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Lichens Contribute to Open Woodland Stability in the Boreal Forest Through Detrimental Effects on Pine Growth and Root Ectomycorrhizal Development. Ecosystems 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-018-0262-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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52
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Nehls U, Plassard C. Nitrogen and phosphate metabolism in ectomycorrhizas. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 220:1047-1058. [PMID: 29888395 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
1047 I. Introduction 1047 II. Mobilization of soil N/P by ECM fungi 1048 III. N/P uptake 1048 IV. N/P assimilation 1049 V. N/P storage and remobilization 1049 VI. Hyphal N/P efflux at the plant-fungus interface 1052 VII. Conclusion and research needs 1054 Acknowledgements 1055 References 1055 SUMMARY: Nutrient homeostasis is essential for fungal cells and thus tightly adapted to the local demand in a mycelium with hyphal specialization. Based on selected ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal models, we outlined current concepts of nitrogen and phosphate nutrition and their limitations, and included knowledge from Baker's yeast when major gaps had to be filled. We covered the entire pathway from nutrient mobilization, import and local storage, distribution within the mycelium and export at the plant-fungus interface. Even when nutrient import and assimilation were broad issues for ECM fungi, we focused mainly on nitrate and organic phosphorus uptake, as other nitrogen/phosphorus (N/P) sources have been covered by recent reviews. Vacuolar N/P storage and mobilization represented another focus point of this review. Vacuoles are integrated into cellular homeostasis and central for an ECM mycelium at two locations: soil-growing hyphae and hyphae of the plant-fungus interface. Vacuoles are also involved in long-distance transport. We further discussed potential mechanisms of bidirectional long-distance nutrient transport (distances from millimetres to metres). A final focus of the review was N/P export at the plant-fungus interface, where we compared potential efflux mechanisms and pathways, and discussed their prerequisites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Nehls
- Botany, University of Bremen, Bremen, 28359, Germany
| | - Claude Plassard
- Eco & Sols, Université de Montpellier, INRA, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, 34060, France
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Toju H, Sato H, Yamamoto S, Tanabe AS. Structural diversity across arbuscular mycorrhizal, ectomycorrhizal, and endophytic plant-fungus networks. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:292. [PMID: 30463525 PMCID: PMC6249749 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1500-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Below-ground linkage between plant and fungal communities is one of the major drivers of terrestrial ecosystem dynamics. However, we still have limited knowledge of how such plant-fungus associations vary in their community-scale properties depending on fungal functional groups and geographic locations. METHODS By compiling a high-throughput sequencing dataset of root-associated fungi in eight forests along the Japanese Archipelago, we performed a comparative analysis of arbuscular mycorrhizal, ectomycorrhizal, and saprotrophic/endophytic associations across a latitudinal gradient from cool-temperate to subtropical regions. RESULTS In most of the plant-fungus networks analyzed, host-symbiont associations were significantly specialized but lacked "nested" architecture, which has been commonly reported in plant-pollinator and plant-seed disperser networks. In particular, the entire networks involving all functional groups of plants and fungi and partial networks consisting of ectomycorrhizal plant and fungal species/taxa displayed "anti-nested" architecture (i.e., negative nestedness scores) in many of the forests examined. Our data also suggested that geographic factors affected the organization of plant-fungus network structure. For example, the southernmost subtropical site analyzed in this study displayed lower network-level specificity of host-symbiont associations and higher (but still low) nestedness than northern localities. CONCLUSIONS Our comparative analyses suggest that arbuscular mycorrhizal, ectomycorrhizal, and saprotrophic/endophytic plant-fungus associations often lack nested network architecture, while those associations can vary, to some extent, in their community-scale properties along a latitudinal gradient. Overall, this study provides a basis for future studies that will examine how different types of plant-fungus associations collectively structure terrestrial ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Toju
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu, Shiga 520-2113 Japan
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012 Japan
| | - Hirotoshi Sato
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwake-cho, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
| | - Akifumi S. Tanabe
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Ryukoku University, 1-5 Yokotani, Seta Oe-cho, Otsu, Shiga 520-2194 Japan
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Amma S, Toju H, Wachrinrat C, Sato H, Tanabe AS, Artchawakom T, Kanzaki M. Composition and Diversity of Soil Fungi in Dipterocarpaceae-Dominated Seasonal Tropical Forests in Thailand. Microbes Environ 2018; 33:135-143. [PMID: 29848838 PMCID: PMC6031388 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me17168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Although fungi play essential roles in nutrient cycles and plant growth in forest ecosystems, limited information is currently available on the community compositions of soil fungi in tropical forests. Few studies have examined fungal community structures in seasonal tropical forests, in which forest fires potentially have a large impact on above- and belowground community processes. Based on high-throughput sequencing technologies, we herein examined the diversity and community structures of soil fungi in dry seasonal tropical forests in Sakaerat, northeast Thailand. We found that fungal community compositions diverged among dry evergreen, dry deciduous, and fire-protected dry deciduous forests within the region. Although tree species diversity did not positively correlate with soil fungal diversity, the coverage of an understory bamboo species (Vietnamosasa pusilla) showed a strong relationship with fungal community structures. Our community ecological analysis also yielded a list of fungi showing habitat preferences for either of the neighboring evergreen and deciduous forests in Sakaerat. The present results provide a basis for managing soil fungal communities and aboveground plant communities in seasonal tropical forests in Southeast Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarasa Amma
- Division of Forest and Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto UniversityKitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606–8502Japan
| | - Hirokazu Toju
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University509–3, 2-chome, Hirano, Otsu, Shiga, 520–2113Japan
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology AgencyKawaguchi, Saitama 332–0012Japan
| | - Chongrak Wachrinrat
- Department of Silviculture, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Hirotoshi Sato
- Department of Environmental Solution Technology, Faculty of Science & Technology, Ryukoku UniversitySeta-Oe, Otsu, 520–2194 ShigaJapan
| | - Akifumi S. Tanabe
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University1–1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657–8501Japan
| | - Taksin Artchawakom
- Sakaerat Environmental Research Station, Wang Nam KhiaoWang Nam Khiao-District, Nakon Ratchashima, 30370Thailand
| | - Mamoru Kanzaki
- Division of Forest and Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto UniversityKitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606–8502Japan
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Toju H, Tanabe AS, Sato H. Network hubs in root-associated fungal metacommunities. MICROBIOME 2018; 6:116. [PMID: 29935536 PMCID: PMC6015470 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-018-0497-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although a number of recent studies have uncovered remarkable diversity of microbes associated with plants, understanding and managing dynamics of plant microbiomes remain major scientific challenges. In this respect, network analytical methods have provided a basis for exploring "hub" microbial species, which potentially organize community-scale processes of plant-microbe interactions. METHODS By compiling Illumina sequencing data of root-associated fungi in eight forest ecosystems across the Japanese Archipelago, we explored hubs within "metacommunity-scale" networks of plant-fungus associations. In total, the metadata included 8080 fungal operational taxonomic units (OTUs) detected from 227 local populations of 150 plant species/taxa. RESULTS Few fungal OTUs were common across all the eight forests. However, in each of the metacommunity-scale networks representing northern four localities or southern four localities, diverse mycorrhizal, endophytic, and pathogenic fungi were classified as "metacommunity hubs," which were detected from diverse host plant taxa throughout a climatic region. Specifically, Mortierella (Mortierellales), Cladophialophora (Chaetothyriales), Ilyonectria (Hypocreales), Pezicula (Helotiales), and Cadophora (incertae sedis) had broad geographic and host ranges across the northern (cool-temperate) region, while Saitozyma/Cryptococcus (Tremellales/Trichosporonales) and Mortierella as well as some arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were placed at the central positions of the metacommunity-scale network representing warm-temperate and subtropical forests in southern Japan. CONCLUSIONS The network theoretical framework presented in this study will help us explore prospective fungi and bacteria, which have high potentials for agricultural application to diverse plant species within each climatic region. As some of those fungal taxa with broad geographic and host ranges have been known to promote the survival and growth of host plants, further studies elucidating their functional roles are awaited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Toju
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2113, Japan.
