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Rolff J, Schmid-Hempel P. Perspectives on the evolutionary ecology of arthropod antimicrobial peptides. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 371:rstb.2015.0297. [PMID: 27160599 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are important elements of the innate immune defence in multicellular organisms that target and kill microbes. Here, we reflect on the various points that are raised by the authors of the 11 contributions to a special issue of Philosophical Transactions on the 'evolutionary ecology of arthropod antimicrobial peptides'. We see five interesting topics emerging. (i) AMP genes in insects, and perhaps in arthropods more generally, evolve much slower than most other immune genes. One explanation refers to the constraints set by AMPs being part of a finely tuned defence system. A new view argues that AMPs are under strong stabilizing selection. Regardless, this striking observation still invites many more questions than have been answered so far. (ii) AMPs almost always are expressed in combinations and sometimes show expression patterns that are dependent on the infectious agent. While it is often assumed that this can be explained by synergistic interactions, such interactions have rarely been demonstrated and need to be studied further. Moreover, how to define synergy in the first place remains difficult and needs to be addressed. (iii) AMPs play a very important role in mediating the interaction between a host and its mutualistic or commensal microbes. This has only been studied in a very small number of (insect) species. It has become clear that the very same AMPs play different roles in different situations and hence are under concurrent selection. (iv) Different environments shape the physiology of organisms; especially the host-associated microbial communities should impact on the evolution host AMPs. Studies in social insects and some organisms from extreme environments seem to support this notion, but, overall, the evidence for adaptation of AMPs to a given environment is scant. (v) AMPs are considered or already developed as new drugs in medicine. However, bacteria can evolve resistance to AMPs. Therefore, in the light of our limited understanding of AMP evolution in the natural context, and also the very limited understanding of the evolution of resistance against AMPs in bacteria in particular, caution is recommended. What is clear though is that study of the ecology and evolution of AMPs in natural systems could inform many of these outstanding questions, including those related to medical applications and pathogen control.This article is part of the themed issue 'Evolutionary ecology of arthropod antimicrobial peptides'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Rolff
- Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Strasse 1-3, 14195 Berlin, Germany Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Paul Schmid-Hempel
- ETH Zürich, Institute of Integrative Biology (IBZ), ETH-Zentrum CHN, Universitätsstrasse 16, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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Liu Y, Han X, Chen X, Yu S, Chai Y, Zhai T, Zhu Q. Molecular characterization and functional analysis of the hepcidin gene from roughskin sculpin (Trachidermus fasciatus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 68:349-358. [PMID: 28743631 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepcidin is a kind of cysteine-rich antimicrobial peptide that plays a vital role in host innate immune activity and iron regulation. Here, we report the molecular characterization and functional analysis of a novel hamp1 hepcidin isoforms Tf-Hep from roughskin sculpin, Trachidermus fasciatus. A cDNA fragment of 988 bp with an ORF of 273 bp was obtained. The coding sequence encodes for a signal peptide of 24 amino acids coupled with a prodomain of 40 amino acids and a mature peptide of 26 amino acids. Tissue distribution analysis indicated that Tf-Hep was most abundant in the liver. It could be significantly induced post lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge and heavy metal exposure. The mature peptide was expressed as a 6.061 kDa fusion protein in Pichia pastoris GS115. The active purified recombinant protein (rTf-Hep) exhibited a wide spectrum of potent antimicrobial activity in vitro against 4 Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli, Vibrio Anguillarum, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 4 Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus thuringiensis, and Bacillus megaterium with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 5-80 μg/ml (0.825-13.2 μM). It also displayed high affinity to polysaccharides on bacteria surface including LPS, lipoteichoic acid (LTA) and peptidoglycan (PGN). We further revealed that rTf-hep was capable of agglutinating 6 of the 8 bacteria. All these results suggest that rTf-hep may be both an antibacterial effector and a pattern recognition molecule in fish immune defense. The in vivo bacterial treatment results demonstrated that rTf-Hep could significantly improve the survival rate of fish infected with V. anguillarum. Taken together, these data indicate an important role for Tf-hep in the innate immunity of Trachidermus fasciatus and suggest its potential application in aquaculture for increasing fish resistance to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Liu
- Ocean College, Shandong University (Weihai), Weihai 264209, China
| | - Xiaodi Han
- Ocean College, Shandong University (Weihai), Weihai 264209, China
| | - Xuezhao Chen
- Ocean College, Shandong University (Weihai), Weihai 264209, China
| | - Shanshan Yu
- Ocean College, Shandong University (Weihai), Weihai 264209, China
| | - Yingmei Chai
- Ocean College, Shandong University (Weihai), Weihai 264209, China
| | - Tongjie Zhai
- Ocean College, Shandong University (Weihai), Weihai 264209, China
| | - Qian Zhu
- Ocean College, Shandong University (Weihai), Weihai 264209, China.
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Petrlova J, Hansen FC, van der Plas MJA, Huber RG, Mörgelin M, Malmsten M, Bond PJ, Schmidtchen A. Aggregation of thrombin-derived C-terminal fragments as a previously undisclosed host defense mechanism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E4213-E4222. [PMID: 28473418 PMCID: PMC5448181 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1619609114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective control of endotoxins and bacteria is crucial for normal wound healing. During injury, the key enzyme thrombin is formed, leading to generation of fibrin. Here, we show that human neutrophil elastase cleaves thrombin, generating 11-kDa thrombin-derived C-terminal peptides (TCPs), which bind to and form amorphous amyloid-like aggregates with both bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and gram-negative bacteria. In silico molecular modeling using atomic resolution and coarse-grained simulations corroborates our experimental observations, altogether indicating increased aggregation through LPS-mediated intermolecular contacts between clusters of TCP molecules. Upon bacterial aggregation, recombinantly produced TCPs induce permeabilization of Escherichia coli and phagocytic uptake. TCPs of about 11 kDa are present in acute wound fluids as well as in fibrin sloughs from patients with infected wounds. We noted aggregation and colocalization of LPS with TCPs in such fibrin material, which indicates the presence of TCP-LPS aggregates under physiological conditions. Apart from identifying a function of proteolyzed thrombin and its fragments, our findings provide an interesting link between the coagulation system, innate immunity, LPS scavenging, and protein aggregation/amyloid formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitka Petrlova
- Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden;
| | - Finja C Hansen
- Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Mariena J A van der Plas
- Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Matthias Mörgelin
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Martin Malmsten
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter J Bond
- Bioinformatics Institute (A*STAR), 138671 Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117543 Singapore
| | - Artur Schmidtchen
- Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden
- Dermatology, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 636921 Singapore
- Dermatology, Skane University Hospital, SE-22185 Lund, Sweden
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Papot C, Massol F, Jollivet D, Tasiemski A. Antagonistic evolution of an antibiotic and its molecular chaperone: how to maintain a vital ectosymbiosis in a highly fluctuating habitat. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1454. [PMID: 28469247 PMCID: PMC5431198 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01626-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolution of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) has been shown to be driven by recurrent duplications and balancing/positive selection in response to new or altered bacterial pathogens. We use Alvinella pompejana, the most eurythermal animal known on Earth, to decipher the selection patterns acting on AMP in an ecological rather than controlled infection approach. The preproalvinellacin multigenic family presents the uniqueness to encode a molecular chaperone (BRICHOS) together with an AMP (alvinellacin) that controls the vital ectosymbiosis of Alvinella. In stark contrast to what is observed in the context of the Red queen paradigm, we demonstrate that exhibiting a vital and highly conserved ecto-symbiosis in the face of thermal fluctuations has led to a peculiar selective trend promoting the adaptive diversification of the molecular chaperone of the AMP, but not of the AMP itself. Because BRICHOS stabilizes beta-stranded peptides, this polymorphism likely represents an eurythermal adaptation to stabilize the structure of alvinellacin, thus hinting at its efficiency to select and control the epibiosis across the range of temperatures experienced by the worm; Our results fill some knowledge gaps concerning the function of BRICHOS in invertebrates and offer perspectives for studying immune genes in an evolutionary ecological framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Papot
- University Lille, CNRS, UMR 8198 - Evo-Eco-Paleo, SPICI group, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - François Massol
- University Lille, CNRS, UMR 8198 - Evo-Eco-Paleo, SPICI group, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Didier Jollivet
- AD2M, ABICE team, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-CNRS, UMR7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29682, Roscoff, France
| | - Aurélie Tasiemski
- University Lille, CNRS, UMR 8198 - Evo-Eco-Paleo, SPICI group, F-59000, Lille, France.
