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Dubey MJ, Ghosh R, Chatterjee S, Biswas P, Chatterjee S, Dubey S. COVID-19 and addiction. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2020; 14:817-823. [PMID: 32540735 PMCID: PMC7282772 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS 2019-coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is causing insurmountable psychosocial impact on the whole mankind. Marginalized community, particularly those with substance use disorders (SUD), are particularly vulnerable to contract the infection and also likely to suffer from greater psychosocial burden. This article analyses the intricate bi-directional relationship between COVID-19 and addiction. METHODS Pubmed and Google Scholar are searched with the following key terms- "COVID-19", "SARS-CoV2", "Pandemic", "Addiction", "Opioid", "Alcohol", "Smoking", "Addiction Psychiatry", "Deaddiction", "Substance use disorders", "Behavioral addiction". Few newspaper reports related to COVID-19 and addiction have also been added as per context. RESULTS People with SUD are at greater risk of worse COVID-19 outcome. There is surge of addictive behaviors (both new and relapse) including behavioral addiction in this period. Withdrawal emergencies and death are also being increasingly reported. Addicted people are especially facing difficulties in accessing the healthcare services which are making them prone to procure drugs by illegal means. CONCLUSION COVID-19 and addiction are the two pandemics which are on the verge of collision causing major public health threat. While every effort must be taken to make the public aware of deleterious effects of SUD on COVID-19 prognosis, the resumption of deaddiction services and easier accessibility of prescription drugs are needs of the hour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahua Jana Dubey
- Department of Psychiatry, Specialist Medical Officer, Department of Psychiatry, Berhampore Mental Hospital, Berhampore, Mushridabad, West Bengal, India.
| | - Ritwik Ghosh
- Department of General Medicine, Burdwan Medical College and Hospital, Burdwan, West Bengal, India.
| | - Subham Chatterjee
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research & SSKM Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
| | - Payel Biswas
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Care & Cure Hospital, Barasat, West Bengal, India.
| | - Subhankar Chatterjee
- Department of General Medicine, Department of General Medicine, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India.
| | - Souvik Dubey
- Department of Neuromedicine, Bangur Institute of Neurosciences, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research & SSKM Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
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52
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Fadeel B. Covid-19 Misinformation Alert, or: "Wash Your Hands and Eat Your Veggies!". FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2020; 2:4. [PMID: 35296118 PMCID: PMC8915854 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2020.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bengt Fadeel
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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53
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Tizabi Y, Getachew B, Copeland RL, Aschner M. Nicotine and the nicotinic cholinergic system in COVID-19. FEBS J 2020; 287:3656-3663. [PMID: 32790936 PMCID: PMC7436654 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
There is an urgent need to address the devastating pandemic, COVID‐19, caused by SARS‐CoV‐2. The efforts to understand the details of this disease in hope of providing effective treatments are commendable. It is clear now that the virus can cause far more damage in patients with comorbid conditions—particularly in those with respiratory, cardiovascular, or immune‐compromised system—than in patients without such comorbidities. Drug use can further exacerbate the condition. In this regard, the ill effects of smoking are amply documented, and no doubt can be a confounding factor in COVID‐19 progression. Although conflicting hypotheses on the potential role of nicotine in COVID‐19 pathology have recently been offered, we believe that nicotine itself, through its interaction with the nicotinic cholinergic system, as well as ACE2, may not only be of use in a variety of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases, but may also be of potential use in COVID‐19. Thus, on one hand, while we strongly support smoking cessation as a means of harm reduction associated with COVID‐19, on the other hand, we support a potential therapeutic role for nicotine, nicotinic agonists, or positive allosteric modulators of nicotinic cholinergic receptors in COVID‐19, owing to their varied effects including mood regulation, anti‐inflammatory, and purported interference with SARS‐CoV‐2 entry and/or replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef Tizabi
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Bruk Getachew
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Robert L Copeland
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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54
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Boutou AK, Pitsiou G, Kontakiotis T, Kioumis I. Nicotine treatment and smoking cessation in the era of COVID-19 pandemic: an interesting alliance. ERJ Open Res 2020; 6:00306-2020. [PMID: 32802824 PMCID: PMC7418819 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00306-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the declaration of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak as a pandemic, the worldwide medical community has been racing against time to identify effective therapeutic agents to constrain the disease and reduce the effects of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Recently, the nicotinic hypothesis has been proposed; according to this, the acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) might play a key role in the pathophysiology of COVID-19 and, thus, should be a potential therapeutic target to reduce COVID-19 burden and its complications [1]. Since nicotine replacement therapy has long been used to treat tobacco dependence, this is an interesting hypothesis with important implications. In the era of this pandemic, the role of medicinal nicotine in the prevention and treatment of #COVID19 disease should be evaluated in placebo-controlled trials, while smoking cessation should be further promoted as a general public health measurehttps://bit.ly/3fpsBdq
