51
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Ocean acidification compromises a planktic calcifier with implications for global carbon cycling. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2225. [PMID: 28533519 PMCID: PMC5440396 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01530-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenically-forced changes in ocean chemistry at both the global and regional scale have the potential to negatively impact calcifying plankton, which play a key role in ecosystem functioning and marine carbon cycling. We cultured a globally important calcifying marine plankter (the foraminifer, Globigerina bulloides) under an ecologically relevant range of seawater pH (7.5 to 8.3 total scale). Multiple metrics of calcification and physiological performance varied with pH. At pH > 8.0, increased calcification occurred without a concomitant rise in respiration rates. However, as pH declined from 8.0 to 7.5, calcification and oxygen consumption both decreased, suggesting a reduced ability to precipitate shell material accompanied by metabolic depression. Repair of spines, important for both buoyancy and feeding, was also reduced at pH < 7.7. The dependence of calcification, respiration, and spine repair on seawater pH suggests that foraminifera will likely be challenged by future ocean conditions. Furthermore, the nature of these effects has the potential to actuate changes in vertical transport of organic and inorganic carbon, perturbing feedbacks to regional and global marine carbon cycling. The biological impacts of seawater pH have additional, important implications for the use of foraminifera as paleoceanographic indicators.
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52
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Runcie DE, Dorey N, Garfield DA, Stumpp M, Dupont S, Wray GA. Genomic Characterization of the Evolutionary Potential of the Sea Urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis Facing Ocean Acidification. Genome Biol Evol 2017; 8:3672-3684. [PMID: 28082601 PMCID: PMC5521728 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evw272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocean acidification (OA) is increasing due to anthropogenic CO2 emissions and poses a threat to marine species and communities worldwide. To better project the effects of acidification on organisms’ health and persistence, an understanding is needed of the 1) mechanisms underlying developmental and physiological tolerance and 2) potential populations have for rapid evolutionary adaptation. This is especially challenging in nonmodel species where targeted assays of metabolism and stress physiology may not be available or economical for large-scale assessments of genetic constraints. We used mRNA sequencing and a quantitative genetics breeding design to study mechanisms underlying genetic variability and tolerance to decreased seawater pH (-0.4 pH units) in larvae of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis. We used a gene ontology-based approach to integrate expression profiles into indirect measures of cellular and biochemical traits underlying variation in larval performance (i.e., growth rates). Molecular responses to OA were complex, involving changes to several functions such as growth rates, cell division, metabolism, and immune activities. Surprisingly, the magnitude of pH effects on molecular traits tended to be small relative to variation attributable to segregating functional genetic variation in this species. We discuss how the application of transcriptomics and quantitative genetics approaches across diverse species can enrich our understanding of the biological impacts of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Runcie
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Narimane Dorey
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Fiskebäckskil, Sweden
| | - David A Garfield
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Integrative Research Institute for the Life Sciences, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Meike Stumpp
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Fiskebäckskil, Sweden.,Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Sciences (GEOMAR), Kiel, Germany
| | - Sam Dupont
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Fiskebäckskil, Sweden
| | - Gregory A Wray
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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53
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Thomsen J, Stapp LS, Haynert K, Schade H, Danelli M, Lannig G, Wegner KM, Melzner F. Naturally acidified habitat selects for ocean acidification-tolerant mussels. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1602411. [PMID: 28508039 PMCID: PMC5406135 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1602411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Ocean acidification severely affects bivalves, especially their larval stages. Consequently, the fate of this ecologically and economically important group depends on the capacity and rate of evolutionary adaptation to altered ocean carbonate chemistry. We document successful settlement of wild mussel larvae (Mytilus edulis) in a periodically CO2-enriched habitat. The larval fitness of the population originating from the CO2-enriched habitat was compared to the response of a population from a nonenriched habitat in a common garden experiment. The high CO2-adapted population showed higher fitness under elevated Pco2 (partial pressure of CO2) than the non-adapted cohort, demonstrating, for the first time, an evolutionary response of a natural mussel population to ocean acidification. To assess the rate of adaptation, we performed a selection experiment over three generations. CO2 tolerance differed substantially between the families within the F1 generation, and survival was drastically decreased in the highest, yet realistic, Pco2 treatment. Selection of CO2-tolerant F1 animals resulted in higher calcification performance of F2 larvae during early shell formation but did not improve overall survival. Our results thus reveal significant short-term selective responses of traits directly affected by ocean acidification and long-term adaptation potential in a key bivalve species. Because immediate response to selection did not directly translate into increased fitness, multigenerational studies need to take into consideration the multivariate nature of selection acting in natural habitats. Combinations of short-term selection with long-term adaptation in populations from CO2-enriched versus nonenriched natural habitats represent promising approaches for estimating adaptive potential of organisms facing global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörn Thomsen
- Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR), 24105 Kiel, Germany
- Corresponding author.
| | - Laura S. Stapp
- Integrative Ecophysiology, Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
- University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Kristin Haynert
- Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR), 24105 Kiel, Germany
- Marine Research Department, Senckenberg am Meer, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Hanna Schade
- Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR), 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Maria Danelli
- Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR), 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Gisela Lannig
- Integrative Ecophysiology, Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - K. Mathias Wegner
- Coastal Ecology, Wadden Sea Station Sylt, Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, 25992 List/Sylt, Germany
| | - Frank Melzner
- Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR), 24105 Kiel, Germany
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54
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Evans TG, Pespeni MH, Hofmann GE, Palumbi SR, Sanford E. Transcriptomic responses to seawater acidification among sea urchin populations inhabiting a natural pH mosaic. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:2257-2275. [PMID: 28141889 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Increasing awareness of spatial and temporal variation in ocean pH suggests some marine populations may be adapted to local pH regimes and will therefore respond differently to present-day pH variation and to long-term ocean acidification. In the Northeast Pacific Ocean, differences in the strength of coastal upwelling cause latitudinal variation in prevailing pH regimes that are hypothesized to promote local adaptation and unequal pH tolerance among resident populations. In this study, responses to experimental seawater acidification were compared among embryos and larvae from six populations of purple sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) inhabiting areas that differ in their frequency of low pH exposure and that prior research suggests are locally adapted to seawater pH. Transcriptomic analyses demonstrate urchin populations most frequently exposed to low pH seawater responded to experimental acidification by expressing genes within major ATP-producing pathways at greater levels than populations encountering low pH less often. Multiple genes within the tricarboxylic acid cycle, electron transport chain and fatty acid beta oxidation pathways were upregulated in urchin populations experiencing low pH conditions most frequently. These same metabolic pathways were significantly over-represented among genes both expressed in a population-specific manner and putatively under selection to enhance low pH tolerance. Collectively, these data suggest natural selection is acting on metabolic gene networks to redirect ATP toward maintaining acid-base homeostasis and enhance tolerance of seawater acidification. As a trade-off, marine populations more tolerant of low pH may have less energy to put towards other aspects of fitness and to respond to additional ocean change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler G Evans
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University East Bay, Hayward, CA, 94542, USA
| | - Melissa H Pespeni
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Gretchen E Hofmann
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Stephen R Palumbi
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Hopkins Marine Station, Pacific Grove, CA, 93950, USA
| | - Eric Sanford
- Department of Evolution and Ecology and Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California Davis, Bodega Bay, CA, 94923, USA
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55
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Chirgwin E, Marshall DJ, Sgrò CM, Monro K. The other 96%: Can neglected sources of fitness variation offer new insights into adaptation to global change? Evol Appl 2017; 10:267-275. [PMID: 28250811 PMCID: PMC5322406 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mounting research considers whether populations may adapt to global change based on additive genetic variance in fitness. Yet selection acts on phenotypes, not additive genetic variance alone, meaning that persistence and evolutionary potential in the near term, at least, may be influenced by other sources of fitness variation, including nonadditive genetic and maternal environmental effects. The fitness consequences of these effects, and their environmental sensitivity, are largely unknown. Here, applying a quantitative genetic breeding design to an ecologically important marine tubeworm, we examined nonadditive genetic and maternal environmental effects on fitness (larval survival) across three thermal environments. We found that these effects are nontrivial and environment dependent, explaining at least 44% of all parentally derived effects on survival at any temperature and 96% of parental effects at the most stressful temperature. Unlike maternal environmental effects, which manifested at the latter temperature only, nonadditive genetic effects were consistently significant and covaried positively across temperatures (i.e., parental combinations that enhanced survival at one temperature also enhanced survival at elevated temperatures). Thus, while nonadditive genetic and maternal environmental effects have long been neglected because their evolutionary consequences are complex, unpredictable, or seen as transient, we argue that they warrant further attention in a rapidly warming world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evatt Chirgwin
- Centre for Geometric BiologyMonash UniversityMelbourneVICAustralia
- School of Biological SciencesMonash UniversityMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Dustin J. Marshall
- Centre for Geometric BiologyMonash UniversityMelbourneVICAustralia
- School of Biological SciencesMonash UniversityMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Carla M. Sgrò
- School of Biological SciencesMonash UniversityMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Keyne Monro
- Centre for Geometric BiologyMonash UniversityMelbourneVICAustralia
- School of Biological SciencesMonash UniversityMelbourneVICAustralia
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56
