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Silk Spinning in Silkworms and Spiders. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17081290. [PMID: 27517908 PMCID: PMC5000687 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17081290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Spiders and silkworms spin silks that outcompete the toughness of all natural and manmade fibers. Herein, we compare and contrast the spinning of silk in silkworms and spiders, with the aim of identifying features that are important for fiber formation. Although spiders and silkworms are very distantly related, some features of spinning silk seem to be universal. Both spiders and silkworms produce large silk proteins that are highly repetitive and extremely soluble at high pH, likely due to the globular terminal domains that flank an intermediate repetitive region. The silk proteins are produced and stored at a very high concentration in glands, and then transported along a narrowing tube in which they change conformation in response primarily to a pH gradient generated by carbonic anhydrase and proton pumps, as well as to ions and shear forces. The silk proteins thereby convert from random coil and alpha helical soluble conformations to beta sheet fibers. We suggest that factors that need to be optimized for successful production of artificial silk proteins capable of forming tough fibers include protein solubility, pH sensitivity, and preservation of natively folded proteins throughout the purification and initial spinning processes.
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52
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Peng CA, Russo J, Gravgaard C, McCartney H, Gaines W, Marcotte WR. Spider silk-like proteins derived from transgenic Nicotiana tabacum. Transgenic Res 2016; 25:517-26. [PMID: 27026165 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-016-9949-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The high tensile strength and biocompatibility of spider dragline silk makes it a desirable material in many engineering and tissue regeneration applications. Here, we present the feasibility to produce recombinant proteins in transgenic tobacco Nicotiana tabacum with sequences representing spider silk protein building blocks . Recombinant mini-spidroins contain native N- and C-terminal domains of major ampullate spidroin 1 (rMaSp1) or rMaSp2 flanking an abbreviated number (8, 16 or 32) of consensus repeat domains. Two different expression plasmid vectors were tested and a downstream chitin binding domain and self-cleavable intein were included to facilitate protein purification. We confirmed gene insertion and RNA transcription by PCR and reverse-transcriptase PCR, respectively. Mini-spidroin production was detected by N-terminus specific antibodies. Purification of mini-spidroins was performed through chitin affinity chromatography and subsequent intein activation with reducing reagent. Mini-spidroins, when dialyzed and freeze-dried, formed viscous gelatin-like fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congyue Annie Peng
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, 130 McGinty Court, 153 Robert F. Poole Agricultural Center, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Julia Russo
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, 130 McGinty Court, 153 Robert F. Poole Agricultural Center, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Charlene Gravgaard
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, 130 McGinty Court, 153 Robert F. Poole Agricultural Center, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
- College of Pharmacy, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Heather McCartney
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, 130 McGinty Court, 153 Robert F. Poole Agricultural Center, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - William Gaines
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, 130 McGinty Court, 153 Robert F. Poole Agricultural Center, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - William R Marcotte
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, 130 McGinty Court, 153 Robert F. Poole Agricultural Center, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA.
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Atkison JH, Parnham S, Marcotte WR, Olsen SK. Crystal Structure of the Nephila clavipes Major Ampullate Spidroin 1A N-terminal Domain Reveals Plasticity at the Dimer Interface. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:19006-17. [PMID: 27445329 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.736710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Spider dragline silk is a natural polymer harboring unique physical and biochemical properties that make it an ideal biomaterial. Artificial silk production requires an understanding of the in vivo mechanisms spiders use to convert soluble proteins, called spidroins, into insoluble fibers. Controlled dimerization of the spidroin N-terminal domain (NTD) is crucial to this process. Here, we report the crystal structure of the Nephila clavipes major ampullate spidroin NTD dimer. Comparison of our N. clavipes NTD structure with previously determined Euprosthenops australis NTD structures reveals subtle conformational alterations that lead to differences in how the subunits are arranged at the dimer interface. We observe a subset of contacts that are specific to each ortholog, as well as a substantial increase in asymmetry in the interactions observed at the N. clavipes NTD dimer interface. These asymmetric interactions include novel intermolecular salt bridges that provide new insights into the mechanism of NTD dimerization. We also observe a unique intramolecular "handshake" interaction between two conserved acidic residues that our data suggest adds an additional layer of complexity to the pH-sensitive relay mechanism for NTD dimerization. The results of a panel of tryptophan fluorescence dimerization assays probing the importance of these interactions support our structural observations. Based on our findings, we propose that conformational selectivity and plasticity at the NTD dimer interface play a role in the pH-dependent transition of the NTD from monomer to stably associated dimer as the spidroin progresses through the silk extrusion duct.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H Atkison
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425 and
| | - Stuart Parnham
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425 and
| | - William R Marcotte
- the Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634
| | - Shaun K Olsen
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425 and
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54
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Bajerlein D, Adamski Z, Kacalak W, Tandecka K, Wiesner M, Jurga S. To attach or not to attach? The effect of carrier surface morphology and topography on attachment of phoretic deutonymphs of Uropoda orbicularis (Acari). Naturwissenschaften 2016; 103:61. [PMID: 27379399 PMCID: PMC4933732 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-016-1385-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies on preferences of phoretic deutonymphs of Uropodina for attachment sites have shown that they frequently select smooth and hydrophobic surfaces. The aim of our study was to provide the detailed morphological and topographical characteristics of beetle body surfaces to which deutonymphs frequently attach and to verify how the presence of setae and surface sculpture affects deutonymph attachment. The study was conducted on Uropoda orbicularis (Müller, 1776) and its common beetle carriers: Aphodius prodromus (Brahm, 1790), Aphodius fimetarius (Linnaeus, 1758), Onthophagus nuchicornis (Linnaeus, 1758) and Margarinotus carbonarius (Hoffmann, 1803). Morphology and topography of elytra, femora, propygidia and pygidia of beetles were analysed mainly using SEM methods supported with CLSM and AFM techniques. The hypothesis that deutonymphs may attach to surfaces covered with setae, if seta density is low enough not to disturb mite movement, was tested. The study revealed that deutonymphs attach to surfaces of various types as follows: (i) smooth, (ii) hairy, i.e., covered with setae, (iii) flat and (iv) sculptured. Smooth body parts and body parts covered with setae of low density were most frequently and intensively occupied with deutonymphs. Surfaces of high seta density were avoided by mites. Within elytra of Aphodius beetles, deutonymphs definitely preferred flat surfaces of elytral intervals. On the contrary, densely punctuated propygidium and pygidium in M. carbonarius were heavily infested with deutonymphs. We conclude that carrier surface morphology and topography are important for Uropodina deutonymph attachment, but these two factors cannot fully explain the observed relation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Bajerlein
- Department of Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 89, 61-614, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Zbigniew Adamski
- Electron and Confocal Microscope Laboratory/Department of Animal Physiology and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 89, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Wojciech Kacalak
- Department of Precision Mechanics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Koszalin University of Technology, Racławicka 15-17, 75-620, Koszalin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Tandecka
- Department of Precision Mechanics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Koszalin University of Technology, Racławicka 15-17, 75-620, Koszalin, Poland
| | - Maciej Wiesner
- Department of Crystal Physics, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 85, 61-614, Poznań, Poland.,NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 85, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Stefan Jurga
- NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 85, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
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Wang YL, Gu XM, Kong Y, Feng QL, Yang YM. Electrospun and woven silk fibroin/poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nerve guidance conduits for repairing peripheral nerve injury. Neural Regen Res 2015; 10:1635-42. [PMID: 26692862 PMCID: PMC4660758 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.167763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