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan.
| | - Akifumi S Tanabe
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Ryukoku University, Seta Oe, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2194, Japan
| | - Hirotoshi Sato
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
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Freire CG, Giachini AJ, Gardin JPP, Rodrigues AC, Vieira RL, Baratto CM, Werner SS, Abreu BH. First record of in vitro formation of ectomycorrhizae in Psidium cattleianum Sabine, a native Myrtaceae of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196984. [PMID: 29738553 PMCID: PMC5940196 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Like many other species of trees native to the Brazilian Mata Atlântica (Atlantic Forest), the Myrtaceae, such as the Red Araza (Psidium cattleianum Sabine), are widely cited as arbuscular mycorrhizal formers. Nevertheless, recent studies show evidence that Myrtaceae from different tropical, subtropical and neotropical ecosystems can also prompt the formation of ectomycorrhizae, indicating that this species' ectomycorrhizal status should be further explored. Because of this, this research effort studied the in vitro interaction between the Red Araza and two ectomycorrhizal fungi isolates, belonging to the Pisolithus microcarpus (D17) and Scleroderma citrinum (UFSC-Sc133) species. An analysis was performed to determine the formation of ectomycorrhizal structures, or lack thereof, and the developmental differences between the in vitro mycorrhized and non-mycorrhized plants. The analysis proved that indeed an ectomycorrhizal association was developed between the Red Araza, and the D17 and UFSC-Sc133 isolates, a fact never before registered in the existing literature. After an in vitro period of 110 days, it was confirmed that the D17 and UFSC-Sc133 isolates formed mycorrhizal colonization of 91.6% and 15.7%, respectively. Furthermore, both isolates also promoted root thickening, and the formation of a fungal mantle and a Hartig net. However, when compared to the Control plants, the fungal isolates did not contribute to an increase in the development of the subject plants, possibly due to the specific experimental conditions used, such as a high humidity environment and high availability of nutrients in the symbiotic substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassio Geremia Freire
- Departament of Health and Biology Sciences, University Alto Vale do Rio do Peixe, Caçador, Santa Catarina, Brazil
- * E-mail: (CGF); (AJG)
| | - Admir José Giachini
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
- * E-mail: (CGF); (AJG)
| | | | - Ana Claudia Rodrigues
- Department of Fungi, Algae and Plants Biology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Renato Luis Vieira
- Department of Temperate Climate Plants, Agricultural Research and Rural Extension Company of Santa Catarina, Caçador, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - César Milton Baratto
- Departament of Molecular Biology, West University of Santa Catarina, Videira, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Simone Silmara Werner
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Agricultural Research and Rural Extension Company of Santa Catarina, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Bernardo Haas Abreu
- Department of Applied Microscopy, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina–Brazil
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Effects of Management Practices and Topography on Ectomycorrhizal Fungi of Maritime Pine during Seedling Recruitment. FORESTS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/f9050245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Wen Z, Shi L, Tang Y, Hong L, Xue J, Xing J, Chen Y, Nara K. Soil spore bank communities of ectomycorrhizal fungi in endangered Chinese Douglas-fir forests. MYCORRHIZA 2018; 28:49-58. [PMID: 28942552 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-017-0800-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Chinese Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga sinensis) is an endangered Pinaceae species found in several isolated regions of China. Although soil spore banks of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi can play an important role in seedling establishment after disturbance, such as in the well-known North American relative (Pseudotsuga menziesii), we have no information about soil spore bank communities in relict forests of Chinese Douglas-fir. We conducted bioassays of 73 soil samples collected from three Chinese Douglas-fir forests, using North American Douglas-fir as bait seedlings, and identified 19 species of ECM fungi. The observed spore bank communities were significantly different from those found in ECM fungi on the roots of resident trees at the same sites (p = 0.02). The levels of potassium (K), nitrogen (N), organic matter, and the pH of soil were the dominant factors shaping spore bank community structure. A new Rhizopogon species was the most dominant species in the spore banks. Specifically, at a site on Sanqing Mountain, 22 of the 57 surviving bioassay seedlings (representing 21 of the 23 soil samples) were colonized by this species. ECM fungal richness significantly affected the growth of bioassay seedlings (R 2 = 0.20, p = 0.007). Growth was significantly improved in seedlings colonized by Rhizopogon or Meliniomyces species compared with uncolonized seedlings. Considering its specificity to Chinese Douglas-fir, predominance in the soil spore banks, and positive effect on host growth, this new Rhizopogon species could play critical roles in seedling establishment and forest regeneration of endangered Chinese Douglas-fir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhugui Wen
- Jiangsu Coastal Area Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Yancheng, Jiangsu, 224002, China
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8563, Japan
| | - Liang Shi
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Yangze Tang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Lizhou Hong
- Jiangsu Coastal Area Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Yancheng, Jiangsu, 224002, China
| | - Jiawang Xue
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Jincheng Xing
- Jiangsu Coastal Area Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Yancheng, Jiangsu, 224002, China
| | - Yahua Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China.
| | - Kazuhide Nara
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8563, Japan.
