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Han HM, Kim TH, Bae JY, Bae YC. Primary sensory neurons expressing tropomyosin receptor kinase A in the rat trigeminal ganglion. Neurosci Lett 2018; 690:56-60. [PMID: 30308237 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tropomyosin receptor kinase A (trkA), a high affinity receptor for nerve growth factor (NGF), has been implicated in neuronal survival, neurite outgrowth and inflammatory pain. So far, the characterization of the primary sensory neurons that express trkA, and are thus potentially affected by NGF, has remained incomplete. The goal of this study was to investigate the trkA-expressing neurons and fibers in the rat trigeminal ganglion and its sensory root using light- and electron-microscopic immunohistochemistry and quantitative analysis. TrkA-immunopositive (+) trigeminal neurons varied from small to large. Double immunofluorescent staining showed that about 28%, 33% and 3% of the trkA(+) neurons coexpressed SP, CGRP and IB4, respectively. About 11% of the trkA(+) neurons also coexpressed parvalbumin. Electron microscopy revealed that trkA was expressed in all types of fibers: While the large majority of the trkA(+) fibers were unmyelinated (35.3%) and small myelinated (<20 μm2 in cross-sectional area; 45.5%), a still considerable fraction (19.2%) was large myelinated. These findings indicate that all types of trigeminal neurons (ones with unmyelinated, small myelinated or large myelinated fibers) may be regulated by NGF/trkA signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Min Han
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-412, South Korea
| | - Tae Heon Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-412, South Korea
| | - Jin Young Bae
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-412, South Korea
| | - Yong Chul Bae
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-412, South Korea.
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Anderson HE, Caldwell JH, Weir RF. An automated method for the quantification of transgene expression in motor axons of the peripheral nerve. J Neurosci Methods 2018; 308:346-353. [PMID: 30194042 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Determination of transgene expression in motor axons of peripheral nerves is important in evaluating the effectiveness of viral transduction. Currently only manual and semi-automatic methods of quantification have been employed for quantification in immunolabeled nerve sections, but automatic methods exist for axon counting only in brightfield sections. Manual and semi-automatic methods can suffer from inter- and intraobserver bias, sampling bias and can be time consuming to implement. NEW METHOD A fully automated method using ImageJ and the Nucleus Counter plugin was developed to quantify the fraction of green fluorescent protein (GFP) labeled acetylcholine transferase positive axons in triple immunolabeled peripheral nerve sections. This method utilizes the Nucleus Counter to generate axonal regions of interest which are quantified for colocalization with GFP expression and nonoverlap with Laminin. Thresholding using histograms generated from control animals is used to remove noise. RESULTS The automated method is able to successfully distinguish transgenic GFP expressing mice from wild type. Using computer generated peripheral nerve sections, the automated method has less than 5% error at signal-to-noise ratios greater than 10% of baseline. COMPARISONS WITH EXISTING METHODS This method has comparable performance in false positive rates (<1%) and a 95% predictive interval that closely matches existing fully automated methods for quantification in brightfield sections. It outperforms the intra- and interobserver differences of manual and semi-automated methods for quantification. CONCLUSIONS This automated quantification method provides a fast and robust means of determining the fraction of labeled axons in peripheral nerve sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans E Anderson
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, CO, USA.
| | - John H Caldwell
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, CO, USA
| | - Richard F Weir
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, CO, USA
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Prato V, Taberner FJ, Hockley JRF, Callejo G, Arcourt A, Tazir B, Hammer L, Schad P, Heppenstall PA, Smith ES, Lechner SG. Functional and Molecular Characterization of Mechanoinsensitive "Silent" Nociceptors. Cell Rep 2018; 21:3102-3115. [PMID: 29241539 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.11.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia (pain hypersensitivity) are cardinal signs of inflammation. Although the mechanism underlying thermal hyperalgesia is well understood, the cellular and molecular basis of mechanical hyperalgesia is poorly described. Here, we have identified a subset of peptidergic C-fiber nociceptors that are insensitive to noxious mechanical stimuli under normal conditions but become sensitized to such stimuli when exposed to the inflammatory mediator nerve growth factor (NGF). Strikingly, NGF did not affect mechanosensitivity of other nociceptors. We show that these mechanoinsensitive "silent" nociceptors are characterized by the expression of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3 (CHRNA3) and that the mechanically gated ion channel PIEZO2 mediates NGF-induced mechanosensitivity in these neurons. Retrograde tracing revealed that CHRNA3+ nociceptors account for ∼50% of all peptidergic nociceptive afferents innervating visceral organs and deep somatic tissues. Hence, our data suggest that NGF-induced "un-silencing" of CHRNA3+ nociceptors significantly contributes to the development of mechanical hyperalgesia during inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Prato
- Institute of Pharmacology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Francisco J Taberner
- Institute of Pharmacology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; EMBL Monterotondo, Via Ramarini 32, 00016 Monterotondo, Italy
| | - James R F Hockley
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PD, UK
| | - Gerard Callejo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PD, UK
| | - Alice Arcourt
- Institute of Pharmacology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bassim Tazir
- Institute of Pharmacology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Leonie Hammer
- Institute of Pharmacology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Paulina Schad
- Institute of Pharmacology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Ewan S Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PD, UK
| | - Stefan G Lechner
- Institute of Pharmacology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Merighi A. The histology, physiology, neurochemistry and circuitry of the substantia gelatinosa Rolandi (lamina II) in mammalian spinal cord. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 169:91-134. [PMID: 29981393 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The substantia gelatinosa Rolandi (SGR) was first described about two centuries ago. In the following decades an enormous amount of information has permitted us to understand - at least in part - its role in the initial processing of pain and itch. Here, I will first provide a comprehensive picture of the histology, physiology, and neurochemistry of the normal SGR. Then, I will analytically discuss the SGR circuits that have been directly demonstrated or deductively envisaged in the course of the intensive research on this area of the spinal cord, with particular emphasis on the pathways connecting the primary afferent fibers and the intrinsic neurons. The perspective existence of neurochemically-defined sets of primary afferent neurons giving rise to these circuits will be also discussed, with the proposition that a cross-talk between different subsets of peptidergic fibers may be the structural and functional substrate of additional gating mechanisms in SGR. Finally, I highlight the role played by slow acting high molecular weight modulators in these gating mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adalberto Merighi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, I-10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy.
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Sliwinski C, Nees TA, Puttagunta R, Weidner N, Blesch A. Sensorimotor Activity Partially Ameliorates Pain and Reduces Nociceptive Fiber Density in the Chronically Injured Spinal Cord. J Neurotrauma 2018; 35:2222-2238. [PMID: 29706124 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A large proportion of patients suffering from spinal cord injury (SCI) develop chronic central neuropathic pain. Previously, we and others have shown that sensorimotor training early after SCI can prevent the development of mechanical allodynia. To determine whether training initiated in the subchronic/chronic phase remains effective, correlates of below-level neuropathic pain were analyzed in the hindpaws 5-10 weeks after a moderate T11 contusion SCI (50 kDyn) in adult female C57BL/6 mice. In a comparison of SCI and sham mice 5 weeks post-injury, about 80% of injured animals developed mechanical hypersensitivity to light mechanical stimuli, whereas testing of noxious stimuli revealed hypo-responsiveness. Thermal sensitivity testing showed a decreased response latency after injury. Without intervention, mechanical and thermal hyper-responsiveness were evident until the end of the experiment (10 weeks). In contrast, treadmill training (2 × 15 min/day; 5 × /week) initiated 6 weeks post-injury resulted in partial amelioration of pain behavior and this effect remained stable. Analysis of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-labeled fibers in lamina III-IV of the lumbar dorsal horn revealed an increase in labeling density after SCI. This was not due to changes in the number or size distribution of CGRP-labeled lumbar dorsal root ganglion neurons. Treadmill training reduced the CGRP-labeling density in the spinal cord of injured mice, whereas the density of non-peptidergic isolectin-B4 (IB4)+ fibers showed no changes in lamina IIi and a slight reduction of sparse IB4 labeling in laminae III-IV. Thus, sensorimotor activity initiated in the subchronic/chronic phase of SCI remains effective in ameliorating pain behavior and influencing structural changes of the nociceptive system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Timo A Nees
- 1 Spinal Cord Injury Center, Heidelberg University Hospital , Heidelberg, Germany .,2 Center for Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital , Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Radhika Puttagunta
- 1 Spinal Cord Injury Center, Heidelberg University Hospital , Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Norbert Weidner
- 1 Spinal Cord Injury Center, Heidelberg University Hospital , Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Armin Blesch
- 1 Spinal Cord Injury Center, Heidelberg University Hospital , Heidelberg, Germany .,3 Department of Neurological Surgery and Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana
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Patil MJ, Hovhannisyan AH, Akopian AN. Characteristics of sensory neuronal groups in CGRP-cre-ER reporter mice: Comparison to Nav1.8-cre, TRPV1-cre and TRPV1-GFP mouse lines. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198601. [PMID: 29864146 PMCID: PMC5986144 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptidergic sensory neurons play a critical role in nociceptive pathways. To precisely define the function and plasticity of sensory neurons in detail, new tools such as transgenic mouse models are needed. We employed electrophysiology and immunohistochemistry to characterize in detail dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons expressing an inducible CGRPcre-ER (CGRP-cre+); and compared them to DRG neurons expressing Nav1.8cre (Nav1.8-cre+), TRPV1cre (TRPV1-cre+) and TRPV1-GFP (V1-GFP+). Tamoxifen effectively induced CGRPcre-ER production in DRG. ≈87% of CGRPcre-ER-expressing neurons were co-labeled CGRP antibody. Three small and two medium-large-sized (5HT3a+/NPY2R- and NPY2R+) neuronal groups with unique electrophysiological profiles were CGRP-cre+. Nav1.8-cre+ neurons were detected in all CGRP-cre+ groups, as well as in 5 additional neuronal groups: MrgprD+/TRPA1-, MrgprD+/TRPA1+, TRPV1+/CGRP-, vGLUT3+ and ≈30% of trkC+ neurons. Differences between TRPV1cre and Nav1.8cre reporters were that unlike TRPV1-cre+, Nav1.8-cre+ expression was detected in non-nociceptive vGLUT3+ and trkC+ populations. Many TRPV1-cre+ neurons did not respond to capsaicin. In contrast, V1-GFP+ neurons were in 4 groups, each of which was capsaicin-sensitive. Finally, none of the analyzed reporter lines showed cre-recombination in trkB+, calbindin+, 70% of trkC+ or parvalbumin+ neurons, which together encompassed ≈20% of Nav1.8-cre- DRG neurons. The data presented here increases our knowledge of peptidergic sensory neuron characteristics, while showing the efficiency and specificity manipulation of peptidergic neurons by the CGRPcre-ER reporter. We also demonstrate that manipulation of all C- and A-nociceptors is better achieved with TRPV1-cre reporter. Finally, the described approach for detailed characterization of sensory neuronal groups can be applied to a variety of reporter mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayur J. Patil
