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Takeuhi M, Katagiri K. Effects of workplace ageism on negative perception of aging and subjective well-being of older adults according to gender and employment status. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2024; 24 Suppl 1:259-265. [PMID: 38357840 DOI: 10.1111/ggi.14819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
AIM According to stereotype embodiment theory, workplace ageism can worsen older adults' self-perceptions of aging and subjective well-being. However, there has been little research on gender differences in this regard. This study examined the effects of workplace ageism on attitudes toward aging and subjective well-being according to gender and employment status. METHODS We carried out an online survey of 600 participants aged 60-74 years in October 2021. Participants were equally divided into women who had worked full-time, women who had worked part-time and men who had worked full-time, and further divided by current employment status, forming a total of six groups for comparison. RESULTS A total of 75% of the participants perceived some form of workplace ageism. Structural equation modeling showed that, for men and women in full-time employment, workplace ageism was associated with a negative self-perception of aging and poor subjective well-being, the effect of which was strong among those currently employed and weak among those who had retired. For women working part-time, the impact of workplace ageism on subjective well-being was stronger among those who were currently unemployed. CONCLUSION Workplace ageism exacerbates older adults' self-perception of aging and decreases their subjective well-being. Women working part-time might quit their jobs when their subjective well-being worsens due to workplace ageism. Therefore, it is necessary to create a workplace environment that is comfortable for older workers and free of ageism. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2024; 24: 259-265.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masumi Takeuhi
- Graduate School for Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiko Katagiri
- Graduate School for Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
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Henry JD, Coundouris SP, Nangle MR. Breaking the links between ageism and health: An integrated perspective. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 95:102212. [PMID: 38307423 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Ageism refers to prejudice, stereotypes or discrimination based on a person's actual or perceived chronological age. While ageism can affect people at all stages of the human lifespan, ageism against older adults has emerged as the most pervasive and potentially harmful. Much is now understood about how ageism can impact older people's health and wellbeing via structural, organisational, and provider level biases that threaten the provision of equitable and ethical healthcare. Negative attitudes about age and ageing also contribute to workforce shortages in aged care sectors, such as residential aged care and nursing. However, often underappreciated is how self-directed ageism, which refers to ageism turned against oneself, can also be an important determinant of health and wellbeing. Relative to external sources of ageism, negative internalised ageist beliefs are not only experienced more frequently in older adults' everyday lives, but are also more strongly linked to their health and wellbeing. Here we highlight how this understanding means that eliminating ageism requires a multifaceted approach that targets not only health care systems and aged care professionals, but older people themselves. Because normal age-related cognitive changes in how we think, perceive and reason increase the risk of older people viewing themselves through a negative and ageist lens, we provide a novel discussion of how broader insights from cognitive ageing literature must play a central role in any agenda focused on breaking the links between ageism and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie D Henry
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - Sarah P Coundouris
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Matthew R Nangle
- School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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53
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Lin L, Liao S, Yan Z, Liu C, Wang Q, Wang F. The Level of Expectations Regarding Aging Among Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2024; 25:410-416. [PMID: 37806319 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2023.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To systematically review the level of expectations regarding aging (ERA) among older adults. DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Adults aged 60 years and older in any setting. METHODS We searched 11 databases for cross-sectional studies that reported ERA scores among older adults using the ERA survey from inception to May 1, 2022, without language restrictions. Two researchers independently selected studies, extracted data, and assessed quality. The mean scores and standard deviations of the ERA survey and its subscales were pooled using the Stata software (version 17.0). RESULTS Twelve studies with 3664 participants were included in this study. The pooled mean scores of overall ERA were 37.85 (95% CI, 33.54-42.16). Specifically, the pooled scores for expectations regarding physical health, mental health, and cognitive function were 31.67 (95% CI, 27.42-35.92), 43.69 (95% CI, 38.99-48.39), and 33.28 (95% CI, 29.56-37.00), respectively. No statistically significant differences between groups were observed in any subgroup analysis. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The level of ERA among older adults is relatively low, particularly concerning cognitive function and physical health dimensions. These findings may provide a valuable reference for public health professionals and policymakers to intervene and manage the health problems of older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lunwei Lin
- School of Nursing, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Shunqi Liao
- Intensive Care Unit, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhangrong Yan
- School of Nursing, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Chaofan Liu
- School of Nursing, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Qi Wang
- School of Nursing, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Dean's Office, Guang'an Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guang'an, China.
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Wu H, Lu Y, Fan Z, Zhang L. The Chinese Adaptation and Validation of the Adolescents' Ageism Toward Older Adults Scale. Int J Aging Hum Dev 2024:914150241235086. [PMID: 38414341 DOI: 10.1177/00914150241235086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Objectives: The purpose of this study was to translate and validate the adolescents' ageism toward older adults scale (AGES) in the Chinese cultural context and examine its psychometric properties among Chinese adolescents. Methods: The study consists of two phases with two separate samples. In phase one (sample 1: n = 407), exploratory factor analysis (EFA) is conducted to determine the factor structure of the C-AGES. In phase two (sample 2: n = 379), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) is performed to confirm the factor structure and assess the model fit of the C-AGES. Results: EFA reveals a two-factor structure consisting of 17 items for the C-AGES. CFA in sample 2 confirms the factor structure and demonstrates good model fit. The C-AGES also exhibits high criterion validity, internal consistency, and cross-gender invariance. Discussion: The results suggest that the C-AGES is a valid measurement tool for assessing agism among Chinese adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanwei Wu
- School of English, Jilin International Studies University, Changchun, China
- School of Foreign Studies, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Yitao Lu
- School of Education, Jilin International Studies University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhiguang Fan
- School of Education, Jilin International Studies University, Changchun, China
| | - Lehua Zhang
- School of Foreign Studies, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
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55
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Poon TH, Li KK. We Fear So We Judge: A Mediation Analysis on the Relations Among Ageing Anxiety, Ageism, and Ageist Microaggressions. Int J Aging Hum Dev 2024:914150241235089. [PMID: 38403927 DOI: 10.1177/00914150241235089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Ageism remains an obstacle to building an age-friendly environment. Although the rise of ageist microaggressions (i.e., subtle discrimination) threatens older adults from maintaining well-being, the mechanism of ageist microaggressions remains understudied. The present study examined ageist microaggressions using a transactional model. Specifically, we examined whether ageing and death anxieties contribute to self-ageism and influence benevolent and hostile ageism. These ageist beliefs might lead to benevolent and hostile ageist microaggressions, respectively. Cross-sectional data from 214 Hong Kong middle-aged adults (Mage = 50.97) were obtained. The results from a structural equation model revealed that ageing anxiety, but not death anxiety, was a significant predictor of self-ageism, hostile ageism, and hostile ageist microaggressions. A revised model further suggested that benevolent and hostile ageism were predictive of hostile ageist microaggressions. The results highlight the importance of defying the conventional perception of ageing to reduce ageing anxiety, ageism and ageist microaggressions for an age-friendly society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsz-Hin Poon
- City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kin-Kit Li
- City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Sale JEM, Frankel L, Bogoch E, Carlin-Coleman G, Hui S, Saini J, McKinlay J, Meadows L. The experience of feeling old after a fragility fracture. BMC Geriatr 2024; 24:180. [PMID: 38388900 PMCID: PMC10885483 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-024-04769-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There has been little exploration of the effect of fragility fractures on patient perceptions of their age. The common assumption is that fractures "happen to old people". In individuals with a fragility fracture, our objective was to explore the experience of feeling old after sustaining a fragility fracture. METHODS A secondary analysis of data from 145 community-dwelling women and men participating in six qualitative primary studies was conducted relying on a phenomenological approach. Participants were English-speaking, 45 years and older, who had sustained a recent fragility fracture or reported a history of previous fragility fractures. Data for the analysis included direct statements about feeling old as well any discussions relevant to age post-fracture. RESULTS We highlight two interpretations based on how individuals with a history of fragility fracture talked about age: (1) Participants described feeling old post-fracture. Several participants made explicit statements about being "old". However, the majority of participants discussed experiences post-fracture that implied that they felt old and had resigned themselves to being old. This appeared to entail a shift in thinking and perception of self that was permanent and had become a part of their identity; and (2) Perceptions of increasing age after sustaining a fracture were reinforced by health care providers, family, and friends. CONCLUSIONS Our findings challenge the notion that fractures "happen to old people" and suggest that fractures can make people feel old. Careful consideration of how bone health messages are communicated to patients post-fracture by health care providers is warranted. (Word Count: 248).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna E M Sale
- Musculoskeletal Health and Outcomes Research, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, 30 Bond Street, M5B 1W8, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation , University of Toronto, 4th Floor- 155 College Street, M5T 3M6, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 5th Floor- 149 College Street, M5T 1P5, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Lucy Frankel
- Musculoskeletal Health and Outcomes Research, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, 30 Bond Street, M5B 1W8, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Earl Bogoch
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, 30 Bond Street, M5B 1W85, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Brookfield Chair in Fracture Prevention, University of Toronto, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, 30 Bond Street, M5B 1W8, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gabriel Carlin-Coleman
- Musculoskeletal Health and Outcomes Research, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, 30 Bond Street, M5B 1W8, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sean Hui
- Musculoskeletal Health and Outcomes Research, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, 30 Bond Street, M5B 1W8, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jessica Saini
- Musculoskeletal Health and Outcomes Research, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, 30 Bond Street, M5B 1W8, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jennifer McKinlay
- Musculoskeletal Health and Outcomes Research, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, 30 Bond Street, M5B 1W8, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lynn Meadows
- Department of Community Health Sciences , University of Calgary, 3D10 - 3280 Hospital Drive NW, AB, T2N 4Z6, Calgary, Canada
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Gocieková V, Stašek A, Ševčíková A, Gore-Gorszewska G. The Role of Ageist Sexual Stereotypes in the Network of Sexual Difficulties, Sex and Relationship Satisfaction Among Adults Aged 50. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2024:1-15. [PMID: 38329928 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2024.2307441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
As people age, their sexual activity, including sexual and relationship satisfaction, may change due to the onset of health and sexual difficulties and the activation of internalized ageist sexual stereotypes. We studied whether ageist sexual stereotypes were relevant for the importance of sex for people aged 50+ and how sexual and relationship satisfaction are interlinked with health and sexual difficulties when ageist sexual stereotypes are considered. Data for the network analysis were collected from a sample of 897 Czechs and Slovaks aged 50-96 (52% men, mean age = 62.01). Two models were analyzed - with and without the inclusion of ageist sexual stereotypes. The findings indicated that ageist sexual stereotypes play an important role in the sexuality of women and men aged 50 + .The fewer ageist sexual stereotypes people had, the less sexual difficulties they reported and the more they perceived sex as important. The inclusion of stereotypes into the models, however, weakened the negative link between sexual difficulties and the importance of sex for both women and men. These findings show that the effect of ageist sexual stereotypes are likely complex in the sexual lives of people aged 50 +.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Gocieková
- The Psychology Research Institute, Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk University
| | - Andrea Stašek
- The Psychology Research Institute, Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk University
| | - Anna Ševčíková
- The Psychology Research Institute, Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk University
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Diehl M, Wahl HW. Self-perceptions of aging: A conceptual and empirical overview. Curr Opin Psychol 2024; 55:101741. [PMID: 38065005 PMCID: PMC10842166 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2023.101741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
This article defines self-perceptions of aging (SPA) as individuals' perceptions, expectations, and experiences regarding their own process of growing old(er). As such, SPA are considered a critically important element of the aging self. Furthermore, the authors present a heuristic model that positions adults' SPA within a lifespan developmental and cultural-societal context and elaborates distal and proximal antecedents, process modes, and developmental outcomes. The remainder of the article summarizes recent empirical findings and discusses future challenges and directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Diehl
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Colorado State University, USA.