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Macke E, Tasiemski A, Massol F, Callens M, Decaestecker E. Life history and eco-evolutionary dynamics in light of the gut microbiota. OIKOS 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.03900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Macke
- Laboratory Aquatic Biology, KU Leuven (Kulak), Dept of Biology; E. Sabbelaan 53, BE-8500 Kortrijk Belgium
| | | | - François Massol
- Univ. Lille; CNRS UMR 8198 Evo-Eco-Paleo SPICI group Lille France
| | - Martijn Callens
- Laboratory Aquatic Biology, KU Leuven (Kulak), Dept of Biology; E. Sabbelaan 53, BE-8500 Kortrijk Belgium
| | - Ellen Decaestecker
- Laboratory Aquatic Biology, KU Leuven (Kulak), Dept of Biology; E. Sabbelaan 53, BE-8500 Kortrijk Belgium
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Samgina TY, Artemenko KA, Bergquist J, Trebse P, Torkar G, Tolpina MD, Lebedev AT. Differentiation of frogs from two populations belonging to the Pelophylax esculentus complex by LC-MS/MS comparison of their skin peptidomes. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 409:1951-1961. [PMID: 28012108 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-0143-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
LC-MS/MS was applied to establish the composition of the skin peptidome of a Slovenian green frog belonging to the Pelophylax esculentus complex. As this was similar to the peptidome of the Moscow population of Pelophylax ridibundus, it allowed us to identify the Slovenian frog from the Pelophylax esculentus complex as Pelophylax ridibundus. The sequences of six new peptides from the brevinin 2 family are reported for the first time on the basis of manual interpretation of their tandem mass spectra. The structural similarity of the brevinin 2 peptides from the Moscow and Slovenian populations of Pelophylax ridibundus enables peptides from this family to be utilized as biomarkers for Pelophylax ridibundus inter- and intraspecies differentiation, and the proposed approach can be used as an analytical tool for differentiating the corresponding species and populations. The potential biological activities of the novel peptides were estimated by 2D mass mapping. The results allowed us to classify all of the available peptides belonging to the brevinin 2 family. Graphical Abstract Intraspecies identification within the green frog complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Yu Samgina
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gori 1/3, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Konstantin A Artemenko
- Department of Chemistry-Biomedical Center, Analytical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 75124, Sweden
| | - Jonas Bergquist
- Department of Chemistry-Biomedical Center, Analytical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 75124, Sweden
| | - Polonca Trebse
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Zdravstvena pot 5, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Torkar
- Faculty of Education, University of Ljubljana, Kardeljeva ploščad 16, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miriam D Tolpina
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gori 1/3, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Albert T Lebedev
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gori 1/3, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation.
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57
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Characterization of the antimicrobial peptide family defensins in the Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii), koala (Phascolarctos cinereus), and tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii). Immunogenetics 2016; 69:133-143. [PMID: 27838759 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-016-0959-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Defensins comprise a family of cysteine-rich antimicrobial peptides with important roles in innate and adaptive immune defense in vertebrates. We characterized alpha and beta defensin genes in three Australian marsupials: the Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii), koala (Phascolarctos cinereus), and tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii) and identified 48, 34, and 39 defensins, respectively. One hundred and twelve have the classical antimicrobial peptides characteristics required for pathogen membrane targeting, including cationic charge (between 1+ and 15+) and a high proportion of hydrophobic residues (>30%). Phylogenetic analysis shows that gene duplication has driven unique and species-specific expansions of devil, koala, and tammar wallaby beta defensins and devil alpha defensins. Defensin genes are arranged in three genomic clusters in marsupials, whereas further duplications and translocations have occurred in eutherians resulting in four and five gene clusters in mice and humans, respectively. Marsupial defensins are generally under purifying selection, particularly residues essential for defensin structural stability. Certain hydrophobic or positively charged sites, predominantly found in the defensin loop, are positively selected, which may have functional significance in defensin-target interaction and membrane insertion.
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58
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Lattorff HMG, Popp M, Parsche S, Helbing S, Erler S. Effective population size as a driver for divergence of an antimicrobial peptide (Hymenoptaecin) in two common European bumblebee species. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Michael G. Lattorff
- Institut für Biologie; Molekulare Ökologie; Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg; Hoher Weg 4 06099 Halle (Saale) Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig; Deutscher Platz 5e; Leipzig 04103 Germany
| | - Mario Popp
- Institut für Biologie; Molekulare Ökologie; Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg; Hoher Weg 4 06099 Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Susann Parsche
- Institut für Biologie; Molekulare Ökologie; Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg; Hoher Weg 4 06099 Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Sophie Helbing
- Institut für Biologie; Molekulare Ökologie; Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg; Hoher Weg 4 06099 Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Silvio Erler
- Institut für Biologie; Molekulare Ökologie; Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg; Hoher Weg 4 06099 Halle (Saale) Germany
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59
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Chapman JR, Hellgren O, Helin AS, Kraus RHS, Cromie RL, Waldenström J. The Evolution of Innate Immune Genes: Purifying and Balancing Selection on β-Defensins in Waterfowl. Mol Biol Evol 2016; 33:3075-3087. [DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msw167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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60
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Davis LR, Klonoski K, Rutschow HL, Van Wijk KJ, Sun Q, Haribal MM, Saporito RA, Vega A, Rosenblum EB, Zamudio KR, Robertson JM. Host Defense Skin Peptides Vary with Color Pattern in the Highly Polymorphic Red-Eyed Treefrog. Front Ecol Evol 2016. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2016.00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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61
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Cecropin B Represses CYP3A29 Expression through Activation of the TLR2/4-NF-κB/PXR Signaling Pathway. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27876. [PMID: 27296244 PMCID: PMC4906279 DOI: 10.1038/srep27876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cecropins are peptide antibiotics used as drugs and feed additives. Cecropin B can inhibit the expression of CYP3A29, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The present study was designed to determine the mechanisms responsible for the effects of cecropin B on CYP3A29 expression, focusing on the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and NF-κB pathways. Our results indicated that the CYP3A29 expression was inhibited by cecropin B, which was regulated by pregnane X receptor (PXR) in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Cecropin B-induced NF-κB activation played a pivotal role in the suppression of CYP3A29 through disrupting the association of the PXR/retinoid X receptor alpha (RXR-α) complex with DNA sequences. NF-κB p65 directly interacted with the DNA-binding domain of PXR, suppressed its expression, and inhibited its transactivation, leading to the downregulation of the PXR-regulated CYP3A29 expression. Furthermore, cecropin B activated pig liver cells by interacting with TLRs 2 and 4, which modulated NF-κB-mediated signaling pathways. In conclusion, cecropin B inhibited the expression of CYP3A29 in a TLR/NF-κB/PXR-dependent manner, which should be considered in future development of cecropins and other antimicrobial peptides.