- Departments of Endodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Anahit H. Hovhannisyan
- Departments of Endodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Armen N. Akopian
- Departments of Endodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Departments of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Soluble TNFα Signaling within the Spinal Cord Contributes to the Development of Autonomic Dysreflexia and Ensuing Vascular and Immune Dysfunction after Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurosci 2018; 38:4146-4162. [PMID: 29610439 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2376-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease and susceptibility to infection are leading causes of morbidity and mortality for individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). A major contributor to these is autonomic dysreflexia (AD), an amplified reaction of the autonomic nervous system (hallmarked by severe hypertension) in response to sensory stimuli below the injury. Maladaptive plasticity of the spinal sympathetic reflex circuit below the SCI results in AD intensification over time. Mechanisms underlying this maladaptive plasticity are poorly understood, restricting the identification of treatments. Thus, no preventative treatments are currently available. Neuroinflammation has been implicated in other pathologies associated with hyperexcitable neural circuits. Specifically, the soluble form of TNFα (sTNFα) is known to play a role in neuroplasticity. We hypothesize that persistent expression of sTNFα in spinal cord underlies AD exacerbation. To test this, we intrathecally administered XPro1595, a biologic that renders sTNFα nonfunctional, after complete, high-level SCI in female rats. This dramatically attenuated the intensification of colorectal distension-induced and naturally occurring AD events. This improvement is mediated via decreased sprouting of nociceptive primary afferents and activation of the spinal sympathetic reflex circuit. We also examined peripheral vascular function using ex vivo pressurized arterial preparations and immune function via flow cytometric analysis of splenocytes. Diminishing AD via pharmacological inhibition of sTNFα mitigated ensuing vascular hypersensitivity and immune dysfunction. This is the first demonstration that neuroinflammation-induced sTNFα is critical for altering the spinal sympathetic reflex circuit, elucidating a novel mechanism for AD. Importantly, we identify the first potential pharmacological, prophylactic treatment for this life-threatening syndrome.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Autonomic dysreflexia (AD), a disorder that develops after spinal cord injury (SCI) and is hallmarked by sudden, extreme hypertension, contributes to cardiovascular disease and susceptibility to infection, respectively, two leading causes of mortality and morbidity in SCI patients. We demonstrate that neuroinflammation-induced expression of soluble TNFα plays a critical role in AD, elucidating a novel underlying mechanism. We found that intrathecal administration after SCI of a biologic that inhibits soluble TNFα signaling dramatically attenuates AD and significantly reduces AD-associated peripheral vascular and immune dysfunction. We identified mechanisms behind diminished plasticity of neuronal populations within the spinal sympathetic reflex circuit. This study is the first to pinpoint a potential pharmacological, prophylactic strategy to attenuate AD and ensuing cardiovascular and immune dysfunction.
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58
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Yasko JR, Mains RE. Chronic pain following spinal cord injury: Current approaches to cellular and molecular mechanisms. TRENDS IN CELL & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 13:67-84. [PMID: 33564218 PMCID: PMC7869846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) has devastating implications for patients, including a high prevalence of chronic pain. Despite advancements in our understanding of the mechanisms involved post-SCI, there are no effective treatments for chronic pain following injury. The development of new treatment interventions for pain is needed, but this requires improved models to assess injury-related cellular, neurophysiological and molecular changes in the spinal cord. Here, we will discuss recent animal models for SCI, molecular screening for altered patterns of gene expression, and the importance of injury severity and timing after SCI.
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59
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Rostock C, Schrenk-Siemens K, Pohle J, Siemens J. Human vs. Mouse Nociceptors - Similarities and Differences. Neuroscience 2017; 387:13-27. [PMID: 29229553 PMCID: PMC6150929 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The somatosensory system allows us to detect a diverse range of physical and chemical stimuli including noxious ones, which can initiate protective reflexes to prevent tissue damage. However, the sensation of pain can - under pathological circumstances - outlive its usefulness and perpetrate ongoing suffering. Rodent model systems have been tremendously useful to help understand basic mechanisms of pain perception. Unfortunately, the translation of this knowledge into novel therapies has been challenging. We have investigated similarities and differences of human and mouse peptidergic (TRKA expressing) nociceptors using dual-color fluorescence in situ hybridization of dorsal root ganglia. By comparing the transcripts of a selected group of well-established nociceptive markers, we observed significant differences for some of them. We found co-expression of Trpv1, a key player for sensitization and inflammatory pain, with TrkA in a larger population in humans compared to mice. Similar results could be obtained for Nav1.8 and Nav1.9, two voltage gated sodium channels implicated in pathological forms of pain. Additionally, co-expression of Ret and TrkA was also found to be more abundant in human neurons. Moreover, the neurofilament heavy polypeptide was detected in all human sensory DRG neurons compared to a more selective expression pattern observed in rodents. To our knowledge, this is the first time that such detailed comparative analysis has been performed and we believe that our findings will direct future experimentation geared to understand the difficulties we face in translating findings from rodent models to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Rostock
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katrin Schrenk-Siemens
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jörg Pohle
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan Siemens
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Omerbašić D, Smith ESJ, Moroni M, Homfeld J, Eigenbrod O, Bennett NC, Reznick J, Faulkes CG, Selbach M, Lewin GR. Hypofunctional TrkA Accounts for the Absence of Pain Sensitization in the African Naked Mole-Rat. Cell Rep 2017; 17:748-758. [PMID: 27732851 PMCID: PMC5081396 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The naked mole-rat is a subterranean rodent lacking several pain behaviors found in humans, rats, and mice. For example, nerve growth factor (NGF), an important mediator of pain sensitization, fails to produce thermal hyperalgesia in naked mole-rats. The sensitization of capsaicin-sensitive TRPV1 ion channels is necessary for NGF-induced hyperalgesia, but naked mole-rats have fully functional TRPV1 channels. We show that exposing isolated naked mole-rat nociceptors to NGF does not sensitize TRPV1. However, the naked mole-rat NGF receptor TrkA displays a reduced ability to engage signal transduction pathways that sensitize TRPV1. Between one- and three-amino-acid substitutions in the kinase domain of the naked mole-rat TrkA are sufficient to render the receptor hypofunctional, and this is associated with the absence of heat hyperalgesia. Our data suggest that evolution has selected for a TrkA variant that abolishes a robust nociceptive behavior in this species but is still compatible with species fitness. TRPV1 ion channels in naked mole-rat nociceptors are not sensitized by NGF Naked mole-rat TRPV1 channels are sensitized by NGF in mouse nociceptors NGF activation of naked mole-rat TrkA receptors does not sensitize TRPV1 One to three amino acids in the naked mole-rat TrkA receptors may render it hypofunctional
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Affiliation(s)
- Damir Omerbašić
- Molecular Physiology of Somatic Sensation, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany; Proteome Dynamics Group, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ewan St J Smith
- Molecular Physiology of Somatic Sensation, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany; Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1PD, UK
| | - Mirko Moroni
- Molecular Physiology of Somatic Sensation, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Johanna Homfeld
- Molecular Physiology of Somatic Sensation, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ole Eigenbrod
- Molecular Physiology of Somatic Sensation, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nigel C Bennett
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Hatfield 0028, Republic of South Africa
| | - Jane Reznick
- Molecular Physiology of Somatic Sensation, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Chris G Faulkes
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Matthias Selbach
- Proteome Dynamics Group, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gary R Lewin
- Molecular Physiology of Somatic Sensation, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany; Excellence Cluster Neurocure, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
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Miyagi M, Ishikawa T, Kamoda H, Suzuki M, Inoue G, Sakuma Y, Oikawa Y, Orita S, Uchida K, Takahashi K, Takaso M, Ohtori S. Efficacy of nerve growth factor antibody in a knee osteoarthritis pain model in mice. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2017; 18:428. [PMID: 29100502 PMCID: PMC5670727 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-017-1792-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Nerve growth factor (NGF) is not only an important factor in nerve growth but also a major contributor to the production of inflammation. It has been reported that inhibiting NGF could reduce several types of pain in several animal models. Here, we aimed to clarify the efficacy of NGF antibody in a knee osteoarthritis (OA) pain model in mice. Method Six-week-old male C57BR/J mice were used (n = 30). Ten mice comprised the control group, which received saline injection into the right knee joints; the other 20 mice comprised the experimental group, which received monoiodoacetate (MIA) injection into the right knee joints. Three weeks after surgery, the 20 experimental mice were randomly placed into treatment groups which received either sterile saline (non-treat group: 10 mg/kg, i.p.) or an anti-NGF antibody (anti-NGF group: 10 mg/kg, i.p.). Simultaneously, all mice received fluorogold (FG) retrograde neurotracer injection into their right joints. In a behavioral study, we evaluated gait using the CatWalk quantitative gait analysis system before surgery, 3 weeks after surgery (before treatment), 4 weeks after surgery (one week after surgery), and 5 weeks after surgery (2 weeks after surgery). In immunohistochemical analysis, the right dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) from the L4–L6 levels were resected 5 weeks after surgery (2 weeks after surgery). They were immunostained for calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and the number of FG-labeled or CGRP-immunoreactive (IR) DRG neurons was counted. Results On gait analysis using the CatWalk system, duty cycle, swing speed, and print area were decreased in non-treat group compared with those in control group and improved in the anti-NGF group compared with those in non-treat group. CGRP expression in DRGs was up-regulated in non-treat group compared with that in control group and suppressed in the anti-NGF group compared with that in non-treat group (both p < 0.05). Conclusions MIA injection into the knee joint induced gait impairment and the up-regulation of CGRP in DRG neurons in a knee OA pain model in mice. Intraperitoneal injection of anti-NGF antibody suppressed this impairment of gait and up-regulation of CGRP in DRG neurons. These finding suggest that anti-NGF therapy might be valuable in the treatment of OA pain in the knee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Miyagi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kitasato University, School of Medicine, 1-15-1, Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara city, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan.