We have designed a novel nerve guidance conduit (NGC) made from silk fibroin and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) through electrospinning and weaving (ESP-NGCs). Several physical and biological properties of the ESP-NGCs were assessed in order to evaluate their biocompatibility. The physical properties, including thickness, tensile stiffness, infrared spectroscopy, porosity, and water absorption were determined in vitro. To assess the biological properties, Schwann cells were cultured in ESP-NGC extracts and were assessed by morphological observation, the MTT assay, and immunohistochemistry. In addition, ESP-NGCs were subcutaneously implanted in the backs of rabbits to evaluate their biocompatibility in vivo. The results showed that ESP-NGCs have high porosity, strong hydrophilicity, and strong tensile stiffness. Schwann cells cultured in the ESP-NGC extract fluids showed no significant differences compared to control cells in their morphology or viability. Histological evaluation of the ESP-NGCs implanted in vivo indicated a mild inflammatory reaction and high biocompatibility. Together, these data suggest that these novel ESP-NGCs are biocompatible, and may thus provide a reliable scaffold for peripheral nerve repair in clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China ; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Gu
- Jiangsu College of Engineering and Technology, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yan Kong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qi-Lin Feng
- School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yu-Min Yang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China ; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
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56
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Steins A, Dik P, Müller WH, Vervoort SJ, Reimers K, Kuhbier JW, Vogt PM, van Apeldoorn AA, Coffer PJ, Schepers K. In Vitro Evaluation of Spider Silk Meshes as a Potential Biomaterial for Bladder Reconstruction. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145240. [PMID: 26689371 PMCID: PMC4687005 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Reconstruction of the bladder by means of both natural and synthetic materials remains a challenge due to severe adverse effects such as mechanical failure. Here we investigate the application of spider major ampullate gland-derived dragline silk from the Nephila edulis spider, a natural biomaterial with outstanding mechanical properties and a slow degradation rate, as a potential scaffold for bladder reconstruction by studying the cellular response of primary bladder cells to this biomaterial. We demonstrate that spider silk without any additional biological coating supports adhesion and growth of primary human urothelial cells (HUCs), which are multipotent bladder cells able to differentiate into the various epithelial layers of the bladder. HUCs cultured on spider silk did not show significant changes in the expression of various epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and fibrosis associated genes, and demonstrated only slight reduction in the expression of adhesion and cellular differentiation genes. Furthermore, flow cytometric analysis showed that most of the silk-exposed HUCs maintain an undifferentiated immunophenotype. These results demonstrate that spider silk from the Nephila edulis spider supports adhesion, survival and growth of HUCs without significantly altering their cellular properties making this type of material a suitable candidate for being tested in pre-clinical models for bladder reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Steins
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, Division of Pediatrics, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Cell Biology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter Dik
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, Division of Pediatrics, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wally H. Müller
- Utrecht University, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Stephin J. Vervoort
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Cell Biology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kerstin Reimers
- Medical School Hannover, Department of Plastic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jörn W. Kuhbier
- Medical School Hannover, Department of Plastic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Hannover, Germany
| | - Peter M. Vogt
- Medical School Hannover, Department of Plastic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Hannover, Germany
| | - Aart A. van Apeldoorn
- University of Twente, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, Department of Developmental Bioengineering, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Paul J. Coffer
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, Division of Pediatrics, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Cell Biology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Koen Schepers
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Cell Biology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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57
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Lysine-doped polypyrrole/spider silk protein/poly( l -lactic) acid containing nerve growth factor composite fibers for neural application. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2015; 56:564-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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58
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Borzenok SA, Zheltonozhko AA, Komakh YA. [Justification of the use of particular biopolymers as matrix materials for artificial corneas]. Vestn Oftalmol 2015; 131:94-96. [PMID: 26489127 DOI: 10.17116/oftalma2015131494-96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews distinctive features, advantages, and drawbacks of different biopolymers used to construct the 3D matrices of artificial corneas. Modern requirements for matrices are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Borzenok
- Academician S.N. Fyodorov IRTC 'Eye Microsurgery', Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 59А Beskudnikovskiy bulvar, Moscow, Russian Federation, 127486
| | - A A Zheltonozhko
- Academician S.N. Fyodorov IRTC 'Eye Microsurgery', Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 59А Beskudnikovskiy bulvar, Moscow, Russian Federation, 127486
| | - Yu A Komakh
- Academician S.N. Fyodorov IRTC 'Eye Microsurgery', Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 59А Beskudnikovskiy bulvar, Moscow, Russian Federation, 127486
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59
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Ebrahimi D, Tokareva O, Rim NG, Wong JY, Kaplan DL, Buehler MJ. Silk-Its Mysteries, How It Is Made, and How It Is Used. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2015; 1:864-876. [PMID: 27398402 PMCID: PMC4936833 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5b00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews fundamental and applied aspects of silk-one of Nature's most intriguing materials in terms of its strength, toughness, and biological role-in its various forms, from protein molecules to webs and cocoons, in the context of mechanical and biological properties. A central question that will be explored is how the bridging of scales and the emergence of hierarchical structures are critical elements in achieving novel material properties, and how this knowledge can be explored in the design of synthetic materials. We review how the function of a material system at the macroscale can be derived from the interplay of fundamental molecular building blocks. Moreover, guidelines and approaches to current experimental and computational designs in the field of synthetic silklike materials are provided to assist the materials science community in engineering customized finetuned biomaterials for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davoud Ebrahimi
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Olena Tokareva
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Nae Gyune Rim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Joyce Y. Wong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - David L. Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Markus J. Buehler
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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60
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To spin or not to spin: spider silk fibers and more. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:9361-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6948-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Revised: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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61
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Rising A, Johansson J. Toward spinning artificial spider silk. Nat Chem Biol 2015; 11:309-15. [DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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62
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Hauptmann V, Menzel M, Weichert N, Reimers K, Spohn U, Conrad U. In planta production of ELPylated spidroin-based proteins results in non-cytotoxic biopolymers. BMC Biotechnol 2015; 15:9. [PMID: 25888206 PMCID: PMC4343268 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-015-0123-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spider silk is a tear-resistant and elastic biopolymer that has outstanding mechanical properties. Additionally, exiguous immunogenicity is anticipated for spider silks. Therefore, spider silk represents a potential ideal biomaterial for medical applications. All known spider silk proteins, so-called spidroins, reveal a composite nature of silk-specific units, allowing the recombinant production of individual and combined segments. RESULTS In this report, a miniaturized spidroin gene, named VSO1 that contains repetitive motifs of MaSp1 has been synthesized and combined to form multimers of distinct lengths, which were heterologously expressed as elastin-like peptide (ELP) fusion proteins in tobacco. The elastic penetration moduli of layered proteins were analyzed for different spidroin-based biopolymers. Moreover, we present the first immunological analysis of synthetic spidroin-based biopolymers. Characterization of the binding behavior of the sera after immunization by competitive ELISA suggested that the humoral immune response is mainly directed against the fusion partner ELP. In addition, cytocompatibility studies with murine embryonic fibroblasts indicated that recombinant spidroin-based biopolymers, in solution or as coated proteins, are well tolerated. CONCLUSION The results show that spidroin-based biopolymers can induce humoral immune responses that are dependent on the fusion partner and the overall protein structure. Furthermore, cytocompatibility assays gave no indication of spidroin-derived cytotoxicity, suggesting that recombinant produced biopolymers composed of spider silk-like repetitive elements are suitable for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeska Hauptmann
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Stadt Seeland, OT Gatersleben, Germany.
