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Givehchi R, Maestre JP, Bi C, Wylie D, Xu Y, Kinney KA, Siegel JA. Quantitative filter forensics with residential HVAC filters to assess indoor concentrations. INDOOR AIR 2019; 29:390-402. [PMID: 30624800 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of the dust from heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) filters is a promising long-term sampling method to characterize airborne particle-bound contaminants. This filter forensics (FF) approach provides valuable insights about differences between buildings, but does not allow for an estimation of indoor concentrations. In this investigation, FF is extended to quantitative filter forensics (QFF) by using measurements of the volume of air that passes through the filter and the filter efficiency, to assess the integrated average airborne concentrations of total fungal and bacterial DNA, 36 fungal species, endotoxins, phthalates, and organophosphate esters (OPEs) based on dust extracted from HVAC filters. Filters were collected from 59 homes located in central Texas, USA, after 1 month of deployment in each summer and winter. Results showed considerable differences in the concentrations of airborne particle-bound contaminants in studied homes. The airborne concentrations for most of the analytes are comparable with those reported in the literature. In this sample of homes, the HVAC characterization measurements varied much less between homes than the variation in the filter dust concentration of each analyte, suggesting that even in the absence of HVAC data, FF can provide insight about concentration differences for homes with similar HVAC systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raheleh Givehchi
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Juan P Maestre
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Chenyang Bi
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Dennis Wylie
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Kerry A Kinney
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Jeffrey A Siegel
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Lee I, Alakeel R, Kim S, Al-Sheikh YA, Al-Mandeel H, Alyousef AA, Kho Y, Choi K. Urinary phthalate metabolites among children in Saudi Arabia: Occurrences, risks, and their association with oxidative stress markers. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 654:1350-1357. [PMID: 30841407 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates have been used as plasticizers in numerous consumer applications and therefore, their metabolites have been detected in human urine worldwide. Despite concerns regarding their potential adverse health effects, few exposure assessments have been conducted among young populations in Middle Eastern countries. In this study, children (n = 109, aged 3-9 years) were recruited from four elementary schools in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, in 2017, and major phthalate metabolites were measured in their urine. Their parents were asked to complete a questionnaire on their behalf to assess potential exposure sources of phthalates. In addition to 18 phthalate metabolites, malondialdehyde (MDA) and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) were measured in urine samples by LC/MS/MS. Among the children of Saudi Arabia, urinary levels of monoisobutyl phthalate (MiBP) and monobutyl phthalate (MnBP) were higher than those reported previously in children worldwide. Monoethyl phthalate (MEP) was also detected at high levels. Several phthalate metabolites showed significant associations with the levels of MDA or 8-OHdG. Hazard quotients (HQs) derived for certain phthalates were greater than one. In particular, the HQs for di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) were greater than one in 34% of the participating children. Levels of monocyclohexyl phthalate (MCHP), monoisodecyl phthalate (MiDP), mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), and mono[2-(carboxymethyl)hexyl] phthalate (MCMHP) in the urine samples were positively associated with the consumption frequency of certain foods. Very high levels of exposure to phthalates, along with positive associations with oxidative stress markers, outline the importance of follow-up investigations for identification of phthalate exposure sources and potential health implications among the young population of Saudi Arabia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inae Lee
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Raid Alakeel
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University
| | - Sungmin Kim
- Department of Health, Environment and Safety, Eulji University, Republic of Korea
| | - Yazeed A Al-Sheikh
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University
| | - Hazem Al-Mandeel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University
| | - Abdullah A Alyousef
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University
| | - Younglim Kho
- Department of Health, Environment and Safety, Eulji University, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyungho Choi
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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53
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Grytting VS, Olderbø BP, Holme JA, Samuelsen JT, Solhaug A, Becher R, Bølling AK. Di-n-butyl phthalate modifies PMA-induced macrophage differentiation of THP-1 monocytes via PPARγ. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 54:168-177. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Modern life makes children allergic. A cross-sectional study: associations of home environment and lifestyles with asthma and allergy among children in Tianjin region, China. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2019; 92:587-598. [PMID: 30627853 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-018-1395-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In the past 60 years, the prevalences of asthma and allergy among children have increased around the world. Neither genetic nor outdoor environmental factors can explain this increase. METHODS We performed a cross-sectional study of 7366 children in Tianjin, China, on associations of home environment and lifestyles with asthma and allergy. RESULTS The prevalences of diagnosed asthma, rhinitis and eczema among 0- to 8-year-old children in the Tianjin area were 4%, 9% and 39%. Home environment and lifestyle, together with infections, were strong risk factors. For asthma and allergy, the population attributable fraction (PAF) due to modern floors and wall coverings (i.e., laminated wooden floors and painted walls compared to tile floors and lime-coated walls) was 22%. Window condensation in winter and air conditioner use in summer, both of which are proxies for less ventilation, accounted for 7-17% of rhinitis and eczema. Cesarean delivery accounted for 10% of eczema symptoms. We developed a modern life index from appropriate home characteristics and lifestyle and food consumption habits and found it to have a clear dose-response relationship with asthma and allergy in Tianjin children. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that a "modern" home environment together with a modern lifestyle is associated with increased prevalences of asthma and allergies among children. Appropriate indoor environmental interventions and education of children's caregivers are important in the management of childhood asthma and allergy.
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Liang Y, Bi C, Wang X, Xu Y. A general mechanistic model for predicting the fate and transport of phthalates in indoor environments. INDOOR AIR 2019; 29:55-69. [PMID: 30339320 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A mechanistic model that considers particle dynamics and their effects on surface emissions and sorptions was developed to predict the fate and transport of phthalates in indoor environments. A controlled case study was conducted in a test house to evaluate the model. The model-predicted evolving concentrations of benzyl butyl phthalate in indoor air and settled dust and on interior surfaces are in good agreement with measurements. Sensitivity analysis was performed to quantify the effects of parameter uncertainties on model predictions. The model was then applied to a typical residential environment to investigate the fate of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) and the factors that affect its transport. The predicted steady-state DEHP concentrations were 0.14 μg/m3 in indoor air and ranged from 80 to 46 000 μg/g in settled dust on various surfaces, which are generally consistent with the measurements of previous studies in homes in different countries. An increase in the mass concentration of indoor particles may significantly enhance DEHP emission and its concentrations in air and on surfaces, whereas increasing ventilation has only a limited effect in reducing DEHP in indoor air. The influence of cleaning activities on reducing DEHP concentration in indoor air and on interior surfaces was quantified, and the results showed that DEHP exposure can be reduced by frequent and effective cleaning activities and the removal of existing sources, though it may take a relatively long period of time for the levels to drop significantly. Finally, the model was adjusted to identify the relative contributions of gaseous sorption and particulate-bound deposition to the overall uptake of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) by indoor surfaces as functions of time and the octanol-air partition coefficient (Koa ) of the chemical. Overall, the model clarifies the mechanisms that govern the emission of phthalates and the subsequent interactions among air, suspended particles, settled dust, and interior surfaces. This model can be easily extended to incorporate additional indoor source materials/products, sorption surfaces, particle sources, and room spaces. It can also be modified to predict the fate and transport of other SVOCs, such as phthalate-alternative plasticizers, flame retardants, and biocides, and serves to improve our understanding of human exposure to SVOCs in indoor environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yirui Liang
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Chenyang Bi
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Xinke Wang
- Department of Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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Al Qasmi NN, Al-Thaiban H, Helaleh MIH. Indoor phthalates from household dust in Qatar: implications for non-dietary human exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:421-430. [PMID: 30406583 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3604-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are ubiquitous semi-volatile organic compounds in the indoor environment present in various consumer products such as cosmetics, polyvinylchloride (PVC) flooring, food packing, and many others. Indoor phthalate concentrations were investigated in 15 buildings including 11 homes, 3 laboratories, and 1 from a hospital in Qatar. Dust samples were collected from vacuum cleaning bags usually used for cleaning homes, labs, and hospitals. The main objectives of this study was to determine the occurrence and concentration of phthalates in dust in Qatar and consequently to estimate the non-dietary human exposure. Eleven phthalates was analyzed. The major identified phthalate compounds at homes in Qatar were bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate unlabeled (DEHP) and diisononyl phthalate (DINP) at a geometric mean of 288 μg/g (median 395 μg/g) and 106 μg/g (median 101 μg/g) accounting for 57% and 23% of the total measured phthalates, respectively. The major phthalate compounds found in the first lab building were DEHP and DINP with a median of 4861 μg/g and 943 μg/g, respectively, accounting for 82% and 16% of the total phthalates. For the second lab building, the major phthalates were DEHP with a median of 466 μg/g, accounting for 20% of the total phthalates measured, and DINP median of 1725 μg/g, accounting for 71% of the total measured phthalates. The dust sample tested from hospital building had DEHP as the major phthalate compound with a median of 793 μg/g, accounting for 4.0% of the total measured phthalates, and DINP with a median of 19,626 μg/g, accounting for 94%. The estimated human non-dietary exposure for children, adults, and toddlers was based on phthalate concentrations (median) and found to be 225 ng/kg bw/day for children, 2328 ng/kg bw/day for adults, and 2099 ng/kg bw/day for toddlers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noof Nayef Al Qasmi
- Toxicology and Multipurpose Lab., Anti Doping Lab. Qatar, P.O. Box 27775, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hussain Al-Thaiban
- Toxicology and Multipurpose Lab., Anti Doping Lab. Qatar, P.O. Box 27775, Doha, Qatar
| | - Murad I H Helaleh
- Toxicology and Multipurpose Lab., Anti Doping Lab. Qatar, P.O. Box 27775, Doha, Qatar.