| | - Tetsuhiro Ishikawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroto Kamoda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Miyako Suzuki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Gen Inoue
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kitasato University, School of Medicine, 1-15-1, Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara city, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sakuma
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Oikawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Sumihisa Orita
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kentaro Uchida
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kitasato University, School of Medicine, 1-15-1, Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara city, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Takahashi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masashi Takaso
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kitasato University, School of Medicine, 1-15-1, Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara city, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Seiji Ohtori
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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Bigbee AJ, Akhavan M, Havton LA. Plasticity of Select Primary Afferent Projections to the Dorsal Horn after a Lumbosacral Ventral Root Avulsion Injury and Root Replantation in Rats. Front Neurol 2017; 8:291. [PMID: 28824522 PMCID: PMC5534445 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Injuries to the conus medullaris and cauda equina portions of the spinal cord result in neurological impairments, including paralysis, autonomic dysfunction, and pain. In experimental studies, earlier investigations have shown that a lumbosacral ventral root avulsion (VRA) injury results in allodynia, which may be ameliorated by surgical replantation of the avulsed ventral roots. Here, we investigated the long-term effects of an L6 + S1 VRA injury on the plasticity of three populations of afferent projections to the dorsal horn in rats. At 8 weeks after a unilateral L6 + S1 VRA injury, quantitative morphological studies of the adjacent L5 dorsal horn showed reduced immunoreactivity (IR) for the vesicular glutamate transporter, VGLUT1 and isolectin B4 (IB4) binding, whereas IR for calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) was unchanged. The IR for VGLUT1 and CGRP as well as IB4 binding was at control levels in the L5 dorsal horn at 8 weeks following an acute surgical replantation of the avulsed L6 + S1 ventral roots. Quantitative morphological studies of the L5 dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) showed unchanged neuronal numbers for both the VRA and replanted series compared to shams. The portions of L5 DRG neurons expressing IR for VGLUT1 and CGRP, and IB4 binding were also the same between the VRA, replanted, and sham-operated groups. We conclude that the L5 dorsal horn shows selective plasticity for VGLUT1 and IB4 primary afferent projections after an L6 + S1 VRA injury and surgical repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison J Bigbee
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Mahnaz Akhavan
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Leif A Havton
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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63
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Miyamoto S, Nakamura J, Ohtori S, Orita S, Nakajima T, Omae T, Hagiwara S, Takazawa M, Suzuki M, Suzuki T, Takahashi K. Pain-related behavior and the characteristics of dorsal-root ganglia in a rat model of hip osteoarthritis induced by mono-iodoacetate. J Orthop Res 2017; 35:1424-1430. [PMID: 27543839 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The principal aim of this study was to clarify the time course of pain-related behavior and pain-related sensory innervation in a rat model of hip osteoarthritis (OA) induced by intra-articular injection of mono-iodoacetate (MIA). Using 6-week-old male Sprague Dawley rats, 25 μl of sterile saline of 1% Fluoro-Gold solution (FG) (control group; n = 30) and 25 μl of sterile saline of 1% FG with 2 mg of MIA (MIA group; n = 30) was injected into the right hip joints. Gait function was evaluated using a CatWalk system after 7, 14, 28, 42, and 56 days (n = 5, respectively). Neurons in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) between L1 and L5 were immunostained for calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and activating transcription factor-3 (ATF3). Gait analysis revealed the mean six parameters of hind paws at all time points were significantly lower in the MIA group (p = 0.05). The number of CGRP-immunoreactive (-IR) DRG neurons was significantly increased on days 7, 14, 28, and 42 peaking at 14 days in the MIA group. By contrast, expression of ATF3-IR in FG-labeled DRG neurons was significantly increased on days 42 and 57. The FG-labeled DRG neurons were distributed between L1 and L5, mainly at the L4 level. Pain-related behavior indicated by gait disturbance was observed in a MIA model of hip OA in rat. Early elevation of CGRP expression and late expression of ATF-3 were demonstrated in DRG neurons, possibly reflecting inflammatory pain and neuropathic pain in hip OA. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:1424-1430, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuichi Miyamoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba City 260-8677, Chiba, Japan
| | - Junichi Nakamura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba City 260-8677, Chiba, Japan
| | - Seiji Ohtori
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba City 260-8677, Chiba, Japan
| | - Sumihisa Orita
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba City 260-8677, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takayuki Nakajima
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba City 260-8677, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takanori Omae
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba City 260-8677, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shigeo Hagiwara
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba City 260-8677, Chiba, Japan
| | - Makoto Takazawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba City 260-8677, Chiba, Japan
| | - Miyako Suzuki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba City 260-8677, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takane Suzuki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba City 260-8677, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Takahashi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba City 260-8677, Chiba, Japan
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64
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Pavlova G, Enblom A, Revishchin A, Sandelin M, Korochkin L, Kozlova EN. The Influence of Donor Age, Nerve Growth Factor, and Cografting with Drosophila Cells on Survival of Peripherally Grafted Embryonic or Fetal Rat Dorsal Root Ganglia. Cell Transplant 2017; 12:705-15. [PMID: 14653618 DOI: 10.3727/000000003108747325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that embryonic rat and human dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells survive grafting to the cavity of extirpated adult rat DRG. Furthermore, grafted human embryonic neurons were shown to send axons peripherally and into the spinal cord, where they establish functional synaptic connections. This study analyzed the survival of orthotopically allografted rat DRG cells from embryonic stages 15 (E15) and 20 (E20), and the influence on their survival of nerve growth factor (NGF). NGF was delivered to the DRG transplants either by pump infusion or by cotransplantation of cells from Drosophila melanogaster, transgenic for human NGF. Lumbar DRGs of adult rats were removed and a collection of E15 or E20 DRGs placed in the cavity. One month after grafting the total number of DRG cells in the grafts was counted. Differentiation of subpopulations of DRG cells was estimated by counting cells immunostained for calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), Griffonia simplicifolia agglutinin isolectin B4 (GSA), or heavy neurofilament protein (antibody RT97). The results show: i) similar survival of E15 and E20 grafts, with great variability in the survival of different subpopulations in E15 transplants, but a more consistent distribution of different phenotypes in E20 transplants; ii) infusion of NGF for 2 weeks increases the survival of E15 transplants, but has a negative effect on E20 transplants; iii) Drosophila cells transfected with human NGF gene survive peripheral xenografting and have a positive effect on the survival of the GSA- and CGRP-positive populations in E15 and E20 transplants; iv) Drosophila cells without the human NGF gene increase cell survival in E20 transplants. These data suggest that i) the effect of NGF is dependent on the embryonic stage of the transplants, ii) age-dependent sensitivity to NGF influences graft survival, and iii) transgenic Drosophila cells can be cotransplanted with embryonic neural tissue to the mammalian peripheral nervous system with a positive effect on the survival of neural grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina Pavlova
- Institute of Gene Biology, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Russian Academy of Sciences
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Nugent M, Wang J, Lawrence G, Zurawski T, Geoghegan JA, Dolly JO. Conjugate of an IgG Binding Domain with Botulinum Neurotoxin A Lacking the Acceptor Moiety Targets Its SNARE Protease into TrkA-Expressing Cells When Coupled to Anti-TrkA IgG or Fc-βNGF. Bioconjug Chem 2017; 28:1684-1692. [PMID: 28489355 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Numerous naturally occurring toxins can perturb biological systems when they invade susceptible cells. Coupling of pertinent targeting ligands to the active domains of such proteins provides a strategy for directing these to particular cellular populations implicated in disease. A novel approach described herein involved fusion of one mutated immunoglobulin G (IgG) binding moiety of staphylococcal protein A to the SNARE protease and translocation domain of botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT/A). This chimera could be monovalently coupled to IgG or via its Fc region to recombinant targeting ligands. The utility of the resulting conjugates is demonstrated by the delivery of a SNARE protease into a cell line expressing tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrkA) through coupling to anti-TrkA IgG or a fusion of Fc and nerve-growth factor. Thus, this is a versitile and innovative technology for conjugating toxins to diverse ligands for retargeted cell delivery of potential therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Nugent
- International Centre for Neurotherapeutics, Dublin City University , Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Jiafu Wang
- International Centre for Neurotherapeutics, Dublin City University , Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Gary Lawrence
- International Centre for Neurotherapeutics, Dublin City University , Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Tomas Zurawski
- International Centre for Neurotherapeutics, Dublin City University , Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Joan A Geoghegan
- Department of Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - J Oliver Dolly
- International Centre for Neurotherapeutics, Dublin City University , Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
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66
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Iyengar S, Ossipov MH, Johnson KW. The role of calcitonin gene-related peptide in peripheral and central pain mechanisms including migraine. Pain 2017; 158:543-559. [PMID: 28301400 PMCID: PMC5359791 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a 37-amino acid peptide found primarily in the C and Aδ sensory fibers arising from the dorsal root and trigeminal ganglia, as well as the central nervous system. Calcitonin gene-related peptide was found to play important roles in cardiovascular, digestive, and sensory functions. Although the vasodilatory properties of CGRP are well documented, its somatosensory function regarding modulation of neuronal sensitization and of enhanced pain has received considerable attention recently. Growing evidence indicates that CGRP plays a key role in the development of peripheral sensitization and the associated enhanced pain. Calcitonin gene-related peptide is implicated in the development of neurogenic inflammation and it is upregulated in conditions of inflammatory and neuropathic pain. It is most likely that CGRP facilitates nociceptive transmission and contributes to the development and maintenance of a sensitized, hyperresponsive state not only of the primary afferent sensory neurons but also of the second-order pain transmission neurons within the central nervous system, thus contributing to central sensitization as well. The maintenance of a sensitized neuronal condition is believed to be an important factor underlying migraine. Recent successful clinical studies have shown that blocking the function of CGRP can alleviate migraine. However, the mechanisms through which CGRP may contribute to migraine are still not fully understood. We reviewed the role of CGRP in primary afferents, the dorsal root ganglion, and in the trigeminal system as well as its role in peripheral and central sensitization and its potential contribution to pain processing and to migraine.