| | - Hans-Werner Wahl
- Network Aging Research & Institute of Psychology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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59
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Yu J. Age-related decrease in inter-subject similarity of cortical morphology and task and resting-state functional connectivity. GeroScience 2024; 46:697-711. [PMID: 38006514 PMCID: PMC10828367 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-01008-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023] Open
Abstract
"All old people are the same" is an unfortunate characterization of the perceived homogeneity in the older age group. This study attempts to debunk this myth in the context of the structural and functional brain. Within older relative to younger age groups, individuals are hypothesized to be more dissimilar to their similar-aged peers-thus demonstrating an age-related divergence. This study analyzed functional connectivity (FC) during multiple fMRI paradigms (2 rest + 5 tasks) and cortical thickness (CT) data from two lifespan datasets (Ntotal = 1161). On average, between-subject FC/CT correlations became weaker in the older age groups. Further analyses ruled out the possibility that more rapid age-related changes in older brains have increased the dissimilarity in these older age groups. Brain-wide analyses revealed significant effects of age-related divergence across most of the brain. Finally, CT similarity between a dyad significantly predicted their FC similarity across multiple fMRI task paradigms-demonstrating a close relationship between brain structure and function even at the between-dyad level. Contrary to the myth that "all old people are the same," these findings suggest young people are more similar to each other. This study presents major implications in the study of neural fingerprinting and brain-behavior associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhong Yu
- Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 48 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore.
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60
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Ng R, Indran N. Innovations for an Aging Society through the Lens of Patent Data. THE GERONTOLOGIST 2024; 64:gnad015. [PMID: 37497634 PMCID: PMC10825844 DOI: 10.1093/geront/gnad015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES An aging population creates fertile ground for devising innovations for older adults. By using patents as a proxy for inventive activity, this study sets the stage for understanding the latest innovations being designed for the older population. Insights will pave the way for a better understanding of inventions that could render society more age-friendly on the innovation front. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS To identify the latest innovations targeted at the older population, we collected all patents (N = 326) issued in 2021, specifically those issued between January 5th and December 28th. Upon removing irrelevant data, 120 patents were retained in the data set. Both inductive and deductive modes of reasoning informed our content analysis of the data. RESULTS Three themes surfaced. About half (49.2%) of the patents focused on "Preventive Health, Safety, and Independence" (Theme 1). About 38.3% pertained to "Anti-Aging" (Theme 2) and 12.5% were about the "Pathologization of Old Age" (Theme 3). DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS This is the first study that evaluates the state of innovations for an aging population. While there are inventions aimed at optimizing the well-being of older adults, there are also those designed due to beliefs that see old age as a problem to solve. As the world experiences a demographic shift, it is imperative that collective ingenuity be harnessed to build a society conducive to all facets of the aging experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reuben Ng
- Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Lloyd’s Register Foundation Institute for the Public Understanding of Risk, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nicole Indran
- Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Rothermund K, de Paula Couto MCP. Age stereotypes: Dimensions, origins, and consequences. Curr Opin Psychol 2024; 55:101747. [PMID: 38035656 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2023.101747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
We give an overview of what age stereotypes (AS) are, how they are acquired and change across the lifespan, and how they shape development in old age. AS reflect complex beliefs and expectations that vary on the following dimensions: They differ in content and valence, depending on the life-domain to which they are applied (context), they refer to different age-groups (reference), to older people or to oneself as an old person (direction of relevance), and they either describe how older people are or prescribe how they should be (modality). AS are acquired early, and later taint beliefs about one's own aging (internalization). Once they are part of the self-concept, AS act as self-fulfilling prophecies that shape the actual aging process (stereotype embodiment).
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Rothermund
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Department of Psychology, Germany.
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62
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Mayr U, Rohovit T, Freund AM. Increases in prosociality across adulthood: The pure-altruism hypothesis. Curr Opin Psychol 2024; 55:101782. [PMID: 38160572 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2023.101782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
A growing body of research suggests that prosocial behavior increases across adulthood. Yet, whether these age differences reflect "pure altruistic" or selfish motives, or the developmental mechanisms that underlie them, are largely unknown. Within a value-based decision framework, pure altruistic tendencies can be measured and distinguished from impure altruistic motives through neural-level information. Indeed, age differences in donations appear to be driven by a genuine concern for the well-being of others. Candidate mechanisms behind such pure altruistic changes need to show documented age differences and evidence of causal links to prosocial behavior. As examples, we discuss how three factors that meet these criteria--social norms, mood, and cognitive functioning--might explain age differences in pure altruistic tendencies.
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Bacsu JDR, Andrew MK, Azizi M, Berger C, Cammer A, Chasteen AL, Fraser SA, Grewal KS, Green S, Gowda-Sookochoff R, Mah JC, McGilton KS, Middleton L, Nanson K, Spiteri RJ, Tang Y, O’Connell ME. Using Twitter to Understand COVID-19 Vaccine-Related Ageism During the Pandemic. THE GERONTOLOGIST 2024; 64:gnad061. [PMID: 37267449 PMCID: PMC10825838 DOI: 10.1093/geront/gnad061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES During the rollout of coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines, older adults in high-income countries were often prioritized for inoculation in efforts to reduce COVID-19-related mortality. However, this prioritization may have contributed to intergenerational tensions and ageism, particularly with the limited supply of COVID-19 vaccines. This study examines Twitter discourse to understand vaccine-related ageism during the COVID-19 pandemic to inform future vaccination policies and practices to reduce ageism. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We collected 1,369 relevant tweets on Twitter using the Twint application in Python from December 8, 2020, to December 31, 2021. Tweets were analyzed using thematic analysis, and steps were taken to ensure rigor. RESULTS Our research identified four main themes including (a) blame and hostility: "It's all their fault"; (b) incompetence and misinformation: "clueless boomer"; (c) ageist political slander; and (d) combatting ageism: advocacy and accessibility. DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS Our findings exposed issues of victim-blaming, hate speech, pejorative content, and ageist political slander that is deepening the divide of intergenerational conflict. Although a subset of tweets countered negative outcomes and demonstrated intergenerational solidarity, our findings suggest that ageism may have contributed to COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among older adults. Consequently, urgent action is needed to counter vaccine misinformation, prohibit aggressive messaging, and promote intergenerational unity during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melissa K Andrew
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Mehrnoosh Azizi
- Department of Computer Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Corinne Berger
- Department of Computer Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Allison Cammer
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Alison L Chasteen
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarah Anne Fraser
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karl S Grewal
- Department of Psychology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Shoshana Green
- Department of Psychology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Rory Gowda-Sookochoff
- Department of Psychology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Jasmine Cassy Mah
- Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Katherine S McGilton
- KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura Middleton
- Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kate Nanson
- School of Nursing, Thompson Rivers University, Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Raymond J Spiteri
- Department of Computer Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Yikai Tang
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Megan E O’Connell
- Department of Psychology, Canadian Centre for Health and Safety in Agriculture, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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64
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Weissberger G, Bergman YS. Subjective Age and Financial Exploitation Vulnerability: The Mediating Role of Financial Self-Efficacy. JOURNAL OF GERONTOLOGICAL SOCIAL WORK 2024; 67:230-241. [PMID: 37560899 DOI: 10.1080/01634372.2023.2246159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
An older subjective age, or feeling older than one's chronological age, has been associated with increased financial exploitation vulnerability (FEV) among older adults. However, the mechanisms behind this relationship have not been examined. This study examined whether financial self-efficacy mediates the relationship between subjective age and FEV. Participants were 156 Israeli older adults (M age= 66.97, SD = 6.46) who responded to questionnaires of subjective age, FEV, and financial self-efficacy. Correlations indicated that an older subjective age was associated with reduced financial self-efficacy (r= -.36, p < .001) and increased FEV (r = .51, p < .001). Testing the mediation model revealed an indirect effect of subjective age on FEV via financial self-efficacy (b = 1.57; bootstrapped 95% Cis [.80, 2.39]). Findings suggest that an older subjective age may reduce financial self-efficacy, thereby increasing FEV. Findings are discussed with regard to Stereotype Embodiment Theory and clinical implications are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gali Weissberger
- Department of Social and Health Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Yoav S Bergman
- Faculty of Social Work, Ashkelon Academic College, Ashkelon, Israel