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Murata M, Kanetani S, Nara K. Ectomycorrhizal fungal communities in endangered Pinus amamiana forests. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189957. [PMID: 29261780 PMCID: PMC5736215 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between trees and ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi are critical for the growth and survival of both partners. However, ECM symbiosis in endangered trees has hardly been explored, complicating conservation efforts. Here, we evaluated resident ECM roots and soil spore banks of ECM fungi from endangered Pinus amamiana forests on Yakushima and Tanegashima Islands, Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan. Soil samples were collected from remaining four forests in the two islands. The resident ECM roots in soil samples were subjected to molecular identification. Soil spore banks of ECM fungi were analyzed via bioassays using a range of host seedlings (P. amamiana, P. parviflora, P. densiflora and Castanopsis sieboldii) for 6-8 months. In all remaining P. amamiana forests, we discovered a new Rhizopogon species (Rhizopogon sp.1), the sequence of which has no match amoung numerous Rhizopogon sequences deposited in the international sequence database. Host identification of the resident ECM roots confirmed that Rhizopogon sp.1 was associated only with P. amamiana. Rhizopogon sp.1 was far more dominant in soil spore banks than in resident ECM roots, and its presence was confirmed in nearly all soil samples examined across the major remaining populations. While Rhizopogon sp.1 did not completely lose compatibility to other pine species, its infection rate in the bioassays was highest in the original host, P. amamiana, the performance of which was improved by the infection. These results indicate that Rhizopogon sp.1 is very likely to have a close ecological relationship with endangered P. amamiana, probably due to a long co-evolutionary period on isolated islands, and to play the key role in seedling establishment after disturbance. We may need to identify and utilize such key ECM fungi to conserve endangered trees practically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Murata
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Seiichi Kanetani
- Kyushu Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Nara
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
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Fukasawa Y, Ando Y, Song Z. Comparison of fungal communities associated with spruce seedling roots and bryophyte carpets on logs in an old-growth subalpine coniferous forest in Japan. FUNGAL ECOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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61
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Jia S, Nakano T, Hattori M, Nara K. Root-associated fungal communities in three Pyroleae species and their mycobiont sharing with surrounding trees in subalpine coniferous forests on Mount Fuji, Japan. MYCORRHIZA 2017; 27:733-745. [PMID: 28707027 PMCID: PMC5645451 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-017-0788-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Pyroleae species are perennial understory shrubs, many of which are partial mycoheterotrophs. Most fungi colonizing Pyroleae roots are ectomycorrhizal (ECM) and share common mycobionts with their Pyroleae hosts. However, such mycobiont sharing has neither been examined in depth before nor has the interspecific variation in sharing among Pyroleae species. Here, we examined root-associated fungal communities in three co-existing Pyroleae species, including Pyrola alpina, Pyrola incarnata, and Orthilia secunda, with reference to co-existing ECM fungi on the surrounding trees in the same soil blocks in subalpine coniferous forests. We identified 42, 75, and 18 fungal molecular operational taxonomic units in P. alpina, P. incarnata, and O. secunda roots, respectively. Mycobiont sharing with surrounding trees, which was defined as the occurrence of the same mycobiont between Pyroleae and surrounding trees in each soil block, was most frequent among P. incarnata (31 of 44 plants). In P. alpina, sharing was confirmed in 12 of 37 plants, and the fungal community was similar to that of P. incarnata. Mycobiont sharing was least common in O. secunda, found in only 5 of 32 plants. Root-associated fungi of O. secunda were dominated by Wilcoxina species, which were absent from the surrounding ECM roots in the same soil blocks. These results indicate that mycobiont sharing with surrounding trees does not equally occur among Pyroleae plants, some of which may develop independent mycorrhizal associations with ECM fungi, as suggested in O. secunda at our research sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuzheng Jia
- Department of Natural Environmental Studies, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8563, Japan.
| | - Takashi Nakano
- Mount Fuji Research Institute, Fujiyoshida, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Masahira Hattori
- Laboratory of Metagenomics, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Nara
- Department of Natural Environmental Studies, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8563, Japan
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Intraspecific variation in mycelial growth of Cenococcum geophilum isolates in response to salinity gradients. MYCOSCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.myc.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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63
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Lee H, Park MS, Jung PE, Eimes JA, Seok SJ, Lim YW. Re-evaluation of the taxonomy and diversity of Russula section Foetentinae (Russulales, Basidiomycota) in Korea. MYCOSCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.myc.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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64
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Fukami T, Nakajima M, Fortunel C, Fine PVA, Baraloto C, Russo SE, Peay KG. Geographical Variation in Community Divergence: Insights from Tropical Forest Monodominance by Ectomycorrhizal Trees. Am Nat 2017; 190:S105-S122. [DOI: 10.1086/692439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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65
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Flores-Rentería D, Barradas VL, Álvarez-Sánchez J. Ectomycorrhizal pre-inoculation of Pinus hartwegii and Abies religiosa is replaced by native fungi in a temperate forest of central Mexico. Symbiosis 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-017-0498-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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66
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Koizumi T, Nara K. Communities of Putative Ericoid Mycorrhizal Fungi Isolated from Alpine Dwarf Shrubs in Japan: Effects of Host Identity and Microhabitat. Microbes Environ 2017; 32:147-153. [PMID: 28529264 PMCID: PMC5478538 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me16180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Dwarf shrubs of the family Ericaceae are common in arctic and alpine regions. Many of these plants are associated with ericoid mycorrhizal (ERM) fungi, which allow them to take nutrients and water from the soil under harsh environmental conditions and, thus, affect host plant survival. Despite the importance of ERM fungi to alpine plant communities, limited information is available on the effects of microhabitat and host identity on ERM fungal communities. We investigated the communities of putative ERM fungi isolated from five dwarf shrub species (Arcterica nana, Diapensia lapponica, Empetrum nigrum, Loiseleuria procumbens, and Vaccinium vitis-idaea) that co-occur in an alpine region of Japan, with reference to distinct microhabitats provided by large stone pine (Pinus pumila) shrubs (i.e. bare ground, the edge of stone pine shrubs, and the inside of stone pine shrubs). We obtained 703 fungal isolates from 222 individual plants. These isolates were classified into 55 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) based on the sequencing of internal transcribed spacer regions in ribosomal DNA. These putative ERM fungal communities were dominated by Helotiales fungi for all host species. Cistella and Trimmatostroma species, which have rarely been detected in ERM roots in previous studies, were abundant. ERM fungal communities were significantly different among microhabitats (R2=0.28), while the host effect explained less variance in the fungal communities after excluding the microhabitat effect (R2=0.17). Our results suggest that the host effect on ERM fungal communities is minor and the distributions of hosts and fungal communities may be assessed based on microhabitat conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiko Koizumi
- Department of Natural Environmental Studies, Graduate School of Frontier Science, The University of Tokyo5–1–5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277–8563Japan
| | - Kazuhide Nara
- Department of Natural Environmental Studies, Graduate School of Frontier Science, The University of Tokyo5–1–5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277–8563Japan
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67
