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Bitzenhofer SH, Pöpplau JA, Hanganu-Opatz I. Gamma activity accelerates during prefrontal development. eLife 2020; 9:e56795. [PMID: 33206597 PMCID: PMC7673781 DOI: 10.7554/elife.56795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamma oscillations are a prominent activity pattern in the cerebral cortex. While gamma rhythms have been extensively studied in the adult prefrontal cortex in the context of cognitive (dys)functions, little is known about their development. We addressed this issue by using extracellular recordings and optogenetic stimulations in mice across postnatal development. We show that fast rhythmic activity in the prefrontal cortex becomes prominent during the second postnatal week. While initially at about 15 Hz, fast oscillatory activity progressively accelerates with age and stabilizes within gamma frequency range (30-80 Hz) during the fourth postnatal week. Activation of layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons drives fast oscillations throughout development, yet the acceleration of their frequency follows similar temporal dynamics as the maturation of fast-spiking interneurons. These findings uncover the development of prefrontal gamma activity and provide a framework to examine the origin of abnormal gamma activity in neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian H Bitzenhofer
- Institute of Developmental Neurophysiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | - Jastyn A Pöpplau
- Institute of Developmental Neurophysiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | - Ileana Hanganu-Opatz
- Institute of Developmental Neurophysiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-EppendorfHamburgGermany
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52
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Chauvière L, Singer W. Neurofeedback Training of Gamma Oscillations in Monkey Primary Visual Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:4785-4802. [PMID: 30796824 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, neurofeedback (NFB) training has been used extensively and successfully to manipulate brain activity. Feedback signals were derived from EEG, fMRI, MEG, and intracranial recordings and modifications were obtained of the BOLD signal, of the power of oscillatory activity in distinct frequency bands and of single unit activity. The purpose of the present study was to examine whether neuronal activity could also be controlled by NFB in early sensory cortices whose activity is thought to be influenced mainly by sensory input rather than volitional control. We trained 2 macaque monkeys to enhance narrow band gamma oscillations in the primary visual cortex by providing them with an acoustic signal that reflected the power of gamma oscillations in a preselected band and rewarding increases of the feedback signal. Oscillations were assessed from local field potentials recorded with chronically implanted microelectrodes. Both monkeys succeeded to raise gamma activity in the absence of visual stimulation in the selected frequency band and at the site from which the NFB signal was derived. This suggests that top-down signals are not confined to just modulate stimulus induced responses but can actually drive or facilitate the gamma generating microcircuits even in a primary sensory area.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Chauvière
- Ernst Struengmann Institute for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, Deutschordenstrasse 46, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - W Singer
- Ernst Struengmann Institute for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, Deutschordenstrasse 46, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
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53
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Tal I, Neymotin S, Bickel S, Lakatos P, Schroeder CE. Oscillatory Bursting as a Mechanism for Temporal Coupling and Information Coding. Front Comput Neurosci 2020; 14:82. [PMID: 33071765 PMCID: PMC7533591 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2020.00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Even the simplest cognitive processes involve interactions between cortical regions. To study these processes, we usually rely on averaging across several repetitions of a task or across long segments of data to reach a statistically valid conclusion. Neuronal oscillations reflect synchronized excitability fluctuations in ensembles of neurons and can be observed in electrophysiological recordings in the presence or absence of an external stimulus. Oscillatory brain activity has been viewed as sustained increase in power at specific frequency bands. However, this perspective has been challenged in recent years by the notion that oscillations may occur as transient burst-like events that occur in individual trials and may only appear as sustained activity when multiple trials are averaged together. In this review, we examine the idea that oscillatory activity can manifest as a transient burst as well as a sustained increase in power. We discuss the technical challenges involved in the detection and characterization of transient events at the single trial level, the mechanisms that might generate them and the features that can be extracted from these events to study single-trial dynamics of neuronal ensemble activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idan Tal
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.,Translational Neuroscience Division, Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, New York, NY, United States
| | - Samuel Neymotin
- Translational Neuroscience Division, Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, New York, NY, United States
| | - Stephan Bickel
- Translational Neuroscience Division, Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, New York, NY, United States.,Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, New York, NY, United States.,Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Northwell Health, New York, NY, United States
| | - Peter Lakatos
- Translational Neuroscience Division, Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Charles E Schroeder
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.,Translational Neuroscience Division, Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, New York, NY, United States
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54