| | - Matthias Menzel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Mechanics of Materials, Walter-Hülse-Strasse 1, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany.
| | - Nicola Weichert
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Stadt Seeland, OT Gatersleben, Germany.
| | - Kerstin Reimers
- Department of Plastic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Podbielskistr. 380, 30659, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Uwe Spohn
- Fraunhofer Institute for Mechanics of Materials, Walter-Hülse-Strasse 1, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany.
| | - Udo Conrad
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Stadt Seeland, OT Gatersleben, Germany.
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63
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An B, Tang-Schomer M, Huang W, He J, Jones J, Lewis RV, Kaplan DL. Physical and biological regulation of neuron regenerative growth and network formation on recombinant dragline silks. Biomaterials 2015; 48:137-146. [PMID: 25701039 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant spider silks produced in transgenic goat milk were studied as cell culture matrices for neuronal growth. Major ampullate spidroin 1 (MaSp1) supported neuronal growth, axon extension and network connectivity, with cell morphology comparable to the gold standard poly-lysine. In addition, neurons growing on MaSp1 films had increased neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) expression at both mRNA and protein levels. The results indicate that MaSp1 films present useful surface charge and substrate stiffness to support the growth of primary rat cortical neurons. Moreover, a putative neuron-specific surface binding sequence GRGGL within MaSp1 may contribute to the biological regulation of neuron growth. These findings indicate that MaSp1 could regulate neuron growth through its physical and biological features. This dual regulation mode of MaSp1 could provide an alternative strategy for generating functional silk materials for neural tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo An
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155
| | - Min Tang-Schomer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155
| | - Wenwen Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155
| | - Jiuyang He
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155
| | - Justin Jones
- Department of Biology, Synthetic Biomanufacturing Center, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322
| | - Randolph V Lewis
- Department of Biology, Synthetic Biomanufacturing Center, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322
| | - David L Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155
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64
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Doblhofer E, Scheibel T. Engineering of recombinant spider silk proteins allows defined uptake and release of substances. J Pharm Sci 2014; 104:988-94. [PMID: 25546241 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Drug delivery carriers stabilize drugs and control their release, expanding the therapeutic window, and avoiding side effects of otherwise freely diffusing drugs in the human body. Materials used as carrier vehicles have to be biocompatible, biodegradable, nontoxic, and nonimmunogenic. Previously, particles made of the recombinant spider silk protein eADF4(C16) could be effectively loaded with positively and neutrally charged model substances. Here, a new positively charged variant thereof, named eADF4(κ16), has been engineered. Its particle formation is indistinguishable to that of polyanionic eADF4(C16), but in contrast polycationic eADF4(κ16) allows incorporation of negatively charged substances. Both high-molecular-weight substances, such as nucleic acids, and low-molecular-weight substances could be efficiently loaded onto eADF4(κ16) particles, and release of nucleic acids was shown to be well controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Doblhofer
- Thomas Scheibel, Lehrstuhl Biomaterialien, Fakultät für Ingenieurwissenschaften, Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth, 95440, Germany
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65
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Processing of recombinant spider silk proteins into tailor-made materials for biomaterials applications. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2014; 29:62-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2014.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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66
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Spider silk as guiding biomaterial for human model neurons. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:906819. [PMID: 24949480 PMCID: PMC4052499 DOI: 10.1155/2014/906819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Over the last years, a number of therapeutic strategies have emerged to promote axonal regeneration. An attractive strategy is the implantation of biodegradable and nonimmunogenic artificial scaffolds into injured peripheral nerves. In previous studies, transplantation of decellularized veins filled with spider silk for bridging critical size nerve defects resulted in axonal regeneration and remyelination by invading endogenous Schwann cells. Detailed interaction of elongating neurons and the spider silk as guidance material is unknown. To visualize direct cellular interactions between spider silk and neurons in vitro, we developed an in vitro crossed silk fiber array. Here, we describe in detail for the first time that human (NT2) model neurons attach to silk scaffolds. Extending neurites can bridge gaps between single silk fibers and elongate afterwards on the neighboring fiber. Culturing human neurons on the silk arrays led to an increasing migration and adhesion of neuronal cell bodies to the spider silk fibers. Within three to four weeks, clustered somata and extending neurites formed ganglion-like cell structures. Microscopic imaging of human neurons on the crossed fiber arrays in vitro will allow for a more efficient development of methods to maximize cell adhesion and neurite growth on spider silk prior to transplantation studies.
