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Teaming up synthetic chemistry and histochemistry for activity screening in galectin-directed inhibitor design. Histochem Cell Biol 2016; 147:285-301. [PMID: 28013366 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-016-1525-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A hallmark of endogenous lectins is their ability to select a few distinct glycoconjugates as counterreceptors for functional pairing from the natural abundance of cellular glycoproteins and glycolipids. As a consequence, assays to assess inhibition of lectin binding should necessarily come as close as possible to the physiological situation, to characterize an impact of a synthetic compound on biorelevant binding with pharmaceutical perspective. We here introduce in a proof-of-principle manner work with sections of paraffin-embedded tissue (jejunum, epididymis) and labeled adhesion/growth-regulatory galectins, harboring one (galectin-1 and galectin-3) or two (galectin-8) types of lectin domain. Six pairs of synthetic lactosides from tailoring of the headgroup (3'-O-sulfation) and the aglycone (β-methyl to aromatic S- and O-linked extensions) as well as three bi- to tetravalent glycoclusters were used as test compounds. Varying extents of reduction in staining intensity by synthetic compounds relative to unsubstituted/free lactose proved the applicability and sensitivity of the method. Flanking cytofluorimetric assays on lectin binding to native cells gave similar grading, excluding a major impact of tissue fixation. The experiments revealed cell/tissue binding of galectin-8 preferentially via one domain, depending on the cell type so that the effect of an inhibitor in a certain context cannot be extrapolated to other cells/tissues. Moreover, the work with the other galectins attests that this assay enables comprehensive analysis of the galectin network in serial tissue sections to determine overlaps and regional differences in inhibitory profiles.
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Abstract
An experimental observation on selecting binding partners underlies the introduction of the term 'lectin'. Agglutination of erythrocytes depending on their blood-group status revealed the presence of activities in plant extracts that act in an epitope-specific manner like antibodies. As it turned out, their binding partners on the cell surface are carbohydrates of glycoconjugates. By definition, lectins are glycan-specific (mono- or oligosaccharides presented by glycoconjugates or polysaccharides) receptors, distinguished from antibodies, from enzymes using carbohydrates as substrates and from transporters of free saccharides. They are ubiquitous in Nature and structurally widely diversified. More than a dozen types of folding pattern have evolved for proteins that bind glycans. Used as tool, this capacity facilitates versatile mapping of glycan presence so that plant/fungal and also animal/human lectins have found a broad spectrum of biomedical applications. The functional pairing with physiological counterreceptors is involved in a wide range of cellular activities from cell adhesion, glycoconjugate trafficking to growth regulation and lets lectins act as sensors/effectors in host defense.
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53
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Lipid glycosylation: a primer for histochemists and cell biologists. Histochem Cell Biol 2016; 147:175-198. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-016-1518-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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54
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Bai Z, Zhao L, Chen X, Li Q, Li J. A galectin from Hyriopsis cumingii involved in the innate immune response against to pathogenic microorganism and its expression profiling during pearl sac formation. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 56:127-135. [PMID: 27403593 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Hyriopsis cumingii is the most important freshwater pearl mussel cultured in China. The operation for implantation is one necessary technical step for pearl culture. However, implantation-induced trauma results in a series of immune responses and can enable the invasion of pathogenic microbes. Lectin proteins are found widely in nature and play important roles in innate immunity. Galectins are members of the lectin superfamily and are characterized by one or several carbohydrate recognition domains (CRDs) that produce multiple sugar binding sites on the protein. Here we cloned and characterized the H. cumingii galectin gene HcGal1, which encodes a 312 amino acid galectin protein. The HcGal1 transcript was detected in all tested H. cumingii tissues and showed higher expression specifically in immune tissues. The significant upregulation of HcGal1 expression was observed after challenging the mussel with lipopolysaccharide or Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. After implantation, significant downregulation of the HcGal1 transcript was noted in the mantle, hemocytes, and pearl sac in the acute-stress stage (0-24 h) and the stage of wound healing and pearl-sac formation (24 h-7 d). In addition, significant upregulation of HcGal1 expression was observed in the liver in the stage of wound healing and pearl-sac formation. In the pearl-secretion stage (7-35 d), the HcGal1 transcript levels returned to normal in all tested tissues. We also show that recombinantly expressed and purified HcGal1 can agglutinate some Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. In addition, in vivo experiments showed that the recombinant protein HcGal1 could promote phagocytosis by hemocytes. Our data suggest that HcGal1 plays a role in innate immune responses involved in pathogen recognition and wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyi Bai
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources for Freshwater Aquaculture and Fisheries, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 201306, PR China
| | - Liting Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources for Freshwater Aquaculture and Fisheries, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 201306, PR China
| | - Xiajun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources for Freshwater Aquaculture and Fisheries, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 201306, PR China
| | - Qingqing Li
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources for Freshwater Aquaculture and Fisheries, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 201306, PR China
| | - Jiale Li
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources for Freshwater Aquaculture and Fisheries, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 201306, PR China.
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Purification of Two Novel Sugar Acid-binding Lectins from Haplomitrium Mnioides (bryophyte, Plantae) and their Preliminary Characterization. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 181:65-82. [PMID: 27507271 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-016-2199-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Two novel sugar acid-binding lectins were purified from Haplomitrium mnioides (Lindb.) Schust. using a procedure consisting of ammonium sulfate precipitation, G-50 gel filtration, hydroxyapatite chromatography, and HW-50 gel filtration. We reported their partial physicochemical properties: molecular weight, affinity for carbohydrates and organic acids, pH stability, and dependence of their hemagglutination activity on metal ions. We also determined their N-terminal amino acid sequences. H. mnioides lectins (HMLs) were monomers (one with a molecular weight of approximately 27 kDa, and the other with a molecular weight of approximately 105 kDa) under both nonreducing and reducing conditions. They were named HML27 and HML105, respectively. Both HMLs had an affinity for N-acetylneuraminic acid, D-glucuronic acid, D-glucaric acid, bovine submaxillary mucin, heparin, and organic acids, such as citrate, 2-oxoglutaric acid, and D-2-hydroxyglutarate. Furthermore, HML27 had an affinity for α-D-galacturonic acid, D-malate, L-malate, and pyruvate, while HML105 had an affinity for D-gluconic acid. HML27 and HML105 are novel plant lectins: they have an affinity for sugar acids and organic acids and specifically recognize the carboxyl group, and there is no homology between their N-terminal amino acid sequences and those of the previously described lectins and agglutinins.
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56
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Chen X, Wei J, Xu M, Yang M, Li P, Wei S, Huang Y, Qin Q. Molecular cloning and characterization of a galectin-1 homolog in orange-spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 54:333-341. [PMID: 27109200 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
As a member of animal lectin family, galectin has the functions of pathogen recognition, anti-bacteria and anti-virus. In the present study, a galectin-1 homolog (EcGel-1) from grouper (Epinephelus coioides) was cloned and its possible role in fish immunity was analyzed. The full length cDNA of EcGel-1 is 504 bp, including a 408 bp open reading frame (ORF) which encodes 135 amino acids with a molecular mass of 15.19 kDa. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis indicated that EcGel-1 was constitutively expressed in all analyzed tissues of healthy grouper. The expression of EcGel-1 in the spleen of grouper was differentially up-regulated challenged with Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV), poly (I:C), and LPS. EcGel-1 was abundantly distributed in the cytoplasm in GS cells. Recombinant EcGel-1(rEcGel-1) protein can make chicken erythrocyte aggregation, and combine with gram negative bacteria and gram positive bacteria in the presence of 2-Mercaptoethanol (β-ME). Taken together, the results showed that EcGel-1 may be an important molecule involved in pathogen recognition and pathogen elimination in the innate immunity of grouper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuli Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, PR China
| | - Jingguang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, PR China
| | - Meng Xu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Exploitation of Tropical Biotic Resources, College of Marine Science, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, PR China
| | - Min Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, PR China
| | - Pingfei Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, PR China
| | - Shina Wei
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, PR China
| | - Youhua Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, PR China
| | - Qiwei Qin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China; College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China.