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Johnson L, Alekseichuk I, Krieg J, Doyle A, Yu Y, Vitek J, Johnson M, Opitz A. Dose-dependent effects of transcranial alternating current stimulation on spike timing in awake nonhuman primates. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz2747. [PMID: 32917605 PMCID: PMC7467690 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz2747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Weak extracellular electric fields can influence spike timing in neural networks. Approaches to noninvasively impose these fields on the brain have high therapeutic potential in neurology and psychiatry. Transcranial alternating current stimulation (TACS) is hypothesized to affect spike timing and cause neural entrainment. However, the conditions under which these effects occur in vivo are unknown. Here, we recorded single-unit activity in the neocortex in awake nonhuman primates during TACS and found dose-dependent neural entrainment to the stimulation waveform. Cluster analysis of changes in interspike intervals identified two main types of neural responses to TACS-increased burstiness and phase entrainment. Our results uncover key mechanisms of TACS and show that the stimulation affects spike timing in the awake primate brain at intensities feasible in humans. Thus, novel TACS protocols tailored to ongoing brain activity may be a tool to normalize spike timing in maladaptive brain networks and neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Johnson
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Ivan Alekseichuk
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Jordan Krieg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Alex Doyle
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Ying Yu
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Jerrold Vitek
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Matthew Johnson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Alexander Opitz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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55
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Kunii M, Doi H, Hashiguchi S, Matsuishi T, Sakai Y, Iai M, Okubo M, Nakamura H, Takahashi K, Katsumoto A, Tada M, Takeuchi H, Ishikawa T, Miyake N, Saitsu H, Matsumoto N, Tanaka F. De novo CACNA1G variants in developmental delay and early-onset epileptic encephalopathies. J Neurol Sci 2020; 416:117047. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2020.117047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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56
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Ponsel S, Zhang J, Pilz M, Yanovsky Y, Brankačk J, Draguhn A. Alterations of distributed neuronal network oscillations during acute pain in freely-moving mice. IBRO Rep 2020; 9:195-206. [PMID: 32944670 PMCID: PMC7481812 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibror.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Injection of capsaicine in mice causes prolonged acute pain and characteristic changes in neuronal network oscillations. Changes are most prominent in higher-order phenomena like interregional oscillation coherence. Power in standard frequency bands is largely unaltered. Behavioral states related to acute pain can be predicted from network activity by a logistic regression classifier.
The experience of pain involves the activation of multiple brain areas. Pain-specific activity patterns within and between these local networks remain, however, largely unknown. We measured neuronal network oscillations in different relevant regions of the mouse brain during acute pain, induced by subcutaneous injection of capsaicin into the left hind paw. Field potentials were recorded from primary somatosensory cortex, anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), posterior insula, ventral posterolateral thalamic nucleus, parietal cortex, central nucleus of the amygdala and olfactory bulb. Analysis included power spectra of local signals as well as interregional coherences and cross-frequency coupling (CFC). Capsaicin injection caused hypersensitivity to mechanical stimuli for at least one hour. At the same time, CFC between low (1−12 Hz) and fast frequencies (80−120 Hz) was increased in the ACC, as well as interregional coherence of low frequency oscillations (< 30 Hz) between several networks. However, these changes were not significant anymore after multiple comparison corrections. Using a variable selection method (elastic net) and a logistic regression classifier, however, the pain state was reliably predicted by combining parameters of power and coherence from various regions. Distinction between capsaicin and saline injection was also possible when data were restricted to frequencies <30 Hz, as used in clinical electroencephalography (EEG). Our findings indicate that changes of distributed brain oscillations may provide a functional signature of acute pain or pain-related alterations in activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Ponsel
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Jiaojiao Zhang
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Maximilian Pilz
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Informatics, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Yevgenij Yanovsky
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Jurij Brankačk
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Andreas Draguhn
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Germany
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57
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Kreiter AK. Synchrony, flexible network configuration, and linking neural events to behavior. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2020.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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58
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Basal ganglia oscillations as biomarkers for targeting circuit dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2020; 252:525-557. [PMID: 32247374 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Oscillations are a naturally occurring phenomenon in highly interconnected dynamical systems. However, it is thought that excessive synchronized oscillations in brain circuits can be detrimental for many brain functions by disrupting neuronal information processing. Because synchronized basal ganglia oscillations are a hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD), it has been suggested that aberrant rhythmic activity associated with symptoms of the disease could be used as a physiological biomarker to guide pharmacological and electrical neuromodulatory interventions. We here briefly review the various manifestations of basal ganglia oscillations observed in human subjects and in animal models of PD. In this context, we also review the evidence supporting a pathophysiological role of different oscillations for the suppression of voluntary movements as well as for the induction of excessive motor activity. In light of these findings, it is discussed how oscillations could be used to guide a more precise targeting of dysfunctional circuits to obtain improved symptomatic treatment of PD.