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Biomechanics and biocompatibility of woven spider silk meshes during remodeling in a rodent fascia replacement model. Ann Surg 2014; 259:781-92. [PMID: 23873006 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0b013e3182917677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate biomechanical and immunogenic properties of spider silk meshes implanted as fascia replacement in a rat in vivo model. BACKGROUND Meshes for hernia repair require optimal characteristics with regard to strength, elasticity, and cytocompatibility. Spider silk as a biomaterial with outstanding mechanical properties is potentially suitable for this application. METHODS Commercially available meshes used for hernia repair (Surgisis and Ultrapro) were compared with handwoven meshes manufactured from native dragline silk of Nephila spp. All meshes were tied onto the paravertebral fascia, whereas sham-operated rats were sutured without mesh implantation. After 4 or 14 days, 4 weeks, and 4 or 8 months, tissue samples were analyzed concerning inflammation and biointegration both by histological and biochemical methods and by biomechanical stability tests. RESULTS Histological sections revealed rapid cell migration into the spider silk meshes with increased numbers of giant cells compared with controls with initial decomposition of silk fibers after 4 weeks. Four months postoperatively, spider silk was completely degraded with the formation of a stable scar verified by constant tensile strength values. Surgisis elicited excessive stability loss from day 4 to day 14 (P < 0.001), with distinct inflammatory reaction demonstrated by lymphocyte and neutrophil invasion. Ultrapro also showed decreasing strength and poor elongation behavior, whereas spider silk samples had the highest relative elongation (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Hand-manufactured spider silk meshes with good biocompatibility and beneficial mechanical properties seem superior to standard biological and synthetic meshes, implying an innovative alternative to currently used meshes for hernia repair.
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68
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Rising A. Controlled assembly: a prerequisite for the use of recombinant spider silk in regenerative medicine? Acta Biomater 2014; 10:1627-31. [PMID: 24090990 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent biotechnological progress has enabled the production of spider silk proteins, spidroins, in heterologous hosts. Matrices based on recombinant spidroins support stem cell growth and are well tolerated when implanted in living tissue, thus the material is highly attractive for use in regenerative medicine. However, the matrices made are far from natural silk in terms of mechanical properties and are either spontaneously assembled, which results in heterogeneous products, or spun from harsh solvents with the concomitant risk of harmful remnants in the final products. If we could mimic the spider's aqueous silk spinning process we would likely obtain a material that had reproducible and better characteristics and that more easily could be transferred to clinical practice. Herein, the knowledge of the spiders' silk production system and the prerequisites for artificial spinning and assembly of recombinant proteins are reviewed and discussed in a biomedical context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rising
- KI-Alzheimer Disease Research Center, NVS (Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society) Department, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Anatomy Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, The Biomedical Centre, Box 575, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.
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69
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Yu Q, Xu S, Zhang H, Gu L, Xu Y, Ko F. Structure-property relationship of regenerated spider silk protein nano/microfibrous scaffold fabricated by electrospinning. J Biomed Mater Res A 2013; 102:3828-37. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiaozhen Yu
- College of Materials and Textile Engineering, Zhejiang Experimental Center of Materials and Textile Engineering, Jiaxing University; Jiaxing Zhejiang 314001 People's Republic of China
| | - Shuiling Xu
- College of Medicine, Jiaxing Key Lab of Medical Molecular Biology, Jiaxing University; Jiaxing Zhejiang 314001 People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Zhang
- The first Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College; Chengdu Sicuan 610500 People's Republic of China
| | - Li Gu
- College of Materials and Textile Engineering, Zhejiang Experimental Center of Materials and Textile Engineering, Jiaxing University; Jiaxing Zhejiang 314001 People's Republic of China
| | - Yepei Xu
- College of Materials and Textile Engineering, Zhejiang Experimental Center of Materials and Textile Engineering, Jiaxing University; Jiaxing Zhejiang 314001 People's Republic of China
| | - Frank Ko
- Department of Materials Engineering; The University of British Columbia; Vancouver B.C. V6T 1Z4 Canada
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70
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Hauptmann V, Weichert N, Rakhimova M, Conrad U. Spider silks from plants - a challenge to create native-sized spidroins. Biotechnol J 2013; 8:1183-92. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201300204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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71
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Hardy JG, Leal-Egaña A, Scheibel TR. Engineered Spider Silk Protein-Based Composites for Drug Delivery. Macromol Biosci 2013; 13:1431-7. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201300233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John G. Hardy
- Lehrstuhl Biomaterialien, Fakultät für Ingenieurwissenschaften; Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30; 95447 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Aldo Leal-Egaña
- Lehrstuhl Biomaterialien, Fakultät für Ingenieurwissenschaften; Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30; 95447 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Thomas R. Scheibel
- Lehrstuhl Biomaterialien, Fakultät für Ingenieurwissenschaften; Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30; 95447 Bayreuth Germany
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72
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Lang G, Jokisch S, Scheibel T. Air filter devices including nonwoven meshes of electrospun recombinant spider silk proteins. J Vis Exp 2013:e50492. [PMID: 23685883 PMCID: PMC3679617 DOI: 10.3791/50492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on the natural sequence of Araneus diadematus Fibroin 4 (ADF4), the recombinant spider silk protein eADF4(C16) has been engineered. This highly repetitive protein has a molecular weight of 48kDa and is soluble in different solvents (hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP), formic acid and aqueous buffers). eADF4(C16) provides a high potential for various technical applications when processed into morphologies such as films, capsules, particles, hydrogels, coatings, fibers and nonwoven meshes. Due to their chemical stability and controlled morphology, the latter can be used to improve filter materials. In this protocol, we present a procedure to enhance the efficiency of different air filter devices, by deposition of nonwoven meshes of electrospun recombinant spider silk proteins. Electrospinning of eADF4(C16) dissolved in HFIP results in smooth fibers. Variation of the protein concentration (5-25% w/v) results in different fiber diameters (80-1,100 nm) and thus pore sizes of the nonwoven mesh. Post-treatment of eADF4(C16) electrospun from HFIP is necessary since the protein displays a predominantly α-helical secondary structure in freshly spun fibers, and therefore the fibers are water soluble. Subsequent treatment with ethanol vapor induces formation of water resistant, stable β-sheet structures, preserving the morphology of the silk fibers and meshes. Secondary structure analysis was performed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and subsequent Fourier self-deconvolution (FSD). The primary goal was to improve the filter efficiency of existing filter substrates by adding silk nonwoven layers on top. To evaluate the influence of electrospinning duration and thus nonwoven layer thickness on the filter efficiency, we performed air permeability tests in combination with particle deposition measurements. The experiments were carried out according to standard protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Lang
- Biomaterials Research Group, University of Bayreuth
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73
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Bundles of spider silk, braided into sutures, resist basic cyclic tests: potential use for flexor tendon repair. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61100. [PMID: 23613793 PMCID: PMC3629086 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Repair success for injuries to the flexor tendon in the hand is often limited by the in vivo behaviour of the suture used for repair. Common problems associated with the choice of suture material include increased risk of infection, foreign body reactions, and inappropriate mechanical responses, particularly decreases in mechanical properties over time. Improved suture materials are therefore needed. As high-performance materials with excellent tensile strength, spider silk fibres are an extremely promising candidate for use in surgical sutures. However, the mechanical behaviour of sutures comprised of individual silk fibres braided together has not been thoroughly investigated. In the present study, we characterise the maximum tensile strength, stress, strain, elastic modulus, and fatigue response of silk sutures produced using different braiding methods to investigate the influence of braiding on the tensile properties of the sutures. The mechanical properties of conventional surgical sutures are also characterised to assess whether silk offers any advantages over conventional suture materials. The results demonstrate that braiding single spider silk fibres together produces strong sutures with excellent fatigue behaviour; the braided silk sutures exhibited tensile strengths comparable to those of conventional sutures and no loss of strength over 1000 fatigue cycles. In addition, the braiding technique had a significant influence on the tensile properties of the braided silk sutures. These results suggest that braided spider silk could be suitable for use as sutures in flexor tendon repair, providing similar tensile behaviour and improved fatigue properties compared with conventional suture materials.