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Marxer M, Vollenweider V, Schmid-Hempel P. Insect antimicrobial peptides act synergistically to inhibit a trypanosome parasite. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 371:20150302. [PMID: 27160603 PMCID: PMC4874398 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system provides protection from infection by producing essential effector molecules, such as antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) that possess broad-spectrum activity. This is also the case for bumblebees, Bombus terrestris, when infected by the trypanosome, Crithidia bombi Furthermore, the expressed mixture of AMPs varies with host genetic background and infecting parasite strain (genotype). Here, we used the fact that clones of C. bombi can be cultivated and kept as strains in medium to test the effect of various combinations of AMPs on the growth rate of the parasite. In particular, we used pairwise combinations and a range of physiological concentrations of three AMPs, namely Abaecin, Defensin and Hymenoptaecin, synthetized from the respective genomic sequences. We found that these AMPs indeed suppress the growth of eight different strains of C. bombi, and that combinations of AMPs were typically more effective than the use of a single AMP alone. Furthermore, the most effective combinations were rarely those consisting of maximum concentrations. In addition, the AMP combination treatments revealed parasite strain specificity, such that strains varied in their sensitivity towards the same mixtures. Hence, variable expression of AMPs could be an alternative strategy to combat highly variable infections.This article is part of the themed issue 'Evolutionary ecology of arthropod antimicrobial peptides'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Marxer
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Integrative Biology (IBZ), Universitätsstrasse 16, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Vera Vollenweider
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Integrative Biology (IBZ), Universitätsstrasse 16, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Paul Schmid-Hempel
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Integrative Biology (IBZ), Universitätsstrasse 16, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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The Central Hinge Link Truncation of the Antimicrobial Peptide Fowlicidin-3 Enhances Its Cell Selectivity without Antibacterial Activity Loss. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:2798-806. [PMID: 26902768 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02351-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been paid considerable attention because of their broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and a reduced possibility of the development of bacterial drug resistance. Fowlicidin-3 (Fow-3) is an identified type of chicken cathelicidin AMP that has exhibited considerable antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity. To reduce cell toxicity and improve cell selectivity, several truncated peptides of fowlicidin-3, Fow-3(1-15), Fow-3(1-19), Fow-3(1-15-20-27), and Fow-3(20-27), were synthesized. Our results indicated that neither the N- nor C-terminal segment alone [Fow-3(1-15), Fow-3(1-19), Fow-3(20-27)] was sufficient to confer antibacterial activity. However, Fow-3(1-19) with the inclusion of the central hinge link (-AGIN-) retained substantial cell toxicity, which other analogs lost. Fow-3(1-15-20-27) displayed potent antimicrobial activity for a wide range of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and no obvious hemolytic activity or cytotoxicity. The central link region was shown to be critically important in the function of cell toxicity but was not relevant to antibacterial activity. Fow-3(1-15-20-27) maintained antibacterial activity in the presence of physiological concentrations of salts. The results from fluorescence spectroscopy, scanning electron microcopy, and transmission electron microcopy showed that Fow-3(1-15-20-27) as well as fowlicidin-3 killed bacterial cells by increasing membrane permeability and damaging the membrane envelope integrity. Fow-3(1-15-20-27) could be a promising antimicrobial agent for clinical application.
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64
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Unckless RL, Howick VM, Lazzaro BP. Convergent Balancing Selection on an Antimicrobial Peptide in Drosophila. Curr Biol 2016; 26:257-262. [PMID: 26776733 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.11.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Genes of the immune system often evolve rapidly and adaptively, presumably driven by antagonistic interactions with pathogens [1-4]. Those genes encoding secreted antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), however, have failed to exhibit conventional signatures of strong adaptive evolution, especially in arthropods (e.g., [5, 6]) and often segregate for null alleles and gene deletions [3, 4, 7, 8]. Furthermore, quantitative genetic studies have failed to associate naturally occurring polymorphism in AMP genes with variation in resistance to infection [9-11]. Both the lack of signatures of positive selection in AMPs and lack of association between genotype and immune phenotypes have yielded an interpretation that AMP genes evolve under relaxed evolutionary constraint, with enough functional redundancy that variation in, or even loss of, any particular peptide would have little effect on overall resistance [12, 13]. In stark contrast to the current paradigm, we identified a naturally occurring amino acid polymorphism in the AMP Diptericin that is highly predictive of resistance to bacterial infection in Drosophila melanogaster [13]. The identical amino acid polymorphism arose in parallel in the sister species D. simulans, by independent mutation with equivalent phenotypic effect. Convergent substitutions at the same amino acid residue have evolved at least five times across the Drosophila genus. We hypothesize that the alternative alleles are maintained by balancing selection through context-dependent or fluctuating selection. This pattern of evolution appears to be common in AMPs but is invisible to conventional screens for adaptive evolution that are predicated on elevated rates of amino acid divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Unckless
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | | | - Brian P Lazzaro
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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65
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Plaza DF, Schmieder SS, Lipzen A, Lindquist E, Künzler M. Identification of a Novel Nematotoxic Protein by Challenging the Model Mushroom Coprinopsis cinerea with a Fungivorous Nematode. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2015; 6:87-98. [PMID: 26585824 PMCID: PMC4704728 DOI: 10.1534/g3.115.023069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The dung of herbivores, the natural habitat of the model mushroom Coprinopsis cinerea, is a nutrient-rich but also very competitive environment for a saprophytic fungus. We showed previously that C. cinerea expresses constitutive, tissue-specific armories against antagonists such as animal predators and bacterial competitors. In order to dissect the inducible armories against such antagonists, we sequenced the poly(A)-positive transcriptome of C. cinerea vegetative mycelium upon challenge with fungivorous and bacterivorous nematodes, Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and mechanical damage. As a response to the fungivorous nematode Aphelenchus avenae, C. cinerea was found to specifically induce the transcription of several genes encoding previously characterized nematotoxic lectins. In addition, a previously not characterized gene encoding a cytoplasmic protein with several predicted Ricin B-fold domains, was found to be strongly upregulated under this condition. Functional analysis of the recombinant protein revealed a high toxicity toward the bacterivorous nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Challenge of the mycelium with A. avenae also lead to the induction of several genes encoding putative antibacterial proteins. Some of these genes were also induced upon challenge of the mycelium with the bacteria Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. These results suggest that fungi have the ability to induce specific innate defense responses similar to plants and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Fernando Plaza
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Anna Lipzen
- Genomic Technologies, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California 94598
| | - Erika Lindquist
- Genomic Technologies, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California 94598
| | - Markus Künzler
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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Wang Q, Zhang L, Yang D, Yu Q, Li F, Cong M, Ji C, Wu H, Zhao J. Molecular diversity and evolution of defensins in the manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 47:302-312. [PMID: 26363232 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Four types of defensins were identified in Manila clam and designated as Rpdef1, Rpdef2, Rpdef3 and Rpdef4, which encoded a polypeptide of 49, 46, 45 and 42 amino acids, respectively. Sequence alignments indicated that Rpdef1 shared 46.9% identity with Rpdef2, 40.8% with Rpdef3, and 34.7% with Rpdef4. Analysis of transcript polymorphism showed that Rpdef3 accounted for about 60% frequency of Rpdefs occurrence in clams from three geographic origins (Dalian, Qingdao and Hangzhou). By quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis, the transcripts of Rpdefs were mainly detected in hemocytes and they responded sensitively to bacterial challenge in hemocytes. Evolutionary analysis indicated that all Rpdefs were under positive selection with positively selected basic amino acid residues detected in the C-terminal regions, which perhaps have a functional relevance by modifying the charge distribution of Rpdefs. The results also showed some lineages with dN/dS > 1, suggesting positive selection pressures existed in some lineages of phylogeny tree constructed by mollusk defensins. Overall, our results suggest that Rpdefs perhaps played important roles in host defense and positive selection is the major driving force in generating high diversity of defensins in the Manila clam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, CAS, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Linbao Zhang
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, PR China
| | - Dinglong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, CAS, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Qian Yu
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, CAS, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Fei Li
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, CAS, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Ming Cong
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, CAS, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Chenglong Ji
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, CAS, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Huifeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, CAS, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Jianmin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, CAS, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China.
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Bachère E, Rosa RD, Schmitt P, Poirier AC, Merou N, Charrière GM, Destoumieux-Garzón D. The new insights into the oyster antimicrobial defense: Cellular, molecular and genetic view. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 46:50-64. [PMID: 25753917 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Oysters are sessile filter feeders that live in close association with abundant and diverse communities of microorganisms that form the oyster microbiota. In such an association, cellular and molecular mechanisms have evolved to maintain oyster homeostasis upon stressful conditions including infection and changing environments. We give here cellular and molecular insights into the Crassostrea gigas antimicrobial defense system with focus on antimicrobial peptides and proteins (AMPs). This review highlights the central role of the hemocytes in the modulation and control of oyster antimicrobial response. As vehicles for AMPs and other antimicrobial effectors, including reactive oxygen species (ROS), and together with epithelia, hemocytes provide the oyster with local defense reactions instead of systemic humoral ones. These reactions are largely based on phagocytosis but also, as recently described, on the extracellular release of antimicrobial histones (ETosis) which is triggered by ROS. Thus, ROS can signal danger and activate cellular responses in the oyster. From the current literature, AMP production/release could serve similar functions. We provide also new lights on the oyster genetic background that underlies a great diversity of AMP sequences but also an extraordinary individual polymorphism of AMP gene expression. We discuss here how this polymorphism could generate new immune functions, new pathogen resistances or support individual adaptation to environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyne Bachère
- Ifremer, UMR 5244, IHPE Interaction Host Pathogen Environment, UPVD, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, CC 80, F-34095 Montpellier, France.