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59
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Alekseichuk I, Turi Z, Veit S, Paulus W. Model-driven neuromodulation of the right posterior region promotes encoding of long-term memories. Brain Stimul 2020; 13:474-483. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2019.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Cybulska-Klosowicz A, Tremblay F, Jiang W, Bourgeon S, Meftah EM, Chapman CE. Differential effects of the mode of touch, active and passive, on experience-driven plasticity in the S1 cutaneous digit representation of adult macaque monkeys. J Neurophysiol 2020; 123:1072-1089. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.00014.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study compared the receptive field (RF) properties and firing rates of neurons in the cutaneous hand representation of primary somatosensory cortex (areas 3b, 1, and 2) of 9 awake, adult macaques that were intensively trained in a texture discrimination task using active touch (fingertips scanned over the surfaces using a single voluntary movement), passive touch (surfaces displaced under the immobile fingertips), or both active and passive touch. Two control monkeys received passive exposure to the same textures in the context of a visual discrimination task. Training and recording extended over 1–2 yr per animal. All neurons had a cutaneous receptive field (RF) that included the tips of the stimulated digits (D3 and/or D4). In area 3b, RFs were largest in monkeys trained with active touch, smallest in those trained with passive touch, and intermediate in those trained with both; i.e., the mode of touch differentially modified the cortical representation of the stimulated fingers. The same trends were seen in areas 1 and 2, but the changes were not significant, possibly because a second experience-driven influence was seen in areas 1 and 2, but not in area 3b: smaller RFs with passive exposure to irrelevant tactile inputs compared with recordings from one naive hemisphere. We suggest that added feedback during active touch and higher cortical firing rates were responsible for the larger RFs with behavioral training; this influence was tempered by periods of more restricted sensory feedback during passive touch training in the active + passive monkeys. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We studied experience-dependent sensory cortical plasticity in relation to tactile discrimination of texture using active and/or passive touch. We showed that neuronal receptive fields in primary somatosensory cortex, especially area 3b, are largest in monkeys trained with active touch, smallest in those trained with passive touch, and intermediate in those trained using both modes of touch. Prolonged, irrelevant tactile input had the opposite influence in areas 1 and 2, favoring smaller receptive fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Cybulska-Klosowicz
- Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central, Département de Neurosciences Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - François Tremblay
- Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central, Département de Neurosciences Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wan Jiang
- Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central, Département de Neurosciences Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stéphanie Bourgeon
- Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central, Département de Neurosciences Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - El-Mehdi Meftah
- Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central, Département de Neurosciences Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - C. Elaine Chapman
- Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central, Département de Neurosciences Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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61
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Adaikkan C, Tsai LH. Gamma Entrainment: Impact on Neurocircuits, Glia, and Therapeutic Opportunities. Trends Neurosci 2020; 43:24-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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62
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Mazaheri A, Slagter HA, Thut G, Foxe JJ. Orchestration of brain oscillations: principles and functions. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 48:2385-2388. [PMID: 30276895 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mazaheri
- Centre for Human Brain Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Heleen A Slagter
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gregor Thut
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - John J Foxe
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ernest J. Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
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63
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Onorato I, Neuenschwander S, Hoy J, Lima B, Rocha KS, Broggini AC, Uran C, Spyropoulos G, Klon-Lipok J, Womelsdorf T, Fries P, Niell C, Singer W, Vinck M. A Distinct Class of Bursting Neurons with Strong Gamma Synchronization and Stimulus Selectivity in Monkey V1. Neuron 2019; 105:180-197.e5. [PMID: 31732258 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cortical computation depends on interactions between excitatory and inhibitory neurons. The contributions of distinct neuron types to sensory processing and network synchronization in primate visual cortex remain largely undetermined. We show that in awake monkey V1, there exists a distinct cell type (››30% of neurons) that has narrow-waveform (NW) action potentials and high spontaneous discharge rates and fires in high-frequency bursts. These neurons are more stimulus selective and phase locked to 30- to 80-Hz gamma oscillations than other neuron types. Unlike other neuron types, their gamma-phase locking is highly predictive of orientation tuning. We find evidence for strong rhythmic inhibition in these neurons, suggesting that they interact with interneurons to act as excitatory pacemakers for the V1 gamma rhythm. We did not find a similar class of NW bursting neurons in L2-L4 of mouse V1. Given its properties, this class of NW bursting neurons should be pivotal for the encoding and transmission of stimulus information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Onorato