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Kim YM, Kim J, Cheong HK, Jeon BH, Ahn K. Exposure to phthalates aggravates pulmonary function and airway inflammation in asthmatic children. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208553. [PMID: 30557318 PMCID: PMC6296560 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Studies on the associations between phthalate exposures and respiratory outcomes are limited. We investigated the association of phthalates exposure with pulmonary function and airway inflammation in asthmatic children. Methods Fifty-six children with asthma living in Seoul Metropolitan Area, Korea aged 6–16 years were enrolled. Their pulmonary function including forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1) and peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) were measured, and the fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) as a marker of airway inflammation was examined repeatedly up to four times during the study period. Urinary levels of mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP) and mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP), metabolites for di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), and mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP), a metabolite of di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), were also measured on the same days. The effects of phthalate metabolites on the respiratory symptoms were analyzed using linear mixed effect models with adjustment for potential cofounders. Results An increase in phthalate metabolites was associated with a decrease in pulmonary function and an increase in FeNO in asthmatic children. As one natural log-unit (ln-unit) levels of urinary MEHHP and MEOHP increased, FeNO levels on the same day increased by 19.47 ppb [95% confidence interval (CI): 9.28, 29.67] and 17.93 ppb (95% CI: 5.86, 30.01), respectively. An increases in the urinary level of MEHHP, MEOHP, and MnBP by one ln-unit was associated with a decrease in PEFR on the next day by 12.17 L/min (95% CI: 2.59, 21.74), 10.80 L/min (95% CI: 0.29, 21.32), and 13.65 L/min (95% CI: 5.07, 22.24), respectively. Conclusion Phthalates, especially DEHP, may worsen pulmonary function and airway inflammation in asthmatic children. To control asthma symptoms, exposure to phthalates needs to be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Min Kim
- Environmental Health Center for Atopic Diseases, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jihyun Kim
- Environmental Health Center for Atopic Diseases, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hae-Kwan Cheong
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Byoung-Hak Jeon
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Kangmo Ahn
- Environmental Health Center for Atopic Diseases, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Shi W, Lin Z, Liao C, Zhang J, Liu W, Wang X, Cai J, Zou Z, Wang H, Norback D, Kan H, Huang C, Zhao Z. Urinary phthalate metabolites in relation to childhood asthmatic and allergic symptoms in Shanghai. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 121:276-286. [PMID: 30223204 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies can be found on phthalate exposure in relation to childhood asthma and allergic symptoms from Mainland China, where a persistent increase in prevalence of childhood asthma and allergic disease has been observed. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to assess the exposure levels to phthalates and its relationship with asthmatic and allergic symptoms among children in Shanghai, which has the highest prevalence of childhood asthma in Mainland China. METHODS A follow-up study (2013-2014) of 434 children aged 5-10 years was conducted, based on the China, Children, Homes, Health (CCHH) study (2011-2012) in Shanghai, China. Information on asthmatic and allergic symptoms (wheeze, rhinitis, and eczema) were collected using validated questionnaires. Ten phthalate metabolites in morning urine samples were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography with triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate the associations between symptoms and urinary phthalate metabolites controlling for demographics, family history of allergic diseases and other covariates. RESULTS Nine out of 10 phthalate metabolites were detected in all subjects (average detection rate of 93.2%). By multivariable logistic regression analyses, the 4th quartile of Mono‑n‑butyl phthalate (MnBP) (reference: 1st quartile) had adjusted prevalence odds ratios (aPORS) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) of 2.27(1.06-4.88), 2.14(1.02-4.46) and 2.98(1.19-7.50) for wheeze, rhinitis and eczema, respectively, while those of Mono‑isobutyl phthalate (MiBP) were 2.23(1.08-4.62) and 2.96(1.02-8.60) for rhinitis and eczema, respectively. The highest quartile of mono‑2‑ethyl‑5‑hydroxyhexyl phthalate(MEHHP) and mono‑2‑ethyl‑5‑oxohexyl phthalate(MEOHP) had aPORS and 95%CIs of 3.10(1.10-8.74) and 2.63(1.02-6.80) for eczema, respectively. By summing up the 4 low molecular weight metabolites (∑4LMWP) and all 9 metabolites (∑9Total), the highest quartiles of ∑4LMWP and∑9Total were significantly associated with all symptoms. In most of the above associations, a significantly increasing trend from the 1st to the 4th quartile was observed. Subjects with 2 or 3 concomitant symptoms (reference: no symptoms) had significant positive associations with a higher level (the 4th quartile) of phthalate metabolites. CONCLUSIONS Low MW metabolites such as MnBP and MiBP, high MW DEHP and the total amount of phthalate metabolites might have adverse health effects on asthma and allergic symptoms in Chinese children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenming Shi
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhijing Lin
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chenxi Liao
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Jialing Zhang
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Wei Liu
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Xueying Wang
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Jiao Cai
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Zhijun Zou
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Heng Wang
- Zhoushan Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - Dan Norback
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE 751-85, Sweden
| | - Haidong Kan
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment, National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Meteorology and Health, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chen Huang
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
| | - Zhuohui Zhao
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment, National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Meteorology and Health, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Bi C, Maestre JP, Li H, Zhang G, Givehchi R, Mahdavi A, Kinney KA, Siegel J, Horner SD, Xu Y. Phthalates and organophosphates in settled dust and HVAC filter dust of U.S. low-income homes: Association with season, building characteristics, and childhood asthma. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 121:916-930. [PMID: 30347374 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates and organophosphates are ubiquitous indoor semi-volatile organic contaminants (SVOCs) that have been widely used as plasticizers and flame retardants in consumer products. Although many studies have assessed their levels in house dust, only a few used dust samples captured by filters of building heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. HVAC filters collect particles from large volumes of air over a long period of time (potentially known) and thus provide a spatially and temporally integrated concentration. This study measured concentrations of phthalates and organophosphates in HVAC filter dust and settled floor dust collected from low-income homes in Texas, United States, in both the summer and winter seasons. The most frequently detected compounds were benzyl butyl phthalate (BBzP), di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP), tris (1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP), triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), and tris (1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCIPP). The median level of TCIPP in settled dust was 3- to 180-times higher than levels reported in other studies of residential homes. Significantly higher concentrations were observed in HVAC filter dust as compared to settled dust for most of the frequently detected compounds in both seasons, except for several phthalates in the winter. SVOC concentrations in settled dust in winter were generally higher than in summer, while different seasonality patterns were found for HVAC filter dust. Settled dust samples from homes with vinyl flooring contained significantly higher levels of BBzP and DEHP as compared to homes with other types of floor material. The concentration of DEHP and TDCIPP in settled dust also significantly associated with the presence of carpet in homes. Cleaning activities to remove dust from furniture actually increased the levels of certain compounds in HVAC filter dust, while frequent vacuuming of carpet helped to decrease the concentrations of some compounds in settled dust. Additionally, the size and age of a given house also correlated with the levels of some pollutants in dust. A statistically significant association between DEHP concentration in HVAC filter dust in summer and the severity of asthma in children was observed. These results suggest that HVAC filter dust represents a useful sampling medium to monitor indoor SVOC concentrations with high sensitivity; in contrast, when using settled dust, in addition to consideration of seasonal influences, it is critical to know the sampling location because the type and level of SVOCs may be related to local materials used there.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Bi
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA
| | - Juan P Maestre
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA
| | - Hongwan Li
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA
| | - Ge Zhang
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Building Environment and Energy Application Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Raheleh Givehchi
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Alireza Mahdavi
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kerry A Kinney
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA
| | - Jeffrey Siegel
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sharon D Horner
- School of Nursing, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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Krais AM, Andersen C, Eriksson AC, Johnsson E, Nielsen J, Pagels J, Gudmundsson A, Lindh CH, Wierzbicka A. Excretion of Urinary Metabolites of the Phthalate Esters DEP and DEHP in 16 Volunteers after Inhalation and Dermal Exposure. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15112514. [PMID: 30423997 PMCID: PMC6266104 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15112514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Phthalate esters are suspected endocrine disruptors that are found in a wide range of applications. The aim of this study was to determine the excretion of urinary metabolites in 16 individuals after inhalation and/or dermal exposure to 100–300 µg/m3 of deuterium-labelled diethyl phthalate (D4-DEP) and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (D4-DEHP). Dermal exposure in this study represents a case with clean clothing acting as a barrier. After inhalation, D4-DEP and D4-DEHP metabolites were excreted rapidly, though inter-individual variation was high. D4-DEP excretion peaked 3.3 h (T½ of 2.1 h) after combined inhalation and dermal exposure, with total excreted metabolite levels ranging from 0.055 to 2.351 nmol/nmol/m3 (nmol of urinary metabolites per phthalates air concentration in (nmol/m3)). After dermal exposure to D4-DEP, metabolite excretion peaked 4.6 h (T½ of 2.7 h) after exposure, with excreted metabolite levels in between 0.017 and 0.223 nmol/nmol/m3. After combined inhalation and dermal exposure to D4-DEHP, the excretion of all five analysed metabolites peaked after 4.7 h on average (T½ of 4.8 h), and metabolite levels ranged from 0.072 to 1.105 nmol/nmol/m3 between participants. No dermal uptake of particle phase D4-DEHP was observed. In conclusion, the average excreted levels of metabolites after combined inhalation and dermal exposure to D4-DEP was three times higher than after combined exposure to D4-DEHP; and nine times higher than after dermal exposure of D4-DEP. This study was made possible due to the use of novel approaches, i.e., the use of labelled phthalate esters to avoid the background concentration, and innovative technique of phthalate generation, both in the particle and the gas phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette M Krais
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-22363 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Christina Andersen
- Division of Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Department of Design Sciences, Lund University, Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Axel C Eriksson
- Division of Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Department of Design Sciences, Lund University, Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden.
