chemotherapy."
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Lee WB, Kang JS, Choi WY, Zhang Q, Kim CH, Choi UY, Kim-Ha J, Kim YJ. Mincle-mediated translational regulation is required for strong nitric oxide production and inflammation resolution. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11322. [PMID: 27089465 PMCID: PMC4837483 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to persistent mycobacteria infection, the host induces a granuloma, which often fails to eradicate bacteria and results in tissue damage. Diverse host receptors are required to control the formation and resolution of granuloma, but little is known concerning their regulatory interactions. Here we show that Mincle, the inducible receptor for mycobacterial cord factor, is the key switch for the transition of macrophages from cytokine expression to high nitric oxide production. In addition to its stimulatory role on TLR-mediated transcription, Mincle enhanced the translation of key genes required for nitric oxide synthesis through p38 and eIF5A hypusination, leading to granuloma resolution. Thus, Mincle has dual functions in the promotion and subsequent resolution of inflammation during anti-mycobacterial defence using both transcriptional and translational controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wook-Bin Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Seon Kang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Young Choi
- Department of Integrated Omics for Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Quanri Zhang
- Department of Integrated Omics for Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Han Kim
- Department of Integrated Omics for Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Un Yung Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongsil Kim-Ha
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Joon Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Department of Integrated Omics for Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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du Plessis WJ, Kleynhans L, du Plessis N, Stanley K, Malherbe ST, Maasdorp E, Ronacher K, Chegou NN, Walzl G, Loxton AG. The Functional Response of B Cells to Antigenic Stimulation: A Preliminary Report of Latent Tuberculosis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152710. [PMID: 27050308 PMCID: PMC4822853 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) remains a successful pathogen, causing tuberculosis disease numbers to constantly increase. Although great progress has been made in delineating the disease, the host-pathogen interaction is incompletely described. B cells have shown to function as both effectors and regulators of immunity via non-humoral methods in both innate and adaptive immune settings. Here we assessed specific B cell functional interaction following stimulation with a broad range of antigens within the LTBI milieu. Our results indicate that B cells readily produce pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines (including IL-1β, IL-10, IL-17, IL-21 and TNF-α) in response to stimulation. TLR4 and TLR9 based stimulations achieved the greatest secreted cytokine-production response and BCG stimulation displayed a clear preference for inducing IL-1β production. We also show that the cytokines produced by B cells are implicated strongly in cell-mediated communication and that plasma (memory) B cells (CD19+CD27+CD138+) is the subset with the greatest contribution to cytokine production. Collectively our data provides insight into B cell responses, where they are implicated in and quantifies responses from specific B cell phenotypes. These findings warrant further functional B cell research with a focus on specific B cell phenotypes under conditions of active TB disease to further our knowledge about the contribution of various cell subsets which could have implications for future vaccine development or refined B cell orientated treatment in the health setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem J. du Plessis
- SA MRC Centre for TB Research, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Léanie Kleynhans
- SA MRC Centre for TB Research, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nelita du Plessis
- SA MRC Centre for TB Research, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kim Stanley
- SA MRC Centre for TB Research, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Stephanus T. Malherbe
- SA MRC Centre for TB Research, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Elizna Maasdorp
- SA MRC Centre for TB Research, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Katharina Ronacher
- SA MRC Centre for TB Research, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Novel N. Chegou
- SA MRC Centre for TB Research, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gerhard Walzl
- SA MRC Centre for TB Research, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Andre G. Loxton
- SA MRC Centre for TB Research, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- * E-mail:
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64
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Scollard DM, Dacso MM, Abad-Venida ML. Tuberculosis and Leprosy: Classical Granulomatous Diseases in the Twenty-First Century. Dermatol Clin 2016; 33:541-62. [PMID: 26143431 DOI: 10.1016/j.det.2015.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Leprosy and tuberculosis are chronic mycobacterial infections that elicit granulomatous inflammation. Both infections are curable, but granulomatous injury to cutaneous structures, including cutaneous nerves in leprosy, may cause permanent damage. Both diseases are major global concerns: tuberculosis for its high prevalence and mortality, and leprosy for its persistent global presence and high rate of neuropathic disability. Cutaneous manifestations of both leprosy and tuberculosis are frequently subtle and challenging in dermatologic practice and often require a careful travel and social history and a high index of suspicion.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Scollard
- National Hansen's Disease Programs, 1770 Physician Park Drive, Baton Rouge, LA 70816, USA.