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Affiliation(s)
- Afroditi K Boutou
- Dept of Respiratory Medicine, G. Papanikolaou Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgia Pitsiou
- Dept of Respiratory Failure, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Theodore Kontakiotis
- Dept of Respiratory Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Kioumis
- Dept of Respiratory Failure, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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55
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Speth RC. Commentary on: "Does COVID19 Infect the Brain? If So, Smokers Might Be at a Higher Risk". Mol Pharmacol 2020; 98:382-383. [PMID: 32764097 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.120.000049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Speth
- Professor, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, Adjunct Professor, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 20057, Phone: 954-262-1330, Fax: 954-262-2278, ORCID ID: 0000-0002-6434-2136
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56
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Kabbani N, Olds J. Response to Comments on “Does COVID19 Infect the Brain? If So, Smokers Might Be at a Higher Risk”. Mol Pharmacol 2020; 98:384-385. [DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.120.000120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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57
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Alomari SO, Abou-Mrad Z, Bydon A. COVID-19 and the central nervous system. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2020; 198:106116. [PMID: 32828027 PMCID: PMC7402113 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2020.106116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Awareness of atypical clinical presentation of COVID patients. Continued sharing and publishing of case series to better understand symptoms, signs, and prognosis of patients with COVID. Continued studies needed to fully undertstand the long term consequences of COVID on the neurological system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safwan O Alomari
- Neurosurgery Department, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Zaki Abou-Mrad
- Neurosurgery Department, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ali Bydon
- Neurosurgery Department, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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58
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McLachlan CS. The angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 are distinctly different paradigms. Clin Hypertens 2020; 26:14. [PMID: 32685191 PMCID: PMC7360378 DOI: 10.1186/s40885-020-00147-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is current debate concerning the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers (ARBs), for hypertension management, during COVID-19 infection. Specifically, the suggestion has been made that ACE inhibitors or ARBs could theoretically contribute to infection via increasing ACE2 receptor expression and hence increase viral load. The ACE2 receptor is responsible for binding the SAR-CoV2 viral spike and causing COVID-19 infection. What makes the argument somewhat obtuse for ACE inhibitors or ARBs is that ACE2 receptor expression can be increased by compounds that activate or increase the expression of SIRT1. Henceforth common dietary interventions, vitamins and nutrients may directly or indirectly influence the cellular expression of the ACE2 receptor. There are many common compounds that can increase the expression of the ACE2 receptor including Vitamin C, Metformin, Resveratrol, Vitamin B3 and Vitamin D. It is important to acknowledge that down-regulation or blocking the cellular ACE2 receptor will likely be pro-inflammatory and may contribute to end organ pathology and mortality in COVID-19. In conclusion from the perspective of the ACE2 receptor, COVID-19 prevention and treatment are distinctly different. This letter reflects on this current debate and suggests angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and ARBs are likely beneficial during COVID-19 infection for hypertensive and normotensive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Steven McLachlan
- Torrens University Australia, Health Vertical, 5/235 Pyrmont St, Pyrmont, NSW 2009 Australia
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59
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Abstract
The newly recognised coronavirus SARS‐CoV‐2, causative agent of coronavirus disease (COVID‐19), has caused a pandemic with huge ramifications for human interactions around the globe. As expected, research efforts to understand the virus and curtail the disease are moving at a frantic pace alongside the spread of rumours, speculations and falsehoods. In this article, we aim to clarify the current scientific view behind several claims or controversies related to COVID‐19. Starting with the origin of the virus, we then discuss the effect of ibuprofen and nicotine on the severity of the disease. We highlight the knowledge on fomites and SARS‐CoV‐2 and discuss the evidence and explications for a disproportionately stronger impact of COVID‐19 on ethnic minorities, including a potential protective role for vitamin D. We further review what is known about the effects of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in children, including their role in transmission of the disease, and conclude with the science on different mortality rates between different countries and whether this hints at the existence of more pathogenic cohorts of SARS‐CoV‐2.