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57
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Rohse P, Wittmann V. Mechanistic Insight into Nanomolar Binding of Multivalent Neoglycopeptides to Wheat Germ Agglutinin. Chemistry 2016; 22:9724-33. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201600657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Rohse
- Department of Chemistry and Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology (KoRS-CB); University of Konstanz; 78457 Konstanz Germany
| | - Valentin Wittmann
- Department of Chemistry and Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology (KoRS-CB); University of Konstanz; 78457 Konstanz Germany
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58
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Thiemann S, Baum LG. Galectins and Immune Responses—Just How Do They Do Those Things They Do? Annu Rev Immunol 2016; 34:243-64. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-041015-055402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Thiemann
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095; ,
| | - Linda G. Baum
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095; ,
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59
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Gabius HJ, Manning JC, Kopitz J, André S, Kaltner H. Sweet complementarity: the functional pairing of glycans with lectins. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:1989-2016. [PMID: 26956894 PMCID: PMC11108359 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2163-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrates establish the third alphabet of life. As part of cellular glycoconjugates, the glycans generate a multitude of signals in a minimum of space. The presence of distinct glycotopes and the glycome diversity are mapped by sugar receptors (antibodies and lectins). Endogenous (tissue) lectins can read the sugar-encoded information and translate it into functional aspects of cell sociology. Illustrated by instructive examples, each glycan has its own ligand properties. Lectins with different folds can converge to target the same epitope, while intrafamily diversification enables functional cooperation and antagonism. The emerging evidence for the concept of a network calls for a detailed fingerprinting. Due to the high degree of plasticity and dynamics of the display of genes for lectins the validity of extrapolations between different organisms of the phylogenetic tree yet is inevitably limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-J Gabius
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539, Munich, Germany.
| | - J C Manning
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - J Kopitz
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S André
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - H Kaltner
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539, Munich, Germany
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60
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Gardères J, Domart-Coulon I, Marie A, Hamer B, Batel R, Müller WEG, Bourguet-Kondracki ML. Purification and partial characterization of a lectin protein complex, the clathrilectin, from the calcareous sponge Clathrina clathrus. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 200:17-27. [PMID: 27113336 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrate-binding proteins were purified from the marine calcareous sponge Clathrina clathrus via affinity chromatography on lactose and N-acetyl glucosamine-agarose resins. Proteomic analysis of acrylamide gel separated protein subunits obtained in reducing conditions pointed out several candidates for lectins. Based on amino-acid sequence similarity, two peptides displayed homology with the jack bean lectin Concanavalin A, including a conserved domain shared by proteins in the L-type lectin superfamily. An N-acetyl glucosamine - binding protein complex, named clathrilectin, was further purified via gel filtration chromatography, bioguided with a diagnostic rabbit erythrocyte haemagglutination assay, and its activity was found to be calcium dependent. Clathrilectin, a protein complex of 3200kDa estimated by gel filtration, is composed of monomers with apparent molecular masses of 208 and 180kDa estimated on 10% SDS-PAGE. Nine internal peptides were identified using proteomic analyses, and compared to protein libraries from the demosponge Amphimedon queenslandica and a calcareous sponge Sycon sp. from the Adriatic Sea. The clathrilectin is the first lectin isolated from a calcareous sponge and displays homologies with predicted sponge proteins potentially involved in cell aggregation and interaction with bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Gardères
- Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes, UMR 7245 CNRS-MNHN, Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CP 54, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France; Laboratory for Marine Molecular Biology, Center for Marine Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, G. Paliaga 5, 52210 Rovinj, Croatia
| | - Isabelle Domart-Coulon
- Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes, UMR 7245 CNRS-MNHN, Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CP 54, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Arul Marie
- Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes, UMR 7245 CNRS-MNHN, Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CP 54, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Bojan Hamer
- Laboratory for Marine Molecular Biology, Center for Marine Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, G. Paliaga 5, 52210 Rovinj, Croatia
| | - Renato Batel
- Laboratory for Marine Molecular Biology, Center for Marine Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, G. Paliaga 5, 52210 Rovinj, Croatia
| | - Werner E G Müller
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Marie-Lise Bourguet-Kondracki
- Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes, UMR 7245 CNRS-MNHN, Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CP 54, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France.
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61
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Loh SH, Park JY, Cho EH, Nah SY, Kang YS. Animal lectins: potential receptors for ginseng polysaccharides. J Ginseng Res 2015; 41:1-9. [PMID: 28123316 PMCID: PMC5223067 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Panax ginseng Meyer, belonging to the genus Panax of the family Araliaceae, is known for its human immune system-related effects, such as immune-boosting effects. Ginseng polysaccharides (GPs) are the responsible ingredient of ginseng in immunomodulation, and are classified as acidic and neutral GPs. Although GPs participate in various immune reactions including the stimulation of immune cells and production of cytokines, the precise function of GPs together with its potential receptor(s) and their signal transduction pathways have remained largely unknown. Animal lectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins that are highly specific for sugar moieties. Among many different biological functions in vivo, animal lectins especially play important roles in the immune system by recognizing carbohydrates that are found exclusively on pathogens or that are inaccessible on host cells. This review summarizes the immunological activities of GPs and the diverse roles of animal lectins in the immune system, suggesting the possibility of animal lectins as the potential receptor candidates of GPs and giving insights into the development of GPs as therapeutic biomaterials for many immunological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Hee Loh
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin-Yeon Park
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Hee Cho
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Yeol Nah
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Sun Kang
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea; Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
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62
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Helwa R, Ramadan M, Abdel-Wahab AHA, Knappskog S, Bauer AS. Promoter SNPs rs116896264 and rs73933062 form a distinct haplotype and are associated with galectin-4 overexpression in colorectal cancer. Mutagenesis 2015; 31:401-8. [PMID: 26681582 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gev086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-4 is a member of the galectin family which consists of 15 galactoside-binding proteins. Previously, galectin-4 has been shown to have a role in cancer progression and metastasis and it is found upregulated in many solid tumours, including colorectal cancer (CRC). Recently, the role in the metastatic process was suggested to be via promoting cancer cells to adhere to blood vascular endothelium. In the present study, the regulatory region of LGALS4 (galectin-4) in seven colon cell lines was investigated with respect to genetic variation that could be linked to expression levels and therefore a tumourigenic effect. Interestingly, qRT-PCR and sequencing results revealed that galectin-4 upregulation is associated with SNPs rs116896264 and rs73933062. By use of luciferase reporter- and pull-down assays, we confirmed the association between the gene upregulation and the two SNPs. Also, using pull-down assay followed by mass spectrometry, we found that the presence rs116896264 and rs73933062 is changing transcription factors binding sites. In order to assess the frequencies of the two SNPs among colon cancer patients and healthy individuals, we genotyped 75 colon cancer patients, 12 patients with adenomatous polyposis and 17 patients with ulcerative colitis and we performed data mining in the 1000 genomes databank. We found the two SNPs co-occuring in 21% of 75 CRC patients, 0 out of 12 patients of adenomatous polyposis, and 6 out of 17 patients (35%) with ulcerative colitis. Both in the patient samples and in the 1000 genomes project, the two SNPs were found to co-occur whenever present (D' = 1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Reham Helwa
- Molecular Cell Biology Lab, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt, Division of Functional Genome Analysis, Deutsche Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany,
| | | | | | - Stian Knappskog
- Section of Oncology, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway and Department of Oncology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Andrea S Bauer
- Division of Functional Genome Analysis, Deutsche Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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63
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Kaltner H, Singh T, Manning JC, Raschta AS, André S, Sinowatz F, Gabius HJ. Network monitoring of adhesion/growth-regulatory galectins: localization of the five canonical chicken proteins in embryonic and maturing bone and cartilage and their introduction as histochemical tools. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2015; 298:2051-70. [PMID: 26340709 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Divergence from an ancestral gene leads to a family of homologous proteins. Whether they are physiologically distinct, similar, or even redundant is an open question in each case. Defining profiles of tissue localization is a step toward giving diversity a functional meaning. Due to the significance of endogenous sugar receptors (lectins) as effectors for a wide range of cellular activities we have focused on galectins. The comparatively low level of network complexity constituted by only five canonical proteins makes chicken galectins (CGs) an attractive choice to perform comprehensive analysis, here studied on bone/cartilage as organ system. Galectin expression was monitored by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry using non-cross-reactive antibodies. Overall, three galectins (CG-1B, CG-3, CG-8) were present with individual expression patterns, one was found exclusively in the mesenchyme (CG-1A), the fifth (CG-2) not being detectable. The documented extents of separation are a sign for functional divergence; in cases with overlapping stainings, as for example in the osteoprogenitor layer or periosteum, cooperation may also be possible. Recombinant production enabled the introduction of the endogenous lectins as tools for binding-site localization. Their testing revealed developmental regulation and cell-type-specific staining. Of relevance for research on mammalian galectins, this study illustrates that certain cell types can express more than one galectin, letting functional interrelationships appear likely. Thus, complete network analysis irrespective of its degree of complexity is mandatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Kaltner
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Tanuja Singh
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Joachim C Manning
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Anne-Sarah Raschta
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Sabine André
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Fred Sinowatz
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80539, Munich, Germany
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64
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Gardères J, Bourguet-Kondracki ML, Hamer B, Batel R, Schröder HC, Müller WEG. Porifera Lectins: Diversity, Physiological Roles and Biotechnological Potential. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:5059-101. [PMID: 26262628 PMCID: PMC4557014 DOI: 10.3390/md13085059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
An overview on the diversity of 39 lectins from the phylum Porifera is presented, including 38 lectins, which were identified from the class of demosponges, and one lectin from the class of hexactinellida. Their purification from crude extracts was mainly performed by using affinity chromatography and gel filtration techniques. Other protocols were also developed in order to collect and study sponge lectins, including screening of sponge genomes and expression in heterologous bacterial systems. The characterization of the lectins was performed by Edman degradation or mass spectrometry. Regarding their physiological roles, sponge lectins showed to be involved in morphogenesis and cell interaction, biomineralization and spiculogenesis, as well as host defense mechanisms and potentially in the association between the sponge and its microorganisms. In addition, these lectins exhibited a broad range of bioactivities, including modulation of inflammatory response, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities, as well as anticancer and neuromodulatory activity. In view of their potential pharmacological applications, sponge lectins constitute promising molecules of biotechnological interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Gardères
- Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes, UMR 7245 CNRS, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CP 54, 57 rue Cuvier, Paris 75005, France; E-Mails: (J.G.); (M.-L.B.-K.)
