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Zhang H, Zhang P, Liu Y, Lv P, Wang Y, Chen Y. In vitro study of the effect of small interfering ribonucleic acid on the expression of FOXN1 and B cell-attracting chemokine 1 in thymoma cell lines. Thorac Cancer 2015; 6:172-9. [PMID: 26273355 PMCID: PMC4448481 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.12160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To determine the relationship between FOXN1 (a transcription factor) and B cell-attracting chemokine 1 (BCA1, a chemotactic factor), and their influence on thymoma cell proliferation. METHODS We initially used immunohistochemical methods to compare the expression levels of FOXN1 and BCA1 in thymoma and non-thymomatous tissue samples. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blotting were used to compare the expression of FOXN1 and BCA1 in thymoma cells (Thy0517) and normal thymic epithelial cells (CRL7660). We used ribonucleic acid interference (RNAi) to downregulate FOXN1 and BCA1 expression in Thy0517 cells to determine the relationship of the two factors with cell regulation. We also performed methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) [3-(4,5)-dimethylthiahiazo(-z-y1)-3,5-di-phenytetrazoliumromide] assays to detect the changes in Thy0517 cells after RNAi of FOXN1 and BCA1. RESULTS FOXN1 and BCA1 expression levels were higher in thymoma tissues and Thy0517 cells compared to non-thymomatous tissue and CRL7660 cells (P < 0.05). RT-PCR and Western blot following RNAi showed that FOXN1 controlled BCA1 expression. MTT assay showed that FOXN1 and BCA1 downregulation rapidly inhibited Thy0517 cell proliferation. CONCLUSIONS FOXN1 and BCA1 expression was higher in thymoma tissue samples and cell lines than in non-thymomatous tissue and normal thymic epithelial cells. FOXN1 acts upstream of BCA1 and both FOXN1 and BCA1 promote thymoma cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Department of Cardiac and Thoracic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Affiliated General Hospital Tianjin, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Cardiac and Thoracic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Affiliated General Hospital Tianjin, China
| | - Yimei Liu
- Department of Cardiac and Thoracic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Affiliated General Hospital Tianjin, China
| | - Peng Lv
- Department of Cardiac and Thoracic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Affiliated General Hospital Tianjin, China
| | - Yuanguo Wang
- Department of Cardiac and Thoracic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Affiliated General Hospital Tianjin, China
| | - Yuan Chen
- Department of Cardiac and Thoracic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Affiliated General Hospital Tianjin, China
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Klimatcheva E, Pandina T, Reilly C, Torno S, Bussler H, Scrivens M, Jonason A, Mallow C, Doherty M, Paris M, Smith ES, Zauderer M. CXCL13 antibody for the treatment of autoimmune disorders. BMC Immunol 2015; 16:6. [PMID: 25879435 PMCID: PMC4329654 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-015-0068-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Homeostatic B Cell-Attracting chemokine 1 (BCA-1) otherwise known as CXCL13 is constitutively expressed in secondary lymphoid organs by follicular dendritic cells (FDC) and macrophages. It is the only known ligand for the CXCR5 receptor, which is expressed on mature B cells, follicular helper T cells (Tfh), Th17 cells and regulatory T (Treg) cells. Aberrant expression of CXCL13 within ectopic germinal centers has been linked to the development of autoimmune disorders (e.g. Rheumatoid Arthritis, Multiple Sclerosis, Systemic Lupus Erythematosis). We, therefore, hypothesized that antibody-mediated disruption of the CXCL13 signaling pathway would interfere with the formation of ectopic lymphoid follicles in the target organs and inhibit autoimmune disease progression. This work describes pre-clinical development of human anti-CXCL13 antibody MAb 5261 and includes therapeutic efficacy data of its mouse counterpart in murine models of autoimmunity. RESULTS We developed a human IgG1 monoclonal antibody, MAb 5261 that specifically binds to human, rodent and primate CXCL13 with an affinity of approximately 5 nM and is capable of neutralizing the activity of CXCL13 from these various species in in vitro functional assays. For in vivo studies we have engineered a chimeric antibody to contain the same human heavy and light chain variable genes along with mouse constant regions. Treatment with this antibody led to a reduction in the number of germinal centers in mice immunized with 4-Hydroxy-3-nitrophenylacetyl hapten conjugated to Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin (NP-KLH) and, in adoptive transfer studies, interfered with the trafficking of B cells to the B cell areas of mouse spleen. Furthermore, this mouse anti-CXCL13 antibody demonstrated efficacy in a mouse model of Rheumatoid arthritis (Collagen-Induced Arthritis (CIA)) and Th17-mediated murine model of Multiple Sclerosis (passively-induced Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE)). CONCLUSIONS We developed a novel therapeutic antibody targeting CXCL13-mediated signaling pathway for the treatment of autoimmune disorders.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Blocking/administration & dosage