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Hewitt RE, Chapin FS, Hollingsworth TN, Taylor DL. The potential for mycobiont sharing between shrubs and seedlings to facilitate tree establishment after wildfire at Alaska arctic treeline. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:3826-3838. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.14143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E. Hewitt
- Institute of Arctic BiologyUniversity of Alaska FairbanksFairbanksAKUSA
| | - F. Stuart Chapin
- Institute of Arctic BiologyUniversity of Alaska FairbanksFairbanksAKUSA
| | - Teresa N. Hollingsworth
- USDA Forest ServicePacific Northwest Research StationBoreal Ecology Cooperative Research UnitFairbanksAKUSA
| | - D. Lee Taylor
- Institute of Arctic BiologyUniversity of Alaska FairbanksFairbanksAKUSA
- Department of BiologyUniversity of New MexicoAlbuquerqueNMUSA
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69
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Analysis of morphological, ecological and molecular characters of Russula pectinatoides Peck and Russula praetervisa Sarnari, with a description of the new taxon Russula recondita Melera & Ostellari. Mycol Prog 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-016-1256-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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70
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Toju H, Kishida O, Katayama N, Takagi K. Networks Depicting the Fine-Scale Co-Occurrences of Fungi in Soil Horizons. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165987. [PMID: 27861486 PMCID: PMC5115672 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungi in soil play pivotal roles in nutrient cycling, pest controls, and plant community succession in terrestrial ecosystems. Despite the ecosystem functions provided by soil fungi, our knowledge of the assembly processes of belowground fungi has been limited. In particular, we still have limited knowledge of how diverse functional groups of fungi interact with each other in facilitative and competitive ways in soil. Based on the high-throughput sequencing data of fungi in a cool-temperate forest in northern Japan, we analyzed how taxonomically and functionally diverse fungi showed correlated fine-scale distributions in soil. By uncovering pairs of fungi that frequently co-occurred in the same soil samples, networks depicting fine-scale co-occurrences of fungi were inferred at the O (organic matter) and A (surface soil) horizons. The results then led to the working hypothesis that mycorrhizal, endophytic, saprotrophic, and pathogenic fungi could form compartmentalized (modular) networks of facilitative, antagonistic, and/or competitive interactions in belowground ecosystems. Overall, this study provides a research basis for further understanding how interspecific interactions, along with sharing of niches among fungi, drive the dynamics of poorly explored biospheres in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Toju
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Osamu Kishida
- Tomakomai Experimental Forest, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Aza-Takaoka, Tomakomai, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Noboru Katayama
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, 2-chome, Hirano, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Kentaro Takagi
- Teshio Experimental Forest, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Aza-Toikanbetsu 131, Horonobe-cho, Teshio-gun, Hokkaido, Japan
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71
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Teramoto M, Wu B, Hogetsu T. Pathway and sink activity for photosynthate translocation in Pisolithus extraradical mycelium of ectomycorrhizal Pinus thunbergii seedlings. MYCORRHIZA 2016; 26:453-64. [PMID: 26861479 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-016-0684-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to identify the pathway and sink activity of photosynthate translocation in the extraradical mycelium (ERM) of a Pisolithus isolate. We labelled ectomycorrhizal (ECM) Pinus thunbergii seedlings with (14)CO2 and followed (14)C distribution within the ERM by autoradiography. (14)C photosynthate translocation in the ERM resulted in (14)C distribution in rhizomorphs throughout the ERM, with (14)C accumulation at the front. When most radial mycelial connections between ECM root tips and the ERM front were cut, the whole allocation of (14)C photosynthates to the ERM was reduced. However, the overall pattern of (14)C distribution in the ERM was maintained even in regions immediately above and below the cut, with no local (14)C depletion or accumulation. We inferred from this result that every portion in the ERM has a significant sink activity and a definite sink capacity for photosynthates and that photosynthates detour the cut and reach throughout the ERM by translocation in every direction. Next, we prepared paired ECM seedlings, ERMs of which had been connected with each other by hyphal fusion, alongside, labelled the left seedling with (14)CO2, and shaded none, one or both of them. (14)C photosynthates were acropetally and basipetally translocated from the left ERM to ECM root tips of the right seedling through rhizomorphs in the left and right ERMs, respectively. With the left seedling illuminated, (14)C translocation from the left to the right ERM increased by shading the right seedling. This result suggests that reduced photosynthate transfer from the host to its ERM increased sink activity of the ERM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munemasa Teramoto
- Department of Forest Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.
- Present address: Center for Global Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Onogawa 16-2, Tsukuba, 305-8506, Japan.
| | - Bingyun Wu
- Department of Forest Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Taizo Hogetsu
- Department of Forest Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
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72
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Toju H, Tanabe AS, Ishii HS. Ericaceous plant-fungus network in a harsh alpine-subalpine environment. Mol Ecol 2016; 25:3242-57. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Toju
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies; Kyoto University; Sakyo Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - A. S. Tanabe
- National Research Institute of Fisheries Science; Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency; 2-12-4 Fukuura Kanazawa-ku Yokohama Kanagawa 236-8648 Japan
| | - H. S. Ishii
- Department of Environmental Biology and Chemistry; Graduate School of Science and Engineering; University of Toyama; 3190 Gofuku Toyama 930-8555 Japan
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73
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Garcia MO, Smith JE, Luoma DL, Jones MD. Ectomycorrhizal communities of ponderosa pine and lodgepole pine in the south-central Oregon pumice zone. MYCORRHIZA 2016; 26:275-286. [PMID: 26547440 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-015-0668-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Forest ecosystems of the Pacific Northwest of the USA are changing as a result of climate change. Specifically, rise of global temperatures, decline of winter precipitation, earlier loss of snowpack, and increased summer drought are altering the range of Pinus contorta. Simultaneously, flux in environmental conditions within the historic P. contorta range may facilitate the encroachment of P. ponderosa into P. contorta territory. Furthermore, successful pine species migration may be constrained by the distribution or co-migration of ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF). Knowledge of the linkages among soil fungal diversity, community structure, and environmental factors is critical to understanding the organization and stability of pine ecosystems. The objectives of this study were to establish a foundational knowledge of the EMF communities of P. ponderosa and P. contorta in the Deschutes National Forest, OR, USA, and to examine soil characteristics associated with community composition. We examined EMF root tips of P. ponderosa and P. contorta in soil cores and conducted soil chemistry analysis for P. ponderosa cores. Results indicate that Cenococcum geophilum, Rhizopogon salebrosus, and Inocybe flocculosa were dominant in both P. contorta and P. ponderosa soil cores. Rhizopogon spp. were ubiquitous in P. ponderosa cores. There was no significant difference in the species composition of EMF communities of P. ponderosa and P. contorta. Ordination analysis of P. ponderosa soils suggested that soil pH, plant-available phosphorus (Bray), total phosphorus (P), carbon (C), mineralizable nitrogen (N), ammonium (NH4), and nitrate (NO3) are driving EMF community composition in P. ponderosa stands. We found a significant linear relationship between EMF species richness and mineralizable N. In conclusion, P. ponderosa and P. contorta, within the Deschutes National Forest, share the same dominant EMF species, which implies that P. ponderosa may be able to successfully establish within the historic P. contorta range and dominant EMF assemblages may be conserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria O Garcia