- Laboratory for Marine Molecular Biology, Center for Marine Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, G. Paliaga 5, 52210 Rovinj, Croatia; E-Mails: (B.H.); (R.B.)
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, Mainz D-55128, Germany; E-Mail:
| | - Marie-Lise Bourguet-Kondracki
- Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes, UMR 7245 CNRS, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CP 54, 57 rue Cuvier, Paris 75005, France; E-Mails: (J.G.); (M.-L.B.-K.)
| | - Bojan Hamer
- Laboratory for Marine Molecular Biology, Center for Marine Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, G. Paliaga 5, 52210 Rovinj, Croatia; E-Mails: (B.H.); (R.B.)
| | - Renato Batel
- Laboratory for Marine Molecular Biology, Center for Marine Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, G. Paliaga 5, 52210 Rovinj, Croatia; E-Mails: (B.H.); (R.B.)
| | - Heinz C. Schröder
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, Mainz D-55128, Germany; E-Mail:
| | - Werner E. G. Müller
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, Mainz D-55128, Germany; E-Mail:
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Hou F, Liu Y, He S, Wang X, Mao A, Liu Z, Sun C, Liu X. A galectin from shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei is involved in immune recognition and bacteria phagocytosis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 44:584-591. [PMID: 25819117 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Galectins are conserved family members with β-galactosides affinity that play multiple functions in embryogenesis, development and regulation of innate and adaptive immunity. However, little functional studies were reported in crustaceans. Here, a shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei galectin (LvGal) cDNA was identified with an open reading frame of 1017 bp, which encodes a putative protein of 338 amino acids. A carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) and several amino acids residues involved in dimerization were found in LvGal. LvGal mRNA was mainly expressed in gills and hemocytes and upregulated post Vibrio anguillarum challenge. Recombinant LvGal (rLvGal) was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) and the purified rLvGal could strongly bind G(-) bacteria V. anguillarum and G(+) bacteria Micrococcus lysodeikticus. Besides, rLvGal exhibited strong activity to agglutinate V. anguillarum and weak activity to agglutinate M. lysodeikticus but no obvious antibacterial activity was found with selected bacteria. In addition, in vivo experiments showed rLvGal could promote phagocytosis of bacteria by hemocytes. Thus, through these collective data we predicted LvGal is involved in immune recognition and functions as a potential pattern recognition receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fujun Hou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yongjie Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Shulin He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xianzong Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Aitao Mao
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong 524088, China
| | - Zhigang Liu
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong 524088, China
| | - Chengbo Sun
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong 524088, China
| | - Xiaolin Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Yangling 712100, China.
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Bailey LA, Jamshidi-Parsian A, Patel T, Koonce NA, Diekman AB, Cifarelli CP, Marples B, Griffin RJ. Combined temozolomide and ionizing radiation induces galectin-1 and galectin-3 expression in a model of human glioma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1515/tumor-2015-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBackground Despite aggressive treatment for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), including surgical resection, radiotherapy and temozolomide (TMZ) chemotherapy, over 90% of patients experience tumor recurrence. Galectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins that are overexpressed in the stroma of GBM tumors, and are potent modulators of GBM cell migration and angiogenesis. The objective of this study was to analyze glioma and endothelial cell galectin expression in response to combined chemoradiation. Methodology The effects of TMZ, ionizing radiation, or combined chemoradiation on galectin protein secretion and expression were assessed in U87 orthotopically grown GBM tumors in mice, as well as in vitro in U87 human glioma cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Results We found that combination chemoradiation increased galectin-1 and galectin-3 protein expression in U87 glioma cells. In response to radiation alone, U87 cells secreted significant levels of galectin-1 and galectin-3 into the microenvironment. HUVEC co-culture increased U87 galectin-1 and galectin-3 protein expression 14 - 20% following chemoradiation, and conferred a radioprotective benefit to U87 glioma cells. In vivo, radiation alone and combination chemoradiation significantly increased tumor galectin-1 expression in an orthotopic murine model of GBM. Conclusions Glioma cell galectin expression increased following combined chemoradiation, both in vitro and in vivo. The presence of endothelial cells further increased glioma cell galectin expression and survival, suggesting that crosstalk between tumor and endothelial cells in response to standard chemoradiation may be an important factor in mediating glioma recurrence, potentially via galectin upregulation.
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Liu Y, Liu J, Pang X, Liu T, Ning Z, Cheng G. The roles of direct recognition by animal lectins in antiviral immunity and viral pathogenesis. Molecules 2015; 20:2272-95. [PMID: 25642837 PMCID: PMC6272511 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20022272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lectins are a group of proteins with carbohydrate recognition activity. Lectins are categorized into many families based on their different cellular locations as well as their specificities for a variety of carbohydrate structures due to the features of their carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) modules. Many studies have indicated that the direct recognition of particular oligosaccharides on viral components by lectins is important for interactions between hosts and viruses. Herein, we aim to globally review the roles of this recognition by animal lectins in antiviral immune responses and viral pathogenesis. The different classes of mammalian lectins can either recognize carbohydrates to activate host immunity for viral elimination or can exploit those carbohydrates as susceptibility factors to facilitate viral entry, replication or assembly. Additionally, some arthropod C-type lectins were recently identified as key susceptibility factors that directly interact with multiple viruses and then facilitate infection. Summarization of the pleiotropic roles of direct viral recognition by animal lectins will benefit our understanding of host-virus interactions and could provide insight into the role of lectins in antiviral drug and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Jianying Liu
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Xiaojing Pang
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Tao Liu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tai'an Central Hospital, Tai'an 271000, China.
| | - Zhijie Ning
- Ji'nan Infectious Diseases Hospital, Ji'nan 250021, China.
| | - Gong Cheng
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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Lectins: getting familiar with translators of the sugar code. Molecules 2015; 20:1788-823. [PMID: 25621423 PMCID: PMC6272290 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20021788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The view on the significance of the presence of glycans in glycoconjugates is undergoing a paradigmatic change. Initially mostly considered to be rather inert and passive, the concept of the sugar code identifies glycans as highly versatile platform to store information. Their chemical properties endow carbohydrates to form oligomers with unsurpassed structural variability. Owing to their capacity to engage in hydrogen (and coordination) bonding and C-H/π-interactions these “code words” can be “read” (in Latin, legere) by specific receptors. A distinct class of carbohydrate-binding proteins are the lectins. More than a dozen protein folds have developed carbohydrate-binding capacity in vertebrates. Taking galectins as an example, distinct expression patterns are traced. The availability of labeled endogenous lectins facilitates monitoring of tissue reactivity, extending the scope of lectin histochemistry beyond that which traditionally involved plant lectins. Presentation of glycan and its cognate lectin can be orchestrated, making a glycan-based effector pathway in growth control of tumor and activated T cells possible. In order to unravel the structural basis of lectin specificity for particular glycoconjugates mimetics of branched glycans and programmable models of cell surfaces are being developed by strategic combination of lectin research with synthetic and supramolecular chemistry.