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, Frankfurt, Germany; International Max Planck Research School for Neural Circuits, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sergio Neuenschwander
- Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt, Germany; Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Jennifer Hoy
- Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Bruss Lima
- Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Katia-Simone Rocha
- Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Ana Clara Broggini
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Cem Uran
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Georgios Spyropoulos
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, Frankfurt, Germany; International Max Planck Research School for Neural Circuits, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Johanna Klon-Lipok
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, Frankfurt, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Pascal Fries
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Cristopher Niell
- Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Wolf Singer
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, Frankfurt, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt, Germany; Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Martin Vinck
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, Frankfurt, Germany.
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de Cheveigné A, Nelken I. Filters: When, Why, and How (Not) to Use Them. Neuron 2019; 102:280-293. [PMID: 30998899 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Filters are commonly used to reduce noise and improve data quality. Filter theory is part of a scientist's training, yet the impact of filters on interpreting data is not always fully appreciated. This paper reviews the issue and explains what a filter is, what problems are to be expected when using them, how to choose the right filter, and how to avoid filtering by using alternative tools. Time-frequency analysis shares some of the same problems that filters have, particularly in the case of wavelet transforms. We recommend reporting filter characteristics with sufficient details, including a plot of the impulse or step response as an inset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain de Cheveigné
- Laboratoire des Systèmes Perceptifs, UMR 8248, CNRS, Paris, France; Département d'Etudes Cognitives, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL, Paris, France; UCL Ear Institute, London, UK.
| | - Israel Nelken
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences and the Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.
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65
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Abstract
Learning is thought to be mediated by activity-dependent modification of neuronal interactions. To avoid maladaptive modifications of synaptic transmission by spurious activity, synaptic plasticity has to be gated. In the case of supervised learning, these gating functions are accomplished by reinforcement through value-assigning systems. Here we show that the dynamic state of local circuits correlates with the occurrence of activity-dependent long-term changes in neuronal response properties. We find that repeated visual stimuli induce long-term changes of orientation preference of neuronal populations in visual cortex if stimuli induce synchronized population responses oscillating at ɣ-frequencies. This suggests that neuronal plasticity is controlled by a hierarchy of gating systems and assigns critical gating functions to resonance properties of local circuits. Use-dependent long-term changes of neuronal response properties must be gated to prevent irrelevant activity from inducing inappropriate modifications. Here we test the hypothesis that local network dynamics contribute to such gating. As synaptic modifications depend on temporal contiguity between presynaptic and postsynaptic activity, we examined the effect of synchronized gamma (ɣ) oscillations on stimulation-dependent modifications of orientation selectivity in adult cat visual cortex. Changes of orientation maps were induced by pairing visual stimulation with electrical activation of the mesencephalic reticular formation. Changes in orientation selectivity were assessed with optical recording of intrinsic signals and multiunit recordings. When conditioning stimuli were associated with strong ɣ-oscillations, orientation domains matching the orientation of the conditioning grating stimulus became more responsive and expanded, because neurons with preferences differing by less than 30° from the orientation of the conditioning grating shifted their orientation preference toward the conditioned orientation. When conditioning stimuli induced no or only weak ɣ-oscillations, responsiveness of neurons driven by the conditioning stimulus decreased. These differential effects depended on the power of oscillations in the low ɣ-band (20 Hz to 48 Hz) and not on differences in discharge rate of cortical neurons, because there was no correlation between the discharge rates during conditioning and the occurrence of changes in orientation preference. Thus, occurrence and polarity of use-dependent long-term changes of cortical response properties appear to depend on the occurrence of ɣ-oscillations during induction and hence on the degree of temporal coherence of the change-inducing network activity.