| | - Mara M Dacso
- Center for Dermatology and Cosmetic Laser Surgery, 5026 Tennyson Parkway, Plano, TX 75024, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9069, USA
| | - Ma Luisa Abad-Venida
- Department of Dermatology, Jose R. Reyes Memorial Medical Center, Rizal Avenue, Manila 1008, Philippines
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65
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Direct Delivery of Antigens to Dendritic Cells via Antibodies Specific for Endocytic Receptors as a Promising Strategy for Future Therapies. Vaccines (Basel) 2016; 4:vaccines4020008. [PMID: 27043640 PMCID: PMC4931625 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines4020008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent professional antigen presenting cells and are therefore indispensable for the control of immunity. The technique of antibody mediated antigen targeting to DC subsets has been the basis of intense research for more than a decade. Many murine studies have utilized this approach of antigen delivery to various kinds of endocytic receptors of DCs both in vitro and in vivo. Today, it is widely accepted that different DC subsets are important for the induction of select immune responses. Nevertheless, many questions still remain to be answered, such as the actual influence of the targeted receptor on the initiation of the immune response to the delivered antigen. Further efforts to better understand the induction of antigen-specific immune responses will support the transfer of this knowledge into novel treatment strategies for human diseases. In this review, we will discuss the state-of-the-art aspects of the basic principles of antibody mediated antigen targeting approaches. A table will also provide a broad overview of the latest studies using antigen targeting including addressed DC subset, targeted receptors, outcome, and applied coupling techniques.
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66
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Pugholm LH, Petersen LR, Søndergaard EKL, Varming K, Agger R. Enhanced Humoral Responses Induced by Targeting of Antigen to Murine Dendritic Cells. Scand J Immunol 2016; 82:515-22. [PMID: 26346906 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are superior in their ability to induce and control adaptive immune responses. These qualities have motivated the hypothesis that targeted delivery of antigen to DCs in vivo may be an effective way of enhancing immunization. Recent results show that antigen targeted to certain DC surface molecules may indeed induce robust immune responses. Targeting of antigen to DCs can be accomplished by the means of monoclonal antibodies. This study compared the humoral responses induced in mice by in vivo targeting of DCs using monoclonal antibodies specific for CD11c, CD36, CD205, Clec6A, Clec7A, Clec9A, Siglec-H and PDC-TREM. The results demonstrate that antigen delivery to different targets on DCs in vivo gives rise to humoral responses that differ in strength. Targeting of antigen to CD11c, CD36, CD205, Clec6A, Clec7A and PDC-TREM induced significantly stronger antibody responses compared to non-targeted isotype-matched controls. Targeting of Clec9A and Siglec-H did not lead to efficient antibody responses, which may be due to unfavourable properties of the targeting antibody, in which case, other antibodies with the same specificity might elicit a different outcome. Anti-CD11c was additionally used for elucidating the impact of the route of vaccination, and the results showed only minor differences between the antibody responses induced after immunization either s.c., i.v. or i.p. Altogether, these data show that targeting of different surface molecules on DCs result in very different antibody responses and that, even in the absence of adjuvants, strong humoral responses was induced.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Pugholm
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.,Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - L R Petersen
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - E K L Søndergaard
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - K Varming
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - R Agger
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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67
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Beamer GL, Seaver BP, Jessop F, Shepherd DM, Beamer CA. Acute Exposure to Crystalline Silica Reduces Macrophage Activation in Response to Bacterial Lipoproteins. Front Immunol 2016; 7:49. [PMID: 26913035 PMCID: PMC4753301 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have examined the relationship between alveolar macrophages (AMs) and crystalline silica (SiO2) using in vitro and in vivo immunotoxicity models; however, exactly how exposure to SiO2 alters the functionality of AM and the potential consequences for immunity to respiratory pathogens remains largely unknown. Because recognition and clearance of inhaled particulates and microbes are largely mediated by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on the surface of AM, we hypothesized that exposure to SiO2 limits the ability of AM to respond to bacterial challenge by altering PRR expression. Alveolar and bone marrow-derived macrophages downregulate TLR2 expression following acute SiO2 exposure (e.g., 4 h). Interestingly, these responses were dependent on interactions between SiO2 and the class A scavenger receptor CD204, but not MARCO. Furthermore, SiO2 exposure decreased uptake of fluorescently labeled Pam2CSK4 and Pam3CSK4, resulting in reduced secretion of IL-1β, but not IL-6. Collectively, our data suggest that SiO2 exposure alters AM phenotype, which in turn affects their ability to uptake and respond to bacterial lipoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian L Beamer
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University , North Grafton, MA , USA
| | - Benjamin P Seaver