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60
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Mosaferchi S, Sharif-Paghaleh E, Mortezapour A, Heidarimoghadam R. Letter to the Editor: The first Ramadan during COVID-19 pandemic: 1.8 billion Muslims should fast or not? Metabolism 2020; 108:154253. [PMID: 32360951 PMCID: PMC7192090 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Saeedeh Mosaferchi
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Sharif-Paghaleh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, St Thomas' Hospital, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Alireza Mortezapour
- Department of Ergonomics, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Rashid Heidarimoghadam
- Health Sciences Research Center, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
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61
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Lutchman D. Could the smoking gun in the fight against COVID-19 be the (rh)ACE-2? Eur Respir J 2020; 56:2001560. [PMID: 32398309 PMCID: PMC7236827 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01560-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Two interesting publications in the European Respiratory Journal recently by Russo et al . [1] and Leung et al . [2] discuss the possible role of nicotine in this pandemic and the “furious pursuit for better therapeutics”. Exogenous supplement of recombinant human (rh)ACE-2 might be a brilliant idea in the treatment of COVID-19. Soluble ACE-2 might impact viral spread, since binding to soluble receptor has been shown to block SARS-CoV-2 entry. https://bit.ly/3bsUKO2
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62
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Cardinale F, Ciprandi G, Barberi S, Bernardini R, Caffarelli C, Calvani M, Cavagni G, Galli E, Minasi D, Del Giudice MM, Moschese V, Novembre E, Paravati F, Peroni DG, Tosca MA, Traina G, Tripodi S, Marseglia GL. Consensus statement of the Italian society of pediatric allergy and immunology for the pragmatic management of children and adolescents with allergic or immunological diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic. Ital J Pediatr 2020; 46:84. [PMID: 32546234 PMCID: PMC7296524 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-020-00843-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has surprised the entire population. The world has had to face an unprecedented pandemic. Only, Spanish flu had similar disastrous consequences. As a result, drastic measures (lockdown) have been adopted worldwide. Healthcare service has been overwhelmed by the extraordinary influx of patients, often requiring high intensity of care. Mortality has been associated with severe comorbidities, including chronic diseases. Patients with frailty were, therefore, the victim of the SARS-COV-2 infection. Allergy and asthma are the most prevalent chronic disorders in children and adolescents, so they need careful attention and, if necessary, an adaptation of their regular treatment plans. Fortunately, at present, young people are less suffering from COVID-19, both as incidence and severity. However, any age, including infancy, could be affected by the pandemic.Based on this background, the Italian Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology has felt it necessary to provide a Consensus Statement. This expert panel consensus document offers a rationale to help guide decision-making in the management of children and adolescents with allergic or immunologic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Cardinale
- Pediatric Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria "Policlinico- Giovanni XXIII, Bari, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Carlo Caffarelli
- Pediatric Clinic, Mother-child Department, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Mauro Calvani
- Operative Unit of Pediatrics, S. Camillo-Forlanini Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Cavagni
- Coordinator European Allergology Center - European Diagnostic Center Dalla Rosa Prati, Parma, Italy
| | - Elena Galli
- Pediatric Allergology Unit, Department of Pediatric Medicine, S. Pietro Hospital Fatebenefratelli, Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Minasi
- Pediatric Unit, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Michele Miraglia Del Giudice
- Department of Woman and Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Viviana Moschese
- Pediatric Allergology and Immunology Unit, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Elio Novembre
- Allergy Unit, Department of Science Health, Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Gian Luigi Marseglia
- Pediatric Clinic, Pediatrics Department, Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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63
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Russo P, Bonassi S, Giacconi R, Malavolta M, Tomino C, Maggi F. COVID-19 and smoking: is nicotine the hidden link? Eur Respir J 2020; 55:13993003.01116-2020. [PMID: 32341101 PMCID: PMC7236819 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01116-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Leunget al. [1] have recently published, in the European Respiratory Journal, a paper on the expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE-2) in the small airway epithelia of smokers and COPD patients, discussing its effects on the risk of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The authors found an increased expression of the ACE-2 gene in the airways of subjects with COPD and in current smokers. Indeed, a recent systematic review reporting data on the smoking habits of patients infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), concluded that smoking may be associated with a negative progression of the disease and with the adverse outcome [2]. Nicotine via alpha7-nicotinic receptor induces ACE-2 overexpression in human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEpC)https://bit.ly/3eJ5b35
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Russo
- Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology, IRCSS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy .,Dept of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, San Raffaele University, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Bonassi
- Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology, IRCSS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy.,Dept of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, San Raffaele University, Rome, Italy
| | - Robertina Giacconi
- Advanced Technology Center for Aging Research, Scientific Technological Area, Italian National Institute of Health and Science on Aging (INRCA), Ancona, Italy