- Arthritis, Experimental/immunology
- Arthritis, Experimental/therapy
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/therapy
- B-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokine CXCL13/immunology
- Chemokine CXCL13/metabolism
- Dendritic Cells, Follicular/drug effects
- Dendritic Cells, Follicular/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/therapy
- Female
- Genetic Engineering
- Germinal Center/drug effects
- Hemocyanins/chemistry
- Hemocyanins/immunology
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin G/administration & dosage
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Macrophages/drug effects
- Macrophages/immunology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Multiple Sclerosis/immunology
- Multiple Sclerosis/therapy
- Nitrophenols/chemistry
- Nitrophenols/immunology
- Phenylacetates/chemistry
- Phenylacetates/immunology
- Receptors, CXCR5/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/administration & dosage
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Th17 Cells/drug effects
- Th17 Cells/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tracy Pandina
- Vaccinex, Inc, 1895 Mt. Hope Avenue, Rochester, NY, 14620, USA.
| | | | - Sebold Torno
- Vaccinex, Inc, 1895 Mt. Hope Avenue, Rochester, NY, 14620, USA.
| | - Holm Bussler
- Vaccinex, Inc, 1895 Mt. Hope Avenue, Rochester, NY, 14620, USA.
| | - Maria Scrivens
- Vaccinex, Inc, 1895 Mt. Hope Avenue, Rochester, NY, 14620, USA.
| | - Alan Jonason
- Vaccinex, Inc, 1895 Mt. Hope Avenue, Rochester, NY, 14620, USA.
| | - Crystal Mallow
- Vaccinex, Inc, 1895 Mt. Hope Avenue, Rochester, NY, 14620, USA.
| | - Michael Doherty
- Vaccinex, Inc, 1895 Mt. Hope Avenue, Rochester, NY, 14620, USA.
| | - Mark Paris
- Vaccinex, Inc, 1895 Mt. Hope Avenue, Rochester, NY, 14620, USA.
| | - Ernest S Smith
- Vaccinex, Inc, 1895 Mt. Hope Avenue, Rochester, NY, 14620, USA.
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Haugen M, Frederiksen JL, Degn M. B cell follicle-like structures in multiple sclerosis—With focus on the role of B cell activating factor. J Neuroimmunol 2014; 273:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Karnell JL, Mahmoud TI, Herbst R, Ettinger R. Discerning the kinetics of autoimmune manifestations in a model of Sjögren's syndrome. Mol Immunol 2014; 62:277-82. [PMID: 24907930 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Ectopic follicles are non-encapsulated organized lymphoid structures that form at sites of inflammation and presumably contribute to the activation and differentiation of cells with autoreactive potential within target tissues. As such, directed targeting of ectopic follicles in settings of autoimmunity may provide a means to specifically inhibit the activation of autoreactive cells without impairing protective immune responses ongoing in peripheral lymphoid tissues. NOD·H2h4 mice are a non-diabetic strain of NOD mice which develop a Sjögren's syndrome-like disease which includes the formation of ectopic follicles in the salivary gland and characteristic Sjögren's autoantibodies. The goal of these studies was to better characterize the formation of ectopic follicles in this model and to explore their contribution to autoimmunity. Our studies show that by 8 weeks of age, young NOD·H2h4 mice spontaneously develop an abundance of splenic germinal centers, prior to the emergence of lymphocyte infiltration in the salivary gland tissue. Ectopic follicle formation in the salivary gland begins to appear in these mice between 12 and 16 weeks of age. Interestingly, anti-Ro and anti-La autoantibodies precede the development of ectopic follicles in young NOD·H2h4 mice. In contrast, production of anti-dsDNA antibodies is delayed and largely coincides with the formation of ectopic follicles in these mice. These data suggest that tertiary lymphoid structures may arise from the trafficking of activated T and B cells to sites of inflammation in non-lymphoid tissues. Furthermore, local presentation of autoantigens may then promote the expansion of autoreactive cells with specificities distinct from those generated in the splenic micro-environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi L Karnell
- MedImmune, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, United States
| | - Tamer I Mahmoud
- MedImmune, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, United States
| | - Ronald Herbst
- MedImmune, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, United States
| | - Rachel Ettinger
- MedImmune, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, United States.