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana , Missoula, MT , USA
| | - Forrest Jessop
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA; Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - David M Shepherd
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana , Missoula, MT , USA
| | - Celine A Beamer
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA; Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Missoula, MT, USA
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68
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Robinson RT, Orme IM, Cooper AM. The onset of adaptive immunity in the mouse model of tuberculosis and the factors that compromise its expression. Immunol Rev 2015; 264:46-59. [PMID: 25703551 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) has been evolving with its human host for over 50 000 years and is an exquisite manipulator of the human immune response. It induces both a strong inflammatory and a strong acquired immune response, and Mtb then actively regulates these responses to create an infectious lesion in the lung while maintaining a relatively ambulatory host. The CD4(+) T cell plays a critical yet contradictory role in this process by both controlling disseminated disease while promoting the development of the lesion in the lung that mediates transmission. In light of this manipulative relationship between Mtb and the human immune response, it is not surprising that our ability to vaccinate against tuberculosis (TB) has not been totally successful. To overcome the current impasse in vaccine development, we need to define the phenotype of CD4(+) T cells that mediate protection and to determine those bacterial and host factors that regulate the effective function of these cells. In this review, we describe the initiation and expression of T cells during TB as well as the fulminant inflammatory response that can compromise T-cell function and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard T Robinson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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69
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Stamm CE, Collins AC, Shiloh MU. Sensing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and consequences to both host and bacillus. Immunol Rev 2015; 264:204-19. [PMID: 25703561 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the primary causative agent of human tuberculosis, has killed more people than any other bacterial pathogen in human history and remains one of the most important transmissible diseases worldwide. Because of the long-standing interaction of Mtb with humans, it is no surprise that human mucosal and innate immune cells have evolved multiple mechanisms to detect Mtb during initial contact. To that end, the cell surface of human cells is decorated with numerous pattern recognition receptors for a variety of mycobacterial ligands. Furthermore, once Mtb is ingested into professional phagocytes, other host molecules are engaged to report on the presence of an intracellular pathogen. In this review, we discuss the role of specific mycobacterial products in modulating the host's ability to detect Mtb. In addition, we describe the specific host receptors that mediate the detection of mycobacterial infection and the role of individual receptors in mycobacterial pathogenesis in humans and model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea E Stamm
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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70
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Hmama Z, Peña-Díaz S, Joseph S, Av-Gay Y. Immunoevasion and immunosuppression of the macrophage by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Immunol Rev 2015; 264:220-32. [PMID: 25703562 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
By virtue of their position at the crossroads between the innate and adaptive immune response, macrophages play an essential role in the control of bacterial infections. Paradoxically, macrophages serve as the natural habitat to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Mtb subverts the macrophage's mechanisms of intracellular killing and antigen presentation, leading ultimately to the development of tuberculosis (TB) disease. Here, we describe mechanisms of Mtb uptake by the macrophage and address key macrophage functions that are targeted by Mtb-specific effector molecules enabling this pathogen to circumvent host immune response. The macrophage functions described in this review include fusion between phagosomes and lysosomes, production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, antigen presentation and major histocompatibility complex class II expression and trafficking, as well as autophagy and apoptosis. All these are Mtb-targeted key cellular pathways, normally working in concert in the macrophage to recognize, respond, and activate 'proper' immune responses. We further analyze and discuss major molecular interactions between Mtb virulence factors and key macrophage proteins and provide implications for vaccine and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakaria Hmama
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Infection and Immunity Research Center, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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71