| | - Marco Malavolta
- Advanced Technology Center for Aging Research, Scientific Technological Area, Italian National Institute of Health and Science on Aging (INRCA), Ancona, Italy
| | - Carlo Tomino
- Scientific Direction, IRCSS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Maggi
- Dept of Translational Research, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Virology Division, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
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Kronbichler A, Effenberger M, Eisenhut M, Lee KH, Shin JI. Seven recommendations to rescue the patients and reduce the mortality from COVID-19 infection: An immunological point of view. Autoimmun Rev 2020; 19:102570. [PMID: 32376397 PMCID: PMC7252097 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Now COVID-19 is causing a severe public health emergency and the mortality is rapidly increasing all over the world. In the current pandemic era, although there have been many efforts to diagnose a number of patients with symptoms or close contacts, there is no definite guideline for the initial therapeutic approach for them and therefore, many patients have been dying due to a hyperinflammatory immunological reaction labeled as “cytokine storm”. Severe patients are hospitalized and the treatment is done, though they have not been established yet. Currently, however, no treatment is provided for those who are isolated at home or shelter until they get severe symptoms, which will increase the harms to the patients. In this review, we discuss some important points dedicated to the management of patients with COVID-19, which should help reducing morbidity and mortality. In this era, we suggest 7 recommendations to rescue the patients and to reduce the morbidity and mortality due to COVID-19 based on the immunological point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Kronbichler
- Department of Internal Medicine IV Nephrology and Hypertension, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Maria Effenberger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael Eisenhut
- Luton & Dunstable University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Luton, United Kingdom
| | - Keum Hwa Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Il Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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65
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Russo P, Bonassi S, Giacconi R, Malavolta M, Tomino C, Maggi F. COVID-19 and smoking: is nicotine the hidden link? Eur Respir J 2020. [PMID: 32341101 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01116‐2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Russo
- Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology, IRCSS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy .,Dept of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, San Raffaele University, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Bonassi
- Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology, IRCSS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy.,Dept of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, San Raffaele University, Rome, Italy
| | - Robertina Giacconi
- Advanced Technology Center for Aging Research, Scientific Technological Area, Italian National Institute of Health and Science on Aging (INRCA), Ancona, Italy
| | - Marco Malavolta
- Advanced Technology Center for Aging Research, Scientific Technological Area, Italian National Institute of Health and Science on Aging (INRCA), Ancona, Italy
| | - Carlo Tomino
- Scientific Direction, IRCSS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Maggi
- Dept of Translational Research, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Virology Division, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
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66
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Kabbani N, Olds JL. Does COVID19 Infect the Brain? If So, Smokers Might Be at a Higher Risk. Mol Pharmacol 2020; 97:351-353. [PMID: 32238438 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.120.000014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID19 is a devastating global pandemic with epicenters in China, Italy, Spain, and now the United States. While the majority of infected cases appear mild, in some cases, individuals present serious cardiorespiratory complications with possible long-term lung damage. Infected individuals report a range of symptoms from headaches to shortness of breath to taste and smell loss. To that end, less is known about how the virus may impact different organ systems. The SARS-CoV2 virus, which is responsible for COVID19, is highly similar to SARS-CoV. Both viruses have evolved an ability to enter host cells through direct interaction with the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) 2 protein at the surface of many cells. Published findings indicate that SARS-CoV can enter the human nervous system with evidence from both postmortem brains and detection in cerebrospinal fluid of infected individuals. Here, we consider the ability of SARS-CoV2 to enter and infect the human nervous system based on the strong expression of the ACE2 target throughout the brain. Moreover, we predict that nicotine exposure through various kinds of smoking (cigarettes, electronic cigarettes, or vape) can increase the risk for COVID19 neuroinfection based on known functional interactions between the nicotinic receptor and ACE2. We advocate for higher surveillance and analysis of neurocomplications in infected cases. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The COVID19 epidemic has spurred a global public health crisis. While many of the cases requiring hospitalization and intensive medical care center on cardiorespiratory treatment, a growing number of cases present neurological symptoms. Viral entry into the brain now appears a strong possibility with deleterious consequences and an urgent need for addressing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Kabbani
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia (N.K.) and Schar School of Policy and Government, George Mason University, Arlington, Virginia (J.L.O.)
| | - James L Olds
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia (N.K.) and Schar School of Policy and Government, George Mason University, Arlington, Virginia (J.L.O.)
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67
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Banerjee R, Banerjee B. Role of tobacco in SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19: A scoping review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/jncd.jncd_19_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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