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Abstract
Adequate salivary secretion is crucial to both oral and general health, since it provides a complex milieu for support of the microbial populations of the mouth, while at the same time containing antimicrobial products that help control these microbial populations. This paper summarizes several aspects of salivary component function, gland secretion mechanisms, and immunopathogenesis as related to oral health and disease. Salivary components mediate microbial attachment to oral surfaces, and also interact with planktonic microbial surfaces to facilitate agglutination and elimination of pathogens from the oral cavity. Adhesive interactions are often mediated by lectin-like bacterial proteins that bind to glycan motifs on salivary glycoproteins. An important salivary antimicrobial protein is histatin 5 (Hst 5), which shows potent and selective antifungal activity and also susceptibility to proteolytic degradation. Coupling of Hst 5 with the carrier molecule spermidine significantly enhanced killing of C. albicans and resistance to proteolytic degradation, compared with the parent peptide. Loss of salivary secretion may be caused by disorders such as Sjögren's syndrome (SS) or ectodermal dysplasia, or may be a side-effect of radiation therapy. Two new approaches to the treatment of salivary gland dysfunction include the use of resolvins and the creation of differentiated acinar structures to construct an artificial salivary gland. B-cells contribute to the pathogenesis of SS by releasing cytokines and autoantibodies and by influencing T-cell differentiation. CXCL13, a potent B-cell chemokine associated with autoimmune diseases, is elevated locally and systemically in SS and may represent a novel biomarker or therapeutic target in the management and treatment of SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- O.J. Baker
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental
Medicine, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214-309
USA
| | - M. Edgerton
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental
Medicine, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214-309
USA
| | - J.M. Kramer
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental
Medicine, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214-309
USA
| | - S. Ruhl
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental
Medicine, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214-309
USA
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Jones JD, Hamilton BJ, Challener GJ, de Brum-Fernandes AJ, Cossette P, Liang P, Masetto A, Ménard HA, Carrier N, Boyle DL, Rosengren S, Boire G, Rigby WFC. Serum C-X-C motif chemokine 13 is elevated in early and established rheumatoid arthritis and correlates with rheumatoid factor levels. Arthritis Res Ther 2014; 16:R103. [PMID: 24766912 PMCID: PMC4060390 DOI: 10.1186/ar4552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction We hypothesized that serum levels of C-X-C motif chemokine 13 (CXCL13), a B-cell chemokine, would delineate a subset of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients characterized by increased humoral immunity. Methods Serum from patients with established RA (the Dartmouth RA Cohort) was analyzed for CXCL13, rheumatoid factor (RF) levels, anticitrullinated peptide/protein antibody (ACPA) and total immunoglobulin G (IgG); other parameters were obtained by chart review. A confirmatory analysis was performed using samples from the Sherbrooke Early Undifferentiated PolyArthritis (EUPA) Cohort. The Wilcoxon rank-sum test, a t-test and Spearman’s correlation analysis were utilized to determine relationships between variables. Results In both the Dartmouth and Sherbrooke cohorts, CXCL13 levels were selectively increased in seropositive relative to seronegative RA patients (P = 0.0002 and P < 0.0001 for the respective cohorts), with a strong correlation to both immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgA RF levels (P < 0.0001). There was a weaker relationship to ACPA titers (P = 0.03 and P = 0.006, respectively) and total IgG (P = 0.02 and P = 0.14, respectively). No relationship was seen with regard to age, sex, shared epitope status or inclusion high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) in either cohort or regarding the presence of baseline erosions in the Sherbrooke Cohort, whereas a modest relationship with Disease Activity Score in 28 joints CRP (DAS28-CRP) was seen in the Dartmouth cohort but not the Sherbrooke cohort. Conclusion Using both established and early RA cohorts, marked elevations of serum CXCL13 levels resided nearly completely within the seropositive population. CXCL13 levels exhibited a strong relationship with RF, whereas the association with clinical parameters (age, sex, DAS28-CRP and erosions) or other serologic markers (ACPA and IgG) was either much weaker or absent. Elevated serum CXCL13 levels may identify a subset of seropositive RA patients whose disease is shaped by or responsive to RF production.