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74
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Zhao J, Qiu H, Chen DL, Zhang WX, Zhang DC, Li M. Development of nanofibrous scaffolds for vascular tissue engineering. Int J Biol Macromol 2013; 56:106-13. [PMID: 23384488 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Small-diameter vascular grafts can easily lead to thrombosis and intimal hyperplasia. So the rate of the long-term patency is not satisfactory. Scaffolds that can support the growth of cells and remain stable and passable in vivo are in great demand. Vascular scaffolds were fabricated by electrospinning RGD-recombinant spider silk protein (pNSR32), polycaprolactone (PCL) and chitosan (CS). In addition, the cytocompatibility, the stability and the patency of scaffolds in vivo were studied. The results demonstrated that Sprague-Dawley rat aortic endothelial cells (SDRAECs) could highly enhanced adhesion and proliferation, together with increasing stress of fiber formation, and intensive biological function (the expression of PECAM-1 and vWF, the secretion of NO), in the pNSR32/PCL/CS scaffolds, compared with in the pNSR32/PCL and PCL scaffolds. The cell cycle studies of SDRAECs also revealed that the scaffolds promoted the cells to enter the stage of divisional proliferation. Furthermore, pNSR32/PCL/CS scaffolds could support the growth of cells under physiologic conditions and are able to maintain the structural integrity and patency for at least 8 weeks in a SD rat abdominal aortic defect model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, People's Republic of China
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75
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Recombinant spider silk matrices for neural stem cell cultures. Biomaterials 2012; 33:7712-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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76
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Dams-Kozlowska H, Majer A, Tomasiewicz P, Lozinska J, Kaplan DL, Mackiewicz A. Purification and cytotoxicity of tag-free bioengineered spider silk proteins. J Biomed Mater Res A 2012; 101:456-64. [PMID: 22865581 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Bioengineered spider silk-like proteins can serve as biomaterials for various biomedical applications. These proteins can be assembled in several morphological forms such as films, microcapsules, spheres, fibers, gels, and scaffolds. However, crucial points for recombinant spider silks for human use are toxicity and immunogenicity. To assess this issue, two bioengineered spider silk proteins composed of different numbers of repetitive motifs of the consensus repeats from spidroin-1 from Nephila clavipes (15X and 6X) were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The proteins were free of tag sequence and were purified using two methods based on (1) thermal and (2) organic acid resistance of the spider silks. The soluble spider silk proteins were not cytotoxic and did not activate macrophages over a wide range of concentrations, except when present at the highest concentration. Films made of the different silk variants supported the growth of the cells. Based on these data, and as the biodegradation rate of silk is very slow, the bioengineered spider silks are presumed safe biomaterials for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Dams-Kozlowska
- Department of Cancer Diagnostics and Immunology, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan 61-866, Poland.
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77
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Bauer F, Scheibel T. Artifizielle Eierstiele, hergestellt aus rekombinant produziertem Florfliegenseidenprotein. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201200591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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78
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Bauer F, Scheibel T. Artificial egg stalks made of a recombinantly produced lacewing silk protein. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:6521-4. [PMID: 22593030 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201200591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Rigid threads: Lacewings protect their eggs from predators by laying them on small stalks (see picture). The stalks have good mechanical properties and, unlike most other silks, a cross β structure. An artificial egg stalk was produced using a designed recombinant variant of a sequenced lacewing egg stalk protein, and it attained 90 % of the tensile strength of a natural egg stalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Bauer
- Lehrstuhl Biomaterialien, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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79
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Marga F, Jakab K, Khatiwala C, Shepherd B, Dorfman S, Hubbard B, Colbert S, Gabor F. Toward engineering functional organ modules by additive manufacturing. Biofabrication 2012; 4:022001. [PMID: 22406433 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5082/4/2/022001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tissue engineering is emerging as a possible alternative to methods aimed at alleviating the growing demand for replacement tissues and organs. A major pillar of most tissue engineering approaches is the scaffold, a biocompatible network of synthetic or natural polymers, which serves as an extracellular matrix mimic for cells. When the scaffold is seeded with cells it is supposed to provide the appropriate biomechanical and biochemical conditions for cell proliferation and eventual tissue formation. Numerous approaches have been used to fabricate scaffolds with ever-growing complexity. Recently, novel approaches have been pursued that do not rely on artificial scaffolds. The most promising ones utilize matrices of decellularized organs or methods based on multicellular self-assembly, such as sheet-based and bioprinting-based technologies. We briefly overview some of the scaffold-free approaches and detail one that employs biological self-assembly and bioprinting. We describe the technology and its specific applications to engineer vascular and nerve grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francoise Marga
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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80
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Huang W, Begum R, Barber T, Ibba V, Tee N, Hussain M, Arastoo M, Yang Q, Robson L, Lesage S, Gheysens T, Skaer NJ, Knight D, Priestley J. Regenerative potential of silk conduits in repair of peripheral nerve injury in adult rats. Biomaterials 2012; 33:59-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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81
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82
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Gomes S, Leonor IB, Mano JF, Reis RL, Kaplan DL. Natural and Genetically Engineered Proteins for Tissue Engineering. Prog Polym Sci 2012; 37:1-17. [PMID: 22058578 PMCID: PMC3207498 DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2011.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