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Jane E Smith
- US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 3200 Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
| | - Daniel L Luoma
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Melanie D Jones
- Biology Department, Institute for Biodiversity, Resilience and Ecosystem Services, University of British Columbia, Okanagan campus, Kelowna, British Columbia, V1V 1V7, Canada
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74
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Popa F, Jimenéz SYC, Weisenborn J, Donges K, Rexer KH, Piepenbring M. A new Laccaria species from cloud forest of Fortuna, Panama. Mycol Prog 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-015-1139-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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75
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Corrales A, Mangan SA, Turner BL, Dalling JW. An ectomycorrhizal nitrogen economy facilitates monodominance in a neotropical forest. Ecol Lett 2016; 19:383-92. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Corrales
- Department of Plant Biology University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana‐Champaign IL 61801 USA
| | - Scott A. Mangan
- Department of Biology Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis MO 63130 USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Apartado 0843–03092 Balboa Ancon Panama
| | - Benjamin L. Turner
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Apartado 0843–03092 Balboa Ancon Panama
| | - James W. Dalling
- Department of Plant Biology University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana‐Champaign IL 61801 USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Apartado 0843–03092 Balboa Ancon Panama
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76
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Rudawska M, Pietras M, Smutek I, Strzeliński P, Leski T. Ectomycorrhizal fungal assemblages of Abies alba Mill. outside its native range in Poland. MYCORRHIZA 2016; 26:57-65. [PMID: 26071873 PMCID: PMC4700082 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-015-0646-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Abies alba (Mill.) is an important forest tree species, native to the mountainous regions of Europe but has been also widely introduced in the lowlands outside its native range. Like most forest tree species, A. alba forms obligate mutualisms with ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi. This investigation sought to examine ECM fungal communities of A. alba when the species grows 400 km north of its native range in the region of Pomerania in Poland. We surveyed for ECM fungi by sampling live roots from four mature forest stands where the A. alba component ranged from 20 to 100%. Ectomycorrhizal fungal symbionts were identified based on morphotyping and sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA). Thirty-five ECM fungal taxa were distinguished on root tips of A. alba from all tested stands with 22 to 27 ECM fungal taxa in the individual stand. The diversity and similarity metrics revealed a lack of statistical differences in the structure of the ECM fungal community between stands varying in overstory tree composition. Cenococcum geophilum was the most common fungal species at all investigated A. alba stands, with an abundance of 50 to 70%. The ECM community was characterized by the lack of Abies-specific fungal symbionts and a rich and diverse suite of host-generalist mycobionts that seem to be sufficient for successful growth and development of A. alba outside of its native range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rudawska
- Laboratory of Symbiotic Associations, Institute of Dendrology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035, Kórnik, Poland.
| | - Marcin Pietras
- Laboratory of Symbiotic Associations, Institute of Dendrology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035, Kórnik, Poland
| | - Iwona Smutek
- Laboratory of Symbiotic Associations, Institute of Dendrology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035, Kórnik, Poland
| | - Paweł Strzeliński
- Department of Forest Management, University of Life Sciences in Poznań, Wojska Polskiego 71C, 60-625, Poznań, Poland
| | - Tomasz Leski
- Laboratory of Symbiotic Associations, Institute of Dendrology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035, Kórnik, Poland
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77
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Rodríguez‐Echeverría S, Lozano YM, Bardgett RD. Influence of soil microbiota in nurse plant systems. Funct Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susana Rodríguez‐Echeverría
- CFE‐Centre for Functional Ecology Department of Life Sciences University of Coimbra Calçada Martim de Freitas 3000‐456 Coimbra Portugal
| | - Yudi M. Lozano
- Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Carretera de Sacramento s/n E‐04120 La Cañada de San Urbano Almería Spain
| | - Richard D. Bardgett
- Faculty of Life Sciences The University of Manchester Michael Smith Building Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PT UK
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78
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Hewitt RE, Bent E, Hollingsworth TN, Chapin FS, Taylor DL. Resilience of Arctic mycorrhizal fungal communities after wildfire facilitated by resprouting shrubs. ECOSCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.2980/20-3-3620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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79
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Erlandson SR, Savage JA, Cavender-Bares JM, Peay KG. Soil moisture and chemistry influence diversity of ectomycorrhizal fungal communities associating with willow along an hydrologic gradient. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2015; 92:fiv148. [DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiv148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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80
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81
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Taudiere A, Munoz F, Lesne A, Monnet AC, Bellanger JM, Selosse MA, Moreau PA, Richard F. Beyond ectomycorrhizal bipartite networks: projected networks demonstrate contrasted patterns between early- and late-successional plants in Corsica. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:881. [PMID: 26539201 PMCID: PMC4612159 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The ectomycorrhizal (ECM) symbiosis connects mutualistic plants and fungal species into bipartite networks. While links between one focal ECM plant and its fungal symbionts have been widely documented, systemic views of ECM networks are lacking, in particular, concerning the ability of fungal species to mediate indirect ecological interactions between ECM plant species (projected-ECM networks). We assembled a large dataset of plant-fungi associations at the species level and at the scale of Corsica using molecular data and unambiguously host-assigned records to: (i) examine the correlation between the number of fungal symbionts of a plant species and the average specialization of these fungal species, (ii) explore the structure of the plant-plant projected network and (iii) compare plant association patterns in regard to their position along the ecological succession. Our analysis reveals no trade-off between specialization of plants and specialization of their partners and a saturation of the plant projected network. Moreover, there is a significantly lower-than-expected sharing of partners between early- and late-successional plant species, with fewer fungal partners for early-successional ones and similar average specialization of symbionts of early- and late-successional plants. Our work paves the way for ecological readings of Mediterranean landscapes that include the astonishing diversity of below-ground interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Taudiere
- UMR 5175, CEFE – CNRS – Université de Montpellier – Université Paul Valéry Montpellier – EPHE – INSERMMontpellier, France
| | - François Munoz
- UM2, UMR AMAPMontpellier, France
- French Institute of PondicherryPondicherry, India
| | - Annick Lesne
- CNRS, LPTMC UMR 7600, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Sorbonne UniversitésParis, France
- CNRS, IGMM UMR 5535, Université de MontpellierMontpellier, France
| | - Anne-Christine Monnet
- UMR 5175, CEFE – CNRS – Université de Montpellier – Université Paul Valéry Montpellier – EPHE – INSERMMontpellier, France
| | - Jean-Michel Bellanger
- UMR 5175, CEFE – CNRS – Université de Montpellier – Université Paul Valéry Montpellier – EPHE – INSERMMontpellier, France
| | - Marc-André Selosse
- CNRS, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, UMR 7205, Origine, Structure et Evolution de la BiodiversitéParis, France
| | - Pierre-Arthur Moreau
- Département de Botanique, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université LilleLille, France
| | - Franck Richard
- UMR 5175, CEFE – CNRS – Université de Montpellier – Université Paul Valéry Montpellier – EPHE – INSERMMontpellier, France
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82