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Chien JCY, Eich TS. Does stereotype threat influence age-related differences on directed forgetting tasks? Front Psychol 2024; 14:1296662. [PMID: 38314250 PMCID: PMC10836358 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1296662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives The Directed Forgetting paradigm has proven to be a powerful tool to explore motivated forgetting in the lab. Past work has shown that older adults are less able to intentionally suppress information from memory relative to younger adults, which is often attributed to deficits in inhibitory abilities. Instructions in traditional Directed Forgetting tasks contain terms that may elicit stereotype threat in older adults, which may negatively impact memory. Here, we tested whether the instructions in a Directed Forgetting task affected older adults' ability to appropriately control the contents of memory. Methods In two experiments that differed in the number of words presented (30 vs. 48 items), younger and older adults were randomized into one of four crossed Conditions of a Directed Forgetting task. At encoding, participants were either instructed to remember/ forget items, or to think about/not think about items. At test, they were either asked whether the memory probe was old or new, or whether they had seen it before (yes/no). Each experiment contained data from 100 younger (18- 40 years) and 98 older (60+ years) adults, with ~25 participants per Condition. All participants were recruited from Prolific and tested online. Results In neither Experiment 1 nor Experiment 2 did we find evidence of a stereotype threat effect, or age-related effects of directed forgetting. We did find that performance for to-be-forgotten items was worse in conditions with encoding instructions that contained words that might trigger stereotype threat relative to conditions that did not contain such words: when explicitly told to forget items, both older and younger adults forgot more items than did participants who were cued to not think about the words and put them out of mind. However, we found no such difference across the two different remember instructions: regardless of whether participants were told to remember or to think about items, recognition memory for to be retained items was high. The pattern of results across the two experiments was similar, except, not surprisingly, participants performed worse in Experiment 2 than Experiment 1. Interestingly, we found that higher accuracy for to be remembered items was associated with a more positive outlook of one's own memory relative to others. Discussion These results suggest that directed forgetting may not always be impaired in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Teal S. Eich
- The Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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66
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Georgescu MF, Fischer IC, Beydoun MA, Pietrzak RH. Negative aging stereotypes in U.S. military veterans: results from the National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study. Int Psychogeriatr 2024:1-6. [PMID: 38230487 DOI: 10.1017/s1041610223004507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
U.S. military veterans are an average 20 years older than non-veterans and have elevated rates of certain health conditions. While negative aging stereotypes have been linked to increased risk for various health conditions, little is known about the prevalence and correlates of these stereotypes in this population. Using data from a nationally representative sample of 4,069 U.S. veterans surveyed between 11/19 and 3/20, we examined (1) the current prevalence of negative aging stereotypes related to physical, mental, and cognitive health and (2) sociodemographic, health, and psychosocial factors associated with these stereotypes. Multivariable regression and relative weight analyses were conducted to identify independent correlates of negative aging stereotypes. Results revealed that 82.3%, 71.1%, and 30.0% of veterans endorsed negative aging stereotypes related to physical, cognitive, and emotional health, respectively. Older age (36.6% relative variance explained), grit (23.6%), and optimism (17.5%) explained the majority of the variance in negative age stereotypes related to physical aging; grit (46.6%), openness to experiences (31.5%), and older age (15.1%) in negative age stereotypes related to cognitive aging; and emotional stability (28.8%), purpose in life (28.8%), and grit (25.3%) in negative age stereotypes related to emotional aging. This study provides an up-to-date characterization of the prevalence and correlates of negative aging stereotypes in U.S. veterans. Results underscore the importance of targeting key correlates of negative aging stereotypes, such as lower grit, as part of efforts to promote health and functioning in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Georgescu
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, NIA/NIH/IRP, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ian C Fischer
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - May A Beydoun
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, NIA/NIH/IRP, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robert H Pietrzak
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
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67
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Zwar L, König HH, Hajek A. Caregiving intensity and its association with subjective views of ageing among informal caregivers with different sociodemographic background: a longitudinal analysis from Germany. Eur J Ageing 2024; 21:4. [PMID: 38217782 PMCID: PMC10787706 DOI: 10.1007/s10433-023-00797-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024] Open
Abstract
We analysed whether care time, burden and range of caregiving tasks were associated with informal caregivers' subjective views of ageing (measured as attitudes towards own age (ATOA), subjective age (SA), and onset of old age (OOA)), and whether these associations differed as a function of the caregivers' age and gender. Adjusted cluster-robust fixed effects regression analyses were conducted with gender and age as moderators using data of informal caregivers (≥ 40 years) of the population-based German Ageing Survey (2014, 2017). All three aspect of care intensity were associated with changes in subjective views of ageing and this pattern was a function of the caregiver's age and gender. Care time was significantly associated with higher SA. Care tasks were significantly associated with more positive ATOA and earlier OOA. Age moderated the association between burden and ATOA, with older adults reporting more positive ATOA. Gender moderated the association between care time and ATOA; women reported less positive ATOA than men with increasing care time, but also felt subjectively younger than men with a broader range of care tasks. Age- and gender-stratified analysis indicated further differences. Our findings suggest to reduce care time, especially among older and female caregivers, to prevent a worsening of views of ageing, while being involved in a broad range of care tasks seems to (only) benefit female caregivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Zwar
- Department of Health Economics and Health Services Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Hans-Helmut König
- Department of Health Economics and Health Services Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - André Hajek
- Department of Health Economics and Health Services Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
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68
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Stewart TL, Schumann ME, Ruthig JC. Development and validation of a scale to assess the belief that 'age causes illness'. Psychol Health 2024:1-13. [PMID: 38189349 DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2023.2300037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Self-directed ageism is the application of stereotypic age-related beliefs to oneself, and is known to negatively impact health-related motivation (Levy, 2003; 2022). This study focused on the specific self-directed stereotype that 'age causes illness' and aimed to develop and test a multi-item measure to assess this implicit, limiting belief. METHODS AND MEASURES Survey data was collected from N = 347 adults in southeastern Idaho (ages 45-65 years old, 60% female). A variety of measures were used to assess the discriminant, convergent and predictive validity of the Age Causes Illness scale including: socio-demographics (age, sex, education), psychosocial resources (personality, optimism, social support, depressive symptoms), health/aging expectations, and indicators of physical health. RESULTS The seven-item Age Causes Illness scale is reliable and shows an expected pattern of discriminant and convergent correlations with relevant socio-demographic, psychosocial, and aging-related measures. The belief that 'age causes illness,' as assessed with this new scale, is related to both objective and subjective indicators of physical health. CONCLUSIONS The Age Causes Illness scale is a brief screening tool, potentially applicable in behavioral health settings as an initial step toward discussion of the implicit, and often unchallenged, belief that age alone determines the onset, progression, and offset of illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara L Stewart
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Matthew E Schumann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Joelle C Ruthig
- Department of Psychology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
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69
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Discussions on age-related issues have begun taking place in earnest, but exactly what dominates public consciousness about these issues is a topic that has yet to kindle scholarly attention. This study analyzes tweets uploaded by age advocacy organizations that have attracted the highest levels of engagement on Twitter. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We collected 403,426 tweets from 53 accounts. These tweets were posted over 12 years, from 2009 to 2021. After applying our exclusion criteria and collating the top 1% of tweets with the highest levels of engagement, 2,054 tweets were retained for analysis. Both inductive and deductive approaches informed our qualitative content analysis. RESULTS Five themes emerged. "Issues Related to Alzheimer's Disease or Dementia" (Theme 1) formed the majority of tweets (62%; N = 1,278). Theme 2 "Rising Health Care or Retirement Costs" was the second largest theme (25%; N = 506). Seven percent of the tweets were on "Reframing Aging and Combating Ageism" (Theme 3; N = 138). "Matters Affecting Caregivers" surfaced in Theme 4 (4%; N = 81). Two percent of the tweets were on "Intersectional Concerns" (Theme 5; N = 51). DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS As age advocacy organizations step up to engage the public constructively in matters regarding later life, there is a compelling need to quell public anxiety about old age and to sensitize society to the struggles confronted by older adults. In undertaking the range of activities needed to do so, age advocacy organizations should consolidate efforts even as they rethink existing strategies to effectuate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reuben Ng
- Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Lloyd's Register Foundation Institute for the Public Understanding of Risk, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nicole Indran
- Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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van Boetzelaer E, van de Kamp J, Keating P, Sharma S, Pellecchia U, Browne JL, Sheather J, Franco OH. Involving older people in the preparedness, response, and recovery phases in humanitarian emergencies: a theoretical framework on ageism, epistemic injustice, and participation. THE LANCET. HEALTHY LONGEVITY 2024; 5:e76-e82. [PMID: 38183999 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-7568(23)00244-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Humanitarian emergencies disproportionally affect older people. Although defining an older person by an age range can help alert us to emerging or changing needs and potential vulnerabilities during humanitarian emergencies, ageing is not necessarily synonymous with increasing vulnerability, and individual variations exist due to the heterogeneity of older people. In general, reduced access to safety, health services, clean water, and appropriate food puts older people at increased risk of poor health outcomes during humanitarian emergencies, including disability, injury, malnutrition, and mental health issues. The theoretical framework presented in this Personal View explains how ageism, further compounded by intersecting oppression, leads to the exclusion of older people from the preparedness, response, and recovery phases of humanitarian emergencies. The exclusion of older people is discriminatory, violates core humanitarian and bioethical principles, and leads to an epistemic injustice. We suggest that humanitarian actors implement participatory approaches with older people in humanitarian contexts. Through these approaches, solutions will be identified by and together with older people, leading to community-driven and context-appropriate ways to include the needs and strengths of older people in the preparedness, response, and recovery phases of humanitarian emergencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elburg van Boetzelaer
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Operational Centre Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Global Public Health and Bioethics, Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.