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Kapsenberg L, Okamoto DK, Dutton JM, Hofmann GE. Sensitivity of sea urchin fertilization to pH varies across a natural pH mosaic. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:1737-1750. [PMID: 28331584 PMCID: PMC5355180 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In the coastal ocean, temporal fluctuations in pH vary dramatically across biogeographic ranges. How such spatial differences in pH variability regimes might shape ocean acidification resistance in marine species remains unknown. We assessed the pH sensitivity of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus in the context of ocean pH variability. Using unique male-female pairs, originating from three sites with similar mean pH but different variability and frequency of low pH (pHT ≤ 7.8) exposures, fertilization was tested across a range of pH (pHT 7.61-8.03) and sperm concentrations. High fertilization success was maintained at low pH via a slight right shift in the fertilization function across sperm concentration. This pH effect differed by site. Urchins from the site with the narrowest pH variability regime exhibited the greatest pH sensitivity. At this site, mechanistic fertilization dynamics models support a decrease in sperm-egg interaction rate with decreasing pH. The site differences in pH sensitivity build upon recent evidence of local pH adaptation in S. purpuratus and highlight the need to incorporate environmental variability in the study of global change biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Kapsenberg
- Department of Ecology Evolution and Marine BiologyUniversity of California Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraCAUSA
- Sorbonne UniversitésUniversité Pierre et Marie Curie‐Paris 6CNRS‐INSULaboratoire d'Océanographie de VillefrancheVillefranche‐sur‐MerFrance
| | - Daniel K. Okamoto
- Department of Ecology Evolution and Marine BiologyUniversity of California Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraCAUSA
- School of Resource and Environmental ManagementSimon Fraser UniversityBurnabyBCCanada
| | - Jessica M. Dutton
- Wrigley Institute for Environmental StudiesUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Gretchen E. Hofmann
- Department of Ecology Evolution and Marine BiologyUniversity of California Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraCAUSA
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57
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Grear JS. Translating crustacean biological responses from CO2 bubbling experiments into population-level predictions. POPUL ECOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10144-016-0562-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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58
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Zhou G, Yuan T, Cai L, Zhang W, Tian R, Tong H, Jiang L, Yuan X, Liu S, Qian P, Huang H. Changes in microbial communities, photosynthesis and calcification of the coral Acropora gemmifera in response to ocean acidification. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35971. [PMID: 27786309 PMCID: PMC5082368 DOI: 10.1038/srep35971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
With the increasing anthropogenic CO2 concentration, ocean acidification (OA) can have dramatic effects on coral reefs. However, the effects of OA on coral physiology and the associated microbes remain largely unknown. In the present study, reef-building coral Acropora gemmifera collected from a reef flat with highly fluctuating environmental condition in the South China Sea were exposed to three levels of partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) (i.e., 421, 923, and 2070 μatm) for four weeks. The microbial community structures associated with A. gemmifera under these treatments were analyzed using 16S rRNA gene barcode sequencing. The results revealed that the microbial community associated with A. gemmifera was highly diverse at the genus level and dominated by Alphaproteobacteria. More importantly, the microbial community structure remained rather stable under different pCO2 treatments. Photosynthesis and calcification in A. gemmifera, as indicated by enrichment of δ18O and increased depletion of δ13C in the coral skeleton, were significantly impaired only at the high pCO2 (2070 μatm). These results suggest that A. gemmifera can maintain a high degree of stable microbial communities despite of significant physiological changes in response to extremely high pCO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guowei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.,Tropical Marine Biological Research Station in Hainan, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.,Shenzhen Research Institute and Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tao Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Lin Cai
- Shenzhen Research Institute and Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Weipeng Zhang
- Shenzhen Research Institute and Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Renmao Tian
- Shenzhen Research Institute and Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Haoya Tong
- Shenzhen Research Institute and Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Xiangcheng Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Sheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Peiyuan Qian
- Shenzhen Research Institute and Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hui Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.,Tropical Marine Biological Research Station in Hainan, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
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59
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Padilla-Gamiño JL, Gaitán-Espitia JD, Kelly MW, Hofmann GE. Physiological plasticity and local adaptation to elevated pCO 2 in calcareous algae: an ontogenetic and geographic approach. Evol Appl 2016; 9:1043-1053. [PMID: 27695514 PMCID: PMC5039319 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To project how ocean acidification will impact biological communities in the future, it is critical to understand the potential for local adaptation and the physiological plasticity of marine organisms throughout their entire life cycle, as some stages may be more vulnerable than others. Coralline algae are ecosystem engineers that play significant functional roles in oceans worldwide and are considered vulnerable to ocean acidification. Using different stages of coralline algae, we tested the hypothesis that populations living in environments with higher environmental variability and exposed to higher levels of pCO 2 would be less affected by high pCO 2 than populations from a more stable environment experiencing lower levels of pCO 2. Our results show that spores are less sensitive to elevated pCO 2 than adults. Spore growth and mortality were not affected by pCO 2 level; however, elevated pCO 2 negatively impacted the physiology and growth rates of adults, with stronger effects in populations that experienced both lower levels of pCO 2 and lower variability in carbonate chemistry, suggesting local adaptation. Differences in physiological plasticity and the potential for adaptation could have important implications for the ecological and evolutionary responses of coralline algae to future environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline L Padilla-Gamiño
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences University of Washington Seattle WA USA; Department of Biology California State University Dominguez Hills Carson CA USA
| | - Juan Diego Gaitán-Espitia
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas Facultad de Ciencias Universidad Austral de Chile Valdivia Chile; CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere Hobart TAS Australia
| | - Morgan W Kelly
- Department of Biological Sciences Louisiana State University Baton Rouge LA USA
| | - Gretchen E Hofmann
- Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology University of California, Santa Barbara Santa Barbara CA USA
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60
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Boyd PW, Cornwall CE, Davison A, Doney SC, Fourquez M, Hurd CL, Lima ID, McMinn A. Biological responses to environmental heterogeneity under future ocean conditions. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2016; 22:2633-50. [PMID: 27111095 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Organisms are projected to face unprecedented rates of change in future ocean conditions due to anthropogenic climate-change. At present, marine life encounters a wide range of environmental heterogeneity from natural fluctuations to mean climate change. Manipulation studies suggest that biota from more variable marine environments have more phenotypic plasticity to tolerate environmental heterogeneity. Here, we consider current strategies employed by a range of representative organisms across various habitats - from short-lived phytoplankton to long-lived corals - in response to environmental heterogeneity. We then discuss how, if and when organismal responses (acclimate/migrate/adapt) may be altered by shifts in the magnitude of the mean climate-change signal relative to that for natural fluctuations projected for coming decades. The findings from both novel climate-change modelling simulations and prior biological manipulation studies, in which natural fluctuations are superimposed on those of mean change, provide valuable insights into organismal responses to environmental heterogeneity. Manipulations reveal that different experimental outcomes are evident between climate-change treatments which include natural fluctuations vs. those which do not. Modelling simulations project that the magnitude of climate variability, along with mean climate change, will increase in coming decades, and hence environmental heterogeneity will increase, illustrating the need for more realistic biological manipulation experiments that include natural fluctuations. However, simulations also strongly suggest that the timescales over which the mean climate-change signature will become dominant, relative to natural fluctuations, will vary for individual properties, being most rapid for CO2 (~10 years from present day) to 4 decades for nutrients. We conclude that the strategies used by biota to respond to shifts in environmental heterogeneity may be complex, as they will have to physiologically straddle wide-ranging timescales in the alteration of ocean conditions, including the need to adapt to rapidly rising CO2 and also acclimate to environmental heterogeneity in more slowly changing properties such as warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip W Boyd
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Hobart, Tas., 7001, Australia
- ACE CRC Antarctic Climate & Ecosystems CRC, UTAS, Private Bag 80, Hobart, Tas., 7001, Australia
| | - Christopher E Cornwall
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Hobart, Tas., 7001, Australia
| | - Andrew Davison
- Australian Antarctic Division, Channel Highway, Kingston, Tas., 7050, Australia
| | - Scott C Doney
- Marine Chemistry & Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Marion Fourquez
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Hobart, Tas., 7001, Australia
- ACE CRC Antarctic Climate & Ecosystems CRC, UTAS, Private Bag 80, Hobart, Tas., 7001, Australia
| | - Catriona L Hurd
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Hobart, Tas., 7001, Australia
| | - Ivan D Lima
- Marine Chemistry & Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Andrew McMinn
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Hobart, Tas., 7001, Australia
- ACE CRC Antarctic Climate & Ecosystems CRC, UTAS, Private Bag 80, Hobart, Tas., 7001, Australia
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61
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Lucey NM, Lombardi C, Florio M, DeMarchi L, Nannini M, Rundle S, Gambi MC, Calosi P. An in situ assessment of local adaptation in a calcifying polychaete from a shallow CO 2 vent system. Evol Appl 2016; 9:1054-1071. [PMID: 27695515 PMCID: PMC5039320 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Ocean acidification (OA) is likely to exert selective pressure on natural populations. Our ability to predict which marine species will adapt to OA and what underlies this adaptive potential is of high conservation and resource management priority. Using a naturally low‐pH vent site in the Mediterranean Sea (Castello Aragonese, Ischia) mirroring projected future OA conditions, we carried out a reciprocal transplant experiment to investigate the relative importance of phenotypic plasticity and local adaptation in two populations of the sessile, calcifying polychaete Simplaria sp. (Annelida, Serpulidae, Spirorbinae): one residing in low pH and the other from a nearby ambient (i.e. high) pH site. We measured a suite of fitness‐related traits (i.e. survival, reproductive output, maturation, population growth) and tube growth rates in laboratory‐bred F2 generation individuals from both populations reciprocally transplanted back into both ambient and low‐pH in situ habitats. Both populations showed lower expression in all traits, but increased tube growth rates, when exposed to low‐pH compared with high‐pH conditions, regardless of their site of origin suggesting that local adaptation to low‐pH conditions has not occurred. We also found comparable levels of plasticity in the two populations investigated, suggesting no influence of long‐term exposure to low pH on the ability of populations to adjust their phenotype. Despite high variation in trait values among sites and the relatively extreme conditions at the low pH site (pH < 7.36), response trends were consistent across traits. Hence, our data suggest that, for Simplaria and possibly other calcifiers, neither local adaptations nor sufficient phenotypic plasticity levels appear to suffice in order to compensate for the negative impacts of OA on long‐term survival. Our work also emphasizes the utility of field experiments in natural environments subjected to high level of pCO2 for elucidating the potential for adaptation to future scenarios of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelle M Lucey