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Lang T, Foote A, Lee JPW, Morand EF, Harris J. MIF: Implications in the Pathoetiology of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Front Immunol 2015; 6:577. [PMID: 26617609 PMCID: PMC4641160 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage migration Inhibitory factor (MIF) was one of the earliest pro-inflammatory cytokines to be identified. Increasing interest in this cytokine in recent decades has followed the cloning of human MIF and the generation of Mif−/− mice. Deepening understanding of signaling pathways utilized by MIF and putative receptor mechanisms have followed. MIF is distinct from all other cytokines by virtue of its unique induction by and counter regulation of glucocorticoids (GCs). MIF is further differentiated from other cytokines by its structural homology to specific tautomerase and isomerase enzymes and correlative in vitro enzymatic functions. The role of MIF in immune and inflammatory states, including a range of human autoimmune diseases, is now well established, as are the relationships between MIF polymorphisms and a number of inflammatory diseases. Here, we review the known pleiotropic activities of MIF, in addition to novel functions of MIF in processes including autophagy and autophagic cell death. In addition, recent developments in the understanding of the role of MIF in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are reviewed. Finally, we discuss the potential application of anti-MIF strategies to treat human diseases such as SLE, which will require a comprehensive understanding of the unique and complex activities of this ubiquitously expressed cytokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tali Lang
- Lupus Research Group, Monash Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash Medical Centre , Clayton, VIC , Australia
| | - Andrew Foote
- Lupus Research Group, Monash Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash Medical Centre , Clayton, VIC , Australia
| | - Jacinta P W Lee
- Lupus Research Group, Monash Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash Medical Centre , Clayton, VIC , Australia
| | - Eric F Morand
- Lupus Research Group, Monash Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash Medical Centre , Clayton, VIC , Australia
| | - James Harris
- Lupus Research Group, Monash Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash Medical Centre , Clayton, VIC , Australia
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72
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Smith VL, Jackson L, Schorey JS. Ubiquitination as a Mechanism To Transport Soluble Mycobacterial and Eukaryotic Proteins to Exosomes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:2722-30. [PMID: 26246139 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1403186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles of endocytic origin that function in intercellular communication. Our previous studies indicate that exosomes released from Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected macrophages contain soluble mycobacterial proteins. However, it was unclear how these secreted proteins were targeted to exosomes. In this study, we determined that exosome production by the murine macrophage cell line RAW264.7 requires the endosomal sorting complexes required for transport and that trafficking of mycobacterial proteins from phagocytosed bacilli to exosomes was dependent on protein ubiquitination. Moreover, soluble mycobacterial proteins, when added exogenously to RAW264.7 or human HEK293 cells, were endocytosed, ubiquitinated, and released via exosomes. This suggested that endocytosed proteins could be recycled from cells through exosomes. This hypothesis was supported using the tumor-associated protein He4, which, when endocytosed by RAW264.7 or HEK293 cells, was transported to exosomes in a ubiquitin-dependent manner. Our data suggest that ubiquitination is a modification sufficient for trafficking soluble proteins within the phagocytic/endocytic network to exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria L Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556
| | - Liam Jackson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556
| | - Jeffrey S Schorey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556
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73
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Bazzi S, Modjtahedi H, Mudan S, Akle C, Bahr GM. Analysis of the immunomodulatory properties of two heat-killed mycobacterial preparations in a human whole blood model. Immunobiology 2015; 220:1293-304. [PMID: 26253276 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2015.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The significant role played by mycobacteria in modulating immune responses through enhancing the crosstalk between innate and adaptive immunity has been highlighted in several studies. Owing to their unique antigenic profile, heat killed (HK) preparations of rapid-growing mycobacteria, currently undergoing clinical development, have been assessed as adjuvant therapy in various diseases. The purpose of this study is to investigate the regulation of leukocyte surface receptors, in whole blood from healthy donors, following in vitro stimulation with HK Mycobacterium vaccae (M. vaccae) or M. obuense. We have demonstrated the ability of both mycobacterial preparations to target monocytes and neutrophils and to regulate the surface expression of selected adhesion receptors, antigen-presenting and costimulatory receptors, pattern recognition receptors, complement and Fc receptors, as well as cytokine/chemokine receptors. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 1 and 2 were also shown to be involved in mediating the M. obuense-induced upregulation of selected surface receptors on monocytes. Whole blood stimulation with M. vaccae or M. obuense resulted in a significant increase in the secretion of a specific set of cytokines and chemokines. Both mycobacterial preparations induced strong antigen-specific proliferative responses in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Collectively, our data shows that M. vaccae and M. obuense have the potential to act as potent immunomodulators. Future research based on these findings may reveal novel immune pathways induced by these preparations with potential implication for their use in diverse immunotherapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samer Bazzi
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey KT1 2EE, United Kingdom; Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of Balamand, 33 Amioun, Al Kurah, Lebanon.