| | - Judith van de Kamp
- Global Public Health and Bioethics, Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Patrick Keating
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Operational Centre Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Umberto Pellecchia
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Operational Centre Brussels, Brussels, Belgium; Médecins Sans Frontières, Luxembourg Operational Research Unit, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Joyce L Browne
- Global Public Health and Bioethics, Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Julian Sheather
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Operational Centre Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Oscar H Franco
- Global Public Health and Bioethics, Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Hatzenbuehler ML, McLaughlin KA, Weissman DG, Cikara M. A research agenda for understanding how social inequality is linked to brain structure and function. Nat Hum Behav 2024; 8:20-31. [PMID: 38172629 PMCID: PMC11112523 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-023-01774-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Consistent evidence documents powerful effects of social inequality on health, well-being and academic achievement. Yet research on whether social inequality may also be linked to brain structure and function has, until recently, been rare. Here we describe three methodological approaches that can be used to study this question-single site, single study; multi-site, single study; and spatial meta-analysis. We review empirical work that, using these approaches, has observed associations between neural outcomes and structural measures of social inequality-including structural stigma, community-level prejudice, gender inequality, neighbourhood disadvantage and the generosity of the social safety net for low-income families. We evaluate the relative strengths and limitations of these approaches, discuss ethical considerations and outline directions for future research. In doing so, we advocate for a paradigm shift in cognitive neuroscience that explicitly incorporates upstream structural and contextual factors, which we argue holds promise for uncovering the neural correlates of social inequality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David G Weissman
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mina Cikara
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
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72
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Lineweaver TT, Wetli AC, Nicoson C, Tucker AJ, Hertzog C. Exposure to Memory-Relevant versus Memory-Irrelevant Aging Stereotypes Differentially Affects Memory Self-Perceptions and Memory Test Scores of Young, Middle, and Older Age Adults. Exp Aging Res 2023:1-19. [PMID: 38126198 DOI: 10.1080/0361073x.2023.2295202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the combined influence of assimilation and contrast effects on the memory self-efficacy and objective memory of young (ages 18-25, n = 114), middle-age (ages 26-59, n = 48), and older (ages 60-98, n = 59) adults. We reminded participants that they matched positive, not negative, memory-relevant or memory-irrelevant stereotypes of aging either before (experimental conditions) or after (control condition) they completed a memory self-efficacy questionnaire and took a memory test. Participants exposed to memory-relevant aging stereotypes prior to other measures reported higher memory self-efficacy than those exposed to memory-irrelevant stereotypes; this effect did not depend on age group. In contrast, the effect of stereotype exposure on memory performance differed with age. Young and older, but not middle-aged, adults showed differences in their memory scores depending on whether they were exposed to memory-relevant, memory-irrelevant or no aging stereotypes. In general, exposure to stereotypes (particularly those relevant to memory) had a negative influence on memory that contrasted with its positive effect on memory self-efficacy. Together, these results indicate that exposure to aging stereotypes can have opposing effects on the memory self-efficacy and objective test performance of adults of various ages and that the relevance of the stereotypes to the cognitive domain being assessed matters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Annie C Wetli
- Psychology Department, Butler University, Indianapoli, Indiana, USA
| | - Coty Nicoson
- Psychology Department, Butler University, Indianapoli, Indiana, USA
| | - Ashley J Tucker
- Psychology Department, Butler University, Indianapoli, Indiana, USA
| | - Christopher Hertzog
- Psychology Department, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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73
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Brinkhof LP, de Wit S, Murre JMJ, Ridderinkhof KR. Mitigating the Harmful Impact of Ageism among Older Individuals: The Buffering Role of Resilience Factors. Geriatrics (Basel) 2023; 9:1. [PMID: 38392100 PMCID: PMC10888260 DOI: 10.3390/geriatrics9010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Frequent exposure to ageism has significant repercussions on the quality of life and mental well-being/health of older adults. Resilience may play a crucial role in mitigating these effects. The current study aimed to investigate the potential buffering roles of two types of coping variables-behavioral coping and a positive appraisal style-in older adults (N = 2000, aged 55-93). Confirming previous findings, higher levels of perceived negative ageism (PNA) were associated with diminished quality of life and mental well-being, increased depression and loneliness. However, individuals that tend to employ behavioral coping strategies when confronted with challenging/stressful situations showed a weaker relationship between PNA and quality of life, mental well-being, and depression. Embracing a positive appraisal style attenuated the negative impact of PNA on feelings of depression and loneliness. Interestingly, younger older adults appeared to benefit the most from these resilience factors. Despite considerable inter-individual variability, encouraging the utilization of behavioral coping strategies and nurturing a positive appraisal style could serve as effective approaches to mitigate the detrimental effects of PNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte P Brinkhof
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1018 WS Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre for Urban Mental Health, University of Amsterdam, 1018 WS Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain & Cognition (ABC), University of Amsterdam, 1018 WS Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sanne de Wit
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1018 WS Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre for Urban Mental Health, University of Amsterdam, 1018 WS Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain & Cognition (ABC), University of Amsterdam, 1018 WS Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap M J Murre
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1018 WS Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre for Urban Mental Health, University of Amsterdam, 1018 WS Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain & Cognition (ABC), University of Amsterdam, 1018 WS Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - K Richard Ridderinkhof
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1018 WS Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre for Urban Mental Health, University of Amsterdam, 1018 WS Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain & Cognition (ABC), University of Amsterdam, 1018 WS Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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74
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Allen JO, Sikora N. Aging Stigma and the Health of US Adults Over 65: What Do We Know? Clin Interv Aging 2023; 18:2093-2116. [PMID: 38116457 PMCID: PMC10729833 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s396833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This narrative review assessed the current state of research on aging stigma and health relevant to US adults ages 65 and older. We adopted a stigma framework to highlight aging stigma as a meaningful social construct and the complex ways in which it may be harmful for health. We identified 29 studies of various types (experimental, intervention, cross-sectional quantitative, longitudinal quantitative, and qualitative) published between 2010 and 2023 that investigated relationships between concepts related to aging stigma and health. Aging stigma was associated with poor short- and long-term health outcomes spanning cognition, psychological wellbeing, physical health, and hospitalizations. The premise that aging stigma is harmful to health was moderately well supported, while evidence that health influenced aging stigma was weak. Collectively, studies provided insight into several mechanisms through which aging stigma may affect the health of older US adults, while also highlighting areas for future research. Potential strategies for addressing aging stigma as a public health hazard were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Ober Allen
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
- Research Center for Group Dynamics, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Nadine Sikora
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
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Fernández-Ballbé Ó, Martin-Moratinos M, Saiz J, Gallardo-Peralta L, Barrón López de Roda A. The Relationship between Subjective Aging and Cognition in Elderly People: A Systematic Review. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:3115. [PMID: 38132005 PMCID: PMC10743019 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11243115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a growing body of evidence on the effects of subjective aging on health, well-being and quality of life. This review aims to synthesize findings about the link between subjective aging and cognition and cognitive decline. Furthermore, it provides an examination of variation sources such as subjective aging construct, cognitive domains, measures employed, age and moderator variables. A systematic search was performed in PubMed, PsychInfo and Web of Science, as well as grey literature searches in Google Scholar, OpenGrey, WorldCat and NDLTD, which resulted in 59 reports being included. Subjective aging is a relevant construct in the explanation and prediction of cognitive aging and cognitive decline in elderly adults. More positive views about own aging and self-perceptions of aging, as well as a younger subjective age, were consistently related to better cognition and lower risk of cognitive decline. However, there were differences due to subjective aging subdimensions and cognitive domains, as well as an effect of age. Additionally, there were concerns about the content validity of some measures employed, such as the Philadelphia Geriatric Center Morale Scale for subjective aging and the Mini Mental State Examination for global cognition. Further studies should employ longitudinal designs with a process-based approach to cognition and precise subjective aging measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Óscar Fernández-Ballbé
- Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28223 Madrid, Spain; (J.S.); (L.G.-P.); (A.B.L.d.R.)
| | | | - Jesus Saiz
- Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28223 Madrid, Spain; (J.S.); (L.G.-P.); (A.B.L.d.R.)
| | - Lorena Gallardo-Peralta
- Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28223 Madrid, Spain; (J.S.); (L.G.-P.); (A.B.L.d.R.)
| | - Ana Barrón López de Roda
- Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28223 Madrid, Spain; (J.S.); (L.G.-P.); (A.B.L.d.R.)