| | | | - Jörn Nielsen
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-22363 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Joakim Pagels
- Division of Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Department of Design Sciences, Lund University, Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Anders Gudmundsson
- Division of Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Department of Design Sciences, Lund University, Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Christian H Lindh
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-22363 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Aneta Wierzbicka
- Division of Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Department of Design Sciences, Lund University, Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden.
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Zhang Y, Li C, Wu Y, Zhang Y, Zhou Z, Cao B. A microfluidic gradient mixer-flow chamber as a new tool to study biofilm development under defined solute gradients. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 116:54-64. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingdan Zhang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University; Singapore
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University; Singapore
| | - Cheng Li
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University; Singapore
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University; Singapore
| | - Yichao Wu
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University; Singapore
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University; Singapore
| | - Yilei Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University; Singapore
| | - Zhi Zhou
- Division of Environmental and Ecological Engineering and School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University; Indiana USA
| | - Bin Cao
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University; Singapore
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University; Singapore
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62
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Fan G, Xie J, Yoshino H, Zhang H, Li Z, Li N, Liu J, Lv Y, Zhu S, Yanagi U, Hasegawa K, Kagi N, Zhang X, Liu J. Common SVOCs in house dust from urban dwellings with schoolchildren in six typical cities of China and associated non-dietary exposure and health risk assessment. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 120:431-442. [PMID: 30138888 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents concentrations of common SVOCs in house dusts from urban dwellings with schoolchildren in six typical Chinese cities in winter and summer. Among the detected SVOCs, DBP and DEHP have a higher detection rate. The levels of these two substances contribute an average proportion of over 90% of the total SVOCs' levels, and show a significant correlation in most cities. Based on measured concentrations, schoolchildren's non-dietary exposures to DBP and DEHP at homes are estimated. Due to a longer time spent in child's bedrooms, children's non-dietary exposures to phthalates in child's bedrooms are greatly higher than that in living rooms. As for DBP non-dietary exposure, the most significant pathway is dermal absorption from air, accounting for >70%, whereas, the most predominant pathway for DEHP non-dietary exposure is dust ingestion, contributing from 61.5% to 91.9%. Based on estimated exposure doses, child-specific reproductive and cancer risk are assessed by comparing the exposure doses with DBP and DEHP benchmarks specified in California's Proposition 65. Owing to the high DBP exposure, nearly all of target schoolchildren appear to have a severe reproductive risk, although only non-dietary exposures at home are considered in this study. The average risk quotient of DBP exposure for child-specific MADL in all cities is 31.27 in winter and 10.35 in summer. Also, some schoolchildren are confronted with potential carcinogenic risk, because DEHP exposure exceeds child-specific NSRLs. The maximum DEHP exposure exceeds the cancer benchmark by over 6 times. These results also indicate that controlling indoor phthalates pollution at home is urgent to ensure the healthy development of children in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangtao Fan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Built Environment and Energy Efficient Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Jingchao Xie
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Built Environment and Energy Efficient Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Hiroshi Yoshino
- Department of Architectural and Building Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Huibo Zhang
- School of Naval Architecture, Ocean & Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenhai Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nianping Li
- College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Liu
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Yang Lv
- College of Civil Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Shengwei Zhu
- School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - U Yanagi
- School of Architecture, Kogakuin University, Japan
| | - Kenichi Hasegawa
- Department of Architecture and Environmental Systems, Akita Prefectural University, Japan
| | - Naoki Kagi
- School of Environment and Society, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan
| | - Xiaojing Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Built Environment and Energy Efficient Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Jiaping Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Built Environment and Energy Efficient Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
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63
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Zhang Y, Keerthisinghe TP, Han Y, Liu M, Wanjaya ER, Fang M. "Cocktail" of Xenobiotics at Human Relevant Levels Reshapes the Gut Bacterial Metabolome in a Species-Specific Manner. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:11402-11410. [PMID: 30153011 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b02629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The human gut microbiome experiences long-term exposure to numerous organic contaminants (e.g., xenobiotics) in the digestive tract, and the possible consequences have rarely been characterized. To date, very few studies have investigated the metabolic variation from different species of gut bacteria in response to xenobiotic mixtures. In this study, we applied liquid chromatography mass spectrometry-based global metabolomics, coupled with targeted metabolomics, to characterize the model gut bacterial responses toward the xenobiotic mixture, covering diverse classes of compounds at human relevant concentrations. The xenobiotic "cocktail" will not likely affect the growth or morphological properties of model bacteria at human relevant concentrations. However, the metabolic results were distinct between four model bacteria and dose levels, showing species-specific and dose-dependent responsive patterns among different commensal gut bacteria. The key metabolites responsive to xenobiotic exposure are mainly involved in amino acid metabolism and central carbon metabolism, including sulfur-containing amino acids, aromatic amino acids, amino sugars, neurotransmitters, and energy-related metabolic pathways. Many of those metabolites also play an important role in the host's health. In summary, our results show that the gut microbiome can be significantly perturbed by exposure to xenobiotic mixtures at human relevant levels, providing key information on susceptibilities of individuals with diverse gut microbial structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingdan Zhang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 639798
| | - Tharushi Prabha Keerthisinghe
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 639798
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre, Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 63714
| | - Yuan Han
- Analytical Cluster, Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 637141
| | - Min Liu
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 639798
| | - Elvy Riani Wanjaya
- Analytical Cluster, Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 637141
| | - Mingliang Fang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 639798
- Analytical Cluster, Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 637141
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64
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Weiss JM, Gustafsson Å, Gerde P, Bergman Å, Lindh CH, Krais AM. Daily intake of phthalates, MEHP, and DINCH by ingestion and inhalation. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 208:40-49. [PMID: 29860143 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.05.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate esters, suspected endocrine disrupting chemicals, are used in a wide range of applications. Because phthalate esters are not covalently bound, they can easily leach into the indoor environment and associate to dust particles. Thus, exposure may occur through inhalation, ingestion, or contact with the skin. However, it is unclear to what degree indoor dust contributes to the daily intake of phthalate esters. This study investigates household dust as an exposure pathway for seven phthalate esters, the monoester MEHP, and the plasticizer DINCH. Household dust collected from children's sleeping rooms and from living rooms were analysed using gas and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. To compare two exposure pathways, different dust particle sizes were generated: a respirable fraction (<5 μm) and an ingested particle fraction in the anticipated size range of skin adherence (<75 μm). Modelling of dust inhalation and ingestion showed that the daily intake of dust-bound phthalate esters was likely to be 2 times (inhalation) to 12 times (ingestion) higher for 21-month-old children than for adults. These children's daily uptake of phthalate esters was 40-140 times higher through ingestion than inhalation. Furthermore, dust may be an exposure pathway for phthalate esters as well as for MEHP. Therefore, phthalate monoesters could be environmental contaminants of their own and need to be considered in health risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana M Weiss
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7050, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusväg 12, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Åsa Gustafsson
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden; Swetox, Karolinska Institute, Unit of Toxicology Sciences, Forskargatan 20, 151 36, Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Per Gerde
- Swetox, Karolinska Institute, Unit of Toxicology Sciences, Forskargatan 20, 151 36, Södertälje, Sweden; Institute of Environmental Medicine (IMM), Karolinska Institute, Box 287, SE-17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Åke Bergman
- Swetox, Karolinska Institute, Unit of Toxicology Sciences, Forskargatan 20, 151 36, Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Christian H Lindh
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Institution of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-221 85, Lund, Sweden
| | - Annette M Krais
- Swetox, Karolinska Institute, Unit of Toxicology Sciences, Forskargatan 20, 151 36, Södertälje, Sweden; Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Institution of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-221 85, Lund, Sweden.