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66
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Marangio L, Galatolo S, Fronzoni L, Chillemi S, Di Garbo A. Phase-locking patterns in a resonate and fire neural model with periodic drive. Biosystems 2019; 184:103992. [PMID: 31323255 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2019.103992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we studied a resonate and fire relaxation oscillator subject to time dependent modulation to investigate phase-locking phenomena occurring in neurophysiological systems. The neural model (denoted LFHN) was obtained by linearization of the FitzHugh-Nagumo neural model near an hyperbolic fixed point and then by introducing an integrate-and-fire mechanism for spike generation. By employing specific tools to study circle maps, we showed that this system exhibits several phase-locking patterns in the presence of periodic perturbations. Moreover, both the amplitude and frequency of the modulation strongly impact its phase-locking properties. In addition, general conditions for the generation of firing activity were also obtained. In addition, it was shown that for moderate noise levels the phase-locking patterns of the LFHN persist. Moreover, in the presence of noise, the rotation number changes smoothly as the stimulation current increases. Then, the statistical properties of the firing map were investigated too. Lastly, the results obtained with the forced LFHN suggest that such neural model could be used to fit specific experimental data on the firing times of neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Marangio
- Department of Mathematics, University of Pisa, Italy; Femto-ST Institute, Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, France
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67
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Moyal R, Edelman S. Dynamic Computation in Visual Thalamocortical Networks. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 21:E500. [PMID: 33267214 PMCID: PMC7514988 DOI: 10.3390/e21050500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Contemporary neurodynamical frameworks, such as coordination dynamics and winnerless competition, posit that the brain approximates symbolic computation by transitioning between metastable attractive states. This article integrates these accounts with electrophysiological data suggesting that coherent, nested oscillations facilitate information representation and transmission in thalamocortical networks. We review the relationship between criticality, metastability, and representational capacity, outline existing methods for detecting metastable oscillatory patterns in neural time series data, and evaluate plausible spatiotemporal coding schemes based on phase alignment. We then survey the circuitry and the mechanisms underlying the generation of coordinated alpha and gamma rhythms in the primate visual system, with particular emphasis on the pulvinar and its role in biasing visual attention and awareness. To conclude the review, we begin to integrate this perspective with longstanding theories of consciousness and cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Moyal
- Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Tinkhauser G, Shah SA, Fischer P, Peterman K, Debove I, Nygyuen K, Nowacki A, Torrecillos F, Khawaldeh S, Tan H, Pogosyan A, Schuepbach M, Pollo C, Brown P. Electrophysiological differences between upper and lower limb movements in the human subthalamic nucleus. Clin Neurophysiol 2019; 130:727-738. [PMID: 30903826 PMCID: PMC6487671 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Beta desynchronization during leg movements involves higher beta frequencies. Limb specific spectral changes evident for contralateral and ipsilateral movements. Spatial distinction of limb-specific movements is evident at gamma frequencies.