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Gomes Filho SM, Cardoso JD, Anaya K, Silva do Nascimento E, de Lacerda JTJG, Mioso R, Santi Gadelha T, de Almeida Gadelha CA. Marine sponge lectins: actual status on properties and biological activities. Molecules 2014; 20:348-57. [PMID: 25549059 PMCID: PMC6272496 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20010348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine sponges are primitive metazoans that produce a wide variety of molecules that protect them against predators. In studies that search for bioactive molecules, these marine invertebrates stand out as promising sources of new biologically-active molecules, many of which are still unknown or little studied; thus being an unexplored biotechnological resource of high added value. Among these molecules, lectins are proteins that reversibly bind to carbohydrates without modifying them. In this review, various structural features and biological activities of lectins derived from marine sponges so far described in the scientific literature are discussed. From the results found in the literature, it could be concluded that lectins derived from marine sponges are structurally diverse proteins with great potential for application in the production of biopharmaceuticals, especially as antibacterial and antitumor agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Mascena Gomes Filho
- Laboratório de Proteômica Estrutural, Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Cidade Universitária, João Pessoa, PB CEP 58059-900, Brazil
| | - Juscélio Donizete Cardoso
- Laboratório de Proteômica Estrutural, Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Cidade Universitária, João Pessoa, PB CEP 58059-900, Brazil
| | - Katya Anaya
- Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde do Trairi, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Centro, Santa Cruz, RN CEP 5900000, Brazil
| | - Edilza Silva do Nascimento
- Laboratório de Proteômica Estrutural, Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Cidade Universitária, João Pessoa, PB CEP 58059-900, Brazil
| | - José Thalles Jucelino Gomes de Lacerda
- Laboratório de Proteômica Estrutural, Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Cidade Universitária, João Pessoa, PB CEP 58059-900, Brazil
| | - Roberto Mioso
- Engenharia de Pesca, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Avenida Marechal Rondon, s/nº, São Cristóvão, SE CEP 49100000, Brazil
| | - Tatiane Santi Gadelha
- Laboratório de Proteômica Estrutural, Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Cidade Universitária, João Pessoa, PB CEP 58059-900, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto de Almeida Gadelha
- Laboratório de Proteômica Estrutural, Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Cidade Universitária, João Pessoa, PB CEP 58059-900, Brazil.
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Scuotto A, Djorie S, Colavizza M, Romond PC, Romond MB. Bifidobacterium breve C50 secretes lipoprotein with CHAP domain recognized in aggregated form by TLR2. Biochimie 2014; 107 Pt B:367-75. [PMID: 25457102 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular components secreted by Bifidobacterium breve C50 can induce maturation, high IL-10 production and prolonged survival of dendritic cells via a TLR2 pathway. In this study, the components were isolated from the supernatant by gel filtration chromatography. Antibodies raised against the major compounds with molecular weight above 600 kDa (Bb C50BC) also recognized compounds of lower molecular weight (200–600 kDa). TLR2 and TLR6 bound to the components already recognized by the antibodies. Trypsin digestion of Bb C50BC released three major peptides whose sequences displayed close similarities to a putative secreted protein with a CHAP amidase domain from B. breve. The 1300-bp genomic region corresponding to the hypothetical protein was amplified by PCR. The deduced polypeptide started with an N-terminal signal sequence of 45 amino acids, containing the lipobox motif (LAAC) with the cysteine in position 25, and 2 positively charged residues within the first 14 residues of the signal sequence. Lipid detection in Bb C50BC by GC/MS further supported the implication of a lipoprotein. Sugars were also detected in Bb C50BC. Close similarity with the glucan-binding protein B from Bifidobacterium animalis of two released peptides from Bb C50BC protein suggested that glucose moieties, possibly in glucan form, could be bound to the lipoprotein. Finally, heating at 100 °C for 5 min led to the breakdown of Bb C50BC in compounds of molecular weight below 67 kDa, which suggested that Bb C50BC was an aggregate. One might assume that a basic unit was formed by the lipoprotein bound putatively to glucan. Besides the other sugars and hexosamines recognized by galectin 1 were localized at the surface of the Bb C50BC aggregate. In conclusion, the extracellular components secreted by B. breve C50 were constituted of a lipoprotein putatively associated with glucose moieties and acting in an aggregating form as an agonist of TLR2/TLR6.
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Molecular Cloning and Characterization of Mannose Binding Lectin Homologue from Snow Trout (Schizothorax richardsonii). Protein J 2014; 34:1-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10930-014-9591-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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72
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Claes D, Memmel E, Holzapfel M, Seibel J, Maison W. High-Affinity Carbohydrate Binding by Trimeric Benzoboroxoles Measured on Carbohydrate Arrays. Chembiochem 2014; 15:2450-7. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201402297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Bernardi S, Fezzardi P, Rispoli G, Sestito SE, Peri F, Sansone F, Casnati A. Clicked and long spaced galactosyl- and lactosylcalix[4]arenes: new multivalent galectin-3 ligands. Beilstein J Org Chem 2014; 10:1672-80. [PMID: 25161726 PMCID: PMC4142870 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.10.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Four novel calix[4]arene-based glycoclusters were synthesized by conjugating the saccharide units to the macrocyclic scaffold using the CuAAC reaction and using long and hydrophilic ethylene glycol spacers. Initially, two galactosylcalix[4]arenes were prepared starting from saccharide units and calixarene cores which differ in the relative dispositions of the alkyne and azido groups. Once the most convenient synthetic pathway was selected, two further lactosylcalix[4]arenes were obtained, one in the cone, the other one in the 1,3-alternate structure. Preliminary studies of the interactions of these novel glycocalixarenes with galectin-3 were carried out by using a lectin-functionalized chip and surface plasmon resonance. These studies indicate a higher affinity of lactosyl- over galactosylcalixarenes. Furthermore, we confirmed that in case of this specific lectin binding the presentation of lactose units on a cone calixarene is highly preferred with respect to its isomeric form in the 1,3-alternate structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Bernardi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/a, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Paola Fezzardi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/a, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Gabriele Rispoli
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/a, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Stefania E Sestito
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Francesco Peri
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Francesco Sansone
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/a, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Alessandro Casnati
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/a, 43124 Parma, Italy
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Chatterjee A, Villarreal G, Rhee DJ. Matricellular proteins in the trabecular meshwork: review and update. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2014; 30:447-63. [PMID: 24901502 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2014.0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is a leading cause of blindness worldwide, and intraocular pressure (IOP) is an important modifiable risk factor. IOP is a function of aqueous humor production and aqueous humor outflow, and it is thought that prolonged IOP elevation leads to optic nerve damage over time. Within the trabecular meshwork (TM), the eye's primary drainage system for aqueous humor, matricellular proteins generally allow cells to modulate their attachments with and alter the characteristics of their surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM). It is now well established that ECM turnover in the TM affects outflow facility, and matricellular proteins are emerging as significant players in IOP regulation. The formalized study of matricellular proteins in TM has gained increased attention. Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC), myocilin, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), and thrombospondin-1 and -2 (TSP-1 and -2) have been localized to the TM, and a growing body of evidence suggests that these matricellular proteins play an important role in IOP regulation and possibly the pathophysiology of POAG. As evidence continues to emerge, these proteins are now seen as potential therapeutic targets. Further study is warranted to assess their utility in treating glaucoma in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayan Chatterjee
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University Hospitals Eye Institute, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine , Cleveland, Ohio