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65
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Kashyap D, Agarwal T. Concentration and factors affecting the distribution of phthalates in the air and dust: A global scenario. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 635:817-827. [PMID: 29710605 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are ubiquitously present environmental contaminants. Air and dust are the most important mediums of exposure to phthalates. The present study reviews the presence of phthalates in the air and dust reported from different countries in the last ten years (2007-2017). The phthalate concentrations revealed wide heterogeneity with a mean and median value 6 ± 19 μg/m3 and 0.5 μg/m3 respectively in the air and 1.5 × 103 ± 2.2 × 103 μg/g and 7.8x102μg/g respectively in the dust. The highest phthalates levels in the air were reported from India (1.1 × 102 μg/m3) and in dust from Bulgaria (1.2 × 104 μg/g). Overall higher levels were reported from developing countries as compared to developed countries. Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) were found to be predominant in both air and dust. Temperature, humidity, air exchange rate, building material and indoor maintenance were reported as the important factors influencing the levels of phthalates in the air and dust. In addition to policy level interventions, reducing the use of phthalate containing materials and controlling the factors which enhance the emission from existing sources can help in reducing human exposure to phthalates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durba Kashyap
- National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Kundli, Sonipat, Haryana 131028, India
| | - Tripti Agarwal
- National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Kundli, Sonipat, Haryana 131028, India.
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66
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Wang W, Leung AOW, Chu LH, Wong MH. Phthalates contamination in China: Status, trends and human exposure-with an emphasis on oral intake. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 238:771-782. [PMID: 29625301 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.02.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite the extensive production and use of phthalates in Asian countries, especially China, limited information is available about the current situation of human exposure in this region, and thus identification of further research needs is warranted. This review summarized the current trends of phthalates related to industrial production and human exposure by conducting a comprehensive assessment of phthalates contaminations in air, indoor dust, personal care products (PCPs), foodstuff and internal exposure in China, with comparisons with other countries. The concentrations of phthalates in indoor dust and PCPs in China were moderate, while concentrations in foods and air were among the highest worldwide. Dietary intake of phthalates varied with location, with hotspots in the southern and eastern coastal regions of China which correlated with the extensive industrial production recorded in these regions. This review firstly revealed the significantly differentiated food-type contribution profiles for phthalates in China and in other countries, which were affected by dietary habits and food contamination. The internal exposure for the Chinese population was found to be moderate, however there is a paucity of data available. Knowledge gaps identified concerning phthalates in China include trends in phthalates exposure, sources (e.g. PCPs, pharmaceuticals and medical treatment), and internal exposure derived from biomonitoring, warranting phthalates a research priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY, 12201-0509, United States
| | - Anna Oi Wah Leung
- Department of Biology, and Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lam Hang Chu
- Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ming Hung Wong
- Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
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67
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Strassle PD, Smit LAM, Hoppin JA. Endotoxin enhances respiratory effects of phthalates in adults: Results from NHANES 2005-6. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 162:280-286. [PMID: 29407759 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates have been associated with respiratory symptoms in adults; they may enhance effects of inflammatory compounds. To assess the potential interactions of phthalates and endotoxin on respiratory and allergic symptoms in adults, we used cross-sectional information from the 1091 adults with complete data on urinary phthalates and house dust endotoxin from NHANES 2005-2006. We used multivariable logistic regression to assess whether endotoxin levels modified the association between nine phthalate metabolites and four current allergic symptoms (asthma, wheeze, hay fever, and rhinitis). Endotoxin was classified into tertiles (<10, 10-25, >25EU/mg dust). Urinary phthalate and dust endotoxin levels were not correlated (r < |0.02|). Under low endotoxin conditions, no associations between phthalates and respiratory outcomes were observed. Under medium or high endotoxin conditions, exposure-response relationships were observed between specific phthalates and wheeze and asthma. For wheeze, three phthalates (mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP), mono(carboxyoctyl) phthalate (MCOP), and di-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) had significant interactions with endotoxin); for asthma, two phthalates (MCOP and mono(carboxyoctyl) phthalate (MCNP)) had significant interactions. Endotoxin did not modify the associations between phthalates and hay fever or rhinitis. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that endotoxin enhances the respiratory toxicity of phthalates; however this cross-sectional study cannot address key temporal issues. The lack of an association between wheeze or asthma and phthalates when endotoxin exposure was low suggests that phthalates alone may not increase these symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula D Strassle
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Lidwien A M Smit
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jane A Hoppin
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7633, Raleigh 27695-7633, NC, United States; Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States.
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68
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Wei W, Bonvallot N, Gustafsson Å, Raffy G, Glorennec P, Krais A, Ramalho O, Le Bot B, Mandin C. Bioaccessibility and bioavailability of environmental semi-volatile organic compounds via inhalation: A review of methods and models. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 113:202-213. [PMID: 29448239 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) present in indoor environments are known to cause adverse health effects through multiple routes of exposure. To assess the aggregate exposure, the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of SVOCs need to be determined. In this review, we discussed measurements of the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of SVOCs after inhalation. Published literature related to this issue is available for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and a few polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, such as benzo[a]pyrene and phenanthrene. Then, we reviewed common modeling approaches for the characterization of the gas- and particle-phase partitioning of SVOCs during inhalation. The models are based on mass transfer mechanisms as well as the structure of the respiratory system, using common computational techniques, such as computational fluid dynamics. However, the existing models are restricted to special conditions and cannot predict SVOC bioaccessibility and bioavailability in the whole respiratory system. The present review notes two main challenges for the estimation of SVOC bioaccessibility and bioavailability via inhalation in humans. First, in vitro and in vivo methods need to be developed and validated for a wide range of SVOCs. The in vitro methods should be validated with in vivo tests to evaluate human exposures to SVOCs in airborne particles. Second, modeling approaches for SVOCs need to consider the whole respiratory system. Alterations of the respiratory cycle period and human biological variability may be considered in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Wei
- University of Paris-Est, Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), Health and Comfort Department, French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), 84 Avenue Jean Jaurès, Champs sur Marne, 77447 Marne la Vallée Cedex 2, France.
| | - Nathalie Bonvallot
- EHESP-School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Rennes, France; INSERM-UMR 1085, Irset-Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, Rennes, France
| | - Åsa Gustafsson
- Swetox, Karolinska Institute, Unit of Toxicology Sciences, Forskargatan 20, SE-151 36 Södertälje, Sweden; Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Linnaeus väg 6, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Gaëlle Raffy
- EHESP-School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Rennes, France; INSERM-UMR 1085, Irset-Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, Rennes, France; LERES-Environment and Health Research Laboratory (Irset and EHESP Technologic Platform), Rennes, France
| | - Philippe Glorennec
- EHESP-School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Rennes, France; INSERM-UMR 1085, Irset-Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, Rennes, France
| | - Annette Krais
- Swetox, Karolinska Institute, Unit of Toxicology Sciences, Forskargatan 20, SE-151 36 Södertälje, Sweden; Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-221 85, Lund, Sweden
| | - Olivier Ramalho
- University of Paris-Est, Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), Health and Comfort Department, French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), 84 Avenue Jean Jaurès, Champs sur Marne, 77447 Marne la Vallée Cedex 2, France
| | - Barbara Le Bot
- EHESP-School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Rennes, France; INSERM-UMR 1085, Irset-Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, Rennes, France; LERES-Environment and Health Research Laboratory (Irset and EHESP Technologic Platform), Rennes, France
| | - Corinne Mandin
- University of Paris-Est, Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), Health and Comfort Department, French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), 84 Avenue Jean Jaurès, Champs sur Marne, 77447 Marne la Vallée Cedex 2, France
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69
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Sedtasiriphokin N, Supornsilchai V, Jantarat C, Nosoongnoen W. Phthalate exposure in Thai children and adolescents. ASIAN BIOMED 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/abm-2018-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Phthalates are found in products made of plastic. Because of concerns regarding the hazards of phthalate exposure, including endocrine disruption, many countries have regulations to restrict their use in products used by children. However, in Thailand, no such restrictions exist, and data relating to phthalate exposure are scarce.