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Pavia PaviaItaly; Marine Environment Research Centre ENEALa SpeziaItaly; Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre Plymouth University Plymouth UK
| | | | - Maurizio Florio
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Pavia Pavia Italy; Marine Environment Research Centre ENEALa Spezia Italy
| | - Lucia DeMarchi
- CNR-ISMARLa Spezia Italy; Department of Biology University of Aveiro Aveiro Portugal
| | - Matteo Nannini
- Marine Environment Research Centre ENEALa SpeziaItaly; Department of Biology University of Pisa Pisa Italy
| | - Simon Rundle
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre Plymouth University Plymouth UK
| | - Maria Cristina Gambi
- Department Integrative Marine Ecology Villa Dohrn-Benthic Ecology Center Stazione Zoologica "Anton Dohrn" Ischia Napoli Italy
| | - Piero Calosi
- Département de Biologie, Chimie et Géographie Université du Québec à Rimouski Rimouski Quebec Canada
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62
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Foo SA, Byrne M. Acclimatization and Adaptive Capacity of Marine Species in a Changing Ocean. ADVANCES IN MARINE BIOLOGY 2016; 74:69-116. [PMID: 27573050 DOI: 10.1016/bs.amb.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
To persist in an ocean changing in temperature, pH and other stressors related to climate change, many marine species will likely need to acclimatize or adapt to avoid extinction. If marine populations possess adequate genetic variation in tolerance to climate change stressors, species might be able to adapt to environmental change. Marine climate change research is moving away from single life stage studies where individuals are directly placed into projected scenarios ('future shock' approach), to focus on the adaptive potential of populations in an ocean that will gradually change over coming decades. This review summarizes studies that consider the adaptive potential of marine invertebrates to climate change stressors and the methods that have been applied to this research, including quantitative genetics, laboratory selection studies and trans- and multigenerational experiments. Phenotypic plasticity is likely to contribute to population persistence providing time for genetic adaptation to occur. Transgenerational and epigenetic effects indicate that the environmental and physiological history of the parents can affect offspring performance. There is a need for long-term, multigenerational experiments to determine the influence of phenotypic plasticity, genetic variation and transgenerational effects on species' capacity to persist in a changing ocean. However, multigenerational studies are only practicable for short generation species. Consideration of multiple morphological and physiological traits, including changes in molecular processes (eg, DNA methylation) and long-term studies that facilitate acclimatization will be essential in making informed predictions of how the seascape and marine communities will be altered by climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Foo
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - M Byrne
- Schools of Medical and Biological Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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63
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Uthicke S, Ebert T, Liddy M, Johansson C, Fabricius KE, Lamare M. Echinometra sea urchins acclimatized to elevated pCO2 at volcanic vents outperform those under present-day pCO2 conditions. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2016; 22:2451-2461. [PMID: 26762613 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations will significantly reduce ocean pH during the 21st century (ocean acidification, OA). This may hamper calcification in marine organisms such as corals and echinoderms, as shown in many laboratory-based experiments. Sea urchins are considered highly vulnerable to OA. We studied an Echinometra species on natural volcanic CO2 vents in Papua New Guinea, where they are CO2 -acclimatized and also subjected to secondary ecological changes from elevated CO2 . Near the vent site, the urchins experienced large daily variations in pH (>1 unit) and pCO2 (>2000 ppm) and average pH values (pHT 7.73) much below those expected under the most pessimistic future emission scenarios. Growth was measured over a 17-month period using tetracycline tagging of the calcareous feeding lanterns. Average-sized urchins grew more than twice as fast at the vent compared with those at an adjacent control site and assumed larger sizes at the vent compared to the control site and two other sites at another reef near-by. A small reduction in gonad weight was detected at the vents, but no differences in mortality, respiration, or degree of test calcification were detected between urchins from vent and control populations. Thus, urchins did not only persist but actually 'thrived' under extreme CO2 conditions. We suggest an ecological basis for this response: Increased algal productivity under increased pCO2 provided more food at the vent, resulting in higher growth rates. The wider implication of our observation is that laboratory studies on non-acclimatized specimens, which typically do not consider ecological changes, can lead to erroneous conclusions on responses to global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Uthicke
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB No 3, Townsville, Qld, 4810, Australia
| | - Thomas Ebert
- Department of Zoology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97324, USA
| | - Michelle Liddy
- Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, 9016, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Charlotte Johansson
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB No 3, Townsville, Qld, 4810, Australia
| | | | - Miles Lamare
- Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, 9016, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Pfister CA, Roy K, Wootton JT, McCoy SJ, Paine RT, Suchanek TH, Sanford E. Historical baselines and the future of shell calcification for a foundation species in a changing ocean. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 283:rspb.2016.0392. [PMID: 27306049 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.0392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Seawater pH and the availability of carbonate ions are decreasing due to anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions, posing challenges for calcifying marine species. Marine mussels are of particular concern given their role as foundation species worldwide. Here, we document shell growth and calcification patterns in Mytilus californianus, the California mussel, over millennial and decadal scales. By comparing shell thickness across the largest modern shells, the largest mussels collected in the 1960s-1970s and shells from two Native American midden sites (∼1000-2420 years BP), we found that modern shells are thinner overall, thinner per age category and thinner per unit length. Thus, the largest individuals of this species are calcifying less now than in the past. Comparisons of shell thickness in smaller individuals over the past 10-40 years, however, do not show significant shell thinning. Given our sampling strategy, these results are unlikely to simply reflect within-site variability or preservation effects. Review of environmental and biotic drivers known to affect shell calcification suggests declining ocean pH as a likely explanation for the observed shell thinning. Further future decreases in shell thickness could have significant negative impacts on M. californianus survival and, in turn, negatively impact the species-rich complex that occupies mussel beds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Pfister
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kaustuv Roy
- Section of Ecology, Behavior and Evolution, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - J Timothy Wootton
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sophie J McCoy
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Robert T Paine
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Thomas H Suchanek
- US Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA Bodega Marine Laboratory and Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Eric Sanford
- Bodega Marine Laboratory and Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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Reynolds LK, DuBois K, Abbott JM, Williams SL, Stachowicz JJ. Response of a Habitat-Forming Marine Plant to a Simulated Warming Event Is Delayed, Genotype Specific, and Varies with Phenology. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154532. [PMID: 27258011 PMCID: PMC4892549 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence shows that increasing global temperature causes population declines and latitudinal shifts in geographical distribution for plants living near their thermal limits. Yet, even populations living well within established thermal limits of a species may suffer as the frequency and intensity of warming events increase with climate change. Adaptive response to this stress at the population level depends on the presence of genetic variation in thermal tolerance in the populations in question, yet few data exist to evaluate this. In this study, we examined the immediate effects of a moderate warming event of 4.5°C lasting 5 weeks and the legacy effects after a 5 week recovery on different genotypes of the marine plant Zostera marina (eelgrass). We conducted the experiment in Bodega Bay, CA USA, where average summer water temperatures are 14–15°C, but extended warming periods of 17–18°C occur episodically. Experimental warming increased shoot production by 14% compared to controls held at ambient temperature. However, after returning temperature to ambient levels, we found strongly negative, delayed effects of warming on production: shoot production declined by 27% and total biomass decreased by 50% relative to individuals that had not been warmed. While all genotypes’ production decreased in the recovery phase, genotypes that grew the most rapidly under benign thermal conditions (control) were the most susceptible to the detrimental effects of warming. This suggests a potential tradeoff in relative performance at normal vs. elevated temperatures. Modest short-term increases in water temperature have potentially prolonged negative effects within the species’ thermal envelope, but genetic variation within these populations may allow for population persistence and adaptation. Further, intraspecific variation in phenology can result in maintenance of population diversity and lead to enhanced production in diverse stands given sufficient frequency of warming or other stress events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura K. Reynolds
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Katherine DuBois
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States of America
- Bodega Marine Lab, University of California Davis, Bodega Bay, CA 94923, United States of America
| | - Jessica M. Abbott
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States of America
| | - Susan L. Williams
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States of America
- Bodega Marine Lab, University of California Davis, Bodega Bay, CA 94923, United States of America
| | - John J. Stachowicz
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States of America
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Long KA, Nossa CW, Sewell MA, Putnam NH, Ryan JF. Low coverage sequencing of three echinoderm genomes: the brittle star Ophionereis fasciata, the sea star Patiriella regularis, and the sea cucumber Australostichopus mollis. Gigascience 2016; 5:20. [PMID: 27175279 PMCID: PMC4863316 DOI: 10.1186/s13742-016-0125-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are five major extant groups of Echinodermata: Crinoidea (feather stars and sea lillies), Ophiuroidea (brittle stars and basket stars), Asteroidea (sea stars), Echinoidea (sea urchins, sea biscuits, and sand dollars), and Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers). These animals are known for their pentaradial symmetry as adults, unique water vascular system, mutable collagenous tissues, and endoskeletons of high magnesium calcite. To our knowledge, the only echinoderm species with a genome sequence available to date is Strongylocentrotus pupuratus (Echinoidea). The availability of additional echinoderm genome sequences is crucial for understanding the biology of these animals. FINDINGS Here we present assembled draft genomes of the brittle star Ophionereis fasciata, the sea star Patiriella regularis, and the sea cucumber Australostichopus mollis from Illumina sequence data with coverages of 12.5x, 22.5x, and 21.4x, respectively. CONCLUSIONS These data provide a resource for mining gene superfamilies, identifying non-coding RNAs, confirming gene losses, and designing experimental constructs. They will be important comparative resources for future genomic studies in echinoderms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle A Long