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Diehl M, Rebok GW, Roth DL, Nehrkorn-Bailey A, Rodriguez D, Tseng HY, Chen D. Examining the Malleability of Negative Views of Aging, Self-Efficacy Beliefs, and Behavioral Intentions in Middle-Aged and Older Adults. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2023; 78:2009-2020. [PMID: 37718651 PMCID: PMC10699749 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbad130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study examined the malleability of a tripartite cluster of purported mechanistic variables targeted in a 4-week intervention program designed to improve adults' engagement in physical activity. The targeted cluster of purported mechanisms consisted of negative views of aging (NVOA), self-efficacy beliefs, and behavioral intentions. METHODS A randomized single-blind control group design was used to implement the AgingPLUS program in a sample of middle-aged and older adults (N = 335; Mage = 60.1 years; SDage = 8.3 years; age range 45-75 years). RESULTS Using an intention-to-treat approach and analyses of covariance adjusting for participants' baseline scores, findings showed significant improvements in the purported mechanistic variables both at the immediate (Week 4) and delayed posttest (Week 8) in the treatment group but not in the control group. These improvements were for the most part maintained until 8-month postrandomization, although to a smaller extent. Specifically, participants in the AgingPLUS group showed significant improvements in NVOA, self-efficacy beliefs, and behavioral intentions compared to the Health Education control group. Standardized effect sizes for statistically significant effects were variable and ranged from small (d = -0.23) to large (d = 0.80). Effect sizes showed some decay of the intervention at the 8-month posttest. DISCUSSION Taken together, the findings supported the efficacy of the AgingPLUS program and showed that variables representing the purported mechanisms of the intervention were significantly moved in a positive direction. In doing so, the AgingPLUS program met a major requirement of the experimental medicine approach to behavior change interventions. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT0329948.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Diehl
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - George W Rebok
- Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Center on Aging and Health, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David L Roth
- Center on Aging and Health, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Diana Rodriguez
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Han-Yun Tseng
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Diefei Chen
- Center on Aging and Health, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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77
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Sabatini S, Wahl HW, Diehl M, Clare L, Ballard C, Brooker H, Corbett A, Hampshire A, Stephan BCM. Testing Bidirectionality in Associations of Awareness of Age-Related Gains and Losses With Physical, Mental, and Cognitive Functioning Across 1 Year: The Role of Age. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2023; 78:2026-2036. [PMID: 37801677 PMCID: PMC10699739 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbad150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The bidirectionality between self-perceptions of aging and health-related outcomes may depend on age group. Therefore, we tested such bidirectionality among individuals in late midlife (50-64 years), young-old age (65-74 years), and old-old age (75+ years), taking advantage of the construct of Awareness of Age-Related Change (AARC) and its 2-dimensionality in terms of AARC-gains and AARC-losses. Various conceptualizations of physical, mental, and cognitive functioning were used as outcomes. METHODS Data from 2 measurement occasions (2019 and 2020) from the UK PROTECT study for individuals in late midlife (N = 2,385), young-old age (N = 2,430), and old-old age (N = 539) were used. Data on self-reported functional difficulties, depression, anxiety, and performance on four computerized cognitive tasks (i.e., verbal reasoning, paired associate learning, self-ordered search, and digit span) providing a score for verbal reasoning and a score for working memory were analyzed using cross-lagged panel models. RESULTS Across all 3 age groups, the bidirectional associations of AARC-gains with indicators of functioning were not significant, whereas higher AARC-losses significantly predicted slightly greater functional difficulties and higher depression and anxiety levels. Higher AARC-losses predicted slightly poorer Verbal Reasoning only in old-old age and poorer Working Memory predicted slightly higher AARC-losses only in young-old age. The remaining associations of AARC-losses with cognitive tasks were not statistically significant. DISCUSSION In accordance with previous research targeting other indicators of self-perceptions of aging, this study supported a stronger impact of AARC-losses on indicators of physical functioning and mental health than vice versa from midlife to old-old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Sabatini
- School of Medicine, Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Hans-Werner Wahl
- Institute of Psychology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Manfred Diehl
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Colorado State University, Forth Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Linda Clare
- Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | | | - Helen Brooker
- Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- Ecog Pro Ltd, Bristol, UK
| | - Anne Corbett
- Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Adam Hampshire
- Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Blossom C M Stephan
- School of Medicine, Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin enAble Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia
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78
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Schmidt LI, Gerhardy TH, Carleton-Schweitzer L, Wahl HW, Jekel K. "If this is what it means to be old…": a mixed methods study on the effects of age simulation on views on aging and perceptions of age-related impairments. Eur J Ageing 2023; 20:47. [PMID: 38057670 DOI: 10.1007/s10433-023-00793-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Age simulation suits are a promising tool to increase empathy and to promote positive attitudes toward older adults. However, studies have largely focused on (young) healthcare professionals, are probably biased by social desirability, and have not addressed participants' views of the aging process triggered by the simulation. The current work combines two studies addressing effects of aging suits on both general and personal views on aging among heterogeneous samples, and exploring spontaneous associations during the simulation. In study 1, N = 165 adults (M = 37.1 years, SD = 15.4, range 18-74 years) answered questionnaires containing general views regarding older adults ("old people are…") as well as personal perceptions ("aging means to me…") before and after wearing an aging suit. In study 2, young adults (N = 22; M = 24.8 years, SD = 4.3, range 20-38 years) and middle-aged adults (N = 41; M = 60.8 years, SD = 6.9, range 40-75 years) carried out established geriatric assessments with and without aging suit, and spontaneous impressions on the instant aging experience were recorded. Findings indicated negative shifts in both general and personal views on aging measures in both age groups (d = .30 to d = .44). Analyses of qualitative data resulted in seven main themes, e.g., "strain/coordination", "future me", "empathy/insight". Group comparisons revealed higher frequencies of future-self related thoughts among middle-aged adults, whereas younger adults mentioned predominantly physical effects of the suit. In conclusion, applying age simulation suits might evoke unintended negative views on aging. In comparison with young adults, middle-aged adults showed broader reflections including thoughts related to emotions, future-self, and potential struggles of older people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura I Schmidt
- Institute of Psychology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | | | | | - Hans-Werner Wahl
- Institute of Psychology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Network Aging Research (NAR), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katrin Jekel
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, AGAPLESION MARKUS HOSPITAL, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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79
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Hajek A, König HH. Sexual satisfaction and aging satisfaction among middle-aged and older adults. Evidence from a nationally representative study. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2023; 115:105102. [PMID: 37418821 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2023.105102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
AIM To examine the association between sexual satisfaction and aging satisfaction (also stratified by sex and age group). METHODS We used data from the German Ageing Survey (year 2008, n = 5,418 individuals). This is an established, nationally representative sample of individuals living in private households aged 40 years and over in Germany. The widely used "Attitudes Toward Own Ageing" (ATOA) subscale of the established Philadelphia Geriatric Morale Scale was used to quantify aging satisfaction. It was adjusted for several covariates in regression analysis. RESULTS After adjusting for sociodemographic and health-related covariates, multiple linear regressions still showed that higher sexual satisfaction was associated with higher aging satisfaction in the total sample (β = 0.06, p < .001). This association was also present among both sexes (men, β = 0.07, p < .001; women, β = 0.06, p < .001) as well as among both age groups (middle-aged adults: β = 0.07, p < .001; older adults: β = 0.06, p < .001). CONCLUSIONS Even after adjusting for several covariates, there is a clear link between sexual satisfaction and aging satisfaction. Such knowledge may assist in maintaining satisfaction with aging and may thus contribute to successful aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Hajek
- Department of Health Economics and Health Services Research, University Medical-Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg Center for Health Economics, Germany.
| | - Hans-Helmut König
- Department of Health Economics and Health Services Research, University Medical-Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg Center for Health Economics, Germany
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80
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Palgi Y. Self and Perceived Others' Views of Aging and Their Association with Mental Health in the Second Half of Life. Int J Aging Hum Dev 2023; 97:479-495. [PMID: 36972464 DOI: 10.1177/00914150231157057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
This study focuses on the concepts of subjective age and subjective nearness-to-death (views-of-aging) and examines the association between individuals' chronological age, self, and others' perceptions of these variables and mental health. A total of 267 participants aged 40-95 M = 64.33 provided sociodemographic information and filled out scales assessing self and others' views-of-aging, depressive symptoms, and their well-being. After controlling for covariates, age was not related to the dependent variables, whereas young/far from death self, and perceived others' views-of-aging was related to better mental health. The interaction between young age and young/far from death perceived others', but not self, views-of-aging was associated with lower depressive symptoms and higher well-being. Finally, the interaction between young/far from death self and perceived others' views-of-aging was associated with lower depressive symptoms but not with well-being. These findings provide an initial glance at the complex relations between two types of personal views-of-aging and emphasize the importance of how individuals appraise others' perceptions of their own aging process and life expectancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuval Palgi
- Department of Gerontology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
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81
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Ishikawa M. Internalization of negative societal views on old age into self-perceptions of aging: exploring factors associated with self-directed ageism. FRONTIERS IN SOCIOLOGY 2023; 8:1291325. [PMID: 38045535 PMCID: PMC10691258 DOI: 10.3389/fsoc.2023.1291325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Introduction A growing number of research has provided evidence for the negative impact of ageism on older people's health and well-being. Among the three different manifestations of ageism, namely institutional, interpersonal and self-directed ageism, significant ageism-health associations have been proved to be strongest for self-directed ageism. This supports stereotype embodiment theory, which maintains that lifetime exposure to negative age stereotypes leads to the internalization of ageism as a form of negative attitudes towards own aging and it adversely affects health and well-being in old age. However, little is known about how people internalize negative age stereotypes held in the society into self-perceptions of aging. Methods This study aimed to explore how socially shared beliefs about old age are internalized into self-perceptions of aging focusing on uncovering factors related to self-directed ageism. Data were derived from the survey that had examined citizen's attitudes towards old age and aging in Finland. Multinominal logistic regression models were performed to examine the association of sociodemographic and contextual factors with different combinations of societal age stereotypes and two indicators of self-perceptions of aging: subjective views on old age and personal feelings of own old age. Results The analyses showed that being female, attaining tertiary education, evaluating poor quality of life and awareness of institutional old age discrimination were related to holding negative views on aging towards both society and oneself. Discussion The findings from univariate and multivariate models suggest that it is not age per se, but structural and cultural circumstances shaped with growing older that turns socially shared negative age stereotypes into negative self-perceptions of aging. Even though the study addressed situations in one country, the findings have an important implication for other rapidly aging societies regarding how social and cultural contexts are closely linked to the formation of self-directed ageism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoko Ishikawa
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Social Sciences and Philosophy, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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82