Objectives
To determine the level of exposure of Thai children and adolescents to phthalates, and study its associations with sociodemographic data and the exposure to potential sources of phthalates.
Methods
Healthy children aged 2–18 y were enrolled into the present cross-sectional study between January 2016 and December 2016 inclusive. Their anthropometric indices and Tanner staging were determined. Urinary concentrations of the phthalate metabolites, monomethyl phthalate (MMP) and mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP), were determined in spot samples by high-performance liquid chromatography to estimate the level of phthalate exposure. Associations between sociodemographic data, exposure to potential sources of phthalates, and phthalate metabolite concentrations were analyzed.
Results
We included 103 boys and 118 girls with a mean age of 9.4 ± 3.64 (range 2.8–17.1) y and detected MMP in 28.5% and MBP in 88.6%. The geometric means (interquartile range) of urinary MMP and MBP were 3400 (2489, 4642) and 214.4 (164, 279) μg/g creatinine (Cr), respectively. Significant associations were found between exposure to floor cleaning products and Cr-adjusted urinary MMP level (P < 0.05), and paint and Cr-adjusted urinary MMP and MBP levels (P < 0.05). Prepuberty was significantly associated with urinary Cr-adjusted MMP level.
Conclusion
Urinary phthalate metabolite levels were high in a proportion of Thai children and adolescents. Exposure to floor cleaning products and paint is associated with phthalate exposure, and advanced Tanner stage is negatively associated with urinary Cr-adjusted MBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuttanun Sedtasiriphokin
- Department of Paediatrics , Faculty of Medicine , Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok 10330 , Thailand
| | - Vichit Supornsilchai
- Division of Endocrinology , Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine , Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok 10330 , Thailand
| | - Chutima Jantarat
- School of Pharmacy , Walailak University , Nakhon Si Thammarat , 80161 , Thailand
| | - Wichit Nosoongnoen
- Department of Pharmacy , Faculty of Pharmacy , Mahidol University , Bangkok , 10400 , Thailand
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70
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Liao C, Liu W, Zhang J, Shi W, Wang X, Cai J, Zou Z, Lu R, Sun C, Wang H, Huang C, Zhao Z. Associations of urinary phthalate metabolites with residential characteristics, lifestyles, and dietary habits among young children in Shanghai, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 616-617:1288-1297. [PMID: 29122348 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to household phthalates has been reported to have adverse effects on children's health. In this paper, we used phthalate metabolites in the first morning urine as indicators of household phthalate exposures and examined their associations with residential characteristics, lifestyles and dietary habits among young children. During 2013-2014, we collected morning urines from children aged 5-10years in Shanghai, China and obtained the related information about analyzed factors in this study by questionnaires. Urinary phthalate metabolites were analyzed by isotope dilution-high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-heated electrospray ionization source (HESI) coupled with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. ANOVA, the Mann-Whitney or Kruskai-Wallis rank tests, and multivariate linear regression analyses were used to examine the target associations. Ten metabolites of seven phthalates in 434 urine samples were analyzed. The detection rates of eight metabolites (MiBP, MnBP, MEHP, MECPP, MEHHP, MEOHP, MEP, and MMP) were >90%, except for MBzP (51.2%), and MCHP with <10.0% of detection rate was not included in analyses. By multivariate linear regression analyses, factors significantly associated with higher concentrations of metabolites included non-usage household air cleaners (MEP and MEHP), changing the child's pillowcase less than one time a week (DEHP metabolites), dusting furniture in the child's bedroom less than three times a week (MMP and MnBP), using more plastic toys (DEHP metabolites and MEP), often having soft drinks (DEHP metabolites) and candies (MiBP). Our results indicated that phthalate exposures were common among Shanghai children and residential characteristics had less significant associations with urinary phthalate metabolites compared with lifestyles and dietary habits. Using less plastic toys, having less candies and soft drinks, using household air cleaner, as well as frequently changing the child's pillowcase and dusting furniture in the child's bedroom could reduce phthalate exposures among children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Liao
- Department of Building Environment and Energy Engineering, School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology (USST), Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Building Environment and Energy Engineering, School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology (USST), Shanghai, China; Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jialing Zhang
- Department of Building Environment and Energy Engineering, School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology (USST), Shanghai, China
| | - Wenming Shi
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueying Wang
- Department of Building Environment and Energy Engineering, School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology (USST), Shanghai, China
| | - Jiao Cai
- Department of Building Environment and Energy Engineering, School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology (USST), Shanghai, China; School of Civil and Architectural Engineering, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhijun Zou
- Department of Building Environment and Energy Engineering, School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology (USST), Shanghai, China
| | - Rongchun Lu
- Department of Building Environment and Energy Engineering, School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology (USST), Shanghai, China
| | - Chanjuan Sun
- Department of Building Environment and Energy Engineering, School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology (USST), Shanghai, China
| | - Heng Wang
- Zhoushan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chen Huang
- Department of Building Environment and Energy Engineering, School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology (USST), Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhuohui Zhao
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Meteorology and Health, Shanghai, China.
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Wang B, Liu F, Dong J, You M, Fu Y, Li C, Lu Y, Chen J. Maternal exposure to environmental DEHP exacerbated OVA-induced asthmatic responses in rat offspring. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 615:253-261. [PMID: 28972901 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Di (ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a commonly used phthalates (PAEs) compound as plasticizer and becomes a severe environmental pollutant worldwide. Studies show that DEHP, as an environmental endocrine disruptor, has potential adverse effects on human. Epidemiologic studies indicate that DEHP is positively correlated to allergic diseases. Maternal exposure to DEHP may contribute to the increasing incidence of allergic diseases in offspring. However, the role of DEHP and its detailed mechanism in allergic disease of the offspring are still unclear. The aim of our study is to investigate whether DEHP maternal exposure could aggravate the allergic responses in offspring and its mechanism. Pregnant Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups and exposed to different doses of DEHP. Half of the offspring were challenged with OVA after birth. All the pups of each group were sacrificed at postnatal day (PND)14, PND21 and PND28. The number of inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage was counted, lung pathological changes were observed, Th2 type cytokines expressions were checked, and the expression of TSLP signaling pathway were examined. Our results showed that maternal exposure to DEHP during pregnancy and lactation aggravated the eosinophils accumulation and the pathological inflammatory changes in pups' lung after OVA challenge. And maternal exposure to DEHP during pregnancy and lactation also elevated the levels of typical Th2 cytokines in OVA-challenged rats. What's more, maternal exposure to DEHP during pregnancy and lactation increased the levels of TSLP, TSLPR and IL-7R in the offspring after OVA challenge. Our study suggested that DEHP maternal exposure could aggravate the OVA-induced asthmatic responses in offspring. And this adjuvant effect of DEHP was related with the TSLP/TSLPR/IL-7R and its downstream signal pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bohan Wang
- Division of Pneumoconiosis, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Fangwei Liu
- Division of Pneumoconiosis, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Jing Dong
- Division of Pneumoconiosis, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Mingdan You
- Division of Pneumoconiosis, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Fu
- Division of Pneumoconiosis, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Chao Li
- Division of Pneumoconiosis, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Yiping Lu
- Division of Pneumoconiosis, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Jie Chen
- Division of Pneumoconiosis, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China.