To overcome the limitations of traditionally used autografts, allografts and, to a lesser extent, synthetic materials, there is the need to develop a new generation of scaffolds with adequate mechanical and structural support, control of cell attachment, migration, proliferation and differentiation and with bio-resorbable features. This suite of properties would allow the body to heal itself at the same rate as implant degradation. Genetic engineering offers a route to this level of control of biomaterial systems. The possibility of expressing biological components in nature and to modify or bioengineer them further, offers a path towards multifunctional biomaterial systems. This includes opportunities to generate new protein sequences, new self-assembling peptides or fusions of different bioactive domains or protein motifs. New protein sequences with tunable properties can be generated that can be used as new biomaterials. In this review we address some of the most frequently used proteins for tissue engineering and biomedical applications and describe the techniques most commonly used to functionalize protein-based biomaterials by combining them with bioactive molecules to enhance biological performance. We also highlight the use of genetic engineering, for protein heterologous expression and the synthesis of new protein-based biopolymers, focusing the advantages of these functionalized biopolymers when compared with their counterparts extracted directly from nature and modified by techniques such as physical adsorption or chemical modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia Gomes
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, 4806-909 Taipas, Guimarães, Portugal
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83
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Widhe M, Johansson J, Hedhammar M, Rising A. Current progress and limitations of spider silk for biomedical applications. Biopolymers 2011; 97:468-78. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.21715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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84
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Wendt H, Hillmer A, Reimers K, Kuhbier JW, Schäfer-Nolte F, Allmeling C, Kasper C, Vogt PM. Artificial skin--culturing of different skin cell lines for generating an artificial skin substitute on cross-weaved spider silk fibres. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21833. [PMID: 21814557 PMCID: PMC3144206 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the field of Plastic Reconstructive Surgery the development of new innovative matrices for skin repair is in urgent need. The ideal biomaterial should promote attachment, proliferation and growth of cells. Additionally, it should degrade in an appropriate time period without releasing harmful substances, but not exert a pathological immune response. Spider dragline silk from Nephila spp meets these demands to a large extent. Methodology/Principal Findings Native spider dragline silk, harvested directly out of Nephila spp spiders, was woven on steel frames. Constructs were sterilized and seeded with fibroblasts. After two weeks of cultivating single fibroblasts, keratinocytes were added to generate a bilayered skin model, consisting of dermis and epidermis equivalents. For the next three weeks, constructs in co-culture were lifted on an originally designed setup for air/liquid interface cultivation. After the culturing period, constructs were embedded in paraffin with an especially developed program for spidersilk to avoid supercontraction. Paraffin cross- sections were stained in Haematoxylin & Eosin (H&E) for microscopic analyses. Conclusion/Significance Native spider dragline silk woven on steel frames provides a suitable matrix for 3 dimensional skin cell culturing. Both fibroblasts and keratinocytes cell lines adhere to the spider silk fibres and proliferate. Guided by the spider silk fibres, they sprout into the meshes and reach confluence in at most one week. A well-balanced, bilayered cocultivation in two continuously separated strata can be achieved by serum reduction, changing the medium conditions and the cultivation period at the air/liquid interphase. Therefore spider silk appears to be a promising biomaterial for the enhancement of skin regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Wendt
- Department of Plastic, Hand, and Reconstructive Surgery, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
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85
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Gomes S, Gallego-Llamas J, Leonor IB, Mano JF, Reis RL, Kaplan DL. Biological responses to spider silk-antibiotic fusion protein. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2011; 6:356-68. [PMID: 22514077 DOI: 10.1002/term.437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The development of a new generation of multifunctional biomaterials is a continual goal for the field of materials science. The in vivo functional behaviour of a new fusion protein that combines the mechanical properties of spider silk with the antimicrobial properties of hepcidin was addressed in this study. This new chimeric protein, termed 6mer + hepcidin, fuses spider dragline consensus sequences (6mer) and the antimicrobial peptide hepcidin, as we have recently described, with retention of bactericidal activity and low cytotoxicity. In the present study, mouse subcutaneous implants were studied to access the in vivo biological response to 6mer + hepcidin, which were compared with controls of silk alone (6mer), polylactic-glycolic acid (PLGA) films and empty defects. Along with visual observations, flow cytometry and histology analyses were used to determine the number and type of inflammatory cells at the implantation site. The results show a mild to low inflammatory reaction to the implanted materials and no apparent differences between the 6mer + hepcidin films and the other experimental controls, demonstrating that the new fusion protein has good in vivo biocompatibility, while maintaining antibiotic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia Gomes
- 3Bs Research Group-Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Minho, Portugal
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86
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Abstract
Silk fibroin conduits were designed with appropriate porosity for peripheral nerve repair. The aim of this work was to use these conduits to examine cell inflammatory responses and functional recovery in a sciatic nerve defect model. A total of 45 randomized Lewis rats were used to create an 8-mm defect bridged by a silk guide, commercial collagen guide, or an autograft. After 1, 4, and 8 weeks, macrophage recruitment, percentage of newly formed collagen, number of myelinated axons, and gastrocnemius muscle mass were evaluated. Following 8 weeks, ED1+ cells in autograft and silk conduits decreased to <1% and 17% of week 1 values, respectively. Collagen formation revealed no difference for all measured time points, suggesting a similar foreign body response. Myelinated axon counts within the silk guide revealed a greater number of proximal spouts and distal connections than collagen guides. Gastrocnemius weights demonstrated a 27% decrease between silk and autografts after 8 weeks. This study demonstrates that, in addition to tailorable degradation rates, our silk conduits possess a favorable immunogenicity and remyelination capacity for nerve repair.