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Cammarata M, Parisi MG, Benenati G, Vasta GR, Parrinello N. A rhamnose-binding lectin from sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) plasma agglutinates and opsonizes pathogenic bacteria. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 44:332-40. [PMID: 24486534 PMCID: PMC4607264 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 01/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of rhamnose-binding lectins (RBLs) in teleost fish eggs led to the identification of a novel lectin family characterized by a unique sequence motif and a structural fold, and initially proposed to modulate fertilization. Further studies of the RBL tissue localization and gene organization were also suggestive of role(s) in innate immunity. Here we describe the purification, and biochemical and functional characterization of a novel RBL (DlRBL) from sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) serum. The purified DlRBL had electrophoretic mobilities corresponding to 24 kDa and 100 kDa under reducing and non-reducing conditions, respectively, suggesting that in plasma the DlRBL is present as a physiological homotetramer. DlRBL subunit transcripts revealed an open reading frame encoding 212 amino acid residues that included two tandemly-arrayed carbohydrate-recognition domains, and an 18-residue signal sequence at the N-terminus. The deduced size of 24.1 kDa for the mature protein was in good agreement with the subunit size of the isolated lectin. Binding activity of DlRBL for rabbit erythrocytes could be inhibited in the presence of rhamnose or galactose, did not require calcium, and was optimal at around 20°C and within the pH 6.5-8.0 range. DlRBL agglutinated Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria, and exposure of formalin-killed Escherichia coli to DlRBL enhanced their phagocytosis by D. labrax peritoneal macrophages relative to the unexposed controls. Taken together, the results suggest that plasma DlRBL may play a role in immune recognition of microbial pathogens and facilitate their clearance by phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Cammarata
- Department of Biological, Chemical, Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 18, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Maria Giovanna Parisi
- Department of Biological, Chemical, Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 18, Palermo, Italy
| | - Gigliola Benenati
- Department of Biological, Chemical, Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 18, Palermo, Italy
| | - Gerardo R Vasta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, UMB, IMET, Suite 236, Columbus Center, 701 East Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
| | - Nicolò Parrinello
- Department of Biological, Chemical, Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 18, Palermo, Italy
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Thongda W, Li C, Luo Y, Beck BH, Peatman E. L-Rhamnose-binding lectins (RBLs) in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus: Characterization and expression profiling in mucosal tissues. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 44:320-331. [PMID: 24480296 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Rhamnose-binding lectins (RBLs) have recently emerged as important molecules in the context of innate immunity in teleost fishes. Previously, using RNA-seq technology, we observed marked up-regulation of a RBL in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) gill following a challenge with the bacterial pathogen Flavobacterium columnare. Furthermore, the magnitude of RBL up-regulation positively correlated with disease susceptibility. Moving forward from these findings, we wished to more broadly understand RBL function, diversity, and expression kinetics in channel catfish. Therefore, in the present study we characterized the RBL gene family present in select channel catfish tissues and profiled family member expression after challenge with two different Gram-negative bacterial pathogens. Here, six RBLs were identified from channel catfish and were designated IpRBL1a, IpRBL1b, IpRBL1c, IpRBL3a, IpRBL3b, and IpRBL5a. These RBLs contained carbohydrate recognition domains (CRD) ranging from one to three domains and each CRD contained the conserved motifs of -YGR- and -DPC-. Despite a level of structural conservation, the catfish RBLs showed low full-length identity with RBLs from outside the order Siluriformes. IpRBL expression after bacterial infection varied depending on both pathogen and tissue type, suggesting that IpRBLs may exert disparate functions or exhibit distinct tissue-selective roles in the host immune response to bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilawan Thongda
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Chao Li
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Yupeng Luo
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Benjamin H Beck
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center, Stuttgart, AR 72160, USA
| | - Eric Peatman
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
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Chen W, Smeekens JM, Wu R. A universal chemical enrichment method for mapping the yeast N-glycoproteome by mass spectrometry (MS). Mol Cell Proteomics 2014; 13:1563-72. [PMID: 24692641 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m113.036251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation is one of the most common and important protein modifications in biological systems. Many glycoproteins naturally occur at low abundances, which makes comprehensive analysis extremely difficult. Additionally, glycans are highly heterogeneous, which further complicates analysis in complex samples. Lectin enrichment has been commonly used, but each lectin is inherently specific to one or several carbohydrates, and thus no single or collection of lectin(s) can bind to all glycans. Here we have employed a boronic acid-based chemical method to universally enrich glycopeptides. The reaction between boronic acids and sugars has been extensively investigated, and it is well known that the interaction between boronic acid and diols is one of the strongest reversible covalent bond interactions in an aqueous environment. This strong covalent interaction provides a great opportunity to catch glycopeptides and glycoproteins by boronic acid, whereas the reversible property allows their release without side effects. More importantly, the boronic acid-diol recognition is universal, which provides great capability and potential for comprehensively mapping glycosylation sites in complex biological samples. By combining boronic acid enrichment with PNGase F treatment in heavy-oxygen water and MS, we have identified 816 N-glycosylation sites in 332 yeast proteins, among which 675 sites were well-localized with greater than 99% confidence. The results demonstrated that the boronic acid-based chemical method can effectively enrich glycopeptides for comprehensive analysis of protein glycosylation. A general trend seen within the large data set was that there were fewer glycosylation sites toward the C termini of proteins. Of the 332 glycoproteins identified in yeast, 194 were membrane proteins. Many proteins get glycosylated in the high-mannose N-glycan biosynthetic and GPI anchor biosynthetic pathways. Compared with lectin enrichment, the current method is more cost-efficient, generic, and effective. This method can be extensively applied to different complex samples for the comprehensive analysis of protein glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixuan Chen
- From the ‡School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - Johanna M Smeekens
- From the ‡School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - Ronghu Wu
- From the ‡School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
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Solís D, Bovin NV, Davis AP, Jiménez-Barbero J, Romero A, Roy R, Smetana K, Gabius HJ. A guide into glycosciences: How chemistry, biochemistry and biology cooperate to crack the sugar code. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1850:186-235. [PMID: 24685397 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The most demanding challenge in research on molecular aspects within the flow of biological information is posed by the complex carbohydrates (glycan part of cellular glycoconjugates). How the 'message' encoded in carbohydrate 'letters' is 'read' and 'translated' can only be unraveled by interdisciplinary efforts. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review provides a didactic step-by-step survey of the concept of the sugar code and the way strategic combination of experimental approaches characterizes structure-function relationships, with resources for teaching. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The unsurpassed coding capacity of glycans is an ideal platform for generating a broad range of molecular 'messages'. Structural and functional analyses of complex carbohydrates have been made possible by advances in chemical synthesis, rendering production of oligosaccharides, glycoclusters and neoglycoconjugates possible. This availability facilitates to test the glycans as ligands for natural sugar receptors (lectins). Their interaction is a means to turn sugar-encoded information into cellular effects. Glycan/lectin structures and their spatial modes of presentation underlie the exquisite specificity of the endogenous lectins in counterreceptor selection, that is, to home in on certain cellular glycoproteins or glycolipids. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Understanding how sugar-encoded 'messages' are 'read' and 'translated' by lectins provides insights into fundamental mechanisms of life, with potential for medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Solís
- Instituto de Química Física "Rocasolano", CSIC, Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), 07110 Bunyola, Mallorca, Illes Baleares, Spain.
| | - Nicolai V Bovin
- Shemyakin & Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117871 GSP-7, V-437, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Anthony P Davis
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK.
| | - Jesús Jiménez-Barbero
- Chemical and Physical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Antonio Romero
- Chemical and Physical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - René Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montréal, P.O. Box 8888, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8, Canada.
| | - Karel Smetana
- Charles University, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, U nemocnice 3, 128 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539 München, Germany.