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, 9505 Ocean Shore Blvd., St Augustine, FL 32080 USA
| | - Carlos W Nossa
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Rice University, P.O. Box 1892, Houston, TX 77251-1892 USA
| | - Mary A Sewell
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nicholas H Putnam
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Rice University, P.O. Box 1892, Houston, TX 77251-1892 USA
| | - Joseph F Ryan
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, 9505 Ocean Shore Blvd., St Augustine, FL 32080 USA ; Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-8525 USA
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Shama LNS, Mark FC, Strobel A, Lokmer A, John U, Mathias Wegner K. Transgenerational effects persist down the maternal line in marine sticklebacks: gene expression matches physiology in a warming ocean. Evol Appl 2016; 9:1096-1111. [PMID: 27695518 PMCID: PMC5039323 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Transgenerational effects can buffer populations against environmental change, yet little is known about underlying mechanisms, their persistence or the influence of environmental cue timing. We investigated mitochondrial respiratory capacity (MRC) and gene expression of marine sticklebacks that experienced acute or developmental acclimation to simulated ocean warming (21°C) across three generations. Previous work showed that acute acclimation of grandmothers to 21°C led to lower (optimized) offspring MRCs. Here, developmental acclimation of mothers to 21°C led to higher, but more efficient offspring MRCs. Offspring with a 21°C × 17°C grandmother-mother environment mismatch showed metabolic compensation: their MRCs were as low as offspring with a 17°C thermal history across generations. Transcriptional analyses showed primarily maternal but also grandmaternal environment effects: genes involved in metabolism and mitochondrial protein biosynthesis were differentially expressed when mothers developed at 21°C, whereas 21°C grandmothers influenced genes involved in hemostasis and apoptosis. Genes involved in mitochondrial respiration all showed higher expression when mothers developed at 21° and lower expression in the 21°C × 17°C group, matching the phenotypic pattern for MRCs. Our study links transcriptomics to physiology under climate change, and demonstrates that mechanisms underlying transgenerational effects persist across multiple generations with specific outcomes depending on acclimation type and environmental mismatch between generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa N S Shama
- Coastal Ecology Section Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar-und Meeresforschung Wadden Sea Station Sylt Germany
| | - Felix C Mark
- Integrative Ecophysiology Section Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar-und Meeresforschung Bremerhaven Germany
| | - Anneli Strobel
- Integrative Ecophysiology Section Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar-und Meeresforschung Bremerhaven Germany; Man Society Environment (MGU) Department of Environmental Sciences University of Basel Switzerland
| | - Ana Lokmer
- Coastal Ecology Section Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar-und Meeresforschung Wadden Sea Station Sylt Germany
| | - Uwe John
- Ecological Chemistry Section Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar-und Meeresforschung Bremerhaven Germany
| | - K Mathias Wegner
- Coastal Ecology Section Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar-und Meeresforschung Wadden Sea Station Sylt Germany
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Rodríguez-Romero A, Jarrold MD, Massamba-N'Siala G, Spicer JI, Calosi P. Multi-generational responses of a marine polychaete to a rapid change in seawater pCO 2. Evol Appl 2015; 9:1082-1095. [PMID: 27695517 PMCID: PMC5039322 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Little is known of the capacity that marine metazoans have to evolve under rapid p CO 2 changes. Consequently, we reared a marine polychaete, Ophryotrocha labronica, previously cultured for approximately 33 generations under a low/variable pH regime, under elevated and low p CO 2 for six generations. The strain used was found to be tolerant to elevated p CO 2 conditions. In generations F1 and F2 females' fecundity was significantly lower in the low p CO 2 treatment. However, from generation F3 onwards there were no differences between p CO 2 treatments, indicating that trans-generational effects enabled the restoration and maintenance of reproductive output. Whilst the initial fitness recovery was likely driven by trans-generational plasticity (TGP), the results from reciprocal transplant assays, performed using F7 individuals, made it difficult to disentangle between whether TGP had persisted across multiple generations, or if evolutionary adaptation had occurred. Nonetheless, both are important mechanisms for persistence under climate change. Overall, our study highlights the importance of multi-generational experiments in more accurately determining marine metazoans' responses to changes in p CO 2, and strengthens the case for exploring their use in conservation, by creating specific p CO 2 tolerant strains of keystone ecosystem species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Araceli Rodríguez-Romero
- Departamento de Ecología y Gestión Costera Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía (CSIC) Puerto Real Cádiz Spain
| | - Michael D Jarrold
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre School of Marine Science and Engineering Plymouth University Plymouth Devon UK; College of Marine and Environmental Sciences James Cook University Townsville Qld Australia
| | - Gloria Massamba-N'Siala
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia ModenaItaly; Département de Biologie Chimie et Géographie Université du Québec à Rimouski
Rimouski QC Canada
| | - John I Spicer
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre School of Marine Science and Engineering Plymouth University Plymouth Devon UK
| | - Piero Calosi
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre School of Marine Science and Engineering Plymouth University Plymouth Devon UK; Département de Biologie Chimie et Géographie Université du Québec à Rimouski Rimouski QC Canada
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Harney E, Artigaud S, Le Souchu P, Miner P, Corporeau C, Essid H, Pichereau V, Nunes FLD. Non-additive effects of ocean acidification in combination with warming on the larval proteome of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. J Proteomics 2015; 135:151-161. [PMID: 26657130 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide results in ocean acidification and warming, significantly impacting marine invertebrate larvae development. We investigated how ocean acidification in combination with warming affected D-veliger larvae of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. Larvae were reared for 40h under either control (pH8.1, 20 °C), acidified (pH7.9, 20 °C), warm (pH8.1, 22 °C) or warm acidified (pH7.9, 22 °C) conditions. Larvae in acidified conditions were significantly smaller than in the control, but warm acidified conditions mitigated negative effects on size, and increased calcification. A proteomic approach employing two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) was used to quantify proteins and relate their abundance to phenotypic traits. In total 12 differentially abundant spots were identified by nano-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. These proteins had roles in metabolism, intra- and extra-cellular matrix formations, stress response, and as molecular chaperones. Seven spots responded to reduced pH, four to increased temperature, and six to acidification and warming. Reduced abundance of proteins such as ATP synthase and GAPDH, and increased abundance of superoxide dismutase, occurred when both pH and temperature changes were imposed, suggesting altered metabolism and enhanced oxidative stress. These results identify key proteins that may be involved in the acclimation of C. gigas larvae to ocean acidification and warming. SIGNIFICANCE Increasing atmospheric CO2 raises sea surface temperatures and results in ocean acidification, two climatic variables known to impact marine organisms. Larvae of calcifying species may be particularly at risk to such changing environmental conditions. The Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas is ecologically and commercially important, and understanding its ability to acclimate to climate change will help to predict how aquaculture of this species is likely to be impacted. Modest, yet realistic changes in pH and/or temperature may be more informative of how populations will respond to contemporary climate change. We showed that concurrent acidification and warming mitigates the negative effects of pH alone on size of larvae, but proteomic analysis reveals altered patterns of metabolism and an increase in oxidative stress suggesting non-additive effects of the interaction between pH and temperature on protein abundance. Thus, even small changes in climate may influence development, with potential consequences later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewan Harney
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, University of Brest (UBO), Université Européenne de Bretagne (UEB), Place Nicolas Copernic, 29280 Plouzané, France.
| | - Sébastien Artigaud
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, University of Brest (UBO), Université Européenne de Bretagne (UEB), Place Nicolas Copernic, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Pierrick Le Souchu
- Ifremer, Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, Centre Bretagne Z.I. Pointe du Diable, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Philippe Miner
- Ifremer, Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, Centre Bretagne Z.I. Pointe du Diable, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Charlotte Corporeau
- Ifremer, Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, Centre Bretagne Z.I. Pointe du Diable, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Hafida Essid
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, University of Brest (UBO), Université Européenne de Bretagne (UEB), Place Nicolas Copernic, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Vianney Pichereau
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, University of Brest (UBO), Université Européenne de Bretagne (UEB), Place Nicolas Copernic, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Flavia L D Nunes
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, University of Brest (UBO), Université Européenne de Bretagne (UEB), Place Nicolas Copernic, 29280 Plouzané, France
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70
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DeBiasse MB, Kelly MW. Plastic and Evolved Responses to Global Change: What Can We Learn from Comparative Transcriptomics?: Table 1. J Hered 2015; 107:71-81. [DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esv073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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71
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Esbaugh AJ, Ern R, Nordi WM, Johnson AS. Respiratory plasticity is insufficient to alleviate blood acid–base disturbances after acclimation to ocean acidification in the estuarine red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus. J Comp Physiol B 2015; 186:97-109. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-015-0940-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Abstract
Increasingly, researchers are interested in estimating the heritability of traits for nonmodel organisms. However, estimating the heritability of these traits presents both experimental and statistical challenges, which typically arise from logistical difficulties associated with rearing large numbers of families independently in the field, a lack of known pedigree, the need to account for group or batch effects, etc. Here we develop both an empirical and computational methodology for estimating the narrow-sense heritability of traits for highly fecund species. Our experimental approach controls for undesirable culturing effects while minimizing culture numbers, increasing feasibility in the field. Our statistical approach accounts for known issues with model-selection by using a permutation test to calculate significance values and includes both fitting and power calculation methods. We further demonstrate that even with moderately high sample-sizes, the p-values derived from asymptotic properties of the likelihood ratio test are overly conservative, thus reducing statistical power. We illustrate our methodology by estimating the narrow-sense heritability for larval settlement, a key life-history trait, in the reef-building coral Orbicella faveolata. The experimental, statistical, and computational methods, along with all of the data from this study, are available in the R package multiDimBio.