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67
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Kolesár D, Kolesárová M, Kyselovič J. Distribution pattern of dorsal root ganglion neurons synthesizing nitric oxide synthase in different animal species. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2017; 95:328-332. [DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2016-0294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The main aim of the present review is to provide at first a short survey of the basic anatomical description of sensory ganglion neurons in relation to cell size, conduction velocity, thickness of myelin sheath, and functional classification of their processes. In addition, we have focused on discussing current knowledge about the distribution pattern of neuronal nitric oxide synthase containing sensory neurons especially in the dorsal root ganglia in different animal species; hence, there is a large controversy in relation to interpretation of the results dealing with this interesting field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalibor Kolesár
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Mária Kolesárová
- Institute of Human and clinical Pharmacology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacology in Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Ján Kyselovič
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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68
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Bernal Sierra YA, Haseleu J, Kozlenkov A, Bégay V, Lewin GR. Genetic Tracing of Ca v3.2 T-Type Calcium Channel Expression in the Peripheral Nervous System. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:70. [PMID: 28360836 PMCID: PMC5350092 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Characterizing the distinct functions of the T-type ion channel subunits Cav3.1, 3.2 or 3.3 has proven difficult due to their highly conserved amino-acid sequences and the lack of pharmacological blockers specific for each subunit. To precisely determine the expression pattern of the Cav3.2 channel in the nervous system we generated two knock-in mouse strains that express EGFP or Cre recombinase under the control of the Cav3.2 gene promoter. We show that in the brains of these animals, the Cav3.2 channel is predominantly expressed in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. In the peripheral nervous system, the activation of the promoter starts at E9.5 in neural crest cells that will give rise to dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons, but not sympathetic neurons. As development progresses the number of DRG cells expressing the Cav3.2 channel reaches around 7% of the DRG at E16.5, and remains constant until E18.5. Characterization of sensory neuron subpopulations at E18.5 showed that EGFP+ cells are a heterogeneous population consisting mainly of TrkB+ and TrkC+ cells, while only a small percentage of DRG cells were TrkA+. Genetic tracing of the sensory nerve end-organ innervation of the skin showed that the activity of the Cav3.2 channel promoter in sensory progenitors marks many mechanoreceptor and nociceptor endings, but spares slowly adapting mechanoreceptors with endings associated with Merkel cells. Our genetic analysis reveals for the first time that progenitors that express the Cav3.2 T-type calcium channel, defines a sensory specific lineage that populates a large proportion of the DRG. Using our Cav3.2-Cre mice together with AAV viruses containing a conditional fluorescent reporter (tdTomato) we could also show that Cre expression is largely restricted to two functionally distinct sensory neuron types in the adult ganglia. Cav3.2 positive neurons innervating the skin were found to only form lanceolate endings on hair follicles and are probably identical to D-hair receptors. A second population of nociceptive sensory neurons expressing the Cav3.2 gene was found to be positive for the calcitonin-gene related peptide but these neurons are deep tissue nociceptors that do not innervate the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinth A Bernal Sierra
- Department of Neuroscience, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia Haseleu
- Department of Neuroscience, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexey Kozlenkov
- Department of Neuroscience, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin, Germany
| | - Valérie Bégay
- Department of Neuroscience, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin, Germany
| | - Gary R Lewin
- Department of Neuroscience, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin, Germany
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69
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Boghdadi AG, Teo L, Bourne JA. The Involvement of the Myelin-Associated Inhibitors and Their Receptors in CNS Plasticity and Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:1831-1846. [PMID: 28229330 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0433-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The limited capacity for the central nervous system (CNS) to repair itself was first described over 100 years ago by Spanish neuroscientist Ramon Y. Cajal. However, the exact mechanisms underlying this failure in neuronal regeneration remain unclear and, as such, no effective therapeutics yet exist. Numerous studies have attempted to elucidate the biochemical and molecular mechanisms that inhibit neuronal repair with increasing evidence suggesting that several inhibitory factors and repulsive guidance cues active during development actually persist into adulthood and may be contributing to the inhibition of repair. For example, in the injured adult CNS, there are various inhibitory factors that impede the outgrowth of neurites from damaged neurons. One of the most potent of these neurite outgrowth inhibitors is the group of proteins known as the myelin-associated inhibitors (MAIs), present mainly on the membranes of oligodendroglia. Several studies have shown that interfering with these proteins can have positive outcomes in CNS injury models by promoting neurite outgrowth and improving functional recovery. As such, the MAIs, their receptors, and downstream effectors are valid drug targets for the treatment of CNS injury. This review will discuss the current literature on MAIs in the context of CNS development, plasticity, and injury. Molecules that interfere with the MAIs and their receptors as potential candidates for the treatment of CNS injury will additionally be introduced in the context of preclinical and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony G Boghdadi
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, 15 Innovation Walk (Building 75), Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Leon Teo
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, 15 Innovation Walk (Building 75), Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - James A Bourne
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, 15 Innovation Walk (Building 75), Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
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Abstract
Autonomic dysreflexia (AD) is a serious cardiovascular disorder in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI). The primary underlying cause of AD is loss of supraspinal control over sympathetic preganglionic neurons (SPNs) caudal to the injury, which renders the SPNs hyper-responsive to stimulation. Central maladaptive plasticity, including C-fiber sprouting and propriospinal fiber proliferation exaggerates noxious afferent transmission to the SPNs, causing them to release massive sympathetic discharges that result in severe hypertensive episodes. In parallel, upregulated peripheral vascular sensitivity following SCI exacerbates the hypertensive response by augmenting gastric and pelvic vasoconstriction. Currently, the majority of clinically employed treatments for AD involve anti-hypertensive medications and Botox injections to the bladder. Although these approaches mitigate the severity of AD, they only yield transient effects and target the effector organs, rather than addressing the primary issue of central sympathetic dysregulation. As such, strategies that aim to restore supraspinal reinnervation of SPNs to improve cardiovascular sympathetic regulation are likely more effective for AD. Recent pre-clinical investigations show that cell transplantation therapy is efficacious in reestablishing spinal sympathetic connections and improving hemodynamic performance, which holds promise as a potential therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisham Sharif
- Spinal Cord Research Center, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shaoping Hou
- Spinal Cord Research Center, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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71
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Arcourt A, Gorham L, Dhandapani R, Prato V, Taberner FJ, Wende H, Gangadharan V, Birchmeier C, Heppenstall PA, Lechner SG. Touch Receptor-Derived Sensory Information Alleviates Acute Pain Signaling and Fine-Tunes Nociceptive Reflex Coordination. Neuron 2016; 93:179-193. [PMID: 27989460 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Painful mechanical stimuli activate multiple peripheral sensory afferent subtypes simultaneously, including nociceptors and low-threshold mechanoreceptors (LTMRs). Using an optogenetic approach, we demonstrate that LTMRs do not solely serve as touch receptors but also play an important role in acute pain signaling. We show that selective activation of neuropeptide Y receptor-2-expressing (Npy2r) myelinated A-fiber nociceptors evokes abnormally exacerbated pain, which is alleviated by concurrent activation of LTMRs in a frequency-dependent manner. We further show that spatial summation of single action potentials from multiple NPY2R-positive afferents is sufficient to trigger nocifensive paw withdrawal, but additional simultaneous sensory input from LTMRs is required for normal well-coordinated execution of this reflex. Thus, our results show that combinatorial coding of noxious and tactile sensory input is required for normal acute mechanical pain signaling. Additionally, we established a causal link between precisely defined neural activity in functionally identified sensory neuron subpopulations and nocifensive behavior and pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Arcourt
- Institute of Pharmacology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Louise Gorham
- Institute of Pharmacology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Vincenzo Prato
- Institute of Pharmacology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Francisco J Taberner
- Institute of Pharmacology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hagen Wende
- Institute of Pharmacology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Max-Delbrueck-Center (MDC) for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Roessle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Vijayan Gangadharan
- Institute of Pharmacology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carmen Birchmeier
- Max-Delbrueck-Center (MDC) for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Roessle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Stefan G Lechner
- Institute of Pharmacology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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72
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Fadda A, Bärtschi M, Hemphill A, Widmer HR, Zurbriggen A, Perona P, Vidondo B, Oevermann A. Primary Postnatal Dorsal Root Ganglion Culture from Conventionally Slaughtered Calves. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168228. [PMID: 27936156 PMCID: PMC5148591 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurological disorders in ruminants have an important impact on veterinary health, but very few host-specific in vitro models have been established to study diseases affecting the nervous system. Here we describe a primary neuronal dorsal root ganglia (DRG) culture derived from calves after being conventionally slaughtered for food consumption. The study focuses on the in vitro characterization of bovine DRG cell populations by immunofluorescence analysis. The effects of various growth factors on neuron viability, neurite outgrowth and arborisation were evaluated by morphological analysis. Bovine DRG neurons are able to survive for more than 4 weeks in culture. GF supplementation is not required for neuronal survival and neurite outgrowth. However, exogenously added growth factors promote neurite outgrowth. DRG cultures from regularly slaughtered calves represent a promising and sustainable host specific model for the investigation of pain and neurological diseases in bovines.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Fadda