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79
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Ogawa T, Shirai T. Tracing ancestral specificity of lectins: ancestral sequence reconstruction method as a new approach in protein engineering. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1200:539-551. [PMID: 25117263 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1292-6_44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Protein evolution is a process of molecular design leading to the diversity of functional proteins found in nature. Recent advances in bioinformatics and structural biology, in addition to recombinant protein expression techniques, enable us to analyze more directly the molecular evolution of proteins by a new method using ancestral sequence reconstruction (ASR), the so-called experimental molecular archaeology. ASR has been used to reveal molecular properties and structures correlating with changing geology, ecology, and physiology, and to identify the structure elements important to changing physiological functions to fill substantial gaps in the processes of protein evolution. In this chapter, we describe ASR as a new method of protein engineering studies, and their application to analyzing lectins, of which evolutionary processes and structural features contributing to molecular stability, specificity, and unique functions have been elucidated. Experimental molecular archeology using ASR and crystal structures of full-length ancestral proteins is useful in understanding the evolutionary process of the functional and structural diversified lectins by tracing ancestral specificities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohisa Ogawa
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan,
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80
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Rafiq S, Majeed R, Qazi AK, Ganai BA, Wani I, Rakhshanda S, Qurishi Y, Sharma PR, Hamid A, Masood A, Hamid R. Isolation and antiproliferative activity of Lotus corniculatus lectin towards human tumour cell lines. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 21:30-38. [PMID: 24055517 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to investigate the anti cancer activity of a lectin isolated from Lotus corniculatus seeds. A tetrameric 70kDa galactose specific lectin was purified using two step simple purification protocol which involved affinity chromatography on AF-BlueHC650M and gel filtration on Sephadex G-100. The lectin was adsorbed on AF-BlueHC650M and desorbed using 1M NaCl in the starting buffer. Gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 yielded a major peak absorbance that gave two bands of 15kDa and 20kDa in SDS PAGE. Hemagglutination activity was completely preserved, when the temperature was in the range of 20-60°C. However, drastic reduction in activity occurred at temperatures above 60°C. Full hemagglutination activity was retained at ambient pH 4-12. Thereafter no activity was observed above pH 13. Hemaglutination of the lectin was inhibited by d-galactose. The lectin showed a strong antiproliferative activity towards human leukemic (THP-1) cancer cells followed by lung cancer (HOP62) cells and HCT116 with an IC50 of 39μg/ml and 50μg/ml and 60μg/ml respectively. Flow cytometry analysis showed an increase in the percentage of cells in sub G0G1 phase confirming that Lotus corniculatus lectin induced apoptosis. Morphological observations showed that Lotus corniculatus lectin (LCL) treated THP-1 cells displayed apparent apoptosis characteristics such as nuclear fragmentation, appearance of membrane enclosed apoptotic bodies and DNA fragmentation. Lotus corniculatus lectin (LCL) effectively inhibits the cell migration in a dose dependent manner as indicated by the wound healing assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaista Rafiq
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar 190006, India
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81
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Ruiz FM, Fernández IS, López-Merino L, Lagartera L, Kaltner H, Menéndez M, André S, Solís D, Gabius HJ, Romero A. Fine-tuning of prototype chicken galectins: structure of CG-2 and structure-activity correlations. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D: BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2013; 69:1665-76. [PMID: 23999290 DOI: 10.1107/s0907444913011773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The comparatively small number of members of the family of adhesion/growth-regulatory galectins in chicken predestines this system as an attractive model to study the divergence of these lectins after gene duplication. Expression profiling of the three homodimeric (prototype) chicken galectins (CG-1A, CG-1B and CG-2) has raised evidence of distinct functionalities, explaining the interest in a detailed crystallographic analysis of CG-2. As revealed here, marked differences are found in the ligand-binding site and in the contact pattern within the homodimer interface, underlying a characteristic orientation of the two subunits. Notably, a distinctive trimer of dimers that is unique in all galectin crystal structures reported to date forms the core unit of the crystallographic assembly. Combination with spectroscopic and thermodynamic measurements, and comparisons with CG-1A and CG-1B, identify differential changes in the circular-dichroism spectra in the presence of lactose, reflecting the far-reaching impact of the ligand on hydrodynamic behaviour, and inter-galectin differences in both the entropy and the enthalpy of binding. This structural information is a salient step to complete the analysis of the full set of galectins from this model organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico M Ruiz
- Departamento de Biología Físico-Química, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas - CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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82
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Yegorova S, Chavaroche AE, Rodriguez MC, Minond D, Cudic M. Development of an AlphaScreen assay for discovery of inhibitors of low-affinity glycan–lectin interactions. Anal Biochem 2013; 439:123-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2013.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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83
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Kaptan E, Sengezer Inceli M, Sancar Bas S. Lectin binding properties of liver, small intestine and tail of metamorphosing marsh frog (Pelophylax ridibundus Pallas 1771). Acta Histochem 2013; 115:595-602. [PMID: 23394843 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Revised: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In this present study, localization and variations of specific sugar moieties in the terminal carbohydrate chains of glycoconjugates in the small intestine, liver and tail have been investigated during the metamorphosis of Pelophylax ridibundus larvae. For this purpose, four lectins were used: wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), Ulex europaeus agglutinin (UEA-I), Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA) and peanut agglutinin (PNA), in different larval stages of the frog. Some cells stained specifically in the intestinal mucosa and in tail epidermal cells with the lectins and their affinity changed during metamorphic transformation. For the most part, they decreased in the climax and postmetamorphic periods. It was also found that WGA, DBA and UEA-I lectins exhibited strong affinity to white blood cells in the liver and their binding affinities were the highest in prometamorphosis and they gradually decreased until the end of metamorphosis. These results suggest that the changes of lectin binding in metamorphosis may be an indication of some cellular events occurring in larval metamorphosis such as cell differentiation and damage of cell adhesion between death and differentiating cells. They also can be useful markers for detection of white blood cells in amphibian hematopoietic organs.
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84
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Patterson RA, Juarez MT, Hermann A, Sasik R, Hardiman G, McGinnis W. Serine proteolytic pathway activation reveals an expanded ensemble of wound response genes in Drosophila. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61773. [PMID: 23637905 PMCID: PMC3634835 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
After injury to the animal epidermis, a variety of genes are transcriptionally activated in nearby cells to regenerate the missing cells and facilitate barrier repair. The range and types of diffusible wound signals that are produced by damaged epidermis and function to activate repair genes during epidermal regeneration remains a subject of very active study in many animals. In Drosophila embryos, we have discovered that serine protease function is locally activated around wound sites, and is also required for localized activation of epidermal repair genes. The serine protease trypsin is sufficient to induce a striking global epidermal wound response without inflicting cell death or compromising the integrity of the epithelial barrier. We developed a trypsin wounding treatment as an amplification tool to more fully understand the changes in the Drosophila transcriptome that occur after epidermal injury. By comparing our array results with similar results on mammalian skin wounding we can see which evolutionarily conserved pathways are activated after epidermal wounding in very diverse animals. Our innovative serine protease-mediated wounding protocol allowed us to identify 8 additional genes that are activated in epidermal cells in the immediate vicinity of puncture wounds, and the functions of many of these genes suggest novel genetic pathways that may control epidermal wound repair. Additionally, our data augments the evidence that clean puncture wounding can mount a powerful innate immune transcriptional response, with different innate immune genes being activated in an interesting variety of ways. These include puncture-induced activation only in epidermal cells in the immediate vicinity of wounds, or in all epidermal cells, or specifically in the fat body, or in multiple tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A. Patterson
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Michelle T. Juarez
- Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, City College New York, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Anita Hermann
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Roman Sasik
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Gary Hardiman
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - William McGinnis
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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85
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Karatug A, Kaptan E, Bolkent S, Mutlu O, Yanardag R. Alterations in kidney tissue following zinc supplementation to STZ-induced diabetic rats. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2013; 27:52-7. [PMID: 22944585 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2012.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease characterized by anomalies forming in carbohydrate, lipid, protein metabolisms and the incidence of this disease varies widely throughout the world. Zinc is an important element which is essential for life and is present in nature. In this study, the animals were divided into four groups. These groups were named as untreated; zinc sulfate; streptozotocin (STZ); STZ and zinc sulfate. STZ (65 mg/kg) was dissolved in a freshly prepared 0.01 M pH 4.5 citrate buffer and given with intraperitoneal injection in a single dose. Zinc sulfate (100mg/kg) was dissolved in distilled water and given to the animals by gavage at a daily dose for 60 days. The rats were sacrificed under ether anesthesia. This study was aimed to investigate histological and biochemical changes of zinc supplementation on the kidney tissue in STZ-induced diabetic rats. In the current study, histological and histochemical observations showed that the occurred degenerative changes decreased after giving zinc in the kidney tissue of diabetic group. Kidney glutathione (GSH) levels decreased and lipid peroxidation (LPO), nonenzymatic glycosylation (NEG), urea and creatinine levels increased in diabetic rats. GSH levels increased, while LPO, NEG, urea and creatinine levels decreased in the kidney with administration of zinc to diabetic rats. As a result, we observed curative effects of zinc given to diabetic rats. We can say that zinc may be an important antioxidant for the treatment of secondary complications of diabetes in kidney tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Karatug
- Istanbul University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, 34134 Vezneciler, Istanbul, Turkey.