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Hu RX, Larkina M, Smith J. The Impact of Caregiving History on Later-Life Self-Perceptions of Aging. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2023; 78:1805-1812. [PMID: 37494006 PMCID: PMC10645304 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbad103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Theories suggest that self-perceptions of aging (SPA) reflect structural and cultural ageism together with an individual's personal life experiences. We examine the impact of an individual's history of informal caregiving on their SPA. METHODS Using data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS, N = 8,372, age range 50-102 years), we investigated caregiving history as a determinant of later-life SPA. HRS participants provided reports of up to 5 episodes of caregiving, the life-course timing of each episode (start/end year), and their relationship with the care recipients. SPA was measured by the HRS Attitudes Toward Own Aging Scale. We conducted linear regressions to examine associations between specific caregiving histories and later-life SPA. Models included controls for current sociodemographic and health status. RESULTS Individuals who were ever a caregiver reported more negative SPA than noncaregivers. Variations in the impact of histories of caregiving were also revealed. Specifically, compared to people who had cared for adult(s) only, HRS participants who cared for both a child with special needs and an adult reported more negative SPA later in life. DISCUSSION The study provides insight into potential life-course precursors of SPA and highlights the importance of conceptualizing caregiving history as a complex life experience that might affect an individual's SPA later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Xiaochen Hu
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Marina Larkina
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jacqui Smith
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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83
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Lev A, Levental O, Tamir I. From legends to legacy: the impact of fan influence on retiring athletes in premier league basketball. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1295487. [PMID: 38023012 PMCID: PMC10663355 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1295487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction This research examines the perceived age of Premier League basketball players as they near retirement, focusing on the complex interplay between players, fans, and the media in shaping perceptions of age and retirement. The study highlights the unique pressure on the basketball players to retire due to age-related expectations, rooted in the perception that athleticism is age dependent. Methods The research methodology applied in this study involved conducting semi-structured interviews with a sample of 11 professional Israeli basketball players and two veteran players' agents. Results Three themes emerged: (1) Feelings of betrayal and ingratitude; (2) A farewell tour toward disengagement from one's professional career; and (3) The media's role in shaping beliefs and attitudes. These themes illustrate how the sports environment portrays aging players, shaping fan opinions, both positively and negatively. Significantly, the findings emphasize the challenges that players must confront within an ageist environment. Discussion The study concludes by highlighting the cultural and social construction at work. The "coercion" to retire from professional sports is more pronounced here due to the common belief that sports success is time-bound and age-dependent, necessitating a "young body". In this reality, the audience does not merely function as a backdrop for athletes' performances, but has the power, at the collective and the individual level, to affect change on and off the court.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assaf Lev
- Department of Sports Therapy, Faculty of Health Professions, Ono Academic College, Kiryat Ono, Israel
| | - Orr Levental
- Department of Physical Education, Tel Hai College, Tel Hai, Israel
| | - Ilan Tamir
- Moskowitz School of Communication, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
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84
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Brinkhof LP, Murre JMJ, de Wit S, Krugers HJ, Ridderinkhof KR. Changes in perceived ageism during the COVID-19 pandemic: impact on quality of life and mental well-being among Dutch adults aged 55 and older. Aging Ment Health 2023; 27:2490-2498. [PMID: 37116186 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2023.2205832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic brought ageism to the forefront of public discourse. Negative ageism incurs more negative self-perceptions of aging, which affects physical and mental functioning. Whether negative ageism as perceived and experienced by older adults has worsened as the pandemic lingered, and how such changes impact quality of life (QoL) and mental well-being (MWB), remain urgent questions.Method: In a sample of adults aged 55 or older (n = 500), we aimed to address this by administering the Perceived Ageism Questionnaire twice during the pandemic (T1: between October 2020 and May 2021; T2: on average 45 wk after T1).Results: Higher levels of perceived negative ageism were associated with lower QoL and MWB, at least partially through its unfavorable effects on self-perceptions of aging, even after controlling for ageism experiences in the preceding year (at T2, corrected for T1). Furthermore, we found that perceived negative ageism increased from T1 to T2, which had negative implications for QoL/MWB. Opposite effects were found for perceived positive ageism, although less consistently.Conclusion: These patterns reveal that ageism as perceived and experienced by adults of 55 or older became stronger and more negative throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, which had detrimental implications for individuals' QoL and MWB. These disconcerting findings emphasize the importance of combatting negative ageism in our society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte P Brinkhof
- Dept. of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Centre for Urban Mental Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain & Cognition (ABC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - J M J Murre
- Dept. of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Centre for Urban Mental Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain & Cognition (ABC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - S de Wit
- Dept. of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Centre for Urban Mental Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain & Cognition (ABC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - H J Krugers
- Centre for Urban Mental Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain & Cognition (ABC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - K R Ridderinkhof
- Dept. of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Centre for Urban Mental Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain & Cognition (ABC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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85
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Gitlitz T, Ayalon L. The mediating role of self-directed ageism in sexual health among Jewish-Israeli older people. Geriatr Nurs 2023; 54:341-349. [PMID: 37952297 DOI: 10.1016/j.gerinurse.2023.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
This article examines the relationships between physical health, personal resilience and healthy sexuality in older adults, and the mediating role of self-directed ageism in these relationships. Healthy sexuality, which encompasses sexual partnership satisfaction, sexual behaviors, successful sexual functioning, few negative changes, and few sexual health concerns, is important in old age. Five hundred Jewish-Israeli women and men, aged 60 years and over, participated in the study. Five questionnaires were administered that examined the number of diseases, level of resilience, self-perceptions of aging, and sexual relationships and activities. The data were analyzed using multiple linear and logistic regressions, and path analysis for the mediating role of self-directed ageism. The results showed that higher levels of resilience were positively related to aspects of sexual health, while reporting more diseases and higher self-directed ageism were negatively related to sexual health. Self-directed ageism mediated the relationships between resilience and number of diseases and sexual health. The findings supported the biopsychosocial model of healthy sexuality. It was concluded that sexual health in older age may be promoted by fostering resilience, promoting good health, and reducing self-directed ageism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Liat Ayalon
- School of Social Work, Bar Ilan University, Israel
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86
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Otto RB, Fields NL, Bennett M, Anderson KA. Positive Aging and Death or Dying: A Scoping Review. THE GERONTOLOGIST 2023; 63:1497-1509. [PMID: 36744720 DOI: 10.1093/geront/gnad006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES This scoping review aims to examine the extent and the manner in which research that utilizes successful, active, productive, and healthy aging framework(s) includes death or dying. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS An examination of peer-reviewed academic journal articles was conducted following Joanna Briggs Institute's methodological standards for scoping reviews and conforming to Arskey and O'Malley's 5-stage framework. The initial search resulted in 1,759 articles for review, and following the rigorous screening, 35 studies were included for the final review. A qualitative thematic analysis was used to identify how research utilizes the concepts of death and dying in the context of 4 positive aging models. RESULTS The core themes identified include (a) the absence of death and dying dimensions in positive aging models; (b) older adults' outlooks on death and dying while aging well; (c) religious and spiritual dimensions of aging well; (d) negative consequences of positive aging models without death and dying dimensions; and (e) the future of death and dying in positive aging models. DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS The review delivers a critique by researchers on the noticeable absence of death and dying processes within the framework of successful, active, productive, and healthy aging models. These findings represent a rich opportunity for future research on these concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Brown Otto
- School of Social Work, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
| | - Noelle L Fields
- School of Social Work, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
| | - Michael Bennett
- School of Social Work, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
| | - Keith A Anderson
- Department of Social Work, University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi, USA
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87
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Huxhold O, Henning G. The Risks of Experiencing Severe Loneliness Across Middle and Late Adulthood. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2023; 78:1668-1675. [PMID: 37431978 PMCID: PMC10561886 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbad099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES From a theoretical point of view, older adults may not necessarily face a greater risk of becoming lonely than middle-aged adults but are more likely at a disadvantage in fighting loneliness. Therefore, in this study, we differentiate between the risk of becoming lonely and the risk of remaining lonely. METHODS A large longitudinal data set representative of the German noninstitutionalized population from 40 to 85 years of age (N = 15,408; 49% female participants) was used in the analysis. Lagged logistic regression models were estimated to investigate the effect of earlier experiences of severe loneliness on the risk of being lonely after three years across middle age and late adulthood. Individual differences in health, views on aging, and social activities were taken into account to explore their role in age differences in the risk of remaining lonely. RESULTS The analysis revealed marginal age differences in the risk of becoming lonely but a marked age gradient regarding the risk of remaining lonely. Lonely older adults who were older than 75 years of age were more likely to remain lonely after three years than lonely middle-aged adults. Controlling for individual differences in health, views on aging as social loss, and social activities accounted for this age difference. DISCUSSION Interventions against loneliness may prioritize older age groups because losses in capacities, shifts in motivations, and a degraded opportunity structure render it increasingly less likely that older adults leave a state of loneliness on their own accord.
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88
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Kolovos E, Windsor TD. Does Awareness of Aging Matter? The Moderating Function of Awareness of Age-Related Change on the Relationships Between COVID-19 Disruption, Perceived Stress, and Affect. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2023; 78:1691-1699. [PMID: 37338812 PMCID: PMC10561889 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbad093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES How people reflect on their own age may influence their well-being in the face of disruptions associated with the coronavirus (COVID-19). Subjective aging was operationalized in terms of one's awareness of age-related change (AARC), specifically, the gains and losses associated with aging. We developed a measure assessing disruptions to daily life associated with the COVID-19 pandemic across 3 dimensions (i.e., Social and Lifestyle Disruption, Work and Health Disruption, and Others Contracting COVID-19). We hypothesized that COVID-19 disruption would be positively associated with both AARC-losses and AARC-gains. Greater COVID-19 disruption would also be associated with poorer psychosocial outcomes (higher perceived stress and negative affect [NA] and lower positive affect [PA]) and these associations would be stronger for those reporting greater AARC-losses and weaker for those reporting greater AARC-gains. METHODS Cross-sectional questionnaire data were collected from 263 participants from the United States (aged 40-83; mean age: 62.88 years, standard deviation = 9.00; 56.3% females). RESULTS After controlling for age, gender, education, employment, socioeconomic status, and physical functioning, greater Work and Health Disruption was associated with greater AARC-losses. Greater Social and Lifestyle Disruption was associated with both greater AARC-gains and AARC-losses. Moderation effects showed an exacerbating effect of AARC-losses on NA in the face of Work and Health Disruption and a protective effect of AARC-gains on PA in the context of Social and Lifestyle Disruption. DISCUSSION We extend research detailing antecedents of AARC and highlight the need for longitudinal research that considers the ever-changing nature of the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elli Kolovos
- College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Tim D Windsor
- College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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89
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Hammouri A, Taani MH, Ellis J. Ageism in the Nursing Care of Older Adults: A Concept Analysis. ANS Adv Nurs Sci 2023; 46:441-454. [PMID: 36728753 DOI: 10.1097/ans.0000000000000472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Despite the high prevalence of ageism worldwide, it is still underestimated and unrecognized by many nurses. Concept clarification is required to delineate the meaning of the word "ageism" in nursing. The purpose of this concept analysis is to clearly define the concept of ageism relative to nursing discipline using the Walker and Avant method. Defining the concept of ageism will provide nurses with a better understanding of its causes and consequences. It will aid policy makers in developing policies and interventions to help decrease ageism in health care environments.