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Increased Biomass of Nursery-Grown Douglas-Fir Seedlings upon Inoculation with Diazotrophic Endophytic Consortia. FORESTS 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/f6103582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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83
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Toju H, Guimarães PR, Olesen JM, Thompson JN. Below-ground plant-fungus network topology is not congruent with above-ground plant-animal network topology. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2015; 1:e1500291. [PMID: 26601279 PMCID: PMC4646793 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1500291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In nature, plants and their pollinating and/or seed-dispersing animals form complex interaction networks. The commonly observed pattern of links between specialists and generalists in these networks has been predicted to promote species coexistence. Plants also build highly species-rich mutualistic networks below ground with root-associated fungi, and the structure of these plant-fungus networks may also affect terrestrial community processes. By compiling high-throughput DNA sequencing data sets of the symbiosis of plants and their root-associated fungi from three localities along a latitudinal gradient, we uncovered the entire network architecture of these interactions under contrasting environmental conditions. Each network included more than 30 plant species and hundreds of mycorrhizal and endophytic fungi belonging to diverse phylogenetic groups. The results were consistent with the notion that processes shaping host-plant specialization of fungal species generate a unique linkage pattern that strongly contrasts with the pattern of above-ground plant-partner networks. Specifically, plant-fungus networks lacked a "nested" architecture, which has been considered to promote species coexistence in plant-partner networks. Rather, the below-ground networks had a conspicuous "antinested" topology. Our findings lead to the working hypothesis that terrestrial plant community dynamics are likely determined by the balance between above-ground and below-ground webs of interspecific interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Toju
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Paulo R. Guimarães
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jens M. Olesen
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - John N. Thompson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
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84
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Moeller HV, Dickie IA, Peltzer DA, Fukami T. Mycorrhizal co-invasion and novel interactions depend on neighborhood context. Ecology 2015; 96:2336-47. [DOI: 10.1890/14-2361.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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85
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Gorzelak MA, Asay AK, Pickles BJ, Simard SW. Inter-plant communication through mycorrhizal networks mediates complex adaptive behaviour in plant communities. AOB PLANTS 2015; 7:plv050. [PMID: 25979966 PMCID: PMC4497361 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plv050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Adaptive behaviour of plants, including rapid changes in physiology, gene regulation and defence response, can be altered when linked to neighbouring plants by a mycorrhizal network (MN). Mechanisms underlying the behavioural changes include mycorrhizal fungal colonization by the MN or interplant communication via transfer of nutrients, defence signals or allelochemicals. We focus this review on our new findings in ectomycorrhizal ecosystems, and also review recent advances in arbuscular mycorrhizal systems. We have found that the behavioural changes in ectomycorrhizal plants depend on environmental cues, the identity of the plant neighbour and the characteristics of the MN. The hierarchical integration of this phenomenon with other biological networks at broader scales in forest ecosystems, and the consequences we have observed when it is interrupted, indicate that underground 'tree talk' is a foundational process in the complex adaptive nature of forest ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika A Gorzelak
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | - Amanda K Asay
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | - Brian J Pickles
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | - Suzanne W Simard
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
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86
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Huang J, Nara K, Zong K, Lian C. Soil propagule banks of ectomycorrhizal fungi along forest development stages after mining. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2015; 69:768-777. [PMID: 25213652 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-014-0484-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal fungal (EMF) propagules play an important role in seedling establishment following disturbance. However, little is known about how the EMF propagule community changes with forest development. In this study, EMF propagules were examined using seedling bioassays in rhizosphere soils collected from a recently closed Pb-Zn tailing (Taolin Pb-Zn tailing (TLT)), a Cu tailing (Dexing Cu No. 2 tailing (DXT)) that had undergone 21 years of restoration, and a mature Masson pine (Pinus massoniana) forest (DXC) outside the Cu mining areas. The corresponding EMF communities colonizing Masson pine at each site were also investigated for comparison. After 8 months of running bioassays, ectomycorrhizal colonization was poor for seedlings grown in TLT (9.0 % ± 14.9 %) and DXT soils (22.4 % ± 17.7 %), while DXC seedlings were well colonized (47.5 % ± 24.9 %). Internal transcribed spacer sequencing revealed that EMF species richness increased with forest development in both the propagule bank (TLT, 6; DXT, 7; DXC, 12) and in the field (TLT, 8; DXT, 14; DXC, 26), though richness was lower in propagule banks. Several lineages, such as Cenococcum, Rhizopogon, Inocybe, Suillus, and Atheliaceae, were frequently encountered in propagule communities, but species assemblages were different among the three sites. Canonical correspondence analysis revealed that several soil parameters, i.e., N, EC, Cu, Pb, Zn, etc., were responsible for the distribution of EMF in the field and bioassay seedlings. The highest overlap in EMF species composition between the propagule bank and the field community was observed at the recently closed tailing (Morisita-Horn similarity = 0.71 for TLT), whereas the lowest overlap occurred at the mature forest (0.26 for DXC). These results indicate that EMF propagules in soil are less frequent and diverse in early primary succession and become more frequent and diverse along forest development, due mainly to the accumulation of dormant spores of Rhizopogon spp. and sclerotia of Cenococcum spp. Thus, EMF propagule communities in soil may diverge from those root-colonizing EMF communities along a gradient of forest development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Huang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China,
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87
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Mundra S, Halvorsen R, Kauserud H, Müller E, Vik U, Eidesen PB. Arctic fungal communities associated with roots of Bistorta vivipara do not respond to the same fine-scale edaphic gradients as the aboveground vegetation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 205:1587-1597. [PMID: 25483568 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Soil conditions and microclimate are important determinants of the fine-scale distribution of plant species in the Arctic, creating locally heterogeneous vegetation. We hypothesize that root-associated fungal (RAF) communities respond to the same fine-scale environmental gradients as the aboveground vegetation, creating a coherent pattern between aboveground vegetation and RAF. We explored how RAF communities of the ectomycorrhizal (ECM) plant Bistorta vivipara and aboveground vegetation structure of arctic plants were affected by biotic and abiotic variables at 0.3-3.0-m scales. RAF communities were determined using pyrosequencing. Composition and spatial structure of RAF and aboveground vegetation in relation to collected biotic and abiotic variables were analysed by ordination and semi-variance analyses. The vegetation was spatially structured along soil C and N gradients, whereas RAF lacked significant spatial structure. A weak relationship between RAF community composition and the cover of two ECM plants, B. vivipara and S. polaris, was found, and RAF richness increased with host root length and root weight. Results suggest that the fine-scale spatial structure of RAF communities of B. vivipara and the aboveground vegetation are driven by different factors. At fine spatial scales, neighbouring ECM plants may affect RAF community composition, whereas soil nutrients gradients structure the vegetation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Mundra
- The University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS), PO Box 156, N-9171, Longyearbyen (Svalbard), Norway
- Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066 Blindern, NO-0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rune Halvorsen
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, PO Box 1172 Blindern, NO-0318, Oslo, Norway
| | - Håvard Kauserud
- Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066 Blindern, NO-0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eike Müller
- The University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS), PO Box 156, N-9171, Longyearbyen (Svalbard), Norway
| | - Unni Vik
- Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066 Blindern, NO-0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pernille B Eidesen
- The University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS), PO Box 156, N-9171, Longyearbyen (Svalbard), Norway
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88
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Affiliation(s)
- David Johnson
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Cruickshank Building, Aberdeen, AB24 3UU, UK
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89
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Wang X, Qu L, Mao Q, Watanabe M, Hoshika Y, Koyama A, Kawaguchi K, Tamai Y, Koike T. Ectomycorrhizal colonization and growth of the hybrid larch F₁ under elevated CO₂ and O₃. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 197:116-126. [PMID: 25521414 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We studied the colonization of ectomycorrhizal fungi and species abundance of a hybrid larch (F1) under elevated CO₂ and O₃. Two-year-old seedlings were planted in an Open-Top-Chamber system with treatments: Control (O3 < 6 nmol/mol), O₃ (60 nmol/mol), CO₂ (600 μmol/mol), and CO2 + O₃. After two growing seasons, ectomycorrhiza (ECM) colonization and root biomass increased under elevated CO₂. Additionally, O₃ impaired ECM colonization and species richness, and reduced stem biomass. However, there was no clear inhibition of photosynthetic capacity by O₃. Concentrations of Al, Fe, Mo, and P in needles were reduced by O₃, while K and Mg in the roots increased. This might explain the distinct change in ECM colonization rate and diversity. No effects of combined fumigation were observed in any parameters except the P concentration in needles. The tolerance of F1 to O₃ might potentially be related to a shift in ECM community structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaona Wang
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Laiye Qu
- Research Center for Eco-Environment Sciences, Chinese Academy Sciences, China
| | - Qiaozhi Mao
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Makoto Watanabe
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Japan; Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8506, Japan
| | | | - Akihiro Koyama
- Deparetment of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1878, USA
| | | | - Yutaka Tamai
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Koike
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Japan.
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90
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Molina R, Horton TR. Mycorrhiza Specificity: Its Role in the Development and Function of Common Mycelial Networks. ECOLOGICAL STUDIES 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-7395-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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91
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Resource Transfer Between Plants Through Ectomycorrhizal Fungal Networks. ECOLOGICAL STUDIES 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-7395-9_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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92
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Little evidence for niche partitioning among ectomycorrhizal fungi on spruce seedlings planted in decayed wood versus mineral soil microsites. Oecologia 2014; 173:1499-1511. [PMID: 23797413 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-013-2713-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal fungal (EMF) communities vary among microhabitats, supporting a dominant role for deterministic processes in EMF community assemblage. EMF communities also differ between forest and clearcut environments, responding to this disturbance in a directional manner over time by returning to the species composition of the original forest. Accordingly, we examined EMF community composition on roots of spruce seedlings planted in three different microhabitats in forest and clearcut plots: decayed wood, mineral soil adjacent to downed wood, or control mineral soil, to determine the effect of retained downed wood on EMF communities over the medium and long term. If downed and decayed wood provide refuge habitat distinct from that of mineral soil, we would expect EMF communities on seedlings in woody habitats in clearcuts to be similar to those on seedlings planted in the adjacent forest. As expected, we found EMF species richness to be higher in forests than clearcuts (P ≤ 0.01), even though soil nutrient status did not differ greatly between the two plot types (P ≥ 0.05). Communities on forest seedlings were dominated by Tylospora spp., whereas those in clearcuts were dominated by Amphinema byssoides and Thelephora terrestris. Surprisingly, while substrate conditions varied among microsites (P ≤ 0.03), especially between decayed wood and mineral soil, EMF communities were not distinctly different among microhabitats. Our data suggest that niche partitioning by substrate does not occur among EMF species on very young seedlings in high elevation spruce-fir forests. Further, dispersal limitations shape EMF community assembly in clearcuts in these forests.
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93
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Miyamoto Y, Nakano T, Hattori M, Nara K. The mid-domain effect in ectomycorrhizal fungi: range overlap along an elevation gradient on Mount Fuji, Japan. THE ISME JOURNAL 2014; 8:1739-46. [PMID: 24621523 PMCID: PMC4817612 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2014.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Mid-domain effect (MDE) models predict that the random placement of species' ranges within a bounded geographical area leads to increased range overlap and species richness in the center of the bounded area. These models are frequently applied to study species-richness patterns of macroorganisms, but the MDE in relation to microorganisms is poorly understood. In this study, we examined the characteristics of the MDE in richness patterns of ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi, an ecologically important group of soil symbionts. We conducted intensive soil sampling to investigate overlap among species ranges and the applicability of the MDE to EM fungi in four temperate forest stands along an elevation gradient on Mount Fuji, Japan. Molecular analyses using direct sequencing revealed 302 EM fungal species. Of 73 EM fungal species found in multiple stands, 72 inhabited a continuous range along the elevation gradient. The maximum overlap in species range and the highest species richness occurred at elevations in the middle of the gradient. The observed richness pattern also fit within the 95% confidence interval of the mid-domain null model, supporting the role of the MDE in EM fungal richness. Deviation in observed richness from the mean of the mid-domain null estimation was negatively correlated with some environmental factors, including precipitation and soil C/N, indicating that unexplained richness patterns could be driven by these environmental factors. Our results clearly support the existence of microbial species' ranges along environmental gradients and the potential applicability of the MDE to better understand microbial diversity patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Miyamoto
- Department of Natural Environmental Studies, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakano
- Yamanashi Institute of Environmental Sciences, Fujiyoshida, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Masahira Hattori
- Center for Omics and Bioinformatics, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Nara
- Department of Natural Environmental Studies, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
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94
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Botnen S, Vik U, Carlsen T, Eidesen PB, Davey ML, Kauserud H. Low host specificity of root-associated fungi at an Arctic site. Mol Ecol 2014; 23:975-85. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.12646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Synnøve Botnen
- Department of Biosciences; Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology (EVOGENE); University of Oslo; PO box 1066 Blindern NO-0316 Oslo Norway
- The University Centre in Svalbard; PO box 156 NO-9171 Longyearbyen Norway
| | - Unni Vik
- Department of Biosciences; Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology (EVOGENE); University of Oslo; PO box 1066 Blindern NO-0316 Oslo Norway
| | - Tor Carlsen
- Department of Biosciences; Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology (EVOGENE); University of Oslo; PO box 1066 Blindern NO-0316 Oslo Norway