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86
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Vasta GR, Ahmed H, Bianchet MA, Fernández-Robledo JA, Amzel LM. Diversity in recognition of glycans by F-type lectins and galectins: molecular, structural, and biophysical aspects. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012; 1253:E14-26. [PMID: 22973821 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06698.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Although lectins are "hard-wired" in the germline, the presence of tandemly arrayed carbohydrate recognition domains (CRDs), of chimeric structures displaying distinct CRDs, of polymorphic genes resulting in multiple isoforms, and in some cases, of a considerable recognition plasticity of their carbohydrate binding sites, significantly expand the lectin ligand-recognition spectrum and lectin functional diversification. Analysis of structural/functional aspects of galectins and F-lectins-the most recently identified lectin family characterized by a unique CRD sequence motif (a distinctive structural fold) and nominal specificity for l-Fuc-has led to a greater understanding of self/nonself recognition by proteins with tandemly arrayed CRDs. For lectins with a single CRD, however, recognition of self and nonself glycans can only be rationalized in terms of protein oligomerization and ligand clustering and presentation. Spatial and temporal changes in lectin expression, secretion, and local concentrations in extracellular microenvironments, as well as structural diversity and spatial display of their carbohydrate ligands on the host or microbial cell surface, are suggestive of a dynamic interplay of their recognition and effector functions in development and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo R Vasta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, IMET, Baltimore, Maryland 21202-3101, USA.
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87
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Nascimento KS, Cunha AI, Nascimento KS, Cavada BS, Azevedo AM, Aires-Barros MR. An overview of lectins purification strategies. J Mol Recognit 2012; 25:527-41. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kelany S. Nascimento
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (IBB), Centre for Biological and Chemical Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico; Technical University of Lisbon; Av. Rovisco Pais; 1049-001; Lisbon; Portugal
| | - Ana I. Cunha
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (IBB), Centre for Biological and Chemical Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico; Technical University of Lisbon; Av. Rovisco Pais; 1049-001; Lisbon; Portugal
| | - Kyria S. Nascimento
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department; Federal University of Ceará (UFC); CEP 60.455-970; Fortaleza; Ceará; Brazil
| | - Benildo S. Cavada
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department; Federal University of Ceará (UFC); CEP 60.455-970; Fortaleza; Ceará; Brazil
| | - Ana M. Azevedo
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (IBB), Centre for Biological and Chemical Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico; Technical University of Lisbon; Av. Rovisco Pais; 1049-001; Lisbon; Portugal
| | - Maria Raquel Aires-Barros
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (IBB), Centre for Biological and Chemical Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico; Technical University of Lisbon; Av. Rovisco Pais; 1049-001; Lisbon; Portugal
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88
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Yongye AB, Calle L, Ardá A, Jiménez-Barbero J, André S, Gabius HJ, Martínez-Mayorga K, Cudic M. Molecular Recognition of the Thomsen-Friedenreich Antigen–Threonine Conjugate by Adhesion/Growth Regulatory Galectin-3: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Studies and Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Biochemistry 2012; 51:7278-89. [DOI: 10.1021/bi300761s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Austin B. Yongye
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port Saint Lucie, Florida 34987-2352,
United States
| | - Luis Calle
- Chemical
and Physical Biology, CIB-CSIC, Madrid,
Spain
| | - Ana Ardá
- Chemical
and Physical Biology, CIB-CSIC, Madrid,
Spain
| | | | - Sabine André
- Institute of Physiological
Chemistry,
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institute of Physiological
Chemistry,
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Karina Martínez-Mayorga
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port Saint Lucie, Florida 34987-2352,
United States
| | - Mare Cudic
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port Saint Lucie, Florida 34987-2352,
United States
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89
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Nilsson J, Halim A, Grahn A, Larson G. Targeting the glycoproteome. Glycoconj J 2012; 30:119-36. [PMID: 22886069 PMCID: PMC3552370 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-012-9438-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite numerous original publications describing the structural complexity of N- and O-linked glycans on glycoproteins, only very few answer the basic question of which particular glycans are linked to which amino acid residues along the polypeptide chain. Such structural information is of fundamental importance for understanding the biological roles of complex glycosylations as well as deciphering their non-template driven biosynthesis. This review focuses on presenting and commenting on recent strategies, specifically aimed at identifying the glycoproteome of cultured cells and biological samples, using targeted and global enrichment procedures and utilizing the high resolution power, high through-put capacity and complementary fragmentation techniques of tandem mass spectrometry. The goal is to give an update of this emerging field of protein and glyco-sciences and suggest routes to bridge the data gap between the two aspects of glycoprotein characteristics, i.e. glycan structures and their attachment sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg 413 45, Sweden
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90
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Vasta GR. Galectins as pattern recognition receptors: structure, function, and evolution. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 946:21-36. [PMID: 21948360 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-0106-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Galectins constitute an evolutionary conserved family of ß-galactoside-binding proteins, ubiquitous in mammals and other vertebrate taxa, invertebrates, and fungi. Since their discovery in the 1970s, their biological roles, initially understood as limited to recognition of carbohydrate ligands in embryogenesis and development, have expanded in recent years by the discovery of their immunoregulatory activities. A gradual paradigm shift has taken place in the past few years through the recognition that galectins also bind glycans on the surface of potentially pathogenic microbes, and function as recognition and effector factors in innate immunity. Further, an additional level of functional complexity has emerged with the most recent findings that some parasites "subvert" the recognition roles of the vector/host galectins for successful attachment or invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo R Vasta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, IMET, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA.