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87
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Xiang P, Li M, Zhang CY, Chen DL, Zhou ZH. Cytocompatibility of electrospun nanofiber tubular scaffolds for small diameter tissue engineering blood vessels. Int J Biol Macromol 2011; 49:281-8. [PMID: 21600916 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2011.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Revised: 04/30/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A tubular scaffold was fabricated by using electrospun polymer solution blends of pNSR32 (recombinant spider silk protein), PCL (polycaprolactone) and Gt (gelatin). The physicochemical properties and cytocompatibility of these scaffolds were investigated. Afterwards, the pNSR32/PCL/Gt tubular scaffold (inner diameter=3mm) showed high porosity of 86.2 ± 2.9%, pore size of 2423 ± 979nm and average fibre diameter of 166 ± 85nm. Water uptake and contact angle of the scaffolds reached 112.0 ± 4.4% and 45.7 ± 13.7°, respectively. SDRAECs (Sprague Dawley Rat Aortic Endothelial Cells) grew and proliferated well and phenotype could be maintained on the composite scaffolds after they had been cultured on the composite scaffolds for 7 days. Compared with pure PCL scaffolds a greater density of viable cells was seen on the composites, especially the pNSR32/PCL/Gt scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Xiang
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, People's Republic of China
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88
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Kuhbier JW, Reimers K, Kasper C, Allmeling C, Hillmer A, Menger B, Vogt PM, Radtke C. First investigation of spider silk as a braided microsurgical suture. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2011; 97:381-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.31825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2010] [Revised: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 12/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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89
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Lammel A, Schwab M, Hofer M, Winter G, Scheibel T. Recombinant spider silk particles as drug delivery vehicles. Biomaterials 2011; 32:2233-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 11/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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90
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Radtke C, Allmeling C, Waldmann KH, Reimers K, Thies K, Schenk HC, Hillmer A, Guggenheim M, Brandes G, Vogt PM. Spider silk constructs enhance axonal regeneration and remyelination in long nerve defects in sheep. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16990. [PMID: 21364921 PMCID: PMC3045382 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surgical reapposition of peripheral nerve results in some axonal regeneration and functional recovery, but the clinical outcome in long distance nerve defects is disappointing and research continues to utilize further interventional approaches to optimize functional recovery. We describe the use of nerve constructs consisting of decellularized vein grafts filled with spider silk fibers as a guiding material to bridge a 6.0 cm tibial nerve defect in adult sheep. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The nerve constructs were compared to autologous nerve grafts. Regeneration was evaluated for clinical, electrophysiological and histological outcome. Electrophysiological recordings were obtained at 6 months and 10 months post surgery in each group. Ten months later, the nerves were removed and prepared for immunostaining, electrophysiological and electron microscopy. Immunostaining for sodium channel (NaV 1.6) was used to define nodes of Ranvier on regenerated axons in combination with anti-S100 and neurofilament. Anti-S100 was used to identify Schwann cells. Axons regenerated through the constructs and were myelinated indicating migration of Schwann cells into the constructs. Nodes of Ranvier between myelin segments were observed and identified by intense sodium channel (NaV 1.6) staining on the regenerated axons. There was no significant difference in electrophysiological results between control autologous experimental and construct implantation indicating that our construct are an effective alternative to autologous nerve transplantation. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This study demonstrates that spider silk enhances Schwann cell migration, axonal regrowth and remyelination including electrophysiological recovery in a long-distance peripheral nerve gap model resulting in functional recovery. This improvement in nerve regeneration could have significant clinical implications for reconstructive nerve surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Radtke
- Department of Plastic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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91
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Alekseeva T, Abou Neel EA, Knowles JC, Brown RA. Development of Conical Soluble Phosphate Glass Fibers for Directional Tissue Growth. J Biomater Appl 2011; 26:733-44. [DOI: 10.1177/0885328210394396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
One of the challenges of tissue engineering is the regulation of vascularization and innervations of the implant by the host. Here, we propose that using soluble phosphate glass (SPG) fibers, incorporated in dense collagen constructs will allow us to control the rate and direction of tissue ingrowth. The idea here was to generate channels with tailored direction using conical phosphate glass fibers. The changing surface area-to-mass ratio of conical fibers will make them to dissolve faster from their narrow ends opening up channels in that direction ahead of any ingrowing cells. In this study, we show that SPG fibers can be manipulated to produce conical shape fibers using graded dissolution. Our result shows that 40 µm fibers of composition ratio 0.5 (P2O5):0.25 (CaO):0.25 (Na2O) and dissolution time of 8–10 h have a mean reduction in fiber diameter of 8.85 ± 2.8 µm over 19.5 mm fiber length, i.e., a mean rate of 0.5 µm/mm ( n = 20) change. These conically shaped fibers can also be manipulated and potentially used to promote uniaxial cell–tissue ingrowth for improved innervations and vascularization of tissue engineered constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tijna Alekseeva
- Tissue Repair and Engineering Centre, Institute of Orthopaedics, University College London, Stanmore Campus, London HA7 4LP, UK
| | - Ensanya A Abou Neel
- Tissue Repair and Engineering Centre, Institute of Orthopaedics, University College London, Stanmore Campus, London HA7 4LP, UK
- Division of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, 256 Gray’s Inn Road, London WC1X 8LD, UK
| | - Jonathan C. Knowles
- Division of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, 256 Gray’s Inn Road, London WC1X 8LD, UK
- WCU Research Centre of Nanobiomedical Science, Dankook University, San#29, Anseo-dong, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan-si, Chungnam, 330-714, South Korea
| | - Robert A. Brown
- Tissue Repair and Engineering Centre, Institute of Orthopaedics, University College London, Stanmore Campus, London HA7 4LP, UK
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92
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Müller C, Jansson R, Elfwing A, Askarieh G, Karlsson R, Hamedi M, Rising A, Johansson J, Inganäs O, Hedhammar M. Functionalisation of recombinant spider silk with conjugated polyelectrolytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm03270k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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93
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Rising A, Widhe M, Johansson J, Hedhammar M. Spider silk proteins: recent advances in recombinant production, structure-function relationships and biomedical applications. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:169-84. [PMID: 20668909 PMCID: PMC11114806 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0462-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2010] [Revised: 06/04/2010] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Spider dragline silk is an outstanding material made up of unique proteins-spidroins. Analysis of the amino acid sequences of full-length spidroins reveals a tripartite composition: an N-terminal non-repetitive domain, a highly repetitive central part composed of approximately 100 polyalanine/glycine rich co-segments and a C-terminal non-repetitive domain. Recent molecular data on the terminal domains suggest that these have different functions. The composite nature of spidroins allows for recombinant production of individual and combined regions. Miniaturized spidroins designed by linking the terminal domains with a limited number of repetitive segments recapitulate the properties of native spidroins to a surprisingly large extent, provided that they are produced and isolated in a manner that retains water solubility until fibre formation is triggered. Biocompatibility studies in cell culture or in vivo of native and recombinant spider silk indicate that they are surprisingly well tolerated, suggesting that recombinant spider silk has potential for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rising
- Department of Anatomy Physiology and Biochemistry, The Biomedical Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 751-23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mona Widhe
- Department of Anatomy Physiology and Biochemistry, The Biomedical Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 751-23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jan Johansson
- Department of Anatomy Physiology and Biochemistry, The Biomedical Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 751-23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - My Hedhammar
- Department of Anatomy Physiology and Biochemistry, The Biomedical Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 751-23 Uppsala, Sweden
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94
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Gu X, Ding F, Yang Y, Liu J. Construction of tissue engineered nerve grafts and their application in peripheral nerve regeneration. Prog Neurobiol 2010; 93:204-30. [PMID: 21130136 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2010.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 416] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Revised: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Surgical repair of severe peripheral nerve injuries represents not only a pressing medical need, but also a great clinical challenge. Autologous nerve grafting remains a golden standard for bridging an extended gap in transected nerves. The formidable limitations related to this approach, however, have evoked the development of tissue engineered nerve grafts as a promising alternative to autologous nerve grafts. A tissue engineered nerve graft is typically constructed through a combination of a neural scaffold and a variety of cellular and molecular components. The initial and basic structure of the neural scaffold that serves to provide mechanical guidance and optimal environment for nerve regeneration was a single hollow nerve guidance conduit. Later there have been several improvements to the basic structure, especially introduction of physical fillers into the lumen of a hollow nerve guidance conduit. Up to now, a diverse array of biomaterials, either of natural or of synthetic origin, together with well-defined fabrication techniques, has been employed to prepare neural scaffolds with different structures and properties. Meanwhile different types of support cells and/or growth factors have been incorporated into the neural scaffold, producing unique biochemical effects on nerve regeneration and function restoration. This review attempts to summarize different nerve grafts used for peripheral nerve repair, to highlight various basic components of tissue engineered nerve grafts in terms of their structures, features, and nerve regeneration-promoting actions, and finally to discuss current clinical applications and future perspectives of tissue engineered nerve grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosong Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, JS 226001, PR China.