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73
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Gaylord B, Kroeker KJ, Sunday JM, Anderson KM, Barry JP, Brown NE, Connell SD, Dupont S, Fabricius KE, Hall-Spencer JH, Klinger T, Milazzo M, Munday PL, Russell BD, Sanford E, Schreiber SJ, Thiyagarajan V, Vaughan MLH, Widdicombe S, Harley CDG. Ocean acidification through the lens of ecological theory. Ecology 2015; 96:3-15. [PMID: 26236884 DOI: 10.1890/14-0802.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ocean acidification, chemical changes to the carbonate system of seawater, is emerging as a key environmental challenge accompanying global warming and other human-induced perturbations. Considerable research seeks to define the scope and character of potential outcomes from this phenomenon, but a crucial impediment persists. Ecological theory, despite its power and utility, has been only peripherally applied to the problem. Here we sketch in broad strokes several areas where fundamental principles of ecology have the capacity to generate insight into ocean acidification's consequences. We focus on conceptual models that, when considered in the context of acidification, yield explicit predictions regarding a spectrum of population- and community-level effects, from narrowing of species ranges and shifts in patterns of demographic connectivity, to modified consumer-resource relationships, to ascendance of weedy taxa and loss of species diversity. Although our coverage represents only a small fraction of the breadth of possible insights achievable from the application of theory, our hope is that this initial foray will spur expanded efforts to blend experiments with theoretical approaches. The result promises to be a deeper and more nuanced understanding of ocean acidification'and the ecological changes it portends.
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74
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Paganini AW, Miller NA, Stillman JH. Temperature and acidification variability reduce physiological performance in the intertidal zone porcelain crab Petrolisthes cinctipes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 217:3974-80. [PMID: 25392458 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.109801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We show here that increased variability of temperature and pH synergistically negatively affects the energetics of intertidal zone crabs. Under future climate scenarios, coastal ecosystems are projected to have increased extremes of low tide-associated thermal stress and ocean acidification-associated low pH, the individual or interactive effects of which have yet to be determined. To characterize energetic consequences of exposure to increased variability of pH and temperature, we exposed porcelain crabs, Petrolisthes cinctipes, to conditions that simulated current and future intertidal zone thermal and pH environments. During the daily low tide, specimens were exposed to no, moderate or extreme heating, and during the daily high tide experienced no, moderate or extreme acidification. Respiration rate and cardiac thermal limits were assessed following 2.5 weeks of acclimation. Thermal variation had a larger overall effect than pH variation, though there was an interactive effect between the two environmental drivers. Under the most extreme temperature and pH combination, respiration rate decreased while heat tolerance increased, indicating a smaller overall aerobic energy budget (i.e. a reduced O2 consumption rate) of which a larger portion is devoted to basal maintenance (i.e. greater thermal tolerance indicating induction of the cellular stress response). These results suggest the potential for negative long-term ecological consequences for intertidal ectotherms exposed to increased extremes in pH and temperature due to reduced energy for behavior and reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam W Paganini
- Romberg Tiburon Center for Environmental Studies, San Francisco State University, 3150 Paradise Drive, Tiburon, CA 94920, USA
| | - Nathan A Miller
- Romberg Tiburon Center for Environmental Studies, San Francisco State University, 3150 Paradise Drive, Tiburon, CA 94920, USA
| | - Jonathon H Stillman
- Romberg Tiburon Center for Environmental Studies, San Francisco State University, 3150 Paradise Drive, Tiburon, CA 94920, USA Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, 3040 Valley Life Sciences, Building no. 3140, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
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75
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To brood or not to brood: Are marine invertebrates that protect their offspring more resilient to ocean acidification? Sci Rep 2015; 5:12009. [PMID: 26156262 PMCID: PMC4648422 DOI: 10.1038/srep12009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) is being absorbed by seawater resulting in increasingly acidic oceans, a process known as ocean acidification (OA). OA is thought to have largely deleterious effects on marine invertebrates, primarily impacting early life stages and consequently, their recruitment and species’ survival. Most research in this field has been limited to short-term, single-species and single-life stage studies, making it difficult to determine which taxa will be evolutionarily successful under OA conditions. We circumvent these limitations by relating the dominance and distribution of the known polychaete worm species living in a naturally acidic seawater vent system to their life history strategies. These data are coupled with breeding experiments, showing all dominant species in this natural system exhibit parental care. Our results provide evidence supporting the idea that long-term survival of marine species in acidic conditions is related to life history strategies where eggs are kept in protected maternal environments (brooders) or where larvae have no free swimming phases (direct developers). Our findings are the first to formally validate the hypothesis that species with life history strategies linked to parental care are more protected in an acidifying ocean compared to their relatives employing broadcast spawning and pelagic larval development.
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Waldbusser GG, Hales B, Langdon CJ, Haley BA, Schrader P, Brunner EL, Gray MW, Miller CA, Gimenez I, Hutchinson G. Ocean Acidification Has Multiple Modes of Action on Bivalve Larvae. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128376. [PMID: 26061095 DOI: 10.1038/nclimate2479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Ocean acidification (OA) is altering the chemistry of the world's oceans at rates unparalleled in the past roughly 1 million years. Understanding the impacts of this rapid change in baseline carbonate chemistry on marine organisms needs a precise, mechanistic understanding of physiological responses to carbonate chemistry. Recent experimental work has shown shell development and growth in some bivalve larvae, have direct sensitivities to calcium carbonate saturation state that is not modulated through organismal acid-base chemistry. To understand different modes of action of OA on bivalve larvae, we experimentally tested how pH, PCO2, and saturation state independently affect shell growth and development, respiration rate, and initiation of feeding in Mytilus californianus embryos and larvae. We found, as documented in other bivalve larvae, that shell development and growth were affected by aragonite saturation state, and not by pH or PCO2. Respiration rate was elevated under very low pH (~7.4) with no change between pH of ~ 8.3 to ~7.8. Initiation of feeding appeared to be most sensitive to PCO2, and possibly minor response to pH under elevated PCO2. Although different components of physiology responded to different carbonate system variables, the inability to normally develop a shell due to lower saturation state precludes pH or PCO2 effects later in the life history. However, saturation state effects during early shell development will carry-over to later stages, where pH or PCO2 effects can compound OA effects on bivalve larvae. Our findings suggest OA may be a multi-stressor unto itself. Shell development and growth of the native mussel, M. californianus, was indistinguishable from the Mediterranean mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis, collected from the southern U.S. Pacific coast, an area not subjected to seasonal upwelling. The concordance in responses suggests a fundamental OA bottleneck during development of the first shell material affected only by saturation state.
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Affiliation(s)
- George G Waldbusser
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America
| | - Burke Hales
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America
| | - Chris J Langdon
- Coastal Oregon Marine Experimental Station and Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Oregon State University, Newport OR, United States of America
| | - Brian A Haley
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America
| | - Paul Schrader
- Coastal Oregon Marine Experimental Station and Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Oregon State University, Newport OR, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth L Brunner
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America
| | - Matthew W Gray
- Coastal Oregon Marine Experimental Station and Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Oregon State University, Newport OR, United States of America
| | - Cale A Miller
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, 104 Nash Hall, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America
| | - Iria Gimenez
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America
| | - Greg Hutchinson
- Coastal Oregon Marine Experimental Station and Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Oregon State University, Newport OR, United States of America
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77
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Waldbusser GG, Hales B, Langdon CJ, Haley BA, Schrader P, Brunner EL, Gray MW, Miller CA, Gimenez I, Hutchinson G. Ocean Acidification Has Multiple Modes of Action on Bivalve Larvae. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128376. [PMID: 26061095 PMCID: PMC4465621 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocean acidification (OA) is altering the chemistry of the world’s oceans at rates unparalleled in the past roughly 1 million years. Understanding the impacts of this rapid change in baseline carbonate chemistry on marine organisms needs a precise, mechanistic understanding of physiological responses to carbonate chemistry. Recent experimental work has shown shell development and growth in some bivalve larvae, have direct sensitivities to calcium carbonate saturation state that is not modulated through organismal acid-base chemistry. To understand different modes of action of OA on bivalve larvae, we experimentally tested how pH, PCO2, and saturation state independently affect shell growth and development, respiration rate, and initiation of feeding in Mytilus californianus embryos and larvae. We found, as documented in other bivalve larvae, that shell development and growth were affected by aragonite saturation state, and not by pH or PCO2. Respiration rate was elevated under very low pH (~7.4) with no change between pH of ~ 8.3 to ~7.8. Initiation of feeding appeared to be most sensitive to PCO2, and possibly minor response to pH under elevated PCO2. Although different components of physiology responded to different carbonate system variables, the inability to normally develop a shell due to lower saturation state precludes pH or PCO2 effects later in the life history. However, saturation state effects during early shell development will carry-over to later stages, where pH or PCO2 effects can compound OA effects on bivalve larvae. Our findings suggest OA may be a multi-stressor unto itself. Shell development and growth of the native mussel, M. californianus, was indistinguishable from the Mediterranean mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis, collected from the southern U.S. Pacific coast, an area not subjected to seasonal upwelling. The concordance in responses suggests a fundamental OA bottleneck during development of the first shell material affected only by saturation state.