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72
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Lin LY, Tsai MS, Chen MH, Ng S, Hsieh CJ, Lin CC, Lu FL, Hsieh WS, Chen PC. Childhood exposure to phthalates and pulmonary function. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 615:1282-1289. [PMID: 29751433 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate exposure is related to the development of allergic diseases; however, studies regarding its effect on lung function are limited. Our study aims to identify an association between phthalate exposure at different ages and lung function in children at age 9 by conducting a cohort study. The Taiwan Birth Panel Study (TBPS) was established from April 2004 to January 2005. Urine samples were collected from children in the TBPS cohort at ages 2, 5, and 9years. Urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations were measured via ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Questionnaires, lung function tests and serum IgE levels were obtained from children at the age of 9. Multiple linear regressions adjusted for confounding factors were applied to investigate the associations between phthalate exposure at different ages and lung function at age 9. Our results demonstrate that in children with allergic diseases, a per log unit increase in the urinary phthalate metabolite mono-ethyl phthalate (MEP) concentration at age 9 was associated with a decreasing forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1) (β=-25.22; 95% CI: -47.53 to -2.91 per log ml/ln-μg/g cr) and forced vital capacity (FVC) (β=-32.3; 95% CI: -63.51 to -1.09 per log ml/ln-μg/g cr). For children with high serum IgE levels (>100kU/L) at age 9, the urinary MEP concentrations at the same age were negatively associated with the FEV1 (β=-30.4; 95% CI: -56.8 to -4.0 per log ml/ln-μg/g cr), FVC (β=-47.6; 95% CI: -84.2 to -11.0 per log ml/ln-μg/g cr) and peak expiratory flow (PEF) (β=-102.4; 95% CI: 180.2 to -24.7 per log ml/ln-μg/g cr). Phthalate exposure at ages 2 and 5 had little effect on lung function at age 9. Our study suggests that concurrent exposure to phthalates, such as MEP, is negatively associated with lung function in children. Further investigation is required to elaborate on this correlation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Yu Lin
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Shan Tsai
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Huei Chen
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital Yun-Lin Branch, Yunlin, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sharon Ng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Chia-Jung Hsieh
- Department of Public Health, Tzu Chi University, Hualian County, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chun Lin
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Frank Leigh Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wu-Shiun Hsieh
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, Cathy General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pau-Chung Chen
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan.
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73
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Soomro MH, Baiz N, Philippat C, Vernet C, Siroux V, Nichole Maesano C, Sanyal S, Slama R, Bornehag CG, Annesi-Maesano I. Prenatal Exposure to Phthalates and the Development of Eczema Phenotypes in Male Children: Results from the EDEN Mother-Child Cohort Study. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2018; 126:027002. [PMID: 29398652 PMCID: PMC6066334 DOI: 10.1289/ehp1829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Contradictory results exist regarding the importance of early-life exposure to phthalates for development of childhood eczema. OBJECTIVES We evaluated the association between maternal urinary concentrations of phthalate metabolites between the 24th and 28th week of gestation and occurrence of eczema in their sons up to 5 y of age, according to allergic sensitization as assessed by total immunoglobulin E (IgE) in a subsample of individuals. METHODS Data on health outcomes and background factors were collected using five standardized annual questionnaires completed by parents at the children's ages of 1-5 y, and their associations with phthalate metabolite urinary concentrations were assessed in 604 mother-son pairs with adjusted multiple logistic regression and Cox's survival model. Several eczema phenotypes were considered. Atopic status was assessed at 5 y of age in 293 boys through total IgE assessment. RESULTS At 5 y of age, the prevalence of ever eczema was 30.4%. Metabolites of di-isobutyl phthalate (DiBP) and di-isononyl phthalate (DiNP) were positively associated with early-onset (0-24 mo of age) eczema (15.7%) and late-onset (24-60 mo of age) eczema (14.7%). Applying the Cox's model showed a significant association of occurrence of eczema in the first 5 y of life with DiBP and DiNP metabolites. Among IgE-sensitized boys, metabolites of di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) and DiBP were significantly associated with ever eczema {hazard ratio (HR)=1.67 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.10, 2.54], p=0.01 and HR=1.87 (95% CI: 1.01, 3.48), p=0.04, respectively}. CONCLUSIONS Occurrence of eczema in early childhood may be influenced by prenatal exposure to certain phthalates in boys. Further investigations are needed to confirm this observation. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP1829.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munawar Hussain Soomro
- Department of Epidemiology of Allergic and Respiratory Diseases (EPAR), Saint-Antoine Medical School, Pierre Louis Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health (IPLESP UMRS 1136), Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (Inserm), UPMC Université Paris 06, Sorbonne Universités , Paris, France
- Department of community Medicine, Al Nafees Medical College and Hospital, Isra University-Islamabad Campus , Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Nour Baiz
- Department of Epidemiology of Allergic and Respiratory Diseases (EPAR), Saint-Antoine Medical School, Pierre Louis Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health (IPLESP UMRS 1136), Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (Inserm), UPMC Université Paris 06, Sorbonne Universités , Paris, France
| | - Claire Philippat
- Team of Environmental Epidemiology applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), Inserm U1209, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Celine Vernet
- Team of Environmental Epidemiology applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), Inserm U1209, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Valerie Siroux
- Team of Environmental Epidemiology applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), Inserm U1209, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Cara Nichole Maesano
- Department of Epidemiology of Allergic and Respiratory Diseases (EPAR), Saint-Antoine Medical School, Pierre Louis Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health (IPLESP UMRS 1136), Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (Inserm), UPMC Université Paris 06, Sorbonne Universités , Paris, France
| | - Shreosi Sanyal
- Department of Epidemiology of Allergic and Respiratory Diseases (EPAR), Saint-Antoine Medical School, Pierre Louis Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health (IPLESP UMRS 1136), Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (Inserm), UPMC Université Paris 06, Sorbonne Universités , Paris, France
| | - Remy Slama
- Team of Environmental Epidemiology applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), Inserm U1209, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Carl-Gustaf Bornehag
- Department of Health Sciences, Karlstad University , Karlstad, Sweden
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Isabella Annesi-Maesano
- Department of Epidemiology of Allergic and Respiratory Diseases (EPAR), Saint-Antoine Medical School, Pierre Louis Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health (IPLESP UMRS 1136), Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (Inserm), UPMC Université Paris 06, Sorbonne Universités , Paris, France
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74
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Li MC, Chen CH, Guo YL. Phthalate esters and childhood asthma: A systematic review and congener-specific meta-analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 229:655-660. [PMID: 28692937 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.06.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Exposure to phthalate esters (PAEs) has been associated with childhood asthma, but the congener-specific effects of PAEs on childhood asthma were unclear. We aimed to systematically review and meta-analyze observational studies on the associations between specific effects of PAEs and the risk of childhood asthma. MATERIAL AND METHODS Relevant studies were identified by searching three databases up to October 20, 2016. The reference lists of the retrieved articles were also reviewed. We included observational studies that reported risk estimates with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the associations between phthalate exposure and the risk of childhood asthma. Fixed-effects models were generally applied to calculate pooled risk estimates. When heterogeneity was present, random-effects models were applied. RESULTS A total of nine studies featuring 43 data points were included in our final meta-analyses. Results indicated that the benzyl butyl phthalate (BBzP) exposure had a significant association with the risk of childhood asthma. The Odd Ratios (ORs) were from 1.39 to 1.41 for different combination strategies. Subgroup analyses by different exposure period or samples used showed that prenatal exposure to BBzP had a stronger association with the risk of childhood asthma (OR = 1.38, 95% CI = 1.09-1.75), compared to those with postnatal exposure. Besides, the association was evident when the phthalate exposure was measured from dust samples. The OR for the associations between di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) in dust and childhood asthma was 2.71 (95% CI = 1.39-5.28), and 2.08 (95% CI = 1.10-3.92) for BBzP. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggested a positive association between DEHP and BBzP exposure and childhood asthma. Future studies are warranted to identify the underlying mechanisms of the association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chieh Li
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hsien Chen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (NTU) and NTU Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yue Leon Guo
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan; Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (NTU) and NTU Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan.
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75
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Investigation on Indoor Air Pollution and Childhood Allergies in Households in Six Chinese Cities by Subjective Survey and Field Measurements. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14090979. [PMID: 28850091 PMCID: PMC5615516 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14090979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Greater attention is currently being paid to the relationship between indoor environment and childhood allergies, however, the lack of reliable data and the disparity among different areas hinders reliable assessment of the relationship. This study focuses on the effect of indoor pollution on Chinese schoolchildren and the relationship between specific household and health problems suffered. The epidemiological questionnaire survey and the field measurement of the indoor thermal environment and primary air pollutants including CO₂, fine particulate matter (PM2.5), chemical pollutants and fungi were performed in six Chinese cities. A total of 912 questionnaires were eligible for statistical analyses and sixty houses with schoolchildren aged 9-12 were selected for field investigation. Compared with Chinese national standards, inappropriate indoor relative humidity (<30% or >70%), CO₂ concentration exceeding 1000 ppm and high PM2.5 levels were found in some monitored houses. Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) were the most frequently detected semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in house dust. Cladosporium, Aspergillus and Penicillium were detected in both indoor air and house dust. This study indicates that a thermal environment with CO₂ exceeding 1000 ppm, DEHP and DBP exceeding 1000 μg/g, and high level of PM2.5, Cladosporium, Aspergillus and Penicillium increases the risk of children's allergies.