| | - Rafael Diego Rosa
- Ifremer, UMR 5244, IHPE Interaction Host Pathogen Environment, UPVD, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, CC 80, F-34095 Montpellier, France; Laboratory of Immunology Applied to Aquaculture, Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Paulina Schmitt
- Ifremer, UMR 5244, IHPE Interaction Host Pathogen Environment, UPVD, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, CC 80, F-34095 Montpellier, France; Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad, Católica de Valparaíso, Avenida Universidad 330, 2373223 Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Aurore C Poirier
- Ifremer, UMR 5244, IHPE Interaction Host Pathogen Environment, UPVD, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, CC 80, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Nicolas Merou
- Ifremer, UMR 5244, IHPE Interaction Host Pathogen Environment, UPVD, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, CC 80, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Guillaume M Charrière
- Ifremer, UMR 5244, IHPE Interaction Host Pathogen Environment, UPVD, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, CC 80, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Delphine Destoumieux-Garzón
- Ifremer, UMR 5244, IHPE Interaction Host Pathogen Environment, UPVD, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, CC 80, F-34095 Montpellier, France
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68
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Neves JV, Caldas C, Vieira I, Ramos MF, Rodrigues PNS. Multiple Hepcidins in a Teleost Fish, Dicentrarchus labrax: Different Hepcidins for Different Roles. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:2696-709. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Abstract
Patterns of evolution in immune defense genes help to understand the evolutionary dynamics between hosts and pathogens. Multiple insect genomes have been sequenced, with many of them having annotated immune genes, which paves the way for a comparative genomic analysis of insect immunity. In this review, I summarize the current state of comparative and evolutionary genomics of insect innate immune defense. The focus is on the conserved and divergent components of immunity with an emphasis on gene family evolution and evolution at the sequence level; both population genetics and molecular evolution frameworks are considered.
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70
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König E, Bininda-Emonds ORP, Shaw C. The diversity and evolution of anuran skin peptides. Peptides 2015; 63:96-117. [PMID: 25464160 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Amphibians exhibit various, characteristic adaptations related to their "incomplete" shift from the aquatic to the terrestrial habitat. In particular, the integument was subject to a number of specialized modifications during the evolution of these animals. In this review, we place special emphasis on endogenous host-defence skin peptides from the cuteanous granular glands anuran amphibians (frogs and toads). The overview on the two broad groups of neuroactive and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) goes beyond a simple itemization in that we provide a new perspective into the evolution and function of anuran AMPs. Briefly, these cationic, amphipathic and α-helical peptides are traditionally viewed as being part of the innate immune system, protecting the moist skin against invading microorganisms through their cytolytic action. However, the complete record of anuran species investigated to date suggests that AMPs are distributed sporadically (i.e., non-universally) across Anura. Together with the intriguing observation that virtually all anurans known to produce neuropeptides in their granular glands also co-secrete cytolytic peptides, we call the traditional role for AMPs as being purely antimicrobial into question and present an alternative scenario. We hypothesize AMPs to assist neuroactive peptides in their antipredator role through their cytolytic action increasing the delivery of the latter to the endocrine and nervous system of the predator. Thus, AMPs are more accurately viewed as cytolysins and their contribution to the immune system is better regarded as an accessory benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico König
- AG Systematik und Evolutionsbiologie, IBU - Fakultät V, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky Strasse 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany.
| | - Olaf R P Bininda-Emonds
- AG Systematik und Evolutionsbiologie, IBU - Fakultät V, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky Strasse 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Chris Shaw
- School of Pharmacy, Medical Biology Center, Queen's University, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK
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71
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Bougerol M, Boutet I, LeGuen D, Jollivet D, Tanguy A. Transcriptomic response of the hydrothermal mussel Bathymodiolus azoricus in experimental exposure to heavy metals is modulated by the Pgm genotype and symbiont content. Mar Genomics 2014; 21:63-73. [PMID: 25542630 DOI: 10.1016/j.margen.2014.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Hydrothermal vent mussels belonging to the genus Bathymodiolus dominate communities at hydrothermal sites of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The mussel Bathymodiolus azoricus harbors thiotrophic and methanotrophic symbiotic bacteria in its gills and evolves in naturally highly metal contaminated environments. In the context of investigations on metal tolerance/effect in B. azoricus, we focused our work on the short-term adaptive response (15days) of mussels to different metals exposure at a molecular level using metal concentrations chosen to mimic natural situations at three vents sites. The expression of a set of 38 genes involved in different steps of the metal uptake, detoxication and various metabolisms was analysed by qPCR. Mussels were also genotyped at 10 enzyme loci to explore the relationships among natural genetic variation and gene expression. Relation between symbiont content (both sulfur-oxidizing and methanogen bacteria) and gene expression was also analysed. Our study demonstrated the influence of metal cocktail composition and time exposure on the transcriptome regulation with a specific pattern of regulation observed for the three metal cocktail tested. We also evidenced the significant influence of some specific Pgm genotype on the global gene expression in our experimental populations and a general trend of a higher gene expression in individuals carrying a high symbiont content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Bougerol
- CNRS, UMR 7144, Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin, Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680 Roscoff, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680 Roscoff, France; CNRS/MNHN, UMR 7221, Evolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, MNHN, 7 Rue Cuvier, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Isabelle Boutet
- CNRS, UMR 7144, Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin, Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680 Roscoff, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Dominique LeGuen
- CNRS, UMR 7144, Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin, Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680 Roscoff, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Didier Jollivet
- CNRS, UMR 7144, Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin, Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680 Roscoff, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Arnaud Tanguy
- CNRS, UMR 7144, Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin, Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680 Roscoff, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680 Roscoff, France.
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72
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Liu T, Gao Y, Wang R, Xu T. Characterization, evolution and functional analysis of the liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP-2) gene in miiuy croaker. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 41:191-199. [PMID: 25180825 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
As an evolutionarily older defense strategy, the innate immune is the dominant immune system and provides a first line of antimicrobial host defense in teleost. Liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide-2 (LEAP-2) is a critical molecule of the innate immune system and plays a very important role in resistance against bacterial infections. We reported comprehensive analysis and characterization of LEAP-2 gene from miiuy croaker (Miichthys miiuy) in here. The complete cDNA of miiuy croaker LEAP-2 consists 2360 bp, including a 5' terminal untranslated region (UTR) of 170 bp, an open reading frame (ORF) of 312 bp, and a 3'-UTR of 1878 bp. Interestingly, two polyadenylation signals (AATTAAA) which may involve the stability, translation efficiency, or localization of an mRNA in a tissue were found in 3'-UTR. Genomic DNA of miiuy croaker LEAP-2 includes three exons and two introns, which is similar to LEAP-2 genes in other mammals and fish. The deduced 103 amino acids consist of signal peptide, prodomain and mature peptide. Four highly conserved cysteine residues involved two disulfide bridges in mature peptide. Real-time PCR results showed that LEAP-2 was ubiquitously expressed in all tissues and the expression level was highest in liver. Significantly, the expression levels were increased after infection with Vibrio anguillarum in liver and spleen. The antimicrobial activity analysis result of LEAP-2 in vitro indicated that LEAP-2 of miiuy croaker was effective in controlling Aeromonas hydrophila. In addition, we performed evolutionary analysis in order to estimate the selective constraints on the LEAP-2 gene. The result indicated that no positive selection exists in LEAP-2 gene sequences, which may be on account of irreplaceable function constrains. Meanwhile, we compared the structure of LEAP-2 with that of another Liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide (LEAP-1, also named HAMP), and found the LEAP-2 from miiuy croaker comprises of α-helix, β-sheet, and β-turn while the LEAP-1 of miiuy croaker only contains β-sheet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxing Liu
- Laboratory of Fish Biogenetics & Immune Evolution, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Yunhang Gao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Rixin Wang
- Laboratory of Fish Biogenetics & Immune Evolution, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Tianjun Xu
- Laboratory of Fish Biogenetics & Immune Evolution, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China.