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91
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Carnosine derivatives: new multifunctional drug-like molecules. Amino Acids 2011; 43:153-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-1178-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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92
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Ogawa T, Watanabe M, Naganuma T, Muramoto K. Diversified carbohydrate-binding lectins from marine resources. JOURNAL OF AMINO ACIDS 2011; 2011:838914. [PMID: 22312473 PMCID: PMC3269628 DOI: 10.4061/2011/838914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Marine bioresources produce a great variety of specific and potent bioactive molecules including natural organic compounds such as fatty acids, polysaccharides, polyether, peptides, proteins, and enzymes. Lectins are also one of the promising candidates for useful therapeutic agents because they can recognize the specific carbohydrate structures such as proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and glycolipids, resulting in the regulation of various cells via glycoconjugates and their physiological and pathological phenomenon through the host-pathogen interactions and cell-cell communications. Here, we review the multiple lectins from marine resources including fishes and sea invertebrate in terms of their structure-activity relationships and molecular evolution. Especially, we focus on the unique structural properties and molecular evolution of C-type lectins, galectin, F-type lectin, and rhamnose-binding lectin families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohisa Ogawa
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
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93
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Valadez-Vega C, Alvarez-Manilla G, Riverón-Negrete L, García-Carrancá A, Morales-González JA, Zuñiga-Pérez C, Madrigal-Santillán E, Esquivel-Soto J, Esquivel-Chirino C, Villagómez-Ibarra R, Bautista M, Morales-González Á. Detection of cytotoxic activity of lectin on human colon adenocarcinoma (Sw480) and epithelial cervical carcinoma (C33-A). Molecules 2011; 16:2107-18. [PMID: 21368722 PMCID: PMC6259920 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16032107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Revised: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lectins comprise a heterogeneous class of proteins that recognize the carbohydrate moieties of glycoconjugates with high specificity. Numerous studies have shown that lectins are capable of recognizing specific carbohydrate moieties displayed by malignant cells or tissues. The present work was performed to investigate the effects of tepary bean (Phaseolus acutifolius) lectins on proliferation, colony formation, and alteration of DNA synthesis of human malignant cells. Tepary bean lectin showed dose dependent effects on the inhibition of viability as well as on colony formation in two human malignant cells lines (C33-A, Sw480); By contrast, tepary bean lectin only showed significant effects on DNA synthesis on Sw480 cells. Our results provide evidence of the anti- proliferative and cytotoxic effects of the tepary bean lectins on C33-A and Sw480 cells lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Valadez-Vega
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +52-771-717-2000; Fax: +52-771-717-2000, extension 5111
| | - Gerardo Alvarez-Manilla
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +52-771-717-2000; Fax: +52-771-717-2000, extension 5111
| | - Leticia Riverón-Negrete
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +52-771-717-2000; Fax: +52-771-717-2000, extension 5111
| | - Alejandro García-Carrancá
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +52-771-717-2000; Fax: +52-771-717-2000, extension 5111
| | - José A. Morales-González
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +52-771-717-2000; Fax: +52-771-717-2000, extension 5111
| | - Clara Zuñiga-Pérez
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +52-771-717-2000; Fax: +52-771-717-2000, extension 5111
| | - Eduardo Madrigal-Santillán
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +52-771-717-2000; Fax: +52-771-717-2000, extension 5111
| | - Jaime Esquivel-Soto
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +52-771-717-2000; Fax: +52-771-717-2000, extension 5111
| | - Cesar Esquivel-Chirino
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +52-771-717-2000; Fax: +52-771-717-2000, extension 5111
| | - Roberto Villagómez-Ibarra
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +52-771-717-2000; Fax: +52-771-717-2000, extension 5111
| | - Mirandeli Bautista
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +52-771-717-2000; Fax: +52-771-717-2000, extension 5111
| | - Ángel Morales-González
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +52-771-717-2000; Fax: +52-771-717-2000, extension 5111
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94
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New glycoside derivatives of carnosine and analogs resistant to carnosinase hydrolysis: Synthesis and characterization of their copper(II) complexes. J Inorg Biochem 2011; 105:181-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2010.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Revised: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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95
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96
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Reynolds M, Pérez S. Thermodynamics and chemical characterization of protein–carbohydrate interactions: The multivalency issue. CR CHIM 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2010.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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97
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Guillame-Gentil O, Semenov O, Roca AS, Groth T, Zahn R, Vörös J, Zenobi-Wong M. Engineering the extracellular environment: Strategies for building 2D and 3D cellular structures. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2010; 22:5443-62. [PMID: 20842659 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201001747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Cell fate is regulated by extracellular environmental signals. Receptor specific interaction of the cell with proteins, glycans, soluble factors as well as neighboring cells can steer cells towards proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis or migration. In this review, approaches to build cellular structures by engineering aspects of the extracellular environment are described. These methods include non-specific modifications to control the wettability and stiffness of surfaces using self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) and polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs) as well as methods where the temporal activation and spatial distribution of adhesion ligands is controlled. Building on these techniques, construction of two-dimensional cell sheets using temperature sensitive polymers or electrochemical dissolution is described together with current applications of these grafts in the clinical arena. Finally, methods to pattern cells in three-dimensions as well as to functionalize the 3D environment with biologic motifs take us one step closer to being able to engineer multicellular tissues and organs.
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98
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He L, Wang H, Garamus VM, Hanley T, Lensch M, Gabius HJ, Fee CJ, Middelberg A. Analysis of MonoPEGylated Human Galectin-2 by Small-Angle X-ray and Neutron Scattering: Concentration Dependence of PEG Conformation in the Conjugate. Biomacromolecules 2010; 11:3504-10. [DOI: 10.1021/bm100999a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lizhong He
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Centre for Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia, GKSS Research Centre, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany, Bragg Institute, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights NSW 2234, Australia, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians
| | - Hui Wang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Centre for Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia, GKSS Research Centre, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany, Bragg Institute, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights NSW 2234, Australia, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians
| | - Vasil M. Garamus
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Centre for Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia, GKSS Research Centre, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany, Bragg Institute, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights NSW 2234, Australia, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians
| | - Tracey Hanley
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Centre for Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia, GKSS Research Centre, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany, Bragg Institute, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights NSW 2234, Australia, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians
| | - Martin Lensch
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Centre for Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia, GKSS Research Centre, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany, Bragg Institute, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights NSW 2234, Australia, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Centre for Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia, GKSS Research Centre, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany, Bragg Institute, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights NSW 2234, Australia, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians
| | - Conan J. Fee
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Centre for Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia, GKSS Research Centre, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany, Bragg Institute, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights NSW 2234, Australia, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians
| | - Anton Middelberg
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Centre for Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia, GKSS Research Centre, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany, Bragg Institute, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights NSW 2234, Australia, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians
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99
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Göhler A, André S, Kaltner H, Sauer M, Gabius HJ, Doose S. Hydrodynamic properties of human adhesion/growth-regulatory galectins studied by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. Biophys J 2010; 98:3044-53. [PMID: 20550917 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2010.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2009] [Revised: 03/09/2010] [Accepted: 03/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy is applied on homologous human lectins (i.e., adhesion/growth-regulatory galectins) to detect influence of ligand binding and presence of the linker peptide in tandem-repeat-type proteins on hydrodynamic properties. Among five tested proteins, lactose binding increased the diffusion constant only in the cases of homodimeric galectin-1 and the linkerless variant of tandem-repeat-type galectin-4. To our knowledge, the close structural similarity among galectins does not translate into identical response to ligand binding. Kinetic measurements show association and dissociation rate constants in the order of 1 to 10(3) M(-1) s(-1) and 10(-4) s(-1), respectively. Presence of the linker peptide in tandem-repeat-type protein leads to anomalous scaling with molecular mass. These results provide what we believe to be new insights into lectin responses to glycan binding, detectable so far only by small angle neutron scattering, and the structural relevance of the linker peptide. Methodologically, fluorescence correlation spectroscopy is shown to be a rather simple technical tool to characterize hydrodynamic properties of these proteins at a high level of sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Göhler
- Applied Laser Physics and Laser Spectroscopy, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
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100
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Bianchet MA, Odom EW, Vasta GR, Amzel LM. Structure and specificity of a binary tandem domain F-lectin from striped bass (Morone saxatilis). J Mol Biol 2010; 401:239-52. [PMID: 20561530 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2010.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2010] [Revised: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The plasma of the striped bass Morone saxatilis contains a fucose-specific lectin (MsaFBP32) that consists of two F-type carbohydrate recognition domains (CRDs) in tandem. The crystal structure of the complex of MsaFBP32 with l-fucose reported here shows a cylindrical 81-A-long and 60-A-wide trimer divided into two globular halves: one containing N-terminal CRDs (N-CRDs) and the other containing C-terminal CRDs (C-CRDs). The resulting binding surfaces at the opposite ends of the cylindrical trimer have the potential to cross-link cell surface or humoral carbohydrate ligands. The N-CRDs and C-CRDs of MsaFBP32 exhibit significant structural differences, suggesting that they recognize different glycans. Analysis of the carbohydrate binding sites provides the structural basis for the observed specificity of MsaFBP32 for simple carbohydrates and suggests that the N-CRD recognizes more complex fucosylated oligosaccharides and with a relatively higher avidity than the C-CRD. Modeling of MsaFBP32 complexed with fucosylated glycans that are widely distributed in prokaryotes and eukaryotes rationalizes the observation that binary tandem CRD F-type lectins function as opsonins by cross-linking "non-self" carbohydrate ligands and "self" carbohydrate ligands, such as sugar structures displayed by microbial pathogens and glycans on the surface of phagocytic cells from the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario A Bianchet
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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