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Affiliation(s)
- George G. Waldbusser
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Burke Hales
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America
| | - Chris J. Langdon
- Coastal Oregon Marine Experimental Station and Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Oregon State University, Newport OR, United States of America
| | - Brian A. Haley
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America
| | - Paul Schrader
- Coastal Oregon Marine Experimental Station and Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Oregon State University, Newport OR, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth L. Brunner
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America
| | - Matthew W. Gray
- Coastal Oregon Marine Experimental Station and Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Oregon State University, Newport OR, United States of America
| | - Cale A. Miller
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, 104 Nash Hall, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America
| | - Iria Gimenez
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America
| | - Greg Hutchinson
- Coastal Oregon Marine Experimental Station and Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Oregon State University, Newport OR, United States of America
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78
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Lane A, Campanati C, Dupont S, Thiyagarajan V. Trans-generational responses to low pH depend on parental gender in a calcifying tubeworm. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10847. [PMID: 26039184 PMCID: PMC4454138 DOI: 10.1038/srep10847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The uptake of anthropogenic CO2 emissions by oceans has started decreasing pH and carbonate ion concentrations of seawater, a process called ocean acidification (OA). Occurring over centuries and many generations, evolutionary adaptation and epigenetic transfer will change species responses to OA over time. Trans-generational responses, via genetic selection or trans-generational phenotypic plasticity, differ depending on species and exposure time as well as differences between individuals such as gender. Males and females differ in reproductive investment and egg producing females may have less energy available for OA stress responses. By crossing eggs and sperm from the calcareous tubeworm Hydroides elegans (Haswell, 1883) raised in ambient (8.1) and low (7.8) pH environments, we observed that paternal and maternal low pH experience had opposite and additive effects on offspring. For example, when compared to offspring with both parents from ambient pH, growth rates of offspring of fathers or mothers raised in low pH were higher or lower respectively, but there was no difference when both parents were from low pH. Gender differences may result in different selection pressures for each gender. This may result in overestimates of species tolerance and missed opportunities of potentially insightful comparisons between individuals of the same species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ackley Lane
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Camilla Campanati
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Sam Dupont
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, The Sven Lovén Centre for Marine Sciences - Kristineberg, University of Gothenburg, Fiskebäckskil, Sweden
| | - Vengatesen Thiyagarajan
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
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79
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Przeslawski R, Byrne M, Mellin C. A review and meta-analysis of the effects of multiple abiotic stressors on marine embryos and larvae. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2015; 21:2122-2140. [PMID: 25488061 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Marine organisms are simultaneously exposed to anthropogenic stressors with likely interactive effects, including synergisms in which the combined effects of multiple stressors are greater than the sum of individual effects. Early life stages of marine organisms are potentially vulnerable to the stressors associated with global change, but identifying general patterns across studies, species and response variables is challenging. This review represents the first meta-analysis of multistressor studies to target early marine life stages (embryo to larvae), particularly between temperature, salinity and pH as these are the best studied. Knowledge gaps in research on multiple abiotic stressors and early life stages are also identified. The meta-analysis yielded several key results: (1) Synergistic interactions (65% of individual tests) are more common than additive (17%) or antagonistic (17%) interactions. (2) Larvae are generally more vulnerable than embryos to thermal and pH stress. (3) Survival is more likely than sublethal responses to be affected by thermal, salinity and pH stress. (4) Interaction types vary among stressors, ontogenetic stages and biological responses, but they are more consistent among phyla. (5) Ocean acidification is a greater stressor for calcifying than noncalcifying larvae. Despite being more ecologically realistic than single-factor studies, multifactorial studies may still oversimplify complex systems, and so meta-analyses of the data from them must be cautiously interpreted with regard to extrapolation to field conditions. Nonetheless, our results identify taxa with early life stages that may be particularly vulnerable (e.g. molluscs, echinoderms) or robust (e.g. arthropods, cnidarians) to abiotic stress. We provide a list of recommendations for future multiple stressor studies, particularly those focussed on early marine life stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Przeslawski
- National Earth and Marine Observations Group, Geoscience Australia, GPO Box 378, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia; School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
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80
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
The change in oceanic carbonate chemistry due to increased atmospheric PCO2 has caused pH to decline in marine surface waters, a phenomenon known as ocean acidification (OA). The effects of OA on organisms have been shown to be widespread among diverse taxa from a wide range of habitats. The majority of studies of organismal response to OA are in short-term exposures to future levels of PCO2. From such studies, much information has been gathered on plastic responses organisms may make in the future that are beneficial or harmful to fitness. Relatively few studies have examined whether organisms can adapt to negative-fitness consequences of plastic responses to OA. We outline major approaches that have been used to study the adaptive potential for organisms to OA, which include comparative studies and experimental evolution. Organisms that inhabit a range of pH environments (e.g. pH gradients at volcanic CO2 seeps or in upwelling zones) have great potential for studies that identify adaptive shifts that have occurred through evolution. Comparative studies have advanced our understanding of adaptation to OA by linking whole-organism responses with cellular mechanisms. Such optimization of function provides a link between genetic variation and adaptive evolution in tuning optimal function of rate-limiting cellular processes in different pH conditions. For example, in experimental evolution studies of organisms with short generation times (e.g. phytoplankton), hundreds of generations of growth under future conditions has resulted in fixed differences in gene expression related to acid–base regulation. However, biochemical mechanisms for adaptive responses to OA have yet to be fully characterized, and are likely to be more complex than simply changes in gene expression or protein modification. Finally, we present a hypothesis regarding an unexplored area for biochemical adaptation to ocean acidification. In this hypothesis, proteins and membranes exposed to the external environment, such as epithelial tissues, may be susceptible to changes in external pH. Such biochemical systems could be adapted to a reduced pH environment by adjustment of weak bonds in an analogous fashion to biochemical adaptation to temperature. Whether such biochemical adaptation to OA exists remains to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon H. Stillman
- Romberg Tiburon Center, Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, Tiburon, CA 94920, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94709, USA
| | - Adam W. Paganini
- Romberg Tiburon Center, Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, Tiburon, CA 94920, USA
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81
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Rivest EB, Gouhier TC. Complex environmental forcing across the biogeographical range of coral populations. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121742. [PMID: 25799322 PMCID: PMC4370630 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although there is a substantial body of work on how temperature shapes coastal marine ecosystems, the spatiotemporal variability of seawater pH and corresponding in situ biological responses remain largely unknown across biogeographic ranges of tropical coral species. Environmental variability is important to characterize because it can amplify or dampen the biological consequences of global change, depending on the functional relationship between mean temperature or pH and organismal traits. Here, we characterize the spatiotemporal variability of pH, temperature, and salinity at fringing reefs in Moorea, French Polynesia and Nanwan Bay, Taiwan using advanced time series analysis, including wavelet analysis, and infer their potential impact on the persistence and stability of coral populations. Our results demonstrate that both the mean and variance of pH and temperature differed significantly between sites in Moorea and Taiwan. Seawater temperature at the Moorea site passed the local bleaching threshold several times within the ~45 day deployment while aragonite saturation state at the Taiwan site was often below commonly observed levels for coral reefs. Our results showcase how a better understanding of the differences in environmental conditions between sites can (1) provide an important frame of reference for designing laboratory experiments to study the effects of environmental variability, (2) identify the proximity of current environmental conditions to predicted biological thresholds for the coral reef, and (3) help predict when the temporal variability and mean of environmental conditions will interact synergistically or antagonistically to alter the abundance and stability of marine populations experiencing climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily B. Rivest
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California Davis, Bodega Bay, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Tarik C. Gouhier
- Marine Science Center, Northeastern University, Nahant, Massachusetts, United States of America
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82
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Evans TG, Padilla-Gamiño JL, Kelly MW, Pespeni MH, Chan F, Menge BA, Gaylord B, Hill TM, Russell AD, Palumbi SR, Sanford E, Hofmann GE. Ocean acidification research in the 'post-genomic' era: Roadmaps from the purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2015; 185:33-42. [PMID: 25773301 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Advances in nucleic acid sequencing technology are removing obstacles that historically prevented use of genomics within ocean change biology. As one of the first marine calcifiers to have its genome sequenced, purple sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) have been the subject of early research exploring genomic responses to ocean acidification, work that points to future experiments and illustrates the value of expanding genomic resources to other marine organisms in this new 'post-genomic' era. This review presents case studies of S. purpuratus demonstrating the ability of genomic experiments to address major knowledge gaps within ocean acidification. Ocean acidification research has focused largely on species vulnerability, and studies exploring mechanistic bases of tolerance toward low pH seawater are comparatively few. Transcriptomic responses to high pCO₂ seawater in a population of urchins already encountering low pH conditions have cast light on traits required for success in future oceans. Secondly, there is relatively little information on whether marine organisms possess the capacity to adapt to oceans progressively decreasing in pH. Genomics offers powerful methods to investigate evolutionary responses to ocean acidification and recent work in S. purpuratus has identified genes under selection in acidified seawater. Finally, relatively few ocean acidification experiments investigate how shifts in seawater pH combine with other environmental factors to influence organism performance. In S. purpuratus, transcriptomics has provided insight into physiological responses of urchins exposed simultaneously to warmer and more acidic seawater. Collectively, these data support that similar breakthroughs will occur as genomic resources are developed for other marine species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler G Evans
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University East Bay, Hayward, CA 94542, USA.