| | - Helmout Modjtahedi
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey KT1 2EE, United Kingdom.
| | - Satvinder Mudan
- Division of Clinical Sciences, St George's, University of London, London SW170RE, United Kingdom; Department of Academic Surgery, Royal Marsden Hospital, London SW3 6JJ, United Kingdom.
| | - Charles Akle
- The London Clinic, London W1G 6JA, United Kingdom.
| | - Georges M Bahr
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of Balamand, 33 Amioun, Al Kurah, Lebanon.
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74
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Viswanathan G, Jafurulla M, Kumar GA, Raghunand TR, Chattopadhyay A. Dissecting the membrane cholesterol requirement for mycobacterial entry into host cells. Chem Phys Lipids 2015; 189:19-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Tiwari B, Ramakrishnan UM, Raghunand TR. The Mycobacterium tuberculosis protein pair PE9 (Rv1088)-PE10 (Rv1089) forms heterodimers and induces macrophage apoptosis through Toll-like receptor 4. Cell Microbiol 2015; 17:1653-69. [PMID: 26031846 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated interactions of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) with macrophages are major determinant in the outcome of innate immune defence and subsequent adaptive immune responses. Here we report a novel interaction of the M. tb protein pair PE9 (Rv1088)-PE10 (Rv1089) with the macrophage TLR4 leading to apoptosis and modulation of cytokine levels. We demonstrate that the two proteins physically interact, and that PE9 is required for the cell wall localization of PE10 in Mycobacterium smegmatis. Interaction of the PE9-PE10 complex with TLR4 in THP-1 macrophages was associated with increased levels of phospho-IRF-3, which correlated with an increase in transcript levels of its target gene interferon-β. THP-1 macrophages treated with PE9-PE10 complex showed multiple hallmarks of apoptosis and modulation of interleukin (IL)-1b and IL-10 levels. All of these effects were abrogated when cells were treated either with an antibody to PE10 or an anti-TLR4 antibody, indicating that the complex specifically interacts with TLR4 through PE10, establishing this protein pair as a TLR4 ligand. This novel observation of two proline-glutamate (PE) proteins forming functional heterodimers represents a considerable expansion of the PE_PPE repertoire in the context of receptor engagement and the concomitant modulation of host responses by this unique class of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavana Tiwari
- CSIR - Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
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76
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Secretory Products of Trichinella spiralis Muscle Larvae and Immunomodulation: Implication for Autoimmune Diseases, Allergies, and Malignancies. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:523875. [PMID: 26114122 PMCID: PMC4465845 DOI: 10.1155/2015/523875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichinella spiralis has the unique ability to make itself "at home" by creating and hiding in a new type of cell in the host body that is the nurse cell. From this immunologically privileged place, the parasite orchestrates a long-lasting molecular cross talk with the host through muscle larvae excretory-secretory products (ES L1). Those products can successfully modulate parasite-specific immune responses as well as responses to unrelated antigens (either self or nonself in origin), providing an anti-inflammatory milieu and maintaining homeostasis. It is clear, based on the findings from animal model studies, that T. spiralis and its products induce an immunomodulatory network (which encompasses Th2- and Treg-type responses) that may allow the host to deal with various hyperimmune-associated disorders as well as tumor growth, although the latter still remains unclear. This review focuses on studies of the molecules released by T. spiralis, their interaction with pattern recognition receptors on antigen presenting cells, and subsequently provoked responses. This paper also addresses the immunomodulatory properties of ES L1 molecules and how the induced immunomodulation influences the course of different experimental inflammatory and malignant diseases.