- Division of Neurological Sciences, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - M. Bärtschi
- Division of Neurological Sciences, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - A. Hemphill
- Institute for Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - H. R. Widmer
- Neurocenter and Regenerative Neuroscience Cluster, University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - A. Zurbriggen
- Division of Neurological Sciences, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - P. Perona
- School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - B. Vidondo
- Veterinary Public Health Institute (VPHI), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - A. Oevermann
- Division of Neurological Sciences, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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73
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Khodorova A, Nicol GD, Strichartz G. The TrkA receptor mediates experimental thermal hyperalgesia produced by nerve growth factor: Modulation by the p75 neurotrophin receptor. Neuroscience 2016; 340:384-397. [PMID: 27826102 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.10.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) and its activation of the sphingomyelin signaling cascade are essential for mechanical hypersensitivity resulting from locally injected nerve growth factor (NGF). Here the roles of the same effectors, and of the tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrkA) receptor, are evaluated for thermal hyperalgesia from NGF. Sensitivity of rat hind paw plantar skin to thermal stimulation after local sub-cutaneous injection of NGF (500ng) was measured by the latency for paw withdrawal (PWL) from a radiant heat source. PWL was reduced from baseline values at 0.5-22h by ∼40% from that in naïve or vehicle-injected rats, and recovered to pre-injection levels by 48h. Local pre-injection with a p75NTR blocking antibody did not affect the acute thermal hyperalgesia (0.5-3.5h) but hastened its recovery so that it had reversed to baseline by 22h. In addition, GW4869 (2mM), an inhibitor of the neutral sphingomyelinase (nSMase) that is an enzyme in the p75NTR pathway, also failed to prevent thermal hyperalgesia. However, C2-ceramide, an analog of the ceramide produced by sphingomyelinase, did cause thermal hyperalgesia. Injection of an anti-TrkA antibody known to promote dimerization and activation of that receptor, independent of NGF, also caused thermal hyperalgesia, and prevented the further reduction of PWL from subsequently injected NGF. A non-specific inhibitor of tropomyosin receptor kinases, K252a, prevented thermal hyperalgesia from NGF, but not that from the anti-TrkA antibody. These findings suggest that the TrkA receptor has a predominant role in thermal hypersensitivity induced by NGF, while p75NTR and its pathway intermediates serve a modulatory role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla Khodorova
- Pain Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Grant D Nicol
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Gary Strichartz
- Pain Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Abstract
Isolectin B4-binding (IB4+) dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons are distinct from peptidergic DRG neurons in their terminal location in the spinal cord and respective contributions to various classes and modalities of nociception. In DRG neurons innervating the mouse colon (c-DRG neurons), the reported proportion of IB4+ population is inconsistent across studies, and little is known regarding their role in colorectal mechanonociception. To address these issues, in C57BL/6J mice, we quantified IB4+ binding after labeling c-DRG neurons with Fast Blue and examined functional consequences of ablating these neurons by IB4-conjugated saporin. Sixty-one percent of Fast Blue-labeled neurons in the L6 DRG were IB4+, and 95% of these IB4+ c-DRG neurons were peptidergic. Intrathecal administration of IB4-conjugated saporin reduced the proportion of IB4+ c-DRG neurons to 37%, which was due to the loss of c-DRG neurons showing strong to medium IB4+ intensity; c-DRG neurons with weak IB4+ intensity were spared. However, this loss altered neither nociceptive behaviors to colorectal distension nor the relative proportions of stretch-sensitive colorectal afferent classes characterized by single-fiber recordings. These findings demonstrate that more than 1 half of viscerosensory L6 c-DRG neurons in C57BL/6J mouse are IB4+ and suggest, in contrast to the reported roles of IB4+/nonpeptidergic neurons in cutaneous mechanonociception, c-DRG neurons with strong-to-medium IB4+ intensity do not play a significant role in colorectal mechanonociception.
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Nociceptive phenotype alterations of dorsal root ganglia neurons innervating the subchondral bone in osteoarthritic rat knee joints. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2016; 24:1596-603. [PMID: 27085969 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Subchondral bone plays a role in generating knee joint pain in osteoarthritis (OA). The objective of this study was to clarify nociceptive phenotype alterations of subchondral bone afferents of the distal femur in mono-iodoacetate (MIA)-induced OA rats. METHODS OA was induced by intra-articular injection of MIA in rats. Two different retrograde tracers were separately injected into the knee joint cavity and the subchondral bone to identify joint and subchondral bone afferents. Immunohistochemistry was used at 2 weeks (early stage) and 6 weeks (advanced stage) after MIA injection to determine the expression of nociceptive markers (calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and tyrosine receptor kinase A (TrkA)) and the soma size distribution of CGRP-immunoreactive (IR) neurons. Histological subchondral bone and cartilage damage was scored according to the Osteoarthritis Research Society International grading system. Pain-related behavior was evaluated using weight distribution and mechanical sensitivity of the hind paw. RESULTS OA caused an up-regulation of CGRP, TrkA and enlargement of soma size of CGRP-IR neurons in both joint and subchondral bone afferents. CGRP and TrkA expression in subchondral bone afferents gradually increased over 6 weeks. Furthermore, up-regulation of CGRP and TrkA in subchondral bone afferents displayed a strong correlation with the subchondral bone damage score. CONCLUSION Up-regulation of nociceptive markers in subchondral bone afferents correlated with subchondral bone damage, suggesting that subchondral bone is a therapeutic target, especially in the case of advanced stage knee OA. In particular, CGRP and TrkA are potentially molecular therapeutic targets to treat joint pain associated with subchondral lesions.
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76
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Sakuma Y, Miyagi M, Inoue G, Ishikawa T, Kamoda H, Yamauchi K, Orita S, Suzuki M, Oikawa Y, Inage K, Kubota G, Sainoh T, Sato J, Takahashi K, Ohtori S. Muscle injury in rats induces upregulation of inflammatory cytokines in injured muscle and calcitonin gene-related peptide in dorsal root ganglia innervating the injured muscle. Muscle Nerve 2016; 54:776-82. [PMID: 26930007 PMCID: PMC5113796 DOI: 10.1002/mus.25092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: In this study we evaluated the relationships among the behavioral changes after muscle injury, histological changes, changes in inflammatory cytokines in the injured muscle, and changes in the sensory nervous system innervating the muscle in rats. Methods: We established a model of muscle injury in rats using a dropped weight. Behavior was assessed using the CatWalk system. Subsequently, bilateral gastrocnemius muscles and dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) were resected. Muscles were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and inflammatory cytokines in injured muscles were assayed. DRGs were immunostained for calcitonin gene–related peptide (CGRP). Results: Changes of behavior and upregulation of inflammatory cytokines in injured muscles subsided within 2 days of injury. Repaired tissue was observed 3 weeks after injury. However, upregulation of CGRP in DRG neurons continued for 2 weeks after injury. Conclusion: These findings may explain in part the pathological mechanism of persistent muscle pain. Muscle Nerve54: 776–782, 2016
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Sakuma
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.
| | - Masayuki Miyagi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Gen Inoue
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kitasato University, School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Tetsuhiro Ishikawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Hiroto Kamoda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Kazuyo Yamauchi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Sumihisa Orita
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Miyako Suzuki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Oikawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Inage
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Go Kubota
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sainoh
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Jun Sato
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Takahashi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Seiji Ohtori
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
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The Characterization of AT 1 Expression in the Dorsal Root Ganglia After Chronic Constriction Injury. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2016; 37:545-554. [PMID: 27319015 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-016-0396-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
To clarify the role of Angiotensin II in the regulation of sensory signaling, we characterized the AT1 expression in neuronal subpopulation of lower lumbar dorsal root ganglia under normal conditions and its alteration in neuropathic pain model. The characterization of AT1 expression was done under control and after the chronic constriction injury induced by four loose ligatures of the sciatic nerve representing the model of posttraumatic painful peripheral neuropathy. Major Angiotensin II receptor type was expressed in approximately 43 % of small-sized and 62 % of large-sized neurons in control. The AT1 overexpression after sciatic nerve ligation lasting 7 days was detected predominantly in small-sized AT1 immunoreactive neurons (about 38 % increase). Chronic constriction injury caused a statistically marked increase in number of the small-sized peptidergic (CGRP immunoreactive) neuronal subpopulation expressing AT1 (about 64 %). The subpopulations of AT1-immunoreactive and nonpeptide-containing primary sensory neurons revealed by IB4 binding, tyrosine hydroxylase- and parvalbumin-immunoreactive neurons were not markedly changed. Our results indicate that: (1) the AT1 overexpression after the chronic constriction injury is an important factor in Angiotensin II-potentiated pain perception; (2) Angiotensin II is involved in pathological mechanisms of neuropathic pain and this effect can be mediated perhaps in combination with other neuropeptides synthesized in the primary sensory neurons.
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78
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Miyagi M, Ishikawa T, Kamoda H, Suzuki M, Inoue G, Sakuma Y, Oikawa Y, Uchida K, Suzuki T, Takahashi K, Takaso M, Ohtori S. The efficacy of nerve growth factor antibody in a mouse model of neuropathic cancer pain. Exp Anim 2016; 65:337-343. [PMID: 27194075 PMCID: PMC5111836 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.16-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic cancer pain is caused by tumors compressing the spinal nerve roots and is
usually difficult to treat. The aim of current study was to determine the influence of NGF
antibody on pain-related markers and behavior in a mouse model of neuropathic cancer pain.
Twenty mice were used to model neuropathic cancer pain by applying murine sarcoma cells to
their left sciatic nerve. Ten mice were sham operated. Two weeks after surgery, the murine
sarcoma-affected mice were allocated randomly into treatment groups receiving either
sterile saline (saline group) or an anti-nerve growth factor antibody (anti-NGF group).