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73
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Uhlig T, Kyprianou T, Martinelli FG, Oppici CA, Heiligers D, Hills D, Calvo XR, Verhaert P. The emergence of peptides in the pharmaceutical business: From exploration to exploitation. EUPA OPEN PROTEOMICS 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.euprot.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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75
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Gosset CC, Do Nascimento J, Augé MT, Bierne N. Evidence for adaptation from standing genetic variation on an antimicrobial peptide gene in the musselMytilus edulis. Mol Ecol 2014; 23:3000-12. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.12784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Célia C. Gosset
- Université Montpellier 2; Place Eugène Bataillon 34095 Montpellier France
- CNRS - Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution; UMR5554; Station Méditerranéenne de l'Environnement Littoral; Sète France
| | - Joana Do Nascimento
- Université Montpellier 2; Place Eugène Bataillon 34095 Montpellier France
- CNRS - Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution; UMR5554; Station Méditerranéenne de l'Environnement Littoral; Sète France
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés; UMR7266; 2 rue Olympe de Gouges 17000 La Rochelle France
| | - Marie-Thérèse Augé
- Université Montpellier 2; Place Eugène Bataillon 34095 Montpellier France
- CNRS - Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution; UMR5554; Station Méditerranéenne de l'Environnement Littoral; Sète France
| | - Nicolas Bierne
- Université Montpellier 2; Place Eugène Bataillon 34095 Montpellier France
- CNRS - Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution; UMR5554; Station Méditerranéenne de l'Environnement Littoral; Sète France
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76
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Tasiemski A, Jung S, Boidin-Wichlacz C, Jollivet D, Cuvillier-Hot V, Pradillon F, Vetriani C, Hecht O, Sönnichsen FD, Gelhaus C, Hung CW, Tholey A, Leippe M, Grötzinger J, Gaill F. Characterization and function of the first antibiotic isolated from a vent organism: the extremophile metazoan Alvinella pompejana. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95737. [PMID: 24776651 PMCID: PMC4002450 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The emblematic hydrothermal worm Alvinella pompejana is one of the most thermo tolerant animal known on Earth. It relies on a symbiotic association offering a unique opportunity to discover biochemical adaptations that allow animals to thrive in such a hostile habitat. Here, by studying the Pompeii worm, we report on the discovery of the first antibiotic peptide from a deep-sea organism, namely alvinellacin. After purification and peptide sequencing, both the gene and the peptide tertiary structures were elucidated. As epibionts are not cultivated so far and because of lethal decompression effects upon Alvinella sampling, we developed shipboard biological assays to demonstrate that in addition to act in the first line of defense against microbial invasion, alvinellacin shapes and controls the worm's epibiotic microflora. Our results provide insights into the nature of an abyssal antimicrobial peptide (AMP) and into the manner in which an extremophile eukaryote uses it to interact with the particular microbial community of the hydrothermal vent ecosystem. Unlike earlier studies done on hydrothermal vents that all focused on the microbial side of the symbiosis, our work gives a view of this interaction from the host side.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Tasiemski
- Université de Lille1-CNRS UMR8198, Laboratoire GEPV, Ecoimmunology of Marine Annelids (EMA), Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Sascha Jung
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Kiel, Germany
| | - Céline Boidin-Wichlacz
- Université de Lille1-CNRS UMR8198, Laboratoire GEPV, Ecoimmunology of Marine Annelids (EMA), Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Didier Jollivet
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-CNRS UMR7144, Laboratoire AD2M, Adaptation et Biologie des Invertébrés en Conditions Extrêmes (ABICE), Station Biologique, Roscoff, France
| | - Virginie Cuvillier-Hot
- Université de Lille1-CNRS UMR8198, Laboratoire GEPV, Ecoimmunology of Marine Annelids (EMA), Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | | | - Costantino Vetriani
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology and Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Oliver Hecht
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Kiel, Germany
| | - Frank D. Sönnichsen
- Otto Diels Institute for Organic Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christoph Gelhaus
- Institute of Zoology, Zoophysiology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Kiel, Germany
| | - Chien-Wen Hung
- Division of Systematic Proteome Research, Institute for Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Kiel, Germany
| | - Andreas Tholey
- Division of Systematic Proteome Research, Institute for Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Kiel, Germany
| | - Matthias Leippe
- Institute of Zoology, Zoophysiology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Kiel, Germany
| | - Joachim Grötzinger
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Kiel, Germany
| | - Françoise Gaill
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Muséum National d'Histoires Naturelles CNRS BOREA IRD, Paris, France
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Koutsogiannouli EA, Moutou KA, Stamatis C, Walter L, Mamuris Z. Genetic variation in the major histocompatibility complex of the European brown hare (Lepus europaeus) across distinct phylogeographic areas. Immunogenetics 2014; 66:379-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s00251-014-0772-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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78
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Erler S, Lhomme P, Rasmont P, Lattorff HMG. Rapid evolution of antimicrobial peptide genes in an insect host–social parasite system. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 23:129-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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79
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Meade KG, Cormican P, Narciandi F, Lloyd A, O'Farrelly C. Bovine β-defensin gene family: opportunities to improve animal health? Physiol Genomics 2014; 46:17-28. [DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00085.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent analysis of the bovine genome revealed an expanded suite of β-defensin genes that encode what are referred to as antimicrobial or host defense peptides (HDPs). Whereas primate genomes also encode α- and θ-defensins, the bovine genome contains only the β-defensin subfamily of HDPs. β-Defensins perform diverse functions that are critical to protection against pathogens but also in regulation of the immune response and reproduction. As the most comprehensively studied subclass of HDPs, β-defensins possess the widest taxonomic distribution, found in invertebrates as well as plants, indicating an ancient point of origin. Cross-species comparison of the genomic arrangement of β-defensin gene repertoire revealed them to vary in number among species presumably due to differences in pathogenic selective pressures but also genetic drift. β-Defensin genes exist in a single cluster in birds, but four gene clusters exist in dog, rat, mouse, and cow. In humans and chimpanzees, one of these clusters is split in two as a result of a primate-specific pericentric inversion producing five gene clusters. A cluster of β-defensin genes on bovine chromosome 13 has been recently characterized, and full genome sequencing has identified extensive gene copy number variation on chromosome 27. As a result, cattle have the most diverse repertoire of β-defensin genes so far identified, where four clusters contain at least 57 genes. This expansion of β-defensin HDPs may hold significant potential for combating infectious diseases and provides opportunities to harness their immunological and reproductive functions in commercial cattle populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. G. Meade
- Animal & Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Grange, Co. Meath, Ireland
| | - P. Cormican
- Animal & Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Grange, Co. Meath, Ireland
| | - F. Narciandi
- Comparative Immunology Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland; and
| | - A. Lloyd
- Department of Science & Health, Carlow Institute of Technology, Co. Carlow, Ireland
| | - C. O'Farrelly
- Comparative Immunology Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland; and
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80
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Distinct antimicrobial peptide expression determines host species-specific bacterial associations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:E3730-8. [PMID: 24003149 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1304960110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals are colonized by coevolved bacterial communities, which contribute to the host's health. This commensal microbiota is often highly specific to its host-species, inferring strong selective pressures on the associated microbes. Several factors, including diet, mucus composition, and the immune system have been proposed as putative determinants of host-associated bacterial communities. Here we report that species-specific antimicrobial peptides account for different bacterial communities associated with closely related species of the cnidarian Hydra. Gene family extensions for potent antimicrobial peptides, the arminins, were detected in four Hydra species, with each species possessing a unique composition and expression profile of arminins. For functional analysis, we inoculated arminin-deficient and control polyps with bacterial consortia characteristic for different Hydra species and compared their selective preferences by 454 pyrosequencing of the bacterial microbiota. In contrast to control polyps, arminin-deficient polyps displayed decreased potential to select for bacterial communities resembling their native microbiota. This finding indicates that species-specific antimicrobial peptides shape species-specific bacterial associations.