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76
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Huang CF, Wang IJ. Changes in Urinary Phthalate Metabolite Levels Before and After the Phthalate Contamination Event and Identification of Exposure Sources in a Cohort of Taiwanese Children. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14080935. [PMID: 28825610 PMCID: PMC5580637 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14080935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Revised: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In 2011, the Taiwan Food and Drug Administration inadvertently discovered that, for decades, manufacturers had replaced expensive natural emulsifiers in food products with diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP). We wanted to compare urinary phthalate metabolite levels of children before and after the DEHP food contamination event and identify source(s) of phthalate exposure in addition to the illegal food additives. In the present study, morning urine samples were collected from a cohort of 453 children in 2010 in Taipei. After the DEHP food contamination event, there were 200 cohort children left at follow-up in 2013. The geometric means (GMs) of urinary mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (5OH-MEHP) levels before and after the event were 9.39 and 13.34 µg/g of creatinine, respectively, with no significant difference (p = 0.093). After the DEHP food contamination event, we found that urinary phthalate metabolite levels were significantly higher in people who frequently consumed microwave-heated food and used fragrance-containing products (p < 0.05). In addition, children who did not frequently wash hands before eating had significantly higher urinary phthalate metabolite levels than those who did (p < 0.05). These results demonstrate that urinary phthalate metabolite levels did not decrease after the DEHP food contamination event, thus, other sources must contribute to phthalate exposure in daily life. Public awareness of approaches to reducing phthalate exposure is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chian-Feng Huang
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10055, Taiwan.
- Taoyuan Psychiatric Center, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taoyuan 33058, Taiwan.
| | - I-Jen Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei 11267, Taiwan.
- Institute of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 100044, Taiwan.
- Department of Health Risk Management, China Medical University, Taichung 110001, Taiwan.
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77
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Albar HMSA, Ali N, Shahzad K, Ismail IMI, Rashid MI, Wang W, Ali LN, Eqani SAMAS. Phthalate esters in settled dust of different indoor microenvironments; source of non-dietary human exposure. Microchem J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2017.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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78
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Chen CC, Wang YH, Wang SL, Huang PC, Chuang SC, Chen MH, Chen BH, Sun CW, Fu HC, Lee CC, Wu MT, Chen ML, Hsiung CA. Exposure sources and their relative contributions to urinary phthalate metabolites among children in Taiwan. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2017; 220:869-879. [PMID: 28457892 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Phthalate exposure is omnipresent and known to have developmental and reproductive effects in children. The aim of this study was to determine the phthalate exposure sources and their relative contributions among children in Taiwan. During the first wave of the Risk Assessment of Phthalate Incident in Taiwan (RAPIT), in 2012, we measured 8 urinary phthalate metabolites in 226 children aged 1-11 years old and in 181 children from the same cohort for the wave 2 study in 2014. A two-stage statistical analysis approach was adopted. First, a stepwise regression model was used to screen 80 questions that explored the exposure frequency and lifestyle for potential associations. Second, the remaining questions with positive regression coefficients were grouped into the following 6 exposure categories: plastic container/packaging, food, indoor environment, personal care products, toys, and eating out. A mixed model was then applied to assess the relative contributions of these categories for each metabolite. The use of plastic container or food packaging were dominant exposure sources for mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP), mono-2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl phthalate (MEHHP), mono-2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl phthalate (MEOHP), and mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP). The indoor environment was a major exposure source of mono-methyl phthalate (MMP), mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP), and mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP). The consumption of seafood showed a significant correlation with MEHP. The children's modified dietary behavior and improved living environment in the second study wave were associated with lower phthalate metabolite levels, showing that phthalate exposures can be effectively reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu-Chih Chen
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan.
| | - Yin-Han Wang
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Li Wang
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan; Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chin Huang
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan; Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Chun Chuang
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Huei Chen
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bai-Hsiun Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Wen Sun
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Chun Fu
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chang Lee
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Research Center of Environmental Trace Toxic Substance, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Tsang Wu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Family Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Lien Chen
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chao A Hsiung
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan.
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Sukiene V, von Goetz N, Gerecke AC, Bakker MI, Delmaar CJE, Hungerbühler K. Direct and Air-Mediated Transfer of Labeled SVOCs from Indoor Sources to Dust. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:3269-3277. [PMID: 28240875 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b06051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Two small-scale field studies were conducted to investigate the transfer of substances from products into dust due to direct and air-mediated transfer. The project focused on semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs), which are frequently found in and re-emitted from dust. For the field studies, four artificial products containing deuterium-labeled SVOCs (eight phthalates and adipates) were installed in residential indoor environments. Two plastic products were installed vertically to investigate substance transfer due to evaporation into air. One plastic product and a carpet were installed horizontally to investigate the direct transfer from source to dust. A pyrethroid was intentionally released by spraying a commercial spray. Dust samples were collected from the floor, elevated surfaces in the room and the surfaces of the horizontally installed products. We observed that the dust concentrations of substances exclusively transferred via air were similar at different collection sites, but the concentrations of chemicals present in horizontal products were up to 3 orders of magnitude higher in dust deposited on the source. We conclude that direct transfer from source into dust substantially increases the final SVOC concentration in dust in contact with the source, regardless of the vapor pressure of investigated SVOCs, and may lead to larger human exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vilma Sukiene
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, (ETH Zurich) , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technology (EMPA), Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Natalie von Goetz
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, (ETH Zurich) , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas C Gerecke
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technology (EMPA), Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Martine I Bakker
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Christiaan J E Delmaar
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Konrad Hungerbühler
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, (ETH Zurich) , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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80
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Kim EH, Jeon BH, Kim J, Kim YM, Han Y, Ahn K, Cheong HK. Exposure to phthalates and bisphenol A are associated with atopic dermatitis symptoms in children: a time-series analysis. Environ Health 2017; 16:24. [PMID: 28274229 PMCID: PMC5343323 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-017-0225-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite increasing evidence on the relationship between exposure to phthalates and bisphenol A with allergies and asthma, reports on atopic dermatitis (AD) with these chemicals are few. We assessed the association between AD symptoms and the exposure to phthalates and bisphenol A and in children. METHODS We surveyed 18 boys with AD (age 3-7 years) in a day care center in Seoul between May 2009 and April 2010. AD symptoms were recorded by using a daily symptom diary. We collected 460 series of pooled urine twice a day, in the morning and afternoon, over 230 working days and measured the concentrations of mono-2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl phthalate (5-oxo-MEHP), mono-2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl phthalate (5-OH-MEHP), mono-isobutyl phthalate (MnBP) and bisphenol A glucuronide (BPAG) in the pooled urine. Logistic regression was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS Most phthalate metabolite levels were higher in the morning than in the afternoon (p < 0.0001). There was seasonal variation in the levels of phthalates and bisphenol A metabolites. Levels of 5-OH-MEHP, MnBP, and BPAG were highest in summer (p < 0.0001). Manifestation of AD symptoms was associated with an increase in urinary levels of MnBP (adjusted odds ratio, aOR = 2.85, 95% CI: 1.12-7.26 per 1 μg/L of MnBP) and BPAG (aOR = 1.79, 95% CI: 0.91-3.52 per 1 μg/L BPAG) on the same day. The levels of MnBP and BPAG in the previous day increased AD symptoms (aOR = 2.74, 95% CI: 1.21-6.20, for 1 μg/L of MnBP and aOR = 2.01, 95% CI: 1.08-3.74 for 1 μg/L BPAG). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that exposure to phthalates and bisphenol A is associated with aggravation of AD symptoms in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Hye Kim
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419 Republic of Korea
- Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, 06351 Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Hak Jeon
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419 Republic of Korea
- Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, 06351 Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyun Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, 06351 Republic of Korea
- Environmental Health Center for Atopic Diseases, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, 06351 Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Min Kim
- Environmental Health Center for Atopic Diseases, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, 06351 Republic of Korea
| | - Youngshin Han
- Environmental Health Center for Atopic Diseases, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, 06351 Republic of Korea
| | - Kangmo Ahn
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, 06351 Republic of Korea
- Environmental Health Center for Atopic Diseases, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, 06351 Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Kwan Cheong
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419 Republic of Korea
- Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, 06351 Republic of Korea
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81
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Phthalate-induced oxidative stress and association with asthma-related airway inflammation in adolescents. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2017; 220:468-477. [PMID: 28174042 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Belgium, around 8.5% of the children have asthmatic symptoms. Increased asthma risk in children has been reported in relation to exposure to phthalate plasticizers but the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. AIM The aim of this study was to identify if oxidative stress, assessed by excision of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) from damaged DNA, is an intermediate marker for the association between phthalate exposure and doctor-diagnosed asthma. MATERIAL AND METHODS In 418 14-15-year-old youngsters, recruited as a representative sample of residents of Flanders (Belgium), personal exposure to phthalates was assessed by measuring phthalate metabolites in urine: mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP), mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP), mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP), mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP), mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP) and mono-ethyl phthalate (MEP). Analysis of 8-OHdG in urine was used as a sensitive biomarker of oxidative stress at the level of DNA. The presence of doctor-diagnosed asthma was elicited by a self-administered questionnaire. Associations were assessed using multiple linear and logistic regression models. Mediation was tested using Baron and Kenny's regression approach. RESULTS A significant increased risk of a youngster being diagnosed with asthma was found for both urinary MnBP (metabolite of dibutyl phthalate (DBP)) and the sum of the three di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate metabolites (ΣDEHP=MEHP+MEHHP+MEOHP), with respective odds ratio of 1.84 [95% CI: 1.02, 3.32] for MnBP and 1.94 [95% CI: 1.07, 3.51] for ΣDEHP. In addition, we observed significant associations between all urinary phthalate metabolites and increased urinary levels of 8-OHdG. The associations were stronger in girls than in boys. We did not found evidence that 8-OHdG was associated with doctor-diagnosed asthma. CONCLUSION The results of our study are in line with other findings from epidemiological surveys and raise further concern about DEHP and DBP as risk factors for asthma, however, the underlying mechanisms are not yet well understood.