Three weeks after surgery (a week after treatment), the pain-related behavior of mice was
evaluated using a CatWalk system. Subsequently, bilateral dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) from
the L4–L6 levels and spinal cords at L4–L6 levels were resected. DRGs were immunostained
for calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and activating transcription factor 3 (ATF-3),
and spinal cords were immunostained for ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule-1
(iba-1). Mechanical allodynia was observed in mice from the saline group and was improved
in mice from the anti-NGF group. CGRP and ATF-3-immunoreactivity in DRGs and microglia
expression in the spinal dorsal horn were upregulated in the saline group compared with
the sham group, and they were suppressed in the anti-NGF group compared with the saline
group (P<0.05). These findings suggest that anti-NGF therapy might be
valuable for treating neuropathic cancer pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Miyagi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kitasato University, School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara city, Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan
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79
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Nojima D, Inage K, Sakuma Y, Sato J, Orita S, Yamauchi K, Eguchi Y, Ochiai N, Kuniyoshi K, Aoki Y, Nakamura J, Miyagi M, Suzuki M, Kubota G, Sainoh T, Fujimoto K, Shiga Y, Abe K, Kanamoto H, Inoue G, Takahashi K, Ohtori S. Efficacy of Anti-NaV1.7 Antibody on the Sensory Nervous System in a Rat Model of Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Injury. Yonsei Med J 2016; 57:748-53. [PMID: 26996577 PMCID: PMC4800367 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2016.57.3.748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The pathophysiology of discogenic low back pain is not fully understood. Tetrodotoxin-sensitive voltage-gated sodium (NaV) channels are associated with primary sensory nerve transmission, and the NaV1.7 channel has emerged as an analgesic target. Previously, we found increased NaV1.7 expression in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons innervating injured discs. This study aimed to examine the effect of blocking NaV1.7 on sensory nerves after disc injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rat DRG neurons innervating the L5/6 disc were labeled with Fluoro-Gold (FG) neurotracer. Twenty-four rats underwent intervertebral disc puncture (puncture group) and 12 rats underwent sham surgery (non-puncture group). The injury group was divided into a saline infusion group (puncture+saline group) and a NaV1.7 inhibition group, injected with anti-NaV1.7 antibody (puncture+anti-NaV1.7 group); n=12 per group. Seven and 14 days post-surgery, L1 to L6 DRGs were harvested and immunostained for calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) (an inflammatory pain marker), and the proportion of CGRP-immunoreactive (IR) DRG neurons of all FG-positive neurons was evaluated. RESULTS The ratio of CGRP-IR DRG neurons to total FG-labeled neurons in the puncture+saline group significantly increased at 7 and 14 days, compared with the non-puncture group, respectively (p<0.05). Application of anti-NaV1.7 into the disc significantly decreased the ratio of CGRP-IR DRG neurons to total FG-labeled neurons after disc puncture at 7 and 14 days (40% and 37%, respectively; p<0.05). CONCLUSION NaV1.7 antibody suppressed CGRP expression in disc DRG neurons. Anti-NaV1.7 antibody is a potential therapeutic target for pain control in patients with lumbar disc degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Nojima
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Inage
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sakuma
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Jun Sato
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Sumihisa Orita
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazuyo Yamauchi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yawara Eguchi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Nobuyasu Ochiai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazuki Kuniyoshi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yasuchika Aoki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Junichi Nakamura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masayuki Miyagi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Miyako Suzuki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Gou Kubota
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sainoh
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazuki Fujimoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Shiga
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Koki Abe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hirohito Kanamoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Gen Inoue
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Takahashi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Seiji Ohtori
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
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Abstract
Diabetic neuropathy is a common secondary complication of diabetes that impacts on patient's health and well-being. Distal axon degeneration is a key feature of diabetic neuropathy, but the pathological changes which underlie axonal die-back are incompletely understood; despite decades of research a treatment has not yet been identified. Basic research must focus on understanding the complex mechanisms underlying changes that occur in the nervous system during diabetes. To this end, tissue culture techniques are invaluable as they enable researchers to examine the intricate mechanistic responses of cells to high glucose or other factors in order to better understand the pathogenesis of nerve dysfunction. This chapter describes the use of in vitro models to study a wide range of specific cellular effects pertaining to diabetic neuropathy including apoptosis, neurite outgrowth, neurodegeneration, activity, and bioenergetics. We consider problems associated with in vitro modeling and future refinement such as use of induced pluripotent stem cells and microfluidic technology.
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81
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Sleigh JN, Weir GA, Schiavo G. A simple, step-by-step dissection protocol for the rapid isolation of mouse dorsal root ganglia. BMC Res Notes 2016; 9:82. [PMID: 26864470 PMCID: PMC4750296 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-016-1915-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The cell bodies of sensory neurons, which transmit information from the external environment to the spinal cord, can be found at all levels of the spinal column in paired structures called dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Rodent DRG neurons have long been studied in the laboratory to improve understanding of sensory nerve development and function, and have been instrumental in determining mechanisms underlying pain and neurodegeneration in disorders of the peripheral nervous system. Here, we describe a simple, step-by-step protocol for the swift isolation of mouse DRG, which can be enzymatically dissociated to produce fully differentiated primary neuronal cultures, or processed for downstream analyses, such as immunohistochemistry or RNA profiling. Findings After dissecting out the spinal column, from the base of the skull to the level of the femurs, it can be cut down the mid-line and the spinal cord and meninges removed, before extracting the DRG and detaching unwanted axons. This protocol allows the easy and rapid isolation of DRG with minimal practice and dissection experience. The process is both faster and less technically challenging than extracting the ganglia from the in situ column after performing a dorsal laminectomy. Conclusions This approach reduces the time required to collect DRG, thereby improving efficiency, permitting less opportunity for tissue deterioration, and, ultimately, increasing the chances of generating healthy primary DRG cultures or high quality, reproducible experiments using DRG tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- James N Sleigh
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1 N 3BG, UK.
| | - Greg A Weir
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.
| | - Giampietro Schiavo
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1 N 3BG, UK.
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Yamaguchi T, Ochiai N, Sasaki Y, Kijima T, Hashimoto E, Sasaki Y, Kenmoku T, Yamazaki H, Miyagi M, Ohtori S, Takahashi K. Efficacy of hyaluronic acid or steroid injections for the treatment of a rat model of rotator cuff injury. J Orthop Res 2015; 33:1861-7. [PMID: 26147720 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated dorsal root ganglia from C3-C7, analyzed gait, and compared the expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) which was a marker of inflammatory pain in a rat rotator cuff tear model in which the supraspinatus and infraspinatus tendons were detached; comparisons were made to a sham group in which only the tendons were exposed. Fluorogold was injected into the glenohumeral joint 21 days after surgery in both groups, and saline, steroids, or hyaluronic acid was injected into the glenohumeral joint in the rotator cuff tear group 26 days after surgery. The proportions of CGRP-immunoreactive neurons were higher and the gait parameters were impaired in the rotator cuff tear group compared to in the sham group. However, the CGRP expression was reduced and the gait was improved with steroid or hyaluronic acid injection compared to saline, suggesting that both hyaluronic acid and steroid injections suppressed of inflammation which thought to be provided pain relief. While there were no significant differences, the suppression of CGRP expression and the improved gait after hyaluronic acid and steroid injections suggested that both methods were effective for rat rotator cuff tear model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Yamaguchi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Nobuyasu Ochiai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yu Sasaki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takehiro Kijima
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Eiko Hashimoto
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Sasaki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tomonori Kenmoku
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hironori Yamazaki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chiba Medical Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masayuki Miyagi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Seiji Ohtori
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Takahashi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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83
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Bossowska A, Lepiarczyk E, Mazur U, Janikiewicz P, Markiewicz W. Botulinum toxin type A induces changes in the chemical coding of substance P-immunoreactive dorsal root ganglia sensory neurons supplying the porcine urinary bladder. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:4797-816. [PMID: 26580655 PMCID: PMC4663534 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7114797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Revised: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Botulinum toxin (BTX) is a potent neurotoxin which blocks acetylcholine release from nerve terminals, and therefore leads to cessation of somatic motor and/or parasympathetic transmission. Recently it has been found that BTX also interferes with sensory transmission, thus, the present study was aimed at investigating the neurochemical characterization of substance P-immunoreactive (SP-IR) bladder-projecting sensory neurons (BPSN) after the toxin treatment. Investigated neurons were visualized with retrograde tracing method and their chemical profile was disclosed with double-labelling immunohistochemistry using antibodies against SP, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), galanin (GAL), calbindin (CB), and somatostatin (SOM). In the control group (n = 6), 45% of the total population of BPSN were SP-IR. Nearly half of these neurons co-expressed PACAP or CGRP (45% and 35%, respectively), while co-localization of SP with GAL, nNOS, SOM or CB was found less frequently (3.7%, 1.8%, 1.2%, and 0.7%, respectively). In BTX-treated pigs (n = 6), toxin-injections caused a decrease in the number of SP-IR cells containing CGRP, SOM or CB (16.2%, 0.5%, and 0%, respectively) and a distinct increase in these nerve cells immunopositive to GAL (27.2%). The present study demonstrates that BTX significantly modifies the chemical phenotypes of SP-IR BPSN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Bossowska
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Warszawska 30, Olsztyn 10-082, Poland.
| | - Ewa Lepiarczyk
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Warszawska 30, Olsztyn 10-082, Poland.
| | - Urszula Mazur
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Warszawska 30, Olsztyn 10-082, Poland.
| | - Paweł Janikiewicz
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Warszawska 30, Olsztyn 10-082, Poland.
| | - Włodzimierz Markiewicz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, Olsztyn 10-719, Poland.
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84
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Early increasing-intensity treadmill exercise reduces neuropathic pain by preventing nociceptor collateral sprouting and disruption of chloride cotransporters homeostasis after peripheral nerve injury. Pain 2015; 156:1812-1825. [DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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85
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Development of nNOS-positive neurons in the rat sensory ganglia after capsaicin treatment. Brain Res 2015; 1618:212-21. [PMID: 26054303 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
To gain a better understanding of the neuroplasticity of afferent neurons during postnatal ontogenesis, the distribution of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) immunoreactivity was studied in the nodose ganglion (NG) and Th2 and L4 dorsal root ganglia (DRG) from vehicle-treated and capsaicin-treated female Wistar rats at different ages (10-day-old, 20-day-old, 30-day-old, and two-month-old). The percentage of nNOS-immunoreactive (IR) neurons decreased after capsaicin treatment in all studied ganglia in first 20 days of life, from 55.4% to 36.9% in the Th2 DRG, from 54.6% to 26.1% in the L4 DRG and from 37.1% to 15.0% in the NG. However, in the NG, the proportion of nNOS-IR neurons increased after day 20, from 11.8% to 23.9%. In the sensory ganglia of all studied rats, a high proportion of nNOS-IR neurons bound isolectin B4. Approximately 90% of the sensory nNOS-IR neurons bound to IB4 in the DRG and approximately 80% in the NG in capsaicin-treated and vehicle-treated rats. In 10-day-old rats, a large number of nNOS-IR neurons also expressed TrkA, and the proportion of nNOS(+)/TrkA(+) neurons was larger in the capsaicin-treated rats compared with the vehicle-treated animals. During development, the percentage of nNOS(+)/TrkA(+) cells decreased in the first month of life in both groups. The information provided here will also serve as a basis for future studies investigating mechanisms of sensory neuron development.