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95
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Kon’kov AS, Pustovalova OL, Agapov II. Biocompatible materials from regenerated silk for tissue engineering and medicinal therapy. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683810080028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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96
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Moisenovich MM, Pustovalova OL, Yu Arhipova A, Vasiljeva TV, Sokolova OS, Bogush VG, Debabov VG, Sevastianov VI, Kirpichnikov MP, Agapov II. In vitro and in vivo biocompatibility studies of a recombinant analogue of spidroin 1 scaffolds. J Biomed Mater Res A 2010; 96:125-31. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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97
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Deumens R, Bozkurt A, Meek MF, Marcus MAE, Joosten EAJ, Weis J, Brook GA. Repairing injured peripheral nerves: Bridging the gap. Prog Neurobiol 2010; 92:245-76. [PMID: 20950667 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2010.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2010] [Revised: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries that induce gaps larger than 1-2 cm require bridging strategies for repair. Autologous nerve grafts are still the gold standard for such interventions, although alternative treatments, as well as treatments to improve the therapeutic efficacy of autologous nerve grafting are generating increasing interest. Investigations are still mostly experimental, although some clinical studies have been undertaken. In this review, we aim to describe the developments in bridging technology which aim to replace the autograft. A multi-disciplinary approach is of utmost importance to develop and optimise treatments of the most challenging peripheral nerve injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Deumens
- Department of Anesthesiology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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98
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Kuhbier JW, Allmeling C, Reimers K, Hillmer A, Kasper C, Menger B, Brandes G, Guggenheim M, Vogt PM. Interactions between spider silk and cells--NIH/3T3 fibroblasts seeded on miniature weaving frames. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12032. [PMID: 20711495 PMCID: PMC2918503 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2010] [Accepted: 07/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Several materials have been used for tissue engineering purposes, since the ideal matrix depends on the desired tissue. Silk biomaterials have come to focus due to their great mechanical properties. As untreated silkworm silk has been found to be quite immunogenic, an alternative could be spider silk. Not only does it own unique mechanical properties, its biocompatibility has been shown already in vivo. In our study, we used native spider dragline silk which is known as the strongest fibre in nature. Methodology/Principal Findings Steel frames were originally designed and manufactured and woven with spider silk, harvesting dragline silk directly out of the animal. After sterilization, scaffolds were seeded with fibroblasts to analyse cell proliferation and adhesion. Analysis of cell morphology and actin filament alignment clearly revealed adherence. Proliferation was measured by cell count as well as determination of relative fluorescence each after 1, 2, 3, and 5 days. Cell counts for native spider silk were also compared with those for trypsin-digested spider silk. Spider silk specimens displayed less proliferation than collagen- and fibronectin-coated cover slips, enzymatic treatment reduced adhesion and proliferation rates tendentially though not significantly. Nevertheless, proliferation could be proven with high significance (p<0.01). Conclusion/Significance Native spider silk does not require any modification to its application as a biomaterial that can rival any artificial material in terms of cell growth promoting properties. We could show adhesion mechanics on intracellular level. Additionally, proliferation kinetics were higher than in enzymatically digested controls, indicating that spider silk does not require modification. Recent findings concerning reduction of cell proliferation after exposure could not be met. As biotechnological production of the hierarchical composition of native spider silk fibres is still a challenge, our study has a pioneer role in researching cellular mechanics on native spider silk fibres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joern W Kuhbier
- Department of Plastic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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99
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Lammel A, Hu X, Park SH, Kaplan DL, Scheibel T. Controlling silk fibroin particle features for drug delivery. Biomaterials 2010; 31:4583-91. [PMID: 20219241 PMCID: PMC2846964 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2009] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Silk proteins are a promising material for drug delivery due to their aqueous processability, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. A simple aqueous preparation method for silk fibroin particles with controllable size, secondary structure and zeta potential is reported. The particles were produced by salting out a silk fibroin solution with potassium phosphate. The effect of ionic strength and pH of potassium phosphate solution on the yield and morphology of the particles was determined. Secondary structure and zeta potential of the silk particles could be controlled by pH. Particles produced by salting out with 1.25 m potassium phosphate pH 6 showed a dominating silk II (crystalline) structure whereas particles produced at pH 9 were mainly composed of silk I (less crystalline). The results show that silk I-rich particles possess chemical and physical stability and secondary structure which remained unchanged during post treatments even upon exposure to 100% ethanol or methanol. A model is presented to explain the process of particle formation based on intra- and intermolecular interactions of the silk domains, influenced by pH and kosmotropic salts. The reported silk fibroin particles can be loaded with small molecule model drugs, such as alcian blue, rhodamine B, and crystal violet, by simple absorption based on electrostatic interactions. In vitro release of these compounds from the silk particles depends on charge-charge interactions between the compounds and the silk. With crystal violet we demonstrated that the release kinetics are dependent on the secondary structure of the particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Lammel
- Lehrstuhl Biotechnologie, Lichtenbergstraße 4, Technische Universität München, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Xiao Hu
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Chemical and Biological Engineering, Bioengineering and Biotechnology Center, Tufts University, Medford 02155, MA, USA
| | - Sang-Hyug Park
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Chemical and Biological Engineering, Bioengineering and Biotechnology Center, Tufts University, Medford 02155, MA, USA
| | - David L. Kaplan
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Chemical and Biological Engineering, Bioengineering and Biotechnology Center, Tufts University, Medford 02155, MA, USA
| | - Thomas Scheibel
- Lehrstuhl Biomaterialien, Universitätsstraße 30, Universität Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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100
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