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81
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Kapralova KH, Gudbrandsson J, Reynisdottir S, Santos CB, Baltanás VC, Maier VH, Snorrason SS, Palsson A. Differentiation at the MHCIIα and Cath2 loci in sympatric Salvelinus alpinus resource morphs in Lake Thingvallavatn. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69402. [PMID: 23894470 PMCID: PMC3722248 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Northern freshwater fish may be suitable for the genetic dissection of ecological traits because they invaded new habitats after the last ice age (∼10.000 years ago). Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) colonizing streams and lakes in Iceland gave rise to multiple populations of small benthic morphotypes, often in sympatry with a pelagic morphotype. Earlier studies have revealed significant, but subtle, genetic differentiation between the three most common morphs in Lake Thingvallavatn. We conducted a population genetic screen on four immunological candidate genes Cathelicidin 2 (Cath2), Hepcidin (Hamp), Liver expressed antimicrobial peptide 2a (Leap-2a), and Major Histocompatibility Complex IIα (MHCIIα) and a mitochondrial marker (D-loop) among the three most common Lake Thingvallavatn charr morphs. Significant differences in allele frequencies were found between morphs at the Cath2 and MHCIIα loci. No such signal was detected in the D-loop nor in the other two immunological genes. In Cath2 the small benthic morph deviated from the other two (FST = 0.13), one of the substitutions detected constituting an amino acid replacement polymorphism in the antimicrobial peptide. A more striking difference was found in the MHCIIα. Two haplotypes were very common in the lake, and their frequency differed greatly between the morphotypes (from 22% to 93.5%, FST = 0.67). We then expanded our study by surveying the variation in Cath2 and MHCIIα in 9 Arctic charr populations from around Iceland. The populations varied greatly in terms of allele frequencies at Cath2, but the variation did not correlate with morphotype. At the MHCIIα locus, the variation was nearly identical to the variation in the two benthic morphs of Lake Thingvallavatn. The results are consistent with a scenario where parts of the immune systems have diverged substantially among Arctic charr populations in Iceland, after colonizing the island ∼10.000 years ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalina H. Kapralova
- Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Johannes Gudbrandsson
- Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Sigrun Reynisdottir
- Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Cristina B. Santos
- Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Vanessa C. Baltanás
- Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Valerie H. Maier
- Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Sigurdur S. Snorrason
- Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Arnar Palsson
- Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
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82
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Hayakawa E, Landuyt B, Baggerman G, Cuyvers R, Lavigne R, Luyten W, Schoofs L. Peptidomic analysis of human reflex tear fluid. Peptides 2013; 42:63-9. [PMID: 23228955 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2012.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tear fluid is a complex mixture of biological compounds, including carbohydrates, lipids, electrolytes, proteins, and peptides. Despite the physiological importance of tear fluid, little is known about the identity of its endogenous peptides. In this study, we analyzed and identified naturally occurring peptide molecules in human reflex tear fluid by means of LC-MALDI-TOF-TOF. Tandem MS analyses revealed 30 peptides, most of which have not been identified before. Twenty-six peptides are derived from the proline-rich protein 4 and 4 peptides are derived from the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor. Based on their structural characteristics, we suggest that the identified tear fluid peptides contribute to the protective environment of the ocular surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eisuke Hayakawa
- Research Group of Functional Genomics and Proteomics, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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83
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Rakers S, Niklasson L, Steinhagen D, Kruse C, Schauber J, Sundell K, Paus R. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) from fish epidermis: perspectives for investigative dermatology. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 133:1140-9. [PMID: 23407389 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian and fish skin share protective activities against environments that are rich in infectious agents. Fish epidermis is endowed with an extrinsic barrier consisting of a mucus layer and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). These operate together as a protective chemical shield. As these AMPs are evolutionarily well preserved and also found in higher vertebrate skin (including human epidermis), fish skin offers a unique opportunity to study the origins of innate antimicrobial defense systems. Furthermore, the broad spectrum of fish mucus antimicrobial activities renders piscine AMPs interesting to investigative dermatology, as these may become exploitable for various indications in clinical dermatology. Therefore, this article aims at casting light on fish mucus, the evolutionary relationship between human and fish AMPs, and the latter's antibacterial, antifungal, and even antiviral activities. Moreover, we develop dermatological lessons from, and sketch potential future clinical applications of, fish mucus and piscine AMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Rakers
- Aquatic Cell Technology, Fraunhofer Research Institution for Marine Biotechnology, Luebeck, Germany.
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84
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Domestication does not narrow MHC diversity in Sus scrofa. Immunogenetics 2012; 65:195-209. [PMID: 23239371 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-012-0671-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) is a multigene family of outstanding polymorphism. MHC molecules bind antigenic peptides in the peptide-binding region (PBR) that consists of five binding pockets (P). In this study, we compared the genetic diversity of domestic pigs to that of the modern representatives of their wild ancestors, the wild boar, in two MHC loci, the oligomorphic DQA and the polymorphic DRB1. MHC nucleotide polymorphism was compared with the actual functional polymorphism in the PBR and the binding pockets P1, P4, P6, P7, and P9. The analysis of approximately 200 wild boars collected throughout Europe and 120 domestic pigs from four breeds (three pureblood, Pietrain, Leicoma, and Landrace, and one mixed Danbred) revealed that wild boars and domestic pigs share the same levels of nucleotide and amino acid polymorphism, allelic richness, and heterozygosity. Domestication did not appear to act as a bottleneck that would narrow MHC diversity. Although the pattern of polymorphism was uniform between the two loci, the magnitude of polymorphism was different. For both loci, most of the polymorphism was located in the PBR region and the presence of positive selection was supported by a statistically significant excess of nonsynonymous substitutions over synonymous substitutions in the PBR. P4 and P6 were the most polymorphic binding pockets. Functional polymorphism, i.e., the number and the distribution of pocket variants within and among populations, was significantly narrower than genetic polymorphism, indicative of a hierarchical action of selection pressures on MHC loci.
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85
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König E, Clark VC, Shaw C, Bininda-Emonds ORP. Molecular cloning of skin peptide precursor-encoding cDNAs from tibial gland secretion of the Giant Monkey Frog, Phyllomedusa bicolor (Hylidae, Anura). Peptides 2012; 38:371-6. [PMID: 23000306 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2012.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Revised: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The skins of phyllomedusine frogs have long been considered as being tremendously rich sources of bioactive peptides. Previous studies of both peptides and cloning of their precursor encoding cDNAs have relied upon methanolic skin extracts or the dissected skins of recently deceased specimens and have not considered the different glands in isolation. We therefore focused our attention on the tibial gland of the Giant Monkey Frog, Phyllomedusa bicolor and constructed a cDNA library from the skin secretion that was obtained via mechanical stimulation of this macrogland. Using shotgun cloning, four precursors encoding host-defense peptides were identified: two archetypal dermaseptins, a phyllokinin and a phylloseptin that is new for this species but has been recently described from the Waxy Monkey Leaf Frog, Phyllomedusa sauvagii. Our study is the first to report defensive peptides specifically isolated from anuran tibial glands, confirming the hypothesis that these glands also contribute to chemical defense. Moreover, the discovery of novel compounds for this otherwise very well characterized species suggests that this largely neglected gland might possess a different cocktail of secretions from glands elsewhere in the same animal. We will also discuss some evolutionary implications of our findings with respect to the adaptive plasticity of secretory glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico König
- AG Systematik und Evolutionsbiologie, IBU - Fakultät V, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky Strasse 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany.
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86
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Antimicrobial peptides and alytesin are co-secreted from the venom of the Midwife toad, Alytes maurus (Alytidae, Anura): Implications for the evolution of frog skin defensive secretions. Toxicon 2012; 60:967-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Revised: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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87
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Zhang Z, Zhu S. Comparative genomics analysis of five families of antimicrobial peptide-like genes in seven ant species. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 38:262-274. [PMID: 22617650 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Ants, as eusocial insects, live in dense groups with high connectivity, increasing the risk of pathogen spread and possibly driving the evolution of their antimicrobial immune system. Draft genomes of seven ant species provide a new source to undertake comparative study of their antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), key components of insect innate immunity. By using computational approaches, we analyzed five AMP families that include abaecins, hymenoptaecins, insect defensins, tachystatins, and crustins in ants, which comprise 69 new members. Among them, a new type of proline-rich abaecins was recognized and they are exclusively present in ants. Hymenoptaecins, a family of glycine-rich AMPs from Hymenoptera and Diptera, exhibit variable numbers of intragenic tandem repeats in a lineage-specific manner and all hymenoptaecins in ants have evolved an acidic C-terminal propeptide. In some ant species, insect defensins with the cysteine-stabilized α-helical and β-sheet (CSαβ) fold and tachystatin-like AMPs with the inhibitor cysteine knot (ICK) fold have undergone gene expansion and differential gene loss. Moreover, extensive sequence diversity exists in the C-termini of the defensins and the ICK-type peptides and the n-loop of the defensins. Also, we identified for the first time a crustin-type AMP in ants, which are only known in crustaceans previously. These ant crustins evolutionarily gain an aromatic amino acid-rich insertion when compared with those of crustaceans. Our work not only enlarges the insect AMP resource, but also sheds light on the complexity and dynamic evolution of AMPs in ants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenting Zhang
- Group of Animal Innate Immunity, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects & Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, PR China
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88
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Adaptive evolution of crustin antimicrobial peptides in decapods. Genetica 2012; 140:197-203. [DOI: 10.1007/s10709-012-9671-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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89
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McTaggart SJ, Obbard DJ, Conlon C, Little TJ. Immune genes undergo more adaptive evolution than non-immune system genes in Daphnia pulex. BMC Evol Biol 2012; 12:63. [PMID: 22577801 PMCID: PMC3457901 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-12-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding which parts of the genome have been most influenced by adaptive evolution remains an unsolved puzzle. Some evidence suggests that selection has the greatest impact on regions of the genome that interact with other evolving genomes, including loci that are involved in host-parasite co-evolutionary processes. In this study, we used a population genetic approach to test this hypothesis by comparing DNA sequences of 30 putative immune system genes in the crustacean Daphnia pulex with 24 non-immune system genes. Results In support of the hypothesis, results from a multilocus extension of the McDonald-Kreitman (MK) test indicate that immune system genes as a class have experienced more adaptive evolution than non-immune system genes. However, not all immune system genes show evidence of adaptive evolution. Additionally, we apply single locus MK tests and calculate population genetic parameters at all loci in order to characterize the mode of selection (directional versus balancing) in the genes that show the greatest deviation from neutral evolution. Conclusions Our data are consistent with the hypothesis that immune system genes undergo more adaptive evolution than non-immune system genes, possibly as a result of host-parasite arms races. The results of these analyses highlight several candidate loci undergoing adaptive evolution that could be targeted in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seanna J McTaggart
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Ashworth Laboratories University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK.