| | | | - Morgan W Kelly
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Melissa H Pespeni
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Francis Chan
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-2914, USA
| | - Bruce A Menge
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-2914, USA
| | - Brian Gaylord
- Department of Evolution and Ecology and Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California Davis, Bodega Bay, CA 94923, USA
| | - Tessa M Hill
- Department of Geology and Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California Davis, Bodega Bay, CA 94923, USA
| | - Ann D Russell
- Department of Geology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Stephen R Palumbi
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Hopkins Marine Station, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA
| | - Eric Sanford
- Department of Evolution and Ecology and Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California Davis, Bodega Bay, CA 94923, USA
| | - Gretchen E Hofmann
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9620, USA
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83
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Malvezzi AJ, Murray CS, Feldheim KA, DiBattista JD, Garant D, Gobler CJ, Chapman DD, Baumann H. A quantitative genetic approach to assess the evolutionary potential of a coastal marine fish to ocean acidification. Evol Appl 2015; 8:352-62. [PMID: 25926880 PMCID: PMC4408146 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessing the potential of marine organisms to adapt genetically to increasing oceanic CO2 levels requires proxies such as heritability of fitness-related traits under ocean acidification (OA). We applied a quantitative genetic method to derive the first heritability estimate of survival under elevated CO2 conditions in a metazoan. Specifically, we reared offspring, selected from a wild coastal fish population (Atlantic silverside, Menidia menidia), at high CO2 conditions (∼2300 μatm) from fertilization to 15 days posthatch, which significantly reduced survival compared to controls. Perished and surviving offspring were quantitatively sampled and genotyped along with their parents, using eight polymorphic microsatellite loci, to reconstruct a parent–offspring pedigree and estimate variance components. Genetically related individuals were phenotypically more similar (i.e., survived similarly long at elevated CO2 conditions) than unrelated individuals, which translated into a significantly nonzero heritability (0.20 ± 0.07). The contribution of maternal effects was surprisingly small (0.05 ± 0.04) and nonsignificant. Survival among replicates was positively correlated with genetic diversity, particularly with observed heterozygosity. We conclude that early life survival of M. menidia under high CO2 levels has a significant additive genetic component that could elicit an evolutionary response to OA, depending on the strength and direction of future selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J Malvezzi
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | | | - Kevin A Feldheim
- Pritzker Laboratory for Molecular Systematics and Evolution, Field Museum of Natural History Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Joseph D DiBattista
- Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dany Garant
- Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Christopher J Gobler
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Demian D Chapman
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Hannes Baumann
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut Groton, CT, USA
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84
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Eklöf JS, Havenhand JN, Alsterberg C, Gamfeldt L. Community-level effects of rapid experimental warming and consumer loss outweigh effects of rapid ocean acidification. OIKOS 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.01544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johan S. Eklöf
- Dept of Biological and Environmental Sciences - Kristineberg; Univ. of Gothenburg; SE-451 78 Fiskebäckskil Sweden
| | - Jonathan N. Havenhand
- Dept of Biological and Environmental Sciences - Tjärnö; Univ. of Gothenburg; SE-452 96 Strömstad Sweden
| | - Christian Alsterberg
- Dept of Biological and Environmental Sciences - Gothenburg; Univ. of Gothenburg; SE-405 30 Göteborg Sweden
| | - Lars Gamfeldt
- Dept of Biological and Environmental Sciences - Gothenburg; Univ. of Gothenburg; SE-405 30 Göteborg Sweden
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85
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Aguirre JD, Blows MW, Marshall DJ. The genetic covariance between life cycle stages separated by metamorphosis. Proc Biol Sci 2015; 281:20141091. [PMID: 24966319 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.1091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metamorphosis is common in animals, yet the genetic associations between life cycle stages are poorly understood. Given the radical changes that occur at metamorphosis, selection may differ before and after metamorphosis, and the extent that genetic associations between pre- and post-metamorphic traits constrain evolutionary change is a subject of considerable interest. In some instances, metamorphosis may allow the genetic decoupling of life cycle stages, whereas in others, metamorphosis could allow complementary responses to selection across the life cycle. Using a diallel breeding design, we measured viability at four ontogenetic stages (embryo, larval, juvenile and adult viability), in the ascidian Ciona intestinalis and examined the orientation of additive genetic variation with respect to the metamorphic boundary. We found support for one eigenvector of G: (gobsmax ), which contrasted larval viability against embryo viability and juvenile viability. Target matrix rotation confirmed that while gobsmax shows genetic associations can extend beyond metamorphosis, there is still considerable scope for decoupled phenotypic evolution. Therefore, although genetic associations across metamorphosis could limit that range of phenotypes that are attainable, traits on either side of the metamorphic boundary are capable of some independent evolutionary change in response to the divergent conditions encountered during each life cycle stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- J David Aguirre
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Mark W Blows
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Dustin J Marshall
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia Marine Evolutionary Ecology Group, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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86
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Evolution of Marine Organisms under Climate Change at Different Levels of Biological Organisation. WATER 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/w6113545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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87
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Timmins-Schiffman E, Coffey WD, Hua W, Nunn BL, Dickinson GH, Roberts SB. Shotgun proteomics reveals physiological response to ocean acidification in Crassostrea gigas. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:951. [PMID: 25362893 PMCID: PMC4531390 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ocean acidification as a result of increased anthropogenic CO2 emissions is occurring in marine and estuarine environments worldwide. The coastal ocean experiences additional daily and seasonal fluctuations in pH that can be lower than projected end-of-century open ocean pH reductions. In order to assess the impact of ocean acidification on marine invertebrates, Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) were exposed to one of four different p CO2 levels for four weeks: 400 μatm (pH 8.0), 800 μatm (pH 7.7), 1000 μatm (pH 7.6), or 2800 μatm (pH 7.3). RESULTS At the end of the four week exposure period, oysters in all four p CO2 environments deposited new shell, but growth rate was not different among the treatments. However, micromechanical properties of the new shell were compromised by elevated p CO2. Elevated p CO2 affected neither whole body fatty acid composition, nor glycogen content, nor mortality rate associated with acute heat shock. Shotgun proteomics revealed that several physiological pathways were significantly affected by ocean acidification, including antioxidant response, carbohydrate metabolism, and transcription and translation. Additionally, the proteomic response to a second stress differed with p CO2, with numerous processes significantly affected by mechanical stimulation at high versus low p CO2 (all proteomics data are available in the ProteomeXchange under the identifier PXD000835). CONCLUSIONS Oyster physiology is significantly altered by exposure to elevated p CO2, indicating changes in energy resource use. This is especially apparent in the assessment of the effects of p CO2 on the proteomic response to a second stress. The altered stress response illustrates that ocean acidification may impact how oysters respond to other changes in their environment. These data contribute to an integrative view of the effects of ocean acidification on oysters as well as physiological trade-offs during environmental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Timmins-Schiffman
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Box 355020, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| | - William D Coffey
- Department of Biology, The College of New Jersey, 2000 Pennington Road, Ewing, NJ, 08628, USA.
| | - Wilber Hua
- Department of Biology, The College of New Jersey, 2000 Pennington Road, Ewing, NJ, 08628, USA.
| | - Brook L Nunn
- Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Box 355065, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| | - Gary H Dickinson
- Department of Biology, The College of New Jersey, 2000 Pennington Road, Ewing, NJ, 08628, USA.
| | - Steven B Roberts
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Box 355020, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
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88
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Foo SA, Dworjanyn SA, Khatkar MS, Poore AGB, Byrne M. Increased temperature, but not acidification, enhances fertilization and development in a tropical urchin: potential for adaptation to a tropicalized eastern Australia. Evol Appl 2014; 7:1226-37. [PMID: 25558283 PMCID: PMC4275094 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
To predict the effects of global change on marine populations, it is important to measure the effects of climate stressors on performance and potential for adaptation. Adaptation depends on heritable genetic variance for stress tolerance being present in populations. We determined the effects of near-future ocean conditions on fertilization success of the sea urchin Pseudoboletia indiana. In 16 multiple dam-sire crosses, we quantified genetic variation in tolerance of warming (+3°C) and acidification (−0.3 to 0.5 pH units) at the gastrulation stage. Ocean acidification decreased fertilization across all dam-sire combinations with effects of pH significantly differing among the pairings. Decreased pH reduced the percentage of normal gastrulae with negative effects alleviated by increased temperature. Significant sire by environment interactions indicated the presence of heritable variation in tolerance of stressors at gastrulation and thus the potential for selection of resistant genotypes, which may enhance population persistence. A low genetic correlation indicated that genotypes that performed well at gastrulation in low pH did not necessarily perform well at higher temperatures. Furthermore, performance at fertilization was not necessarily a good predictor of performance at the later stage of gastrulation. Southern range edge populations of Pseudoboletia indiana may benefit from future warming with potential for extension of their distribution in south-east Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawna A Foo
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney and Sydney Institute of Marine Science Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Symon A Dworjanyn
- National Marine Science Centre, Southern Cross University Coffs Harbour, NSW, Australia
| | - Mehar S Khatkar
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Alistair G B Poore
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Maria Byrne
- Schools of Medical and Biological Sciences, The University of Sydney Sydney, NSW, Australia
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89
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Shama LNS, Wegner KM. Grandparental effects in marine sticklebacks: transgenerational plasticity across multiple generations. J Evol Biol 2014; 27:2297-307. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. N. S. Shama
- Coastal Ecology Section; Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung; Wadden Sea Station Sylt List Germany
| | - K. M. Wegner
- Coastal Ecology Section; Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung; Wadden Sea Station Sylt List Germany
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90
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Dilly GF, Gaitán-Espitia JD, Hofmann GE. Characterization of the Antarctic sea urchin (Sterechinus neumayeri) transcriptome and mitogenome: a molecular resource for phylogenetics, ecophysiology and global change biology. Mol Ecol Resour 2014; 15:425-36. [DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.12316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. F. Dilly
- Marine Science Institute; Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology; University of California; Santa Barbara CA USA
| | - J. D. Gaitán-Espitia
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas; Universidad Austral de Chile; Valdivia Chile
| | - G. E. Hofmann
- Marine Science Institute; Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology; University of California; Santa Barbara CA USA
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91