| | | | - Marie L. Davey
- The University Centre in Svalbard; PO box 156 NO-9171 Longyearbyen Norway
| | - Håvard Kauserud
- Department of Biosciences; Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology (EVOGENE); University of Oslo; PO box 1066 Blindern NO-0316 Oslo Norway
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95
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Toju H, Sato H, Tanabe AS. Diversity and spatial structure of belowground plant-fungal symbiosis in a mixed subtropical forest of ectomycorrhizal and arbuscular mycorrhizal plants. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86566. [PMID: 24489745 PMCID: PMC3904951 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-mycorrhizal fungal interactions are ubiquitous in forest ecosystems. While ectomycorrhizal plants and their fungi generally dominate temperate forests, arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis is common in the tropics. In subtropical regions, however, ectomycorrhizal and arbuscular mycorrhizal plants co-occur at comparable abundances in single forests, presumably generating complex community structures of root-associated fungi. To reveal root-associated fungal community structure in a mixed forest of ectomycorrhizal and arbuscular mycorrhizal plants, we conducted a massively-parallel pyrosequencing analysis, targeting fungi in the roots of 36 plant species that co-occur in a subtropical forest. In total, 580 fungal operational taxonomic units were detected, of which 132 and 58 were probably ectomycorrhizal and arbuscular mycorrhizal, respectively. As expected, the composition of fungal symbionts differed between fagaceous (ectomycorrhizal) and non-fagaceous (possibly arbuscular mycorrhizal) plants. However, non-fagaceous plants were associated with not only arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi but also several clades of ectomycorrhizal (e.g., Russula) and root-endophytic ascomycete fungi. Many of the ectomycorrhizal and root-endophytic fungi were detected from both fagaceous and non-fagaceous plants in the community. Interestingly, ectomycorrhizal and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were concurrently detected from tiny root fragments of non-fagaceous plants. The plant-fungal associations in the forest were spatially structured, and non-fagaceous plant roots hosted ectomycorrhizal fungi more often in the proximity of ectomycorrhizal plant roots. Overall, this study suggests that belowground plant-fungal symbiosis in subtropical forests is complex in that it includes "non-typical" plant-fungal combinations (e.g., ectomycorrhizal fungi on possibly arbuscular mycorrhizal plants) that do not fall within the conventional classification of mycorrhizal symbioses, and in that associations with multiple functional (or phylogenetic) groups of fungi are ubiquitous among plants. Moreover, ectomycorrhizal fungal symbionts of fagaceous plants may "invade" the roots of neighboring non-fagaceous plants, potentially influencing the interactions between non-fagaceous plants and their arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungal symbionts at a fine spatial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Toju
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hirotoshi Sato
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akifumi S. Tanabe
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
- National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Fisheries Research Agency, Fukuura, Kanazawa, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
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96
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97
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Dulmer KM, Leduc SD, Horton TR. Ectomycorrhizal inoculum potential of northeastern US forest soils for American chestnut restoration: results from field and laboratory bioassays. MYCORRHIZA 2014; 24:65-74. [PMID: 23857395 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-013-0514-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
American chestnut (Castanea dentata) was once a dominant overstory tree in eastern USA but was decimated by chestnut blight (Cryphonectria parasitica). Blight-resistant chestnut is being developed as part of a concerted restoration effort to bring this heritage tree back. Here, we evaluate the potential of field soils in the northern portion of the chestnut's former range to provide ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungus inoculum for American chestnut. In our first study, chestnut seedlings were grown in a growth chamber using soil collected from three sites dominated by red oak (Quercus rubra) as inoculum and harvested after 5 months. Of the 14 EM fungi recovered on these seedlings, four species dominated in soils from all three sites: Laccaria laccata, a Tuber sp., Cenococcum geophilum, and a thelephoroid type. Seedlings grown in the nonsterilized soils were smaller than those growing in sterilized soils. In the second study, chestnut seedlings were grown from seed planted directly into soils at the same three sites. Seedlings with intermingling roots of established trees of various species were harvested after 5 months. Seventy-one EM fungi were found on the root tips of the hosts, with 38 occurring on chestnut seedlings. Multiple versus single host EM fungi were significantly more abundant and frequently encountered. The fungi observed dominating on seedlings in the laboratory bioassay were not frequently encountered in the field bioassay, suggesting that they may not have been active in mycelial networks in the field setting but were in the soils as resistant propagules that became active in the bioassay. These results show that soil from red oak stands can be used to inoculate American chestnut with locally adapted ectomycorrhizal fungi prior to outplanting, a relatively cost effective approach for restoration efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristopher M Dulmer
- Department of Environmental and Forest Biology, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
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98
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99
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Tedersoo L, Smith ME. Lineages of ectomycorrhizal fungi revisited: Foraging strategies and novel lineages revealed by sequences from belowground. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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100
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Toju H, Yamamoto S, Sato H, Tanabe AS. Sharing of diverse mycorrhizal and root-endophytic fungi among plant species in an oak-dominated cool-temperate forest. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78248. [PMID: 24250752 PMCID: PMC3824041 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Most terrestrial plants interact with diverse clades of mycorrhizal and root-endophytic fungi in their roots. Through belowground plant-fungal interactions, dominant plants can benefit by interacting with host-specific mutualistic fungi and proliferate in a community based on positive plant-mutualistic fungal feedback. On the other hand, subordinate plant species may persist in the community by sharing other sets (functional groups) of fungal symbionts with each other. Therefore, revealing how diverse clades of root-associated fungi are differentially hosted by dominant and subordinate plant species is essential for understanding plant community structure and dynamics. Based on 454-pyrosequencing, we determined the community composition of root-associated fungi on 36 co-occurring plant species in an oak-dominated forest in northern Japan and statistically evaluated the host preference phenotypes of diverse mycorrhizal and root-endophytic fungi. An analysis of 278 fungal taxa indicated that an ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete fungus in the genus Lactarius and a possibly endophytic ascomycete fungus in the order Helotiales significantly favored the dominant oak (Quercus) species. In contrast, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were generally shared among subordinate plant species. Although fungi with host preferences contributed to the compartmentalization of belowground plant-fungal associations, diverse clades of ectomycorrhizal fungi and possible root endophytes were associated not only with the dominant Quercus but also with the remaining plant species. Our findings suggest that dominant-ectomycorrhizal and subordinate plant species can host different subsets of root-associated fungi, and diverse clades of generalist fungi can counterbalance the compartmentalization of plant-fungal associations. Such insights into the overall structure of belowground plant-fungal associations will help us understand the mechanisms that facilitate the coexistence of plant species in natural communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Toju
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hirotoshi Sato
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akifumi S. Tanabe
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
- National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Fisheries Research Agency, Fukuura, Kanazawa, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
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