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90
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Pereiro P, Figueras A, Novoa B. A novel hepcidin-like in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) highly expressed after pathogen challenge but not after iron overload. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 32:879-89. [PMID: 22381569 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2012] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepcidins are antimicrobial peptides with an important role in the host innate immunity. Moreover, it has been reported that mammalian hepcidins present a dual-function being a key regulator in the iron homeostasis. Here, we describe the coding sequence of a novel hepcidin-like peptide in turbot, Scophthalmus maximus. This molecule presents several differences with regard to the previously characterized hepcidin in this flatfish species and it has not the hypothetical iron regulatory sequence Q-S/I-H-L/I-S/A-L in the N-terminal region. Therefore we propose the existence of at least two types of hepcidin in turbot. Moreover, results revealed a higher variability in the mRNA sequences of the novel hepcidin compared with the other form. Constitutive expression of turbot hepcidins (Hepcidin-1 and Hepcidin-2) was analyzed in several tissues and as expected, both molecules were highly represented in liver. On the other hand, the effect of three different stimuli (bacterial or viral infection and iron overloading) in the level of hepcidin mRNA was also examined and a differential response to pathogens and iron was observed. Whereas both hepcidins were affected by pathogen challenge, only Hepcidin-1 was up-regulated after iron overloading. Therefore, this and other evidences suggest that these peptides could be involved in different functions covering the dual role of mammalian hepcidins.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Pereiro
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), CSIC, Vigo, Spain
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91
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Xu T, Sun Y, Shi G, Wang R. Miiuy croaker hepcidin gene and comparative analyses reveal evidence for positive selection. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35449. [PMID: 22511989 PMCID: PMC3325200 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepcidin antimicrobial peptide (HAMP) is a small cysteine-rich peptide and a key molecule of the innate immune system against bacterial infections. Molecular cloning and genomic characterization of HAMP gene in the miiuy croaker (Miichthys miiuy) were reported in this study. The miiuy croaker HAMP was predicted to encode a prepropeptide of 99 amino acids, a tentative RX(K/R)R cleavage motif and eight characteristic cysteine residues were also identified. The gene organization is also similar to corresponding genes in mammals and fish consisting of three exons and two introns. Sequence polymorphism analysis showed that only two different sequences were identified and encoded two proteins in six individuals. As reported for most other species, the expression level was highest in liver and an up-regulation of transcription was seen in spleen, intestine and kidney examined at 24 h after injection of pathogenic bacteria, Vibrio anguillarum, the expression pattern implied that miiuy croaker HAMP is an important component of the first line defense against invading pathogens. In addition, we report on the underlying mechanism that maintains sequences diversity among fish and mammalian species, respectively. A series of site-model tests implemented in the CODEML program revealed that moderate positive Darwinian selection is likely to cause the molecular evolution in the fish HAMP2 genes and it also showed that the fish HAMP1 genes and HAMP2 genes under different selection pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianjun Xu
- Laboratory for Marine Living Resources and Molecular Engineering, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuena Sun
- Laboratory for Marine Living Resources and Molecular Engineering, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ge Shi
- Laboratory for Marine Living Resources and Molecular Engineering, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, People's Republic of China
| | - Rixin Wang
- Laboratory for Marine Living Resources and Molecular Engineering, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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92
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Mitchum MG, Wang X, Wang J, Davis EL. Role of nematode peptides and other small molecules in plant parasitism. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2012; 50:175-95. [PMID: 22578179 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-081211-173008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Molecular, genetic, and biochemical studies are demonstrating an increasingly important role of peptide signaling in nematode parasitism of plants. To date, the majority of nematode-secreted peptides identified share similarity with plant CLAVATA3/ESR (CLE) peptides, but bioinformatics analyses of nematode genomes have revealed sequences homologous to other classes of plant peptide hormones that may be utilized by these pests. Extracellular host receptors for secreted nematode peptides are beginning to be identified and their roles in parasitism elucidated. Here, we outline recent advances from studies of biologically active nematode-secreted peptides that function as molecular mimics of endogenous plant peptides to promote parasitism. Several strategies are being used to exploit this information to provide new targets for engineering nematode resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa G Mitchum
- Division of Plant Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
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93
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Nam YK, Cho YS, Lee SY, Kim BS, Kim DS. Molecular characterization of hepcidin gene from mud loach (Misgurnus mizolepis; Cypriniformes). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 31:1251-1258. [PMID: 21959039 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2011.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The gene encoding hepcidin, an antimicrobial peptide, was isolated and characterized in the mud loach Misgurnus mizolepis (Cypriniformes). Mud loach hepcidin shows a considerable degree of structural homology to other vertebrate hamp1 orthologues at both the gene and protein levels, particularly with respect to its tripartite genomic organization, typical transcription-factor-binding motifs in its promoter, and conserved cysteine residues in the mature cationic peptide. The mud loach possesses at least two allelic forms of hamp1, which are expected to be translated into the same hepcidin preproprotein. The two alleles are transmitted from parental fish to offspring with a Mendelian inheritance pattern, as demonstrated with polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) genotyping. Southern blot hybridization analysis showed a high degree of polymorphisms in the restriction patterns of individuals. Mud loach hamp1 mRNA is predominantly expressed in the liver, although many other tissues showed detectable levels of hamp1 transcripts in RT-PCR assay. Lipopolysaccharide and bacterial challenges induced significant hamp1 expression, whereas hamp1 was not clearly stimulated by polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)] injection. Iron overload and Cu exposure also elevated hamp1 transcripts in various tissues. The transcriptional activation of mud loach hamp1 in response to these stimuli varied among tissue types, and the liver appears predominantly involved in hepcidin-mediated iron regulation. However, hepcidin expression in the kidney and spleen was preferentially modulated by inflammation-mediated signals produced by immune challenges. Our results suggest that mud loach hepcidin has two basic functions, in iron regulation and antimicrobial activity, and that its transcription is also modulated by other environmental perturbations, including heavy metal exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Kwon Nam
- Department of Marine Bio-Materials and Aquaculture, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Republic of Korea.