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90
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Desrichard O, Heiser N, Renaud O, Zuber S, Oris M, Kliegel M. Contextual variation in cognitive performance of older adults: Demonstration of an age-of-examiner effect. Clin Neuropsychol 2023; 37:1428-1440. [PMID: 36533615 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2022.2150689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Consistent with research on stereotype threat, when examiners' characteristics make a stereotype of the participant group salient, it can hamper participants' performance. We hypothesized that younger examiners represent a subtle element activating age stereotypes, leading older people to perform worse as examiners' age decreases. Method: We analyzed data from the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE; NParticipants = 32768) and Vivre-Leben-Vivere studies (VLV, Nparticipants = 960), wherein older people were tested at home by examiners of different ages on eight cognitive tasks. Results: Our results indicate that participants' performance on five tasks was positively linked to examiners' age, showing that the older the examiner, the better the participants' performance. Conclusions: These findings could have implications for the current assessment of memory performance among older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Desrichard
- Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Swiss National Center of Competences in Research LIVES-Overcoming Vulnerability: Life Course Perspectives, Lausanne and Geneva, Switzerland
- Center for the Interdisciplinary Study of Gerontology and Vulnerability, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Neele Heiser
- Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Renaud
- Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Swiss National Center of Competences in Research LIVES-Overcoming Vulnerability: Life Course Perspectives, Lausanne and Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sascha Zuber
- Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Swiss National Center of Competences in Research LIVES-Overcoming Vulnerability: Life Course Perspectives, Lausanne and Geneva, Switzerland
- Center for the Interdisciplinary Study of Gerontology and Vulnerability, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Michel Oris
- Swiss National Center of Competences in Research LIVES-Overcoming Vulnerability: Life Course Perspectives, Lausanne and Geneva, Switzerland
- Center for the Interdisciplinary Study of Gerontology and Vulnerability, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Kliegel
- Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Swiss National Center of Competences in Research LIVES-Overcoming Vulnerability: Life Course Perspectives, Lausanne and Geneva, Switzerland
- Center for the Interdisciplinary Study of Gerontology and Vulnerability, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Shimizu Y, Takahashi T, Sato K, Ogawa S, Cho D, Takahashi Y, Yamashiro D, Li Y, Hinakura K, Iizuka A, Furuya T, Suzuki H. Perceptions of older adults and generativity among older citizens in Japan: a descriptive cross-sectional study. Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2023; 14:427-432. [PMID: 37920898 PMCID: PMC10626322 DOI: 10.24171/j.phrp.2023.0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the population ages worldwide, including in Japan, there is a growing expectation for older adults to remain active participants in society. The act of sharing one's experiences and knowledge with younger generations through social engagement not only enriches the lives of older individuals, but also holds significant value for our society. In this study, we examined both positive and negative perceptions of older adults and investigated the correlation between these perceptions and generativity among older citizens. Additionally, we evaluated the impact of life satisfaction on these factors. METHODS We conducted a survey of 100 older adults in Japan (mean age, 71.68 years) and utilized multiple regression analyses, using positive and negative perceptions of older adults, life satisfaction, and demographic factors as independent variables. The sub-categories of generativity-namely, generative action, concern, and accomplishment-were used as dependent variables. RESULTS Participants who held a more positive perception of older adults demonstrated a higher level of generative actions and concerns. Additionally, participants who reported higher levels of life satisfaction also exhibited more generative actions, concerns, and accomplishments. Conversely, those who held a more negative perception of older adults were found to have higher levels of generative actions. CONCLUSION Enhancing positive perceptions of older adults among them can boost the sub-categories of generativity. This study, which was conducted from an exploratory perspective, has several limitations, including a potential sampling bias. A more comprehensive examination of the relationship between perceptions of older adults and generativity is anticipated in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuho Shimizu
- Research Team for Social Participation and Healthy Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Humanities and Sociology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoya Takahashi
- Research Team for Social Participation and Healthy Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Sato
- Research Team for Social Participation and Healthy Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Susumu Ogawa
- Research Team for Social Participation and Healthy Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Cho
- Research Team for Social Participation and Healthy Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Takahashi
- Research Team for Social Participation and Healthy Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daichi Yamashiro
- Research Team for Social Participation and Healthy Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yan Li
- Research Team for Social Participation and Healthy Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keigo Hinakura
- Research Team for Social Participation and Healthy Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ai Iizuka
- Research Team for Social Participation and Healthy Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoki Furuya
- Research Team for Social Participation and Healthy Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Suzuki
- Research Team for Social Participation and Healthy Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
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92
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Lin Y, Xu N, Zhang B. Body image and hopelessness in older adults: The intervening roles of aging self-stereotypes and marital status. Psych J 2023; 12:727-734. [PMID: 37454695 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to examine the association between body image and hopelessness as well as the roles of aging self-stereotypes and marital status in this association in older adults. There were 821 older adults who participated in the present study and completed questionaries about body image, aging self-stereotypes, hopelessness, demographic information (age and sex), marital status, and health status. The results showed that body image was associated with hopelessness in older adults, and aging self-stereotypes mediated the link between body image and hopelessness. Moderated analyses further indicated that the path from body image to aging self-stereotypes was stronger for single older adults than for those who were married. The results emphasize that older adults' dissatisfaction with their body image can enhance negative aging self-stereotypes, which then result in more severe hopelessness. Marital relationships can alleviate the negative effect of body image on aging self-stereotypes in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Lin
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Nawei Xu
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Baoshan Zhang
- School of Education, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, China
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93
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Pedroso-Chaparro MDS, Cabrera I, Márquez-González M, Ribeiro Ó, Losada-Baltar A. Comorbid Depressive and Anxiety Symptomatology in Older Adults: The Role of Aging Self-Stereotypes, Loneliness, and Feelings of Guilt Associated with Self-Perception as a Burden. THE SPANISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 26:e26. [PMID: 37772769 DOI: 10.1017/sjp.2023.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to analyze the differences between older adults' symptom profiles (subclinical, anxiety, depressive, and comorbid) in negative aging self-stereotypes, loneliness, and feelings of guilt associated with self-perception as a burden. Participants were 310 community-dwelling people aged 60 years and over. The sample was grouped into four symptom profiles of older adults: anxiety, depressive, comorbid anxiety-depression, and subclinical symptoms. We carried out multinomial logistic regression analyses to analyze the role of assessed variables in the explanation of the four symptom profiles. Older adults who reported a comorbid symptomatology presented higher negative aging self-stereotypes and feelings of loneliness than the other three profiles. Compared with the subclinical profile, older adults who reported clinical symptomatology (anxiety, depressive, and comorbid profile) presented higher feelings of guilt associated with self-perception as a burden. The findings of this study suggest potential associations that may contribute to understanding and treating comorbid anxiety and depressive symptoms in older adults.