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Herrity AN, Petruska JC, Stirling DP, Rau KK, Hubscher CH. The effect of spinal cord injury on the neurochemical properties of vagal sensory neurons. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2015; 308:R1021-33. [PMID: 25855310 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00445.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The vagus nerve is composed primarily of nonmyelinated sensory neurons whose cell bodies are located in the nodose ganglion (NG). The vagus has widespread projections that supply most visceral organs, including the bladder. Because of its nonspinal route, the vagus nerve itself is not directly damaged from spinal cord injury (SCI). Because most viscera, including bladder, are dually innervated by spinal and vagal sensory neurons, an impact of SCI on the sensory component of vagal circuitry may contribute to post-SCI visceral pathologies. To determine whether SCI, in male Wistar rats, might impact neurochemical characteristics of NG neurons, immunohistochemical assessments were performed for P2X3 receptor expression, isolectin B4 (IB4) binding, and substance P expression, three known injury-responsive markers in sensory neuronal subpopulations. In addition to examining the overall population of NG neurons, those innervating the urinary bladder also were assessed separately. All three of the molecular markers were represented in the NG from noninjured animals, with the majority of the neurons binding IB4. In the chronically injured rats, there was a significant increase in the number of NG neurons expressing P2X3 and a significant decrease in the number binding IB4 compared with noninjured animals, a finding that held true also for the bladder-innervating population. Overall, these results indicate that vagal afferents, including those innervating the bladder, display neurochemical plasticity post-SCI that may have implications for visceral homeostatic mechanisms and nociceptive signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- April N Herrity
- Department of Anatomical Sciences & Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky; Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Jeffrey C Petruska
- Department of Anatomical Sciences & Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky; Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - David P Stirling
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky; and
| | - Kristofer K Rau
- Department of Anatomical Sciences & Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky; Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky; Department of Anesthesiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Charles H Hubscher
- Department of Anatomical Sciences & Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky; Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky;
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87
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Ikeuchi M, Izumi M, Aso K, Sugimura N, Kato T, Tani T. Effects of intra‐articular hyaluronic acid injection on immunohistochemical characterization of joint afferents in a rat model of knee osteoarthritis. Eur J Pain 2015; 19:334-40. [DOI: 10.1002/ejp.551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Ikeuchi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Kochi Medical School Kochi University Nankoku Japan
| | - M. Izumi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Kochi Medical School Kochi University Nankoku Japan
| | - K. Aso
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Kochi Medical School Kochi University Nankoku Japan
| | - N. Sugimura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Kochi Medical School Kochi University Nankoku Japan
| | - T. Kato
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Kochi Medical School Kochi University Nankoku Japan
| | - T. Tani
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Kochi Medical School Kochi University Nankoku Japan
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88
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Wang ZY, Wang P, Bjorling DE. Activation of cannabinoid receptor 1 inhibits increased bladder activity induced by nerve growth factor. Neurosci Lett 2015; 589:19-24. [PMID: 25575795 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF) is an important mediator of inflammatory pain, in part by sensitizing afferent nerve fibers, and expression of NGF is increased during bladder inflammation. We investigated whether intravesical instillation of the selective cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) agonist arachidonyl-2'-chloroethylamide (ACEA) affects NGF-induced increased bladder activity in female C57BL/6J wild-type (WT) mice. We also examined the effects of intravesical NGF in female fatty acid amide hydrolase knock-out (FAAH KO) mice. We found that CB1 and tyrosine kinase A (trkA, the high-affinity NGF receptor) were present in L6 dorsal root ganglion (DRG) afferent neurons and in bladders of both genotypes. Intravesical NGF increased bladder activity that was inhibited by intravesical ACEA in WT mice. The inhibitory effects of ACEA were reversed by the selective CB1 antagonist AM 251. Intravesical NGF failed to affect bladder activity in FAAH KO mice, and treatment with AM251, restored the stimulatory effects of NGF on the bladder in FAAH KO mice. These results indicate that activation of CB1 inhibits increased bladder activity induced by NGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zun-Yi Wang
- Departments of Surgical Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Peiqing Wang
- Departments of Surgical Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Dale E Bjorling
- Departments of Surgical Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; Departments of Urology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
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89
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Abstract
Neuropathic pain often fails to respond to conventional pain management procedures. here we review the aetiology of neuropathic pain as would result from peripheral neuropathy or injury. We show that inflammatory mediators released from damaged nerves and tissue are responsible for triggering ectopic activity in primary afferents and that this, in turn, provokes increased spinal cord activity and the development of ‘central sensitization’. Although evidence is mounting to support the role of interleukin-1β, prostaglandins and other cytokines in the onset of neuropathic pain, the clinical efficacy of drugs which antagonize or prevent the actions of these mediators is yet to be determined. basic science findings do, however, support the use of pre-emptive analgesia during procedures which involve nerve manipulation and the use of anti-inflammatory steroids as soon as possible following traumatic nerve injury.
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90
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Hoyng SA, De Winter F, Gnavi S, de Boer R, Boon LI, Korvers LM, Tannemaat MR, Malessy MJ, Verhaagen J. A comparative morphological, electrophysiological and functional analysis of axon regeneration through peripheral nerve autografts genetically modified to overexpress BDNF, CNTF, GDNF, NGF, NT3 or VEGF. Exp Neurol 2014; 261:578-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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91
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Growth and Turning Properties of Adult Glial Cell–Derived Neurotrophic Factor Coreceptor α1 Nonpeptidergic Sensory Neurons. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2014; 73:820-36. [DOI: 10.1097/nen.0000000000000101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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92
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Masliukov PM, Korzina MB, Porseva VV, Bystrova EY, Nozdrachev AD. Age-dependent changes in the neurochemical properties of sensory neurons. ADVANCES IN GERONTOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s2079057014030047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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93
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Marvaldi L, Thongrong S, Kozłowska A, Irschick R, Pritz CO, Bäumer B, Ronchi G, Geuna S, Hausott B, Klimaschewski L. Enhanced axon outgrowth and improved long-distance axon regeneration in sprouty2 deficient mice. Dev Neurobiol 2014; 75:217-31. [PMID: 25104556 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Sprouty (Spry) proteins are negative feedback inhibitors of receptor tyrosine kinase signaling. Downregulation of Spry2 has been demonstrated to promote elongative axon growth of cultured peripheral and central neurons. Here, we analyzed Spry2 global knockout mice with respect to axon outgrowth in vitro and peripheral axon regeneration in vivo. Neurons dissociated from adult Spry2 deficient sensory ganglia revealed stronger extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation and enhanced axon outgrowth. Prominent axon elongation was observed in heterozygous Spry2(+/-) neuron cultures, whereas homozygous Spry2(-/-) neurons predominantly exhibited a branching phenotype. Following sciatic nerve crush, Spry2(+/-) mice recovered faster in motor but not sensory testing paradigms (Spry2(-/-) mice did not tolerate anesthesia required for nerve surgery). We attribute the improvement in the rotarod test to higher numbers of myelinated fibers in the regenerating sciatic nerve, higher densities of motor endplates in hind limb muscles and increased levels of GAP-43 mRNA, a downstream target of extracellular regulated kinase signaling. Conversely, homozygous Spry2(-/-) mice revealed enhanced mechanosensory function (von Frey's test) that was accompanied by an increased innervation of the epidermis, elevated numbers of nonmyelinated axons and more IB4-positive neurons in dorsal root ganglia. The present results corroborate the functional significance of receptor tyrosine kinase signaling inhibitors for axon outgrowth during development and nerve regeneration and propose Spry2 as a novel potential target for pharmacological inhibition to accelerate long-distance axon regeneration in injured peripheral nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Marvaldi
- Division of Neuroanatomy, Department of Anatomy and Histology, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
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Activation of CB1 inhibits NGF-induced sensitization of TRPV1 in adult mouse afferent neurons. Neuroscience 2014; 277:679-89. [PMID: 25088915 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1)-containing afferent neurons convey nociceptive signals and play an essential role in pain sensation. Exposure to nerve growth factor (NGF) rapidly increases TRPV1 activity (sensitization). In the present study, we investigated whether treatment with the selective cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) agonist arachidonyl-2'-chloroethylamide (ACEA) affects NGF-induced sensitization of TRPV1 in adult mouse dorsal root ganglion (DRG) afferent neurons. We found that CB1, NGF receptor tyrosine kinase A (trkA), and TRPV1 are present in cultured adult mouse small- to medium-sized afferent neurons and treatment with NGF (100ng/ml) for 30 min significantly increased the number of neurons that responded to capsaicin (as indicated by increased intracellular Ca(2 +) concentration). Pretreatment with the CB1 agonist ACEA (10nM) inhibited the NGF-induced response, and this effect of ACEA was reversed by a selective CB1 antagonist. Further, pretreatment with ACEA inhibited NGF-induced phosphorylation of AKT. Blocking PI3 kinase activity also attenuated the NGF-induced increase in the number of neurons that responded to capsaicin. Our results indicate that the analgesic effect of CB1 activation may in part be due to inhibition of NGF-induced sensitization of TRPV1 and also that the effect of CB1 activation is at least partly mediated by attenuation of NGF-induced increased PI3 signaling.