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Bugatti S, Manzo A, Vitolo B, Benaglio F, Binda E, Scarabelli M, Humby F, Caporali R, Pitzalis C, Montecucco C. High expression levels of the B cell chemoattractant CXCL13 in rheumatoid synovium are a marker of severe disease. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2014; 53:1886-95. [PMID: 24764267 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keu163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The B cell chemoattractant chemokine ligand 13 (CXCL13) is emerging as a new biochemical marker in RA. This study was undertaken to dissect the relationship between CXCL13 expression levels in the synovium and clinico-pathological variables relevant to RA pathogenesis and outcome. METHODS Synovial tissues from 71 RA patients were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Thirty paired samples were used for comparative gene expression analysis by quantitative real-time PCR. CXCL13 levels were analysed in relation to cellular, molecular and clinical features of inflammation, lymphocyte activation and joint damage. RESULTS In patients with early disease (<12 months duration), CXCL13 expression correlated significantly with synovial markers of local disease activity and systemic inflammation. Such correlation was less evident in established RA. Notably, the association with lymphocyte infiltration and with expression of B/T cell-related activation and proliferation genes, such as activation-induced cytidine deaminase, IFN-γ and IL-2, remained highly significant independent of disease duration and local disease activity. Patients featuring the highest levels of CXCL13 were more frequently ACPA positive and IgG ACPA titres were increased in the high CXCL13 expression group. Furthermore, the frequency of erosive disease on radiographs was significantly higher in the upper tertile of CXCL13 expression (P = 0.01 with adjustment for disease duration and ACPA). Accordingly, synovial CXCL13 and the local receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL)/osteoprotegerin (OPG) ratio significantly co-varied (ρ = 0.52, P < 0.01), independent of the level of local inflammation. CONCLUSION Synovial CXCL13 appears to be a marker of a more severe pattern of RA disease, characterized by increased lymphocyte activation and bone remodelling beyond the level of conventional markers of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Bugatti
- Rheumatology and Translational Immunology Research Laboratories (LaRIT), Division of Rheumatology, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation/University of Pavia, Italy and Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, John Vane Science Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
| | - Antonio Manzo
- Rheumatology and Translational Immunology Research Laboratories (LaRIT), Division of Rheumatology, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation/University of Pavia, Italy and Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, John Vane Science Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK.
| | - Barbara Vitolo
- Rheumatology and Translational Immunology Research Laboratories (LaRIT), Division of Rheumatology, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation/University of Pavia, Italy and Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, John Vane Science Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
| | - Francesca Benaglio
- Rheumatology and Translational Immunology Research Laboratories (LaRIT), Division of Rheumatology, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation/University of Pavia, Italy and Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, John Vane Science Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
| | - Elisa Binda
- Rheumatology and Translational Immunology Research Laboratories (LaRIT), Division of Rheumatology, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation/University of Pavia, Italy and Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, John Vane Science Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
| | - Martina Scarabelli
- Rheumatology and Translational Immunology Research Laboratories (LaRIT), Division of Rheumatology, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation/University of Pavia, Italy and Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, John Vane Science Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
| | - Frances Humby
- Rheumatology and Translational Immunology Research Laboratories (LaRIT), Division of Rheumatology, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation/University of Pavia, Italy and Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, John Vane Science Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
| | - Roberto Caporali
- Rheumatology and Translational Immunology Research Laboratories (LaRIT), Division of Rheumatology, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation/University of Pavia, Italy and Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, John Vane Science Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
| | - Costantino Pitzalis
- Rheumatology and Translational Immunology Research Laboratories (LaRIT), Division of Rheumatology, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation/University of Pavia, Italy and Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, John Vane Science Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
| | - Carlomaurizio Montecucco