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Matson PG, Washburn L, Martz TR, Hofmann GE. Abiotic versus biotic drivers of ocean pH variation under fast sea ice in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107239. [PMID: 25221950 PMCID: PMC4164564 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ocean acidification is expected to have a major effect on the marine carbonate system over the next century, particularly in high latitude seas. Less appreciated is natural environmental variation within these systems, particularly in terms of pH, and how this natural variation may inform laboratory experiments. In this study, we deployed sensor-equipped moorings at 20 m depths at three locations in McMurdo Sound, comprising deep (bottom depth>200 m: Hut Point Peninsula) and shallow environments (bottom depth ∼25 m: Cape Evans and New Harbor). Our sensors recorded high-frequency variation in pH (Hut Point and Cape Evans only), tide (Cape Evans and New Harbor), and water mass properties (temperature and salinity) during spring and early summer 2011. These collective observations showed that (1) pH differed spatially both in terms of mean pH (Cape Evans: 8.009±0.015; Hut Point: 8.020±0.007) and range of pH (Cape Evans: 0.090; Hut Point: 0.036), and (2) pH was not related to the mixing of two water masses, suggesting that the observed pH variation is likely not driven by this abiotic process. Given the large daily fluctuation in pH at Cape Evans, we developed a simple mechanistic model to explore the potential for biotic processes – in this case algal photosynthesis – to increase pH by fixing carbon from the water column. For this model, we incorporated published photosynthetic parameters for the three dominant algal functional groups found at Cape Evans (benthic fleshy red macroalgae, crustose coralline algae, and sea ice algal communities) to estimate oxygen produced/carbon fixed from the water column underneath fast sea ice and the resulting pH change. These results suggest that biotic processes may be a primary driver of pH variation observed under fast sea ice at Cape Evans and potentially at other shallow sites in McMurdo Sound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul G Matson
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Libe Washburn
- Department of Geography, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Todd R Martz
- Geosciences Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Gretchen E Hofmann
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
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92
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Pfister CA, Esbaugh AJ, Frieder CA, Baumann H, Bockmon EE, White MM, Carter BR, Benway HM, Blanchette CA, Carrington E, McClintock JB, McCorkle DC, McGillis WR, Mooney TA, Ziveri P. Detecting the unexpected: a research framework for ocean acidification. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:9982-9994. [PMID: 25084232 DOI: 10.1021/es501936p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The threat that ocean acidification (OA) poses to marine ecosystems is now recognized and U.S. funding agencies have designated specific funding for the study of OA. We present a research framework for studying OA that describes it as a biogeochemical event that impacts individual species and ecosystems in potentially unexpected ways. We draw upon specific lessons learned about ecosystem responses from research on acid rain, carbon dioxide enrichment in terrestrial plant communities, and nitrogen deposition. We further characterize the links between carbon chemistry changes and effects on individuals and ecosystems, and enumerate key hypotheses for testing. Finally, we quantify how U.S. research funding has been distributed among these linkages, concluding that there is an urgent need for research programs designed to anticipate how the effects of OA will reverberate throughout assemblages of species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Pfister
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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93
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Xu D, Wang Y, Fan X, Wang D, Ye N, Zhang X, Mou S, Guan Z, Zhuang Z. Long-term experiment on physiological responses to synergetic effects of ocean acidification and photoperiod in the Antarctic sea ice algae Chlamydomonas sp. ICE-L. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:7738-7746. [PMID: 24922067 DOI: 10.1021/es404866z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Studies on ocean acidification have mostly been based on short-term experiments of low latitude with few investigations of the long-term influence on sea ice communities. Here, the combined effects of ocean acidification and photoperiod on the physiological response of the Antarctic sea ice microalgae Chlamydomonas sp. ICE-L were examined. There was a general increase in growth, PSII photosynthetic parameters, and N and P uptake in continuous light, compared to those exposed to regular dark and light cycles. Elevated pCO2 showed no consistent effect on growth rate (p=0.8) and N uptake (p=0.38) during exponential phrase, depending on the photoperiod but had a positive effect on PSII photosynthetic capacity and P uptake. Continuous dark reduced growth, photosynthesis, and nutrient uptake. Moreover, intracellular lipid, mainly in the form of PUFA, was consumed at 80% and 63% in low and high pCO2 in darkness. However, long-term culture under high pCO2 gave a more significant inhibition of growth and Fv/Fm to high light stress. In summary, ocean acidification may have significant effects on Chlamydomonas sp. ICE-L survival in polar winter. The current study contributes to an understanding of how a sea ice algae-based community may respond to global climate change at high latitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Xu
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
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94
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Applebaum SL, Pan TCF, Hedgecock D, Manahan DT. Separating the Nature and Nurture of the Allocation of Energy in Response to Global Change. Integr Comp Biol 2014; 54:284-95. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/icu062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
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95
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Evans TG, Watson-Wynn P. Effects of seawater acidification on gene expression: resolving broader-scale trends in sea urchins. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2014; 226:237-254. [PMID: 25070868 DOI: 10.1086/bblv226n3p237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Sea urchins are ecologically and economically important calcifying organisms threatened by acidification of the global ocean caused by anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Propelled by the sequencing of the purple sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) genome, profiling changes in gene expression during exposure to high pCO2 seawater has emerged as a powerful and increasingly common method to infer the response of urchins to ocean change. However, analyses of gene expression are sensitive to experimental methodology, and comparisons between studies of genes regulated by ocean acidification are most often made in the context of major caveats. Here we perform meta-analyses as a means of minimizing experimental discrepancies and resolving broader-scale trends regarding the effects of ocean acidification on gene expression in urchins. Analyses across eight studies and four urchin species largely support prevailing hypotheses about the impact of ocean acidification on marine calcifiers. The predominant expression pattern involved the down-regulation of genes within energy-producing pathways, a clear indication of metabolic depression. Genes with functions in ion transport were significantly over-represented and are most plausibly contributing to intracellular pH regulation. Expression profiles provided extensive evidence for an impact on biomineralization, epitomized by the down-regulation of seven spicule matrix proteins. In contrast, expression profiles provided limited evidence for CO2-mediated developmental delay or induction of a cellular stress response. Congruence between studies of gene expression and the ocean acidification literature in general validates the accuracy of gene expression in predicting the consequences of ocean change and justifies its continued use in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler G Evans
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University East Bay, Hayward, California 94542
| | - Priscilla Watson-Wynn
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University East Bay, Hayward, California 94542
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96
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Strong AL, Kroeker KJ, Teneva LT, Mease LA, Kelly RP. Ocean Acidification 2.0: Managing our Changing Coastal Ocean Chemistry. Bioscience 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biu072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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97
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Shama LNS, Strobel A, Mark FC, Wegner KM. Transgenerational plasticity in marine sticklebacks: maternal effects mediate impacts of a warming ocean. Funct Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa N. S. Shama
- Coastal Ecology Section; Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung; Wadden Sea Station Sylt Hafenstrasse 43 25992 List Germany
| | - Anneli Strobel
- Integrative Ecophysiology Section; Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung; Am Handelshafen 12 27570 Bremerhaven Germany
| | - Felix C. Mark
- Integrative Ecophysiology Section; Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung; Am Handelshafen 12 27570 Bremerhaven Germany
| | - K. Mathias Wegner
- Coastal Ecology Section; Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung; Wadden Sea Station Sylt Hafenstrasse 43 25992 List Germany
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98
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Kapsenberg L, Hofmann GE. Signals of resilience to ocean change: high thermal tolerance of early stage Antarctic sea urchins (Sterechinus neumayeri) reared under present-day and future pCO2 and temperature. Polar Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-014-1494-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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99
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Gobler CJ, DePasquale EL, Griffith AW, Baumann H. Hypoxia and acidification have additive and synergistic negative effects on the growth, survival, and metamorphosis of early life stage bivalves. PLoS One 2014; 9:e83648. [PMID: 24416169 PMCID: PMC3885513 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Low oxygen zones in coastal and open ocean ecosystems have expanded in recent decades, a trend that will accelerate with climatic warming. There is growing recognition that low oxygen regions of the ocean are also acidified, a condition that will intensify with rising levels of atmospheric CO2. Presently, however, the concurrent effects of low oxygen and acidification on marine organisms are largely unknown, as most prior studies of marine hypoxia have not considered pH levels. We experimentally assessed the consequences of hypoxic and acidified water for early life stage bivalves (bay scallops, Argopecten irradians, and hard clams, Mercenaria mercenaria), marine organisms of significant economic and ecological value and sensitive to climate change. In larval scallops, experimental and naturally-occurring acidification (pH, total scale = 7.4-7.6) reduced survivorship (by >50%), low oxygen (30-50 µM) inhibited growth and metamorphosis (by >50%), and the two stressors combined produced additively negative outcomes. In early life stage clams, however, hypoxic waters led to 30% higher mortality, while acidified waters significantly reduced growth (by 60%). Later stage clams were resistant to hypoxia or acidification separately but experienced significantly (40%) reduced growth rates when exposed to both conditions simultaneously. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that the consequences of low oxygen and acidification for early life stage bivalves, and likely other marine organisms, are more severe than would be predicted by either individual stressor and thus must be considered together when assessing how ocean animals respond to these conditions both today and under future climate change scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Gobler
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Southampton, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Elizabeth L. DePasquale
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Southampton, New York, United States of America
| | - Andrew W. Griffith
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Southampton, New York, United States of America
| | - Hannes Baumann
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Southampton, New York, United States of America
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100
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Reusch TBH. Climate change in the oceans: evolutionary versus phenotypically plastic responses of marine animals and plants. Evol Appl 2014; 7:104-22. [PMID: 24454551 PMCID: PMC3894901 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
I summarize marine studies on plastic versus adaptive responses to global change. Due to the lack of time series, this review focuses largely on the potential for adaptive evolution in marine animals and plants. The approaches were mainly synchronic comparisons of phenotypically divergent populations, substituting spatial contrasts in temperature or CO2 environments for temporal changes, or in assessments of adaptive genetic diversity within populations for traits important under global change. The available literature is biased towards gastropods, crustaceans, cnidarians and macroalgae. Focal traits were mostly environmental tolerances, which correspond to phenotypic buffering, a plasticity type that maintains a functional phenotype despite external disturbance. Almost all studies address coastal species that are already today exposed to fluctuations in temperature, pH and oxygen levels. Recommendations for future research include (i) initiation and analyses of observational and experimental temporal studies encompassing diverse phenotypic traits (including diapausing cues, dispersal traits, reproductive timing, morphology) (ii) quantification of nongenetic trans-generational effects along with components of additive genetic variance (iii) adaptive changes in microbe-host associations under the holobiont model in response to global change (iv) evolution of plasticity patterns under increasingly fluctuating environments and extreme conditions and (v) joint consideration of demography and evolutionary adaptation in evolutionary rescue approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten B H Reusch
- GEOMAR Helmholtz-Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Marine Ecology - Evolutionary Ecology of Marine Fishes Kiel, Germany
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