Objective Functional processes in the brain are segregated in both the spatial and spectral domain. Motivated by findings reported at the cortical level in healthy participants we test the hypothesis in the basal ganglia of Parkinson’s disease patients that lower frequency beta band activity relates to motor circuits associated with the upper limb and higher beta frequencies with lower limb movements. Methods We recorded local field potentials (LFPs) from the subthalamic nucleus using segmented “directional” DBS leads, during which patients performed repetitive upper and lower limb movements. Movement-related spectral changes in the beta and gamma frequency-ranges and their spatial distributions were compared between limbs. Results We found that the beta desynchronization during leg movements is characterised by a strikingly greater involvement of higher beta frequencies (24–31 Hz), regardless of whether this was contralateral or ipsilateral to the limb moved. The spatial distribution of limb-specific movement-related changes was evident at higher gamma frequencies. Conclusion Limb processing in the basal ganglia is differentially organised in the spectral and spatial domain and can be captured by directional DBS leads. Significance These findings may help to refine the use of the subthalamic LFPs as a control signal for adaptive DBS and neuroprosthetic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerd Tinkhauser
- Department of Neurology, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; MRC Brain Network Dynamics Unit at the University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Syed Ahmar Shah
- MRC Brain Network Dynamics Unit at the University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Petra Fischer
- MRC Brain Network Dynamics Unit at the University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Katrin Peterman
- Department of Neurology, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ines Debove
- Department of Neurology, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Khoa Nygyuen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Nowacki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurosurgery, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Flavie Torrecillos
- MRC Brain Network Dynamics Unit at the University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Saed Khawaldeh
- MRC Brain Network Dynamics Unit at the University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Huiling Tan
- MRC Brain Network Dynamics Unit at the University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alek Pogosyan
- MRC Brain Network Dynamics Unit at the University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Schuepbach
- Department of Neurology, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Claudio Pollo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Peter Brown
- MRC Brain Network Dynamics Unit at the University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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69
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Gelinas
- Department of Neurology and Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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70
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Cabral-Calderin Y, Wilke M. Probing the Link Between Perception and Oscillations: Lessons from Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation. Neuroscientist 2019; 26:57-73. [PMID: 30730265 PMCID: PMC7003153 DOI: 10.1177/1073858419828646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Brain oscillations are regarded as important for perception as they open and close time windows for neural spiking to enable the effective communication within and across brain regions. In the past, studies on perception primarily relied on the use of electrophysiological techniques for probing a correlative link between brain oscillations and perception. The emergence of noninvasive brain stimulation techniques such as transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) provides the possibility to study the causal contribution of specific oscillatory frequencies to perception. Here, we review the studies on visual, auditory, and somatosensory perception that employed tACS to probe the causality of brain oscillations for perception. The current literature is consistent with a causal role of alpha and gamma oscillations in parieto-occipital regions for visual perception and theta and gamma oscillations in auditory cortices for auditory perception. In addition, the sensory gating by alpha oscillations applies not only to the visual but also to the somatosensory domain. We conclude that albeit more refined perceptual paradigms and individualized stimulation practices remain to be systematically adopted, tACS is a promising tool for establishing a causal link between neural oscillations and perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuranny Cabral-Calderin
- MEG Unit, Brain Imaging Center, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Resilience Center, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Melanie Wilke
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, University Medicine Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany.,DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy & Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
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71
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Peter A, Uran C, Klon-Lipok J, Roese R, van Stijn S, Barnes W, Dowdall JR, Singer W, Fries P, Vinck M. Surface color and predictability determine contextual modulation of V1 firing and gamma oscillations. eLife 2019; 8:42101. [PMID: 30714900 PMCID: PMC6391066 DOI: 10.7554/elife.42101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The integration of direct bottom-up inputs with contextual information is a core feature of neocortical circuits. In area V1, neurons may reduce their firing rates when their receptive field input can be predicted by spatial context. Gamma-synchronized (30–80 Hz) firing may provide a complementary signal to rates, reflecting stronger synchronization between neuronal populations receiving mutually predictable inputs. We show that large uniform surfaces, which have high spatial predictability, strongly suppressed firing yet induced prominent gamma synchronization in macaque V1, particularly when they were colored. Yet, chromatic mismatches between center and surround, breaking predictability, strongly reduced gamma synchronization while increasing firing rates. Differences between responses to different colors, including strong gamma-responses to red, arose from stimulus adaptation to a full-screen background, suggesting prominent differences in adaptation between M- and L-cone signaling pathways. Thus, synchrony signaled whether RF inputs were predicted from spatial context, while firing rates increased when stimuli were unpredicted from context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Peter