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95
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ISSLS Prize winner: Increased innervation and sensory nervous system plasticity in a mouse model of low back pain due to intervertebral disc degeneration. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2014; 39:1345-54. [PMID: 24718079 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0000000000000334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Immunohistochemical and behavioral study using the SPARC (secreted protein, acidic, rich in cysteine)-null mouse model of low back pain (LBP) associated with accelerated intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration. OBJECTIVE To determine if behavioral signs of LBP in SPARC-null mice are accompanied by sensory nervous system plasticity. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA IVD pathology is a significant contributor to chronic LBP. In humans and rodents, decreased expression of SPARC is associated with IVD degeneration. We previously reported that SPARC-null mice exhibit age-dependent behavioral signs of chronic axial LBP and radiating leg pain. METHODS SPARC-null and age-matched control young, middle-aged, and old mice (1.5, 6, and 24 mo of age, respectively) were evaluated. Cutaneous hind paw sensitivity to cold, heat, and mechanical stimuli were evaluated as measures of radiating pain. The grip force and tail suspension assays were performed to evaluate axial LBP. Motor impairment was assessed using an accelerating rotarod. IVD innervation was identified by immunohistochemistry targeting the nerve fiber marker PGP9.5 and the sensory neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). Sensory nervous system plasticity was evaluated by quantification of CGRP- and neuropeptide-Y-immunoreactivity (-ir) in dorsal root ganglia neurons and CGRP-ir, GFAP-ir (astrocyte marker), and Iba-1-ir (microglia marker) in the spinal cord. RESULTS SPARC-null mice developed hypersensitivity to cold, axial discomfort, age-dependent motor impairment, age-dependent increases in sensory innervation in and around the IVDs, age-dependent upregulation of CGRP and neuropeptide-Y in dorsal root ganglia, and age-dependent upregulation of CGRP, microglia, and astrocytes in the spinal cord dorsal horn. CONCLUSION Increased innervation of degenerating IVDs by sensory nerve fibers and the neuroplasticity in sensory neurons and spinal cord could contribute to the underlying pathobiology of chronic discogenic LBP. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE N/A.
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96
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Tomotsuka N, Kaku R, Obata N, Matsuoka Y, Kanzaki H, Taniguchi A, Muto N, Omiya H, Itano Y, Sato T, Ichikawa H, Mizobuchi S, Morimatsu H. Up-regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the dorsal root ganglion of the rat bone cancer pain model. J Pain Res 2014; 7:415-23. [PMID: 25050075 PMCID: PMC4103927 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s63527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastatic bone cancer causes severe pain, but current treatments often provide insufficient pain relief. One of the reasons is that mechanisms underlying bone cancer pain are not solved completely. Our previous studies have shown that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), known as a member of the neurotrophic family, is an important molecule in the pathological pain state in some pain models. We hypothesized that expression changes of BDNF may be one of the factors related to bone cancer pain; in this study, we investigated changes of BDNF expression in dorsal root ganglia in a rat bone cancer pain model. As we expected, BDNF mRNA (messenger ribonucleic acid) and protein were significantly increased in L3 dorsal root ganglia after intra-tibial inoculation of MRMT-1 rat breast cancer cells. Among the eleven splice-variants of BDNF mRNA, exon 1–9 variant increased predominantly. Interestingly, the up-regulation of BDNF is localized in small neurons (mostly nociceptive neurons) but not in medium or large neurons (non-nociceptive neurons). Further, expression of nerve growth factor (NGF), which is known as a specific promoter of BDNF exon 1–9 variant, was significantly increased in tibial bone marrow. Our findings suggest that BDNF is a key molecule in bone cancer pain, and NGF-BDNF cascade possibly develops bone cancer pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Tomotsuka
- Department of Anesthesiology and Resuscitology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ryuji Kaku
- Department of Anesthesiology and Resuscitology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Norihiko Obata
- Department of Anesthesiology and Resuscitology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Matsuoka
- Department of Anesthesiology and Resuscitology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Kanzaki
- Department of Pharmacy, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Arata Taniguchi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Resuscitology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Noriko Muto
- Department of Anesthesiology and Resuscitology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hiroki Omiya
- Department of Anesthesiology and Resuscitology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yoshitaro Itano
- Department of Anesthesiology and Resuscitology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tadasu Sato
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Anatomy, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ichikawa
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Anatomy, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Satoshi Mizobuchi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Resuscitology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Morimatsu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Resuscitology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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97
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Inhibiting IκB kinase-β downregulates inflammatory cytokines in injured discs and neuropeptides in dorsal root ganglia innervating injured discs in rats. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2014; 39:1171-7. [PMID: 24825147 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0000000000000374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Quantitative and immunohistological analysis of the efficacy of an IκB kinase-β (IKKβ) inhibitor in an injured intervertebral disc (IVD) model. OBJECTIVE To elucidate the efficacy of an IKKβ inhibitor on inflammatory cytokine levels in injured IVDs or on neuropeptide levels in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons innervating injured IVDs in rats. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Multiple studies have suggested that upregulation of inflammatory cytokines in damaged IVDs causes discogenic low back pain. The efficacy of blocking individual inflammatory cytokines is limited; however, inflammatory cytokine stimuli often require IKKβ to activate nuclear factor-k B. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 3 groups: sham, saline (disc-injury plus saline), and IKKβ (disc-injury plus anti-IKKβ). To induce injury, IVDs were repeatedly punctured.Experiment 1: Four, 7, and 14 days postinjury, coccygeal (Co) 5/6, Co6/7, and Co7/8 IVDs were resected and tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 levels were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Experiment 2: The neurotracer Fluoro-Gold was injected into injured L5-L6 IVDs and uninjured sham group IVDs to detect DRG neurons. One week postsurgery, L1-L6 DRGs were immunolabeled with the neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide. The proportions of Fluoro-Gold-labeled calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactive DRG neurons were assessed. RESULTS Experiment 1: IVD levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (through 2 wk), IL-1β (at 4 d), and IL-6 (at 4 d) were significantly higher in the saline group than in the sham group, and significantly lower in the IKKβ group than in the saline group (P < 0.05). Experiment 2: The percentage of calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactive Fluoro-Gold-labeled DRG neurons was significantly higher in the saline group than in the sham group, and significantly lower in the IKKβ group than in the saline group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Injury-induced upregulation of inflammatory cytokines within IVDs and increased levels of neuropeptides within DRG neurons can be suppressed by inhibiting IKKβ. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE N/A.
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98
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Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Immunohistological analysis of the cervical dorsal root ganglia (DRG). OBJECTIVE To investigate immunohistologically in rats whether intradiscal administration of anti-nerve growth factor (NGF) antibody in injured cervical intervertebral discs (IVDs) suppresses pain-related peptide expression in DRG neurons. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Neck pain can involve the entire neck and become chronic and intractable. Cervical disc degeneration is a primary cause of neck pain, and pain-related mediators, such as NGF, have been correlated with discogenic pain. METHODS We examined Sprague-Dawley rats that received 10 punctures in the C5-C6 IVD, and were treated with saline (puncture group) or an anti-NGF antibody (anti-NGF group). The retrograde neurotracer Fluoro-Gold (FG) was then injected into the C5-C6 IVD. In addition, we examined a sham group that did not receive punctures (disc nonpuncture). The C2-C7 DRG were harvested 1 week after surgery and immunostained for calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), a marker for peptide-containing neurons. We determined for each group the percentages of FG-labeled DRG neurons that were CGRP-immunoreactive (CGRP-ir). RESULTS FG-labeled neurons innervating the C5-C6 IVD were found in all C2-C7 DRG examined. The percentage of FG-labeled CGRP-ir DRG neurons in the puncture group was significantly higher than that observed in the sham (P < 0.001) and anti-NGF groups (P < 0.001), but there was no significant difference between the sham and anti-NGF groups (P > 0.05). Therefore, intradiscal administration of anti-NGF antibody suppressed CGRP expression the cervical DRG. CONCLUSION Neurons located in the C2-C7 DRG innervated the C5-C6 IVD. These findings indicate that neck pain may be derived from degenerated IVDs. Furthermore, intradiscal administration of anti-NGF antibody suppressed CGRP expression in the cervical DRG innervating the injured IVD. Therefore, inhibiting NGF upregulation in the cervical IVD may be an efficient treatment for discogenic neck pain. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE N/A.
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99
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Chen B, Zhao L, Li X, Ji YS, Li N, Xu XF, Chen ZY. Syntaxin 8 modulates the post-synthetic trafficking of the TrkA receptor and inflammatory pain transmission. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:19556-69. [PMID: 24872407 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.567925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF) promotes the survival, maintenance, and neurite outgrowth of sensory and sympathetic neurons, and the effects are mediated by TrkA receptor signaling. Thus, the cell surface location of the TrkA receptor is crucial for NGF-mediated functions. However, the regulatory mechanism underlying TrkA cell surface levels remains incompletely understood. In this study, we identified syntaxin 8 (STX8), a Q-SNARE protein, as a novel TrkA-binding protein. Overexpression and knockdown studies showed that STX8 facilitates TrkA transport from the Golgi to the plasma membrane and regulates the surface levels of TrkA but not TrkB receptors. Furthermore, STX8 modulates downstream NGF-induced TrkA signaling and, consequently, the survival of NGF-dependent dorsal root ganglia neurons. Finally, knockdown of STX8 in rat dorsal root ganglia by recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 6-mediated RNA interference led to analgesic effects on formalin-induced inflammatory pain. These findings demonstrate that STX8 is a modulator of TrkA cell surface levels and biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Chen
- From the Department of Neurobiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Number 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- From the Department of Neurobiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Number 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Xian Li
- From the Department of Neurobiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Number 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Yun-Song Ji
- From the Department of Neurobiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Number 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Na Li
- From the Department of Neurobiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Number 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Xu-Feng Xu
- From the Department of Neurobiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Number 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Zhe-Yu Chen
- From the Department of Neurobiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Number 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
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100
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Astrocyte-encoded positional cues maintain sensorimotor circuit integrity. Nature 2014; 509:189-94. [PMID: 24776795 PMCID: PMC4057936 DOI: 10.1038/nature13161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes, the most abundant cells in the central nervous system, promote synapse formation and help refine neural connectivity. Although they are allocated to spatially distinct regional domains during development, it is unknown whether region-restricted astrocytes are functionally heterogeneous. Here we show that postnatal spinal cord astrocytes express several region-specific genes, and that ventral astrocyte-encoded Semaphorin3a (Sema3a) is required for proper motor neuron and sensory neuron circuit organization. Loss of astrocyte-encoded Sema3a led to dysregulated α–motor neuron axon initial segment orientation, markedly abnormal synaptic inputs, and selective death of α–but not of adjacent γ–motor neurons. Additionally, a subset of TrkA+ sensory afferents projected to ectopic ventral positions. These findings demonstrate that stable maintenance of a positional cue by developing astrocytes influences multiple aspects of sensorimotor circuit formation. More generally, they suggest that regional astrocyte heterogeneity may help to coordinate postnatal neural circuit refinement.
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