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94
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Gumikiriza-Onoria JL, Nakigudde J, Kaddu Mukasa M, Tibasiima I, Mayega R, Nakasujja N. Reflections of ageing among older adults in a Ugandan community: A qualitative analysis into the benefits and pains of ageing. JOURNAL OF MENTAL HEALTH AND AGING 2023; 7:171. [PMID: 38288055 PMCID: PMC10824533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Background The way societies comprehend and interpret aging has been in constant flux, mainly as life expectancy benchmarks increase and worldwide dynamics transform. Similar to many other nations, Uganda is experiencing this demographic shift. People aged 60 and above, who form a mere 2.7% of Uganda's population, are gradually emerging as a segment worth attention. This surge in life expectancy, which has increased from 50 to 63 years over the last decade, indicates a significant transformation in healthcare, lifestyles, and societal structures. Given this backdrop, there is a pressing need to delve deeper into the perceptions and experiences of this age cohort, especially in Central Uganda. This area mirrors the national trends. Methods This study adopted a rigorous methodological approach. Individuals aged 60 years and above were selected through purposive sampling, which aimed to draw out rich and diverse narratives. These participants participated in seven in-depth Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) held in Wakiso District. To ensure accuracy in representation, all discussions were first transcribed in Luganda, the local dialect, before careful translation to English. Results The participants presented a broad age spectrum from 62 to 90 years. The demographic data revealed a majority of female participants (54%), and a noteworthy statistic was that over half (51%) lacked a steady income source. Meticulous thematic analysis uncovered three themes. First, the journey of ageing encompasses physical, psychological, and social shifts, such as diminishing mobility, deteriorating health, and mounting social isolation. Second, the brighter side of ageing manifests in intangibles such as accumulated wisdom and a profound sense of life's accomplishments. The third theme echoed the harsher realities of aging, highlighting struggles with maintaining independence, looming financial challenges, and the sting of social exclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- JL Gumikiriza-Onoria
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - J Nakigudde
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - M Kaddu Mukasa
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - I Tibasiima
- College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - R Mayega
- School of Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - N Nakasujja
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
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95
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Rothermund K, Englert C, Gerstorf D. Explaining Variation in Individual Aging, Its Sources, and Consequences: A Comprehensive Conceptual Model of Human Aging. Gerontology 2023; 69:1437-1447. [PMID: 37769642 PMCID: PMC10711769 DOI: 10.1159/000534324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We define aging as a characteristic deterioration in one (or more) observable attributes of an organism that typically occurs during later life. With this narrow functional definition, we gain the freedom to separate aging from other processes of age-related change (e.g., maturation, growth, illness, terminal decline). We introduce a structural model that distinguishes between (1) the phenomenon of aging, (2) the subjective experience of aging, (3) sources of aging, and (4) consequences of aging. A core focus of the model is on the role of buffering mechanisms of biological repair and personal adaptation that regulate the relations between sources of aging, aging proper, and its consequences. The quality and level of functioning of these buffering mechanisms also varies across the life span, which directly affects the sources of aging, resulting in either resilience against or accelerated aging, and thus can be considered to be a major source of the variation in aging processes among different individuals. External factors comprising attributes of the physical environment and sociocultural characteristics are considered as contexts in which aging occurs. These contextual factors are assumed to feed into the various components of the model. Our model provides an interdisciplinary account of human aging, its sources and consequences, and also its subjective experience, by integrating biological, psychological, lifestyle, and sociocultural factors, and by specifying their interrelations and interactions. The model provides a comprehensive understanding of individual human aging, its underlying processes, and modulating factors. It allows for the derivation of empirically testable hypotheses, and it helps practitioners to identify elements that lend themselves to targeted intervention efforts aimed at increasing the resilience of individuals against aging and buffering its negative consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Rothermund
- Department of Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Zentrum für Alternsforschung Jena (ZAJ), Jena, Germany
| | - Christoph Englert
- Zentrum für Alternsforschung Jena (ZAJ), Jena, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute on Aging – Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
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96
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Liao T, Zhuoga C, Chen X. Contact with grandparents and young people's explicit and implicit attitudes toward older adults. BMC Psychol 2023; 11:289. [PMID: 37752575 PMCID: PMC10521500 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-023-01344-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the dramatic rise in population aging and widespread negative attitudes toward older people, it is necessary to understand the factors that affect age-related attitudes among young people in order to improve intergenerational solidarity and reduce ageism. The current study examined young people's contact with their grandparents and attitudes toward older people on both explicit and implicit levels. METHOD The sample included 146 Chinese college students (Mage = 21.50 yrs, SD = 2.23, 101 females). Participants completed a questionnaire concerning contact with their grandparents(contact quantity and contact quality), perceived typicality of their grandparents, intergroup anxiety, inclusion of other in the self, and explicit attitudes toward older people (aged 65 years or older) in general. Participants were also invited to complete a single-category implicit association test (SC-IAT) to assess their implicit attitudes toward older people. RESULTS The findings indicated that both quantity and quality of contact with grandparents predicted better explicit attitudes toward older people, and contact effects were stronger when one's grandparents were perceived as being typical of older adults. Contact quantity (not quality) was associated with more favorable implicit attitudes only when one's grandparents were perceived as highly typical older adults. Contact effects on explicit attitudes were mediated by intergroup anxiety and inclusion of other in the self. CONCLUSION Our findings on the positive effects of contact with grandparents underscore the importance of promoting intergenerational contact within the family as a starting point to reduce prejudice toward older adults in age-segregated modern societies. Current results also provide insights on how to extend the benefits of grandparent-grandchild contact outside the family by promoting the perceived typicality of one's grandparents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiansi Liao
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Cuo Zhuoga
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Xiaochen Chen
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China.
- Laboratory of Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China.
- Interdisciplinary Platform of Philosophy and Cognitive Science, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China.
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97
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Pereira MC, Rosa M, Santos MH. The Gender of Retirement in a Double-Ageing Country: Perspectives and Experiences of Retired Women and Men in Portugal. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:774. [PMID: 37754052 PMCID: PMC10525133 DOI: 10.3390/bs13090774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This article aimed to explore the perspectives and experiences of women and men at the stage in their lives following professional retirement, enriching the present and future of a continuously ageing Portuguese society. In order to better capture the diversity and complexity of each individual's experiences, a qualitative methodology was used. Semi-structured individual interviews were carried out with sixteen retired people, eight women and eight men, aged between 59 and 88 years old. A thematic analysis allowed us to identify five themes in the interviewees' discourses. We concluded that gender may be a source of heterogeneity at this stage of life, suggesting that these findings should be analysed in the scope of a life course perspective, and highlighting the impact that the different trajectories of women and men have, as well as the historical and social context in which they take place.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miriam Rosa
- Iscte—Instituto Universitário de Lisboa, 1649 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.R.); (M.H.S.)
- Iscte—Instituto Universitário de Lisboa, CIS-Iscte, 1649 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria Helena Santos
- Iscte—Instituto Universitário de Lisboa, 1649 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.R.); (M.H.S.)
- Iscte—Instituto Universitário de Lisboa, CIS-Iscte, 1649 Lisboa, Portugal
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98
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Niechcial MA, Marr C, Potter LM, Dickson A, Gow AJ. Older adults' experiences of taking up a new community-based leisure activity to promote brain health: A focus group study. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0290623. [PMID: 37695789 PMCID: PMC10495001 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION An active and engaged lifestyle is supported as being beneficial for brain health. Activities comprising physical, mental and social demands, or combinations of those, are of particular interest, and have been the focus of specific interventions. Exploring how older people engage with such community-based activities, including facilitators and barriers to participation, may help improve the success of future translational activities. The purpose of this study was therefore to identify factors that enabled or hindered activity engagement by conducting focus groups with people who had been supported to take up a new activity as part of an intervention study. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-seven older adults aged 65-86 (56% female) who had completed an activity-based intervention study participated in three focus groups. Discussions explored their experiences of taking up a new activity, including facilitators and barriers to their engagement, and their perceptions of any benefits. RESULTS Thematic analysis grouped participants' responses into five themes: positive aspects and facilitators of engagement in a new activity; challenges and barriers to engagement; ageing being a facilitator and a barrier to engagement; differential effects of activities on participants' health and wellbeing; and general project feedback (including opinions on study design). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Participants' experiences and expectations included positive (e.g., enjoyment, socialisation) and negative factors (e.g., lack of confidence, other commitments, class costs and poor structure), consistent with previous research on social participation and engaging with new learning opportunities. Future studies should also consider those who do not readily participate in leisure activities to address earlier barriers. It is important that older adults have access to potentially beneficial activities and local authorities should prioritise increasing their provision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malwina A Niechcial
- Department of Psychology and Centre for Applied Behavioural Sciences, School of Social Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Calum Marr
- Department of Psychology and Centre for Applied Behavioural Sciences, School of Social Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren M Potter
- Department of Psychology and Centre for Applied Behavioural Sciences, School of Social Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Adele Dickson
- Department of Psychology and Centre for Applied Behavioural Sciences, School of Social Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alan J Gow
- Department of Psychology and Centre for Applied Behavioural Sciences, School of Social Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Çelik HC. Representations of older people in Turkish prime-time TV series and Netflix original Turkish series: A comparative content analysis. J Aging Stud 2023; 66:101158. [PMID: 37704276 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaging.2023.101158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, older characters that appeared in all the episodes of the first seasons of eight most popular Turkish TV series on prime-time televisions in Turkey and those appeared in all the episodes of the first seasons of eight "original" Turkish series on Netflix were submitted to a comparative quantitative and qualitative content analysis. In this sense, the aim of this study was to reveal what kind of old age is promised to viewers by such media environments as TV and Netflix. Findings revealed that, when compared to the Turkish population, older people were significantly underrepresented in prime-time series and that, in other words, they were symbolically eliminated and exposed to age discrimination. Another finding is that older people were portrayed more fairly on Netflix than TV. Although older individuals were inadequately represented on Netflix as well, the difference between the two platforms was not statistically significant. On the other hand, while older women are significantly less represented than older men on both platforms, the study found no significant difference in gender representation between Netflix and prime-time TV. The findings also indicated that no older character, when evaluated qualitatively, was represented as the major character on either platforms and that, especially when it comes to having a profession, older people, specifically older women, were portrayed more negatively on both platforms, which means that older women faced a double jeopardy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Cem Çelik
- Akdeniz University Faculty of Communication, Pınarbaşı Neighborhood, Dumlupınar Avenue, Konyaalti, Antalya, Turkey.
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100
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Lapierre S, Chauvette S, Bolduc L, Adams-Lemieux M, Boller B, Desjardins S. Character Strengths and Resilience in Older Adults during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Can J Aging 2023; 42:455-465. [PMID: 37157820 DOI: 10.1017/s0714980823000089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
During the pandemic, older adults were perceived as a vulnerable group without considering their various strengths. This study explored the associations between character strengths and resilience, and verified if some of these could predict resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic. A sample of 92 participants (women = 79.1%), ≥ 70 years of age (mean = 75.6 years), completed an online version of the Values in Action Inventory of Strengths - Positively keyed (VIA-IS-P) to assess 24 character strengths (grouped under six virtues) and the Connor and Davidson Resilience Scale. Results showed that 20 of the 24 strengths correlated positively and significantly with resilience. A multiple regression analysis revealed that the virtues of courage and transcendence, as well as attitudes toward aging, uniquely predicted the level of resilience. Interventions should be developed to improve certain strengths (e.g., creativity, zest, hope, humor, and curiosity), while reducing ageism, in order to promote resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Lapierre
- Département de Psychologie, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada
| | - Sarah Chauvette
- Département de Psychologie, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada
| | - Leonye Bolduc
- Département de Psychologie, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada
| | - Meagan Adams-Lemieux
- Département de Psychologie, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada
| | - Benjamin Boller
- Département de Psychologie, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada
| | - Sophie Desjardins
- Département de Psychologie, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada
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