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, Frankfurt, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School for Neural Circuits, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Cem Uran
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Johanna Klon-Lipok
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, Frankfurt, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Rasmus Roese
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sylvia van Stijn
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, Frankfurt, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - William Barnes
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jarrod R Dowdall
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Wolf Singer
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, Frankfurt, Germany.,Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Pascal Fries
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, Frankfurt, Germany.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Martin Vinck
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, Frankfurt, Germany
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72
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Bluschke A, Friedrich J, Schreiter ML, Roessner V, Beste C. A comparative study on the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying effects of methylphenidate and neurofeedback on inhibitory control in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2018; 20:1191-1203. [PMID: 30390574 PMCID: PMC6214870 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2018.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (AD(H)D), treatments using methylphenidate (MPH) and behavioral interventions like neurofeedback (NF) reflect major therapeutic options. These treatments also ameliorate executive dysfunctions in AD(H)D. However, the mechanisms underlying effects of MPH and NF on executive functions in AD(H)D (e.g. the ability to inhibit prepotent responses) are far from understood. It is particularly unclear whether these interventions affect similar or dissociable neural mechanisms and associated functional neuroanatomical structures. This, however, is important when aiming to further improve these treatments. We compared the neurophysiological mechanisms of MPH and theta/beta NF treatments on inhibitory control on the basis of EEG recordings and source localization analyses. The data show that MPH and theta/beta NF both increase the ability to inhibit pre-potent responses to a similar extent. However, the data suggest that MPH and NF target different neurophysiological mechanisms, especially when it comes to functional neuroanatomical structures associated with these effects. Both treatments seem to affect neurophysiological correlates of a ‘braking function’ in medial frontal areas. However, in case of the NF intervention, inferior parietal areas are also involved. This likely reflects the updating and stabilisation of efficient internal representations in order to initiate appropriate actions. No effects were seen in correlates of perceptual and attentional selection processes. Notably, reliable effects were only obtained after accounting for intra-individual variability in the neurophysiological data, which may also explain the diversity of findings in studies on treatment effects in AD(H)D, especially concerning neurofeedback. Neurophysiological mechanisms of methylphenidate (MPH) and neurofeedback (NF) in ADHD are compared. Both treatments improve inhibition, but have different underlying neurophysiological mechanisms. Both treatments affect the neurophysiological correlates of a ‘breaking function’ in medial frontal areas. NF also affects inferior parietal areas and likely the updating of internal representations. Distinctive effects are only seen when accounting for intra-individual variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annet Bluschke
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Germany.
| | - Julia Friedrich
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Germany
| | - Marie Luise Schreiter
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Germany
| | - Veit Roessner
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Beste
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Germany
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73
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García-Rosales F, Martin LM, Beetz MJ, Cabral-Calderin Y, Kössl M, Hechavarria JC. Low-Frequency Spike-Field Coherence Is a Fingerprint of Periodicity Coding in the Auditory Cortex. iScience 2018; 9:47-62. [PMID: 30384133 PMCID: PMC6214842 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The extraction of temporal information from sensory input streams is of paramount importance in the auditory system. In this study, amplitude-modulated sounds were used as stimuli to drive auditory cortex (AC) neurons of the bat species Carollia perspicillata, to assess the interactions between cortical spikes and local-field potentials (LFPs) for the processing of temporal acoustic cues. We observed that neurons in the AC capable of eliciting synchronized spiking to periodic acoustic envelopes were significantly more coherent to theta- and alpha-band LFPs than their non-synchronized counterparts. These differences occurred independently of the modulation rate tested and could not be explained by power or phase modulations of the field potentials. We argue that the coupling between neuronal spiking and the phase of low-frequency LFPs might be important for orchestrating the coding of temporal acoustic structures in the AC. Auditory cortical neurons can track periodic sounds via synchronized spiking Neuronal synchronization ability is well marked by theta-alpha spike-LFP coherence Spike-LFP coherence patterns are independent of the stimulus' periodicity Theta-alpha LFPs may orchestrate phase-locked neuronal responses to periodic sounds
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco García-Rosales
- Institut für Zellbiologie und Neurowissenschaft, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Lisa M Martin
- Institut für Zellbiologie und Neurowissenschaft, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - M Jerome Beetz
- Institut für Zellbiologie und Neurowissenschaft, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Yuranny Cabral-Calderin