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Miyake Y, Oh-hora M, Yamasaki S. C-Type Lectin Receptor MCL Facilitates Mincle Expression and Signaling through Complex Formation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:5366-74. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Casey ME, Meade KG, Nalpas NC, Taraktsoglou M, Browne JA, Killick KE, Park SDE, Gormley E, Hokamp K, Magee DA, MacHugh DE. Analysis of the Bovine Monocyte-Derived Macrophage Response to Mycobacterium avium Subspecies Paratuberculosis Infection Using RNA-seq. Front Immunol 2015; 6:23. [PMID: 25699042 PMCID: PMC4316787 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Johne's disease, caused by infection with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, (MAP), is a chronic intestinal disease of ruminants with serious economic consequences for cattle production in the United States and elsewhere. During infection, MAP bacilli are phagocytosed and subvert host macrophage processes, resulting in subclinical infections that can lead to immunopathology and dissemination of disease. Analysis of the host macrophage transcriptome during infection can therefore shed light on the molecular mechanisms and host-pathogen interplay associated with Johne's disease. Here, we describe results of an in vitro study of the bovine monocyte-derived macrophage (MDM) transcriptome response during MAP infection using RNA-seq. MDM were obtained from seven age- and sex-matched Holstein-Friesian cattle and were infected with MAP across a 6-h infection time course with non-infected controls. We observed 245 and 574 differentially expressed (DE) genes in MAP-infected versus non-infected control samples (adjusted P value ≤0.05) at 2 and 6 h post-infection, respectively. Functional analyses of these DE genes, including biological pathway enrichment, highlighted potential functional roles for genes that have not been previously described in the host response to infection with MAP bacilli. In addition, differential expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine genes, such as those associated with the IL-10 signaling pathway, and other immune-related genes that encode proteins involved in the bovine macrophage response to MAP infection emphasize the balance between protective host immunity and bacilli survival and proliferation. Systematic comparisons of RNA-seq gene expression results with Affymetrix(®) microarray data generated from the same experimental samples also demonstrated that RNA-seq represents a superior technology for studying host transcriptional responses to intracellular infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maura E Casey
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland ; Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc , Dunsany , Ireland
| | - Kieran G Meade
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc , Dunsany , Ireland
| | - Nicolas C Nalpas
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | | | - John A Browne
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Kate E Killick
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland ; Systems Biology Ireland, UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Stephen D E Park
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Eamonn Gormley
- Tuberculosis Diagnostics and Immunology Research Centre, UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Karsten Hokamp
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - David A Magee
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - David E MacHugh
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland ; UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
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Saiga H, Nieuwenhuizen N, Gengenbacher M, Koehler AB, Schuerer S, Moura-Alves P, Wagner I, Mollenkopf HJ, Dorhoi A, Kaufmann SHE. The Recombinant BCG ΔureC::hly Vaccine Targets the AIM2 Inflammasome to Induce Autophagy and Inflammation. J Infect Dis 2014; 211:1831-41. [PMID: 25505299 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recombinant BCG ΔureC::hly (rBCG) vaccine candidate induces improved protection against tuberculosis over parental BCG (pBCG) in preclinical studies and has successfully completed a phase 2a clinical trial. However, the mechanisms responsible for the superior vaccine efficacy of rBCG are still incompletely understood. Here, we investigated the underlying biological mechanisms elicited by the rBCG vaccine candidate relevant to its protective efficacy. METHODS THP-1 macrophages were infected with pBCG or rBCG, and inflammasome activation and autophagy were evaluated. In addition, mice were vaccinated with pBCG or rBCG, and gene expression in the draining lymph nodes was analyzed by microarray at day 1 after vaccination. RESULTS BCG-derived DNA was detected in the cytosol of rBCG-infected macrophages. rBCG infection was associated with enhanced absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) inflammasome activation, increased activation of caspases and production of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18, as well as induction of AIM2-dependent and stimulator of interferon genes (STING)-dependent autophagy. Similarly, mice vaccinated with rBCG showed early increased expression of Il-1β, Il-18, and Tmem173 (transmembrane protein 173; also known as STING). CONCLUSIONS rBCG stimulates AIM2 inflammasome activation and autophagy, suggesting that these cell-autonomous functions should be exploited for improved vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ina Wagner
- Core Facility Microarray, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