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94
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Wang Y, Zhu S. The defensin gene family expansion in the tick Ixodes scapularis. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 35:1128-1134. [PMID: 21540051 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2011.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Revised: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Ixodid ticks transmit a variety of pathogens by blood feeding. Here, we report computational identification of two multigene families of defensin-like peptides (DLPs) in the Ixodes scapularis genome, one corresponding to scapularisin and the other named scasin. Members in the scapularisin family share high sequence similarity to some antibacterial ancient invertebrate-type defensins (AITDs) isolated from primitive insects, arachnids, bivalvia, and fungi whereas scasins represent a novel family of DLPs identified by their overall acidic molecular surface and low sequence similarity to any known defensins. Codon-substitution models support neutral evolution in scapularisins but strong positive selection signal was found throughout the molecules of scasins. The synthetic γ-core region of scapularisin-20 exhibits a wide-spectrum of antimicrobial activity at micromolar concentrations. The finding of extensive gene expansion of DLPs in a vector arachnida may be valuable in the understanding of its role in pathogen transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbing Wang
- Group of Animal Innate Immunity, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects & Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
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95
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Walters JR, Harrison RG. Decoupling of rapid and adaptive evolution among seminal fluid proteins in heliconius butterflies with divergent mating systems. Evolution 2011; 65:2855-71. [PMID: 21967427 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01351.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Reproductive proteins often diverge rapidly between species. This pattern is frequently attributed to postmating sexual selection. Heliconius butterflies offer a good opportunity to examine this hypothesis by contrasting patterns of reproductive protein evolution between clades with divergent mating systems. Pupal-mating Heliconius females typically mate only once, limiting opportunity for postmating sexual selection. In contrast, adult-mating females remate throughout life. Reproductive protein evolution is therefore predicted to be slower and show little evidence of positive selection in the pupal-mating clade. We examined this prediction by sequencing 18 seminal fluid protein genes from a dozen Heliconius species and a related outgroup. Two proteins exhibited dN/dS > 1, implicating positive selection in the rapid evolution of at least a few Heliconius seminal fluid proteins. However, contrary to predictions, the average evolutionary rate of seminal fluid proteins was greater among pupal-mating Heliconius. Based on these results, we suggest that positive selection and relaxed constraint can generate conflicting patterns of reproductive protein evolution between mating systems. As predicted, some loci may show elevated evolutionary rates in promiscuous taxa relative to monandrous taxa resulting from adaptations to postmating sexual selection. However, when monandry is derived (as in Heliconius), the opposite pattern may result from relaxed selective constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Walters
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.
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96
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Sperstad SV, Haug T, Blencke HM, Styrvold OB, Li C, Stensvåg K. Antimicrobial peptides from marine invertebrates: challenges and perspectives in marine antimicrobial peptide discovery. Biotechnol Adv 2011; 29:519-30. [PMID: 21683779 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2011] [Revised: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of pathogenic bacteria resistance to conventional antibiotics calls for an increased focus on the purification and characterization of antimicrobials with new mechanisms of actions. Antimicrobial peptides are promising candidates, because their initial interaction with microbes is through binding to lipids. The interference with such a fundamental cell structure is assumed to hamper resistance development. In the present review we discuss antimicrobial peptides isolated from marine invertebrates, emphasizing the isolation and activity of these natural antibiotics. The marine environment is relatively poorly explored in terms of potential pharmaceuticals, and it contains a tremendous species diversity which evolved in close proximity to microorganisms. As invertebrates rely purely on innate immunity, including antimicrobial peptides, to combat infectious agents, it is believed that immune effectors from these animals are efficient and rapid inhibitors of microbial growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigmund V Sperstad
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
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97
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König E, Bininda-Emonds ORP. Evidence for convergent evolution in the antimicrobial peptide system in anuran amphibians. Peptides 2011; 32:20-5. [PMID: 20955747 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2010.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Revised: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Amphibians are characterized in part by their highly specialized and glandular skin that enables key physiological functions such as cutaneous respiration and defense against a variety of micro- and macroscopic predators via toxic components (e.g., alkaloids and bufodienolids), biogenic amines, neuropeptides and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). To date, DNA sequence information regarding AMP genes in anurans is restricted to only a few anuran families and largely to "higher frogs" (Neobatrachia). Here, we analyze the DNA information for the signal sequences of the AMP precursors in anuran amphibians available to the end of 2009 in an explicit phylogenetic framework to characterize the evolution of this large, diverse gene family. Comparison of cDNA sequences suggests that there are at least three different motifs within the signal peptide sequence of the AMP-precursor corresponding to the evolutionary lineages Neobatrachia, Bombinatoridae (Bombina spp.) and Pipidae (Xenopus laevis). The signal sequences are strongly conserved within each lineage (as previously noted for Neobatrachia), but highly divergent between them. Together with the lack of a linear relationship between the degree of sequence divergence and evolutionary time, we hypothesize that the anuran AMP system has evolved convergently on at least three occasions. However, additional sampling, especially among the largely poorly sampled non-neobatrachian lineages, is required to confirm this hypothesis and could reveal the existence of additional signal sequence motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico König
- Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Erbertstrasse 1, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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Damage of the bacterial cell envelope by antimicrobial peptides gramicidin S and PGLa as revealed by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 54:3132-42. [PMID: 20530225 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00124-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to examine the ultrastructural changes in bacteria induced by antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Both the beta-stranded gramicidin S and the alpha-helical peptidyl-glycylleucine-carboxyamide (PGLa) are cationic amphiphilic AMPs known to interact with bacterial membranes. One representative Gram-negative strain, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, and one representative Gram-positive strain, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, were exposed to the AMPs at sub-MICs and supra-MICs in salt-free medium. SEM revealed a shortening and swelling of the E. coli cells, and multiple blisters and bubbles formed on their surface. The S. aureus cells seemed to burst upon AMP exposure, showing open holes and deep craters in their envelope. TEM revealed the formation of intracellular membranous structures in both strains, which is attributed to a lateral expansion of the lipid membrane upon peptide insertion. Also, some morphological alterations in the DNA region were detected for S. aureus. After E. coli was incubated with AMPs in medium with low ionic strength, the cells appeared highly turgid compared to untreated controls. This observation suggests that the AMPs enhance osmosis through the inner membrane, before they eventually cause excessive leakage of the cellular contents. The adverse effect on the osmoregulatory capacity of the bacteria is attributed to the membrane-permeabilizing action of the amphiphilic peptides, even at low (sub-MIC) AMP concentrations. Altogether, the results demonstrate that both TEM and SEM, as well as appropriate sample preparation protocols, are needed to obtain detailed mechanistic insights into peptide function.
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Woodhams DC, Kenyon N, Bell SC, Alford RA, Chen S, Billheimer D, Shyr Y, Rollins-Smith LA. Adaptations of skin peptide defences and possible response to the amphibian chytrid fungus in populations of Australian green-eyed treefrogs, Litoria genimaculata. DIVERS DISTRIB 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-4642.2010.00666.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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100
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Hellgren O, Ekblom R. Evolution of a cluster of innate immune genes (beta-defensins) along the ancestral lines of chicken and zebra finch. Immunome Res 2010; 6:3. [PMID: 20359324 PMCID: PMC3161384 DOI: 10.1186/1745-7580-6-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2009] [Accepted: 04/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Avian β-defensins (AvBDs) represent a group of innate immune genes with broad antimicrobial activity. Within the chicken genome, previous work identified 14 AvBDs in a cluster on chromosome three. The release of a second bird genome, the zebra finch, allows us to study the comparative evolutionary history of these gene clusters between from two species that shared a common ancestor about 100 million years ago. Results A phylogenetic analysis of the β-defensin gene clusters in the chicken and the zebra finch identified several cases of gene duplication and gene loss along their ancestral lines. In the zebra finch genome a cluster of 22 AvBD genes were identified, all located within 125 Kbp on chromosome three. Ten of the 22 genes were found to be highly conserved with orthologous genes in the chicken genome. The remaining 12 genes were all located within a cluster of 58 Kbp and are suggested to be a result of recent gene duplication events that occurred after the galliformes- passeriformes split (G-P split). Within the chicken genome, AvBD6 was found to be a duplication of AvBD7, whereas the gene AvDB14 seems to have been lost along the ancestral line of the zebra finch. The duplicated β-defensin genes have had a significantly higher accumulation of non-synonymous over synonymous substitutions compared to the genes that have not undergone duplication since the G-P split. The expression patterns of avian β-defensin genes seem to be well conserved between chicken and zebra finch. Conclusion The genomic comparisons of the β-defensins gene clusters of the chicken and zebra finch illuminate the evolutionary history of this gene complex. Along their ancestral lines, several gene duplication events have occurred in the passerine line after the galliformes-passeriformes split giving rise to 12 novel genes compared to a single duplication event in the galliformes line. After the duplication events, the duplicated genes have been subject to a relaxed selection pressure compared to the non-duplicated genes, thus supporting models of evolution by gene duplication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olof Hellgren
- Edward Grey Institute, Department of Zoology, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK.
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