- MEG Labor, Brain Imaging Center, Goethe-Universität, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; German Resilience Center, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Manfred Kössl
- Institut für Zellbiologie und Neurowissenschaft, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Julio C Hechavarria
- Institut für Zellbiologie und Neurowissenschaft, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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74
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Isbister JB, Eguchi A, Ahmad N, Galeazzi JM, Buckley MJ, Stringer S. A new approach to solving the feature-binding problem in primate vision. Interface Focus 2018; 8:20180021. [PMID: 29951198 PMCID: PMC6015810 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2018.0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
We discuss a recently proposed approach to solve the classic feature-binding problem in primate vision that uses neural dynamics known to be present within the visual cortex. Broadly, the feature-binding problem in the visual context concerns not only how a hierarchy of features such as edges and objects within a scene are represented, but also the hierarchical relationships between these features at every spatial scale across the visual field. This is necessary for the visual brain to be able to make sense of its visuospatial world. Solving this problem is an important step towards the development of artificial general intelligence. In neural network simulation studies, it has been found that neurons encoding the binding relations between visual features, known as binding neurons, emerge during visual training when key properties of the visual cortex are incorporated into the models. These biological network properties include (i) bottom-up, lateral and top-down synaptic connections, (ii) spiking neuronal dynamics, (iii) spike timing-dependent plasticity, and (iv) a random distribution of axonal transmission delays (of the order of several milliseconds) in the propagation of spikes between neurons. After training the network on a set of visual stimuli, modelling studies have reported observing the gradual emergence of polychronization through successive layers of the network, in which subpopulations of neurons have learned to emit their spikes in regularly repeating spatio-temporal patterns in response to specific visual stimuli. Such a subpopulation of neurons is known as a polychronous neuronal group (PNG). Some neurons embedded within these PNGs receive convergent inputs from neurons representing lower- and higher-level visual features, and thus appear to encode the hierarchical binding relationship between features. Neural activity with this kind of spatio-temporal structure robustly emerges in the higher network layers even when neurons in the input layer represent visual stimuli with spike timings that are randomized according to a Poisson distribution. The resulting hierarchical representation of visual scenes in such models, including the representation of hierarchical binding relations between lower- and higher-level visual features, is consistent with the hierarchical phenomenology or subjective experience of primate vision and is distinct from approaches interested in segmenting a visual scene into a finite set of objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Isbister
- Oxford Centre for Theoretical Neuroscience and Artificial Intelligence, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK
| | - Akihiro Eguchi
- Oxford Centre for Theoretical Neuroscience and Artificial Intelligence, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK
| | - Nasir Ahmad
- Oxford Centre for Theoretical Neuroscience and Artificial Intelligence, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK
| | - Juan M Galeazzi
- Oxford Brain and Behaviour Group, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK
| | - Mark J Buckley
- Oxford Brain and Behaviour Group, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK
| | - Simon Stringer
- Oxford Centre for Theoretical Neuroscience and Artificial Intelligence, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK
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75
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Bluschke A, von der Hagen M, Novotna B, Roessner V, Beste C. Executive Function Deficits in Seriously Ill Children-Emerging Challenges and Possibilities for Clinical Care. Front Pediatr 2018; 6:92. [PMID: 29721487 PMCID: PMC5915456 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2018.00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The past years have seen an incredible increase in the quality and success rates of treatments in pediatric medicine. One of the resulting major challenges refers to the management of primary or secondary residual executive function deficits in affected children. These deficits lead to problems in the ability to acquire, understand, and apply abstract and complex knowledge and to plan, direct, and control actions. Executive functions deficits are important to consider because they are highly predictive of functioning in social and academic aspects of daily life. We argue that current clinical practice does not sufficiently account for the complex cognitive processes in this population. This is because widely applied pharmacological interventions only rarely account for the complexity of the underlying neuronal mechanisms and do not fit well into possibly powerful "individualized medicine" approaches. Novel treatment approaches targeting deficits in executive functions in seriously ill children could focus on neuronal oscillations, as these have some specific relations to different aspects of executive function. Importantly, such treatment approaches can be individually tailored to the individuals' deficits and can be transferred into home-treatment or e-health solutions. These approaches are easy-to-use, can be easily integrated into daily life, and are becoming increasingly cost-effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annet Bluschke
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Maja von der Hagen
- Abteilung Neuropädiatrie, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Barbara Novotna
- Abteilung Neuropädiatrie, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Veit Roessner
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Beste
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Experimental Neurobiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Prague, Czechia.,Institute of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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