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Rue-Albrecht K, Magee DA, Killick KE, Nalpas NC, Gordon SV, MacHugh DE. Comparative functional genomics and the bovine macrophage response to strains of the mycobacterium genus. Front Immunol 2014; 5:536. [PMID: 25414700 PMCID: PMC4220711 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterial infections are major causes of morbidity and mortality in cattle and are also potential zoonotic agents with implications for human health. Despite the implementation of comprehensive animal surveillance programs, many mycobacterial diseases have remained recalcitrant to eradication in several industrialized countries. Two major mycobacterial pathogens of cattle are Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), the causative agents of bovine tuberculosis (BTB) and Johne's disease (JD), respectively. BTB is a chronic, granulomatous disease of the respiratory tract that is spread via aerosol transmission, while JD is a chronic granulomatous disease of the intestines that is transmitted via the fecal-oral route. Although these diseases exhibit differential tissue tropism and distinct complex etiologies, both M. bovis and MAP infect, reside, and replicate in host macrophages - the key host innate immune cell that encounters mycobacterial pathogens after initial exposure and mediates the subsequent immune response. The persistence of M. bovis and MAP in macrophages relies on a diverse series of immunomodulatory mechanisms, including the inhibition of phagosome maturation and apoptosis, generation of cytokine-induced necrosis enabling dissemination of infection through the host, local pathology, and ultimately shedding of the pathogen. Here, we review the bovine macrophage response to infection with M. bovis and MAP. In particular, we describe how recent advances in functional genomics are shedding light on the host macrophage-pathogen interactions that underlie different mycobacterial diseases. To illustrate this, we present new analyses of previously published bovine macrophage transcriptomics data following in vitro infection with virulent M. bovis, the attenuated vaccine strain M. bovis BCG, and MAP, and discuss our findings with respect to the differing etiologies of BTB and JD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kévin Rue-Albrecht
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David A. Magee
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kate E. Killick
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Systems Biology Ireland, UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nicolas C. Nalpas
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stephen V. Gordon
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David E. MacHugh
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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81
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Innate cytokine profiling of bovine alveolar macrophages reveals commonalities and divergence in the response to Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2014; 94:441-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Xu G, Wang J, Gao GF, Liu CH. Insights into battles between Mycobacterium tuberculosis and macrophages. Protein Cell 2014; 5:728-36. [PMID: 24938416 PMCID: PMC4180456 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-014-0077-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
As the first line of immune defense for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), macrophages also provide a major habitat for Mtb to reside in the host for years. The battles between Mtb and macrophages have been constant since ancient times. Triggered upon Mtb infection, multiple cellular pathways in macrophages are activated to initiate a tailored immune response toward the invading pathogen and regulate the cellular fates of the host as well. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) expressed on macrophages can recognize pathogen-associated-molecular patterns (PAMPs) on Mtb and mediate the production of immune-regulatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and type I Interferons (IFNs). In addition, Vitamin D receptor (VDR) and Vitamin D-1-hydroxylase are up-regulated in Mtb-infected macrophages, by which Vitamin D participates in innate immune responses. The signaling pathways that involve TNF, type I IFNs and Vitamin D are inter-connected, which play critical roles in the regulation of necroptosis, apoptosis, and autophagy of the infected macrophages. This review article summarizes current knowledge about the interactions between Mtb and macrophages, focusing on cellular fates of the Mtb-infected macrophages and the regulatory molecules and cellular pathways involved in those processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghua Xu
- CAS key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
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Berod L, Stüve P, Swallow M, Arnold-Schrauf C, Kruse F, Gentilini MV, Freitag J, Holzmann B, Sparwasser T. MyD88 signalling in myeloid cells is sufficient to prevent chronic mycobacterial infection. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:1399-409. [PMID: 24435955 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201344039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that is responsible for almost 1.5 million deaths per year. Sensing of mycobacteria by the host's immune system relies on different families of receptors present on innate immune cells. Amongst them, several members of the TLR family are involved in the activation of immune cells by mycobacteria, yet the in vivo contribution of individual TLRs to the protective immune response remains controversial. On the contrary, MyD88, the adaptor molecule for most TLRs, plays a non-redundant role in the protection against tuberculosis and mice with a complete germline deletion of MyD88 succumb very early to infection. MyD88 is expressed in both immune and non-immune cells, but it is not clear whether control of mycobacteria requires ubiquitous or cell-type specific MyD88 expression. Therefore, using novel conditional switch-on mouse models, we aimed to investigate the importance of MyD88 signalling in DCs and macrophages for the induction of protective effector mechanisms against mycobacterial infection. We conclude that specific reactivation of MyD88 signalling in CD11c- or lysozyme M-expressing myeloid cells during Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette-Guerin infection is sufficient to restore systemic and local inflammatory cytokine production and to control pathogen burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Berod
- Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture between the Medical School Hanover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hanover, Germany
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