- Rheumatology and Translational Immunology Research Laboratories (LaRIT), Division of Rheumatology, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation/University of Pavia, Italy and Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, John Vane Science Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
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Abstract
Chemokines are low-molecular-weight, secreted proteins that act as leukocyte-specific chemoattractants. The chemokine family has more than 40 members. Based on the position of two conserved cysteines in the N-terminal domain, chemokines can be divided into the CXC, C, CC, and CX3C subfamilies. The interaction of chemokines with their receptors mediates signaling pathways that play critical roles in cell migration, differentiation, and proliferation. The receptors for chemokines are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), and thus far, seven CXC receptors have been cloned and are designated CXCR1-7. Constitutively active GPCRs are present in several human immune-mediated diseases and in tumors, and they have provided valuable information in understanding the molecular mechanism of GPCR activation. Several constitutively active CXC chemokine receptors include the V6.40A and V6.40N mutants of CXCR1; the D3.49V variant of CXCR2; the N3.35A, N3.35S, and T2.56P mutants of CXCR3; the N3.35 mutation of CXCR4; and the naturally occurring KSHV-GPCR. Here, we review the regulation of CXC chemokine receptor signaling, with a particular focus on the constitutive activation of these receptors and the implications in physiological conditions and in pathogenesis. Understanding the mechanisms behind the constitutive activation of CXC chemokine receptors may aid in pharmaceutical design and the screening of inverse agonists and allosteric modulators for the treatment of autoimmune diseases and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinbing Han
- Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Baan CC, de Graav GN, Boer K. T Follicular Helper Cells in Transplantation: The Target to Attenuate Antibody-Mediated Allogeneic Responses? CURRENT TRANSPLANTATION REPORTS 2014; 1:166-172. [PMID: 25927019 PMCID: PMC4405228 DOI: 10.1007/s40472-014-0019-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-mediated, humoral rejection has been recognized as a common cause of transplant dysfunction and is responsible for 30-50 % of failed allografts. The production of antibody is dependent on instructions from memory CD4+ T helper cells that interact with antigen-specific B cells. Recently, a specialized T-cell subset has been identified-T follicular helper (Tfh) cells-which support activated B cells via interleukin (IL)-21 after binding to the IL-21 receptor expressed by these B cells. Therefore, neutralizing the IL-21 pathway will selectively inhibit the allogeneic IL-21-driven Tfh- and B-cell functions. However, little is known of the role of Tfh cells in alloreactivity. In this review, we debate the role of Tfh cells in B-cell-mediated allogeneic responses by discussing their mechanisms of actions. In addition, we speculate about the use of agents that intervene in Tfh-B-cell interaction and consequently prevent or treat antibody-mediated rejection in patients after transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla C. Baan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, Room Nc508, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gretchen N. de Graav
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, Room Nc508, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Karin Boer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, Room Nc508, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Kain MJW, Owens BMJ. Stromal cell regulation of homeostatic and inflammatory lymphoid organogenesis. Immunology 2013; 140:12-21. [PMID: 23621403 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 04/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Secondary lymphoid organs function to increase the efficiency of interactions between rare, antigen-specific lymphocytes and antigen presenting cells, concentrating antigen and lymphocytes in a supportive environment that facilitates the initiation of an adaptive immune response. Homeostatic lymphoid tissue organogenesis proceeds via exquisitely controlled spatiotemporal interactions between haematopoietic lymphoid tissue inducer populations and multiple subsets of non-haematopoietic stromal cells. However, it is becoming clear that in a range of inflammatory contexts, ectopic or tertiary lymphoid tissues can develop inappropriately under pathological stress. Here we summarize the role of stromal cells in the development of homeostatic lymphoid tissue, and assess emerging evidence that suggests a critical role for stromal involvement in the tertiary lymphoid tissue development associated with chronic infections and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J W Kain
- University of Oxford Medical School, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
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Quantitative Analysis of Target Coverage and Germinal Center Response by a CXCL13 Neutralizing Antibody in a T-Dependent Mouse Immunization Model. Pharm Res 2013; 31:635-48. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-1185-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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