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82
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Hsu NY, Liu YC, Lee CW, Lee CC, Su HJ. Higher moisture content is associated with greater emissions of DEHP from PVC wallpaper. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 152:1-6. [PMID: 27736685 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Water damage and moisture in buildings may become more prevalent due to the increasing frequency of extreme precipitation and flooding events resulting from climate change. However, the effects of moisture levels on phthalate emissions from building materials are still underreported. This study aims to evaluate the effect of moisture content (MC) on the level of di-(2ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) emitted from plastic wallpaper (0.22wt% DEHP) within 15 days in a closed chamber. A scenario of short-term exposure to DEHP in buildings suffering from water damage was simulated. Experiments, controlled at 100% relative humidity (RH) of air and 28°C, were conducted under the following three conditions: (I) without wallpaper (control chamber), (II) dry wallpaper (MC at 3.57%) and (III) damp wallpaper (MC at 52.31%). Air and dust samples were collected at the elapsed time of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 13 and 15 days, and the wipe sample was collected on the last day. Higher DEHP concentrations were found to be emitted into the air and adsorbed on the dust for wallpapers with higher MC%. DEHP levels in the air exhibited an increasing trend with the length of the experiment. Overall, it was found that approximately 35.31% more total DEHP mass was released into the air, dust and wipe samples from damp wallpapers compared to dry wallpapers. It is concluded that DEHP emissions from plastic materials are affected by the inner moisture percentage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nai-Yun Hsu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chun Liu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wei Lee
- Department of Safety, Health and Environment Engineering, National Kaohsiung First University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Ching-Chang Lee
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Huey-Jen Su
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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83
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Ait Bamai Y, Araki A, Kawai T, Tsuboi T, Saito I, Yoshioka E, Cong S, Kishi R. Exposure to phthalates in house dust and associated allergies in children aged 6-12years. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 96:16-23. [PMID: 27588698 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are widely used as plasticizers in household products. Several studies have reported an association between phthalate exposure and an increased risk of allergies. The present study estimated phthalate exposure in children aged 6-12years and assessed potential correlations with allergies. House dust samples were collected from floors and multi-surface objects >35cm above the floor. Urine samples were collected from the first morning void of the day. Daily phthalate intake (DIdust and DI) was estimated using both house dust and urinary metabolite concentrations. Exposure to di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) in floor dust was associated with parental-reported rhino-conjunctivitis. After stratification by gender, this trend was found to only occur in boys. Furthermore, urinary mono-isobutyl phthalate was inversely associated with parental-reported wheeze in boys. DIdust of benzyl butyl phthalate (BBzP) and DEHP were significantly correlated with DI_BBzP and DI_DEHP, respectively. These correlations were stronger with floor than with multi-surface dust. Our results suggest that, among Japanese children, house dust from low surfaces, such as living room floors, might play a meaningful role in the indoor environmental exposure pathway for BBzP and DEHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ait Bamai
- Hokkaido University Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Atsuko Araki
- Hokkaido University Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Toshio Kawai
- Osaka Occupational Health Service Center, Japan Industrial Safety and Health Association, 2-3-8, Tosabori, Nishi-ku, Osaka 550-0001, Japan
| | - Tazuru Tsuboi
- Osaka Occupational Health Service Center, Japan Industrial Safety and Health Association, 2-3-8, Tosabori, Nishi-ku, Osaka 550-0001, Japan
| | - Ikue Saito
- Department of Environmental Health and Toxicology, Division of Environment Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1 Hyakunincho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan
| | - Eiji Yoshioka
- Hokkaido University Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; Asahikawa Medical University for Department of Health Science, E2-1-1-1, Midorigaoka, Asahikawa, Hokkaido 078-8510, Japan
| | - Shi Cong
- Hokkaido University Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Reiko Kishi
- Hokkaido University Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
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84
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Ge W, Yang X, Wu X, Wang Z, Geng W, Guo C. Phthalate residue in goat milk-based infant formulas manufactured in China. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:7776-7781. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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85
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Tsai YA, Lin CL, Hou JW, Huang PC, Lee MC, Chen BH, Wu MT, Chen CC, Wang SL, Lee CC, Hsiung CA, Chen ML. Effects of high di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) exposure due to tainted food intake on pre-pubertal growth characteristics in a Taiwanese population. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 149:197-205. [PMID: 27209343 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
On May 23, 2011, a major scandal involving the illegal use of phthalates as clouding agents in food products was reported. Specifically, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) was purposefully added to foods as a substitute emulsifier. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of DEHP exposure on the growth characteristics of the child victims of this scandal. Eighty-eight victims, originating from northern, central, and southern Taiwan and ranging in age from 6.0 to 10.5 years, were invited to participate in this study during clinic visits. The participants underwent follow-up health examinations from August 2012 to February 2013. We collected information on each participant's history of exposure to tainted food products using a questionnaire, and we analyzed their urinary concentrations of DEHP metabolites using high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. These data were then used to estimate their daily DEHP intake (DIAll) during the scandal. We also measured physical development parameters (height, weight, and bone age) and hormone levels (thyroid, sex and growth hormones) to evaluate their overall growth characteristics. The average (SD) duration of DEHP intake from tainted nutrition supplements was 1.39 (1.01) years. The median DIAll values were 19.93 and 20.69μg/kg bw/day for boys and girls, respectively. Among the enrolled children, the DIAll values of 46.9% of boys and 51.3% of girls exceeded the reference dose (RfD) of 20μg/kg bw/day established by the US Environmental Protection Agency. Our results demonstrate that DIAll is negatively associated with the height percentile, weight percentile, bone age/chronological age, and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels but not with IGF binding protein 3 (IGF-BP3) level, IGF-1/IGF-BP3, sex hormones, or thyroid hormone levels. The DEHP DIAll value exceeded the RfD at high rates among children of both genders. Our results suggest that high levels of DEHP exposure due to the consumption of tainted food products are negatively associated with body weight, height, bone age, and IGF-1 levels in children. The likelihood of delayed puberty among the affected children is therefore a reasonable concern, and further follow-up is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-An Tsai
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ling Lin
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Woei Hou
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chin Huang
- National Environmental Health Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Chih Lee
- Department of Family Medicine, Taichung Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Bai-Hsiun Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Tsang Wu
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Research Center of Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Family Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Center of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Chih Chen
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Li Wang
- Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chang Lee
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Research Center of Environmental Trace Toxic Substance, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chao Agnes Hsiung
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan.
| | - Mei-Lien Chen
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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86
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Outcome reporting bias in observational epidemiology studies on phthalates. Ann Epidemiol 2016; 26:597-599.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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87
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Dallongeville A, Costet N, Zmirou-Navier D, Le Bot B, Chevrier C, Deguen S, Annesi-Maesano I, Blanchard O. Volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds of respiratory health relevance in French dwellings. INDOOR AIR 2016; 26:426-438. [PMID: 26010323 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decades, the prevalence of childhood respiratory conditions has dramatically increased worldwide. Considering the time spent in enclosed spaces, indoor air pollutants are of major interest to explain part of this increase. This study aimed to measure the concentrations of pollutants known or suspected to affect respiratory health that are present in dwellings in order to assess children's exposure. Measurements were taken in 150 homes with at least one child, in Brittany (western France), to assess the concentrations of 18 volatile organic compounds (among which four aldehydes and four trihalomethanes) and nine semi-volatile organic compounds (seven phthalates and two synthetic musks). In addition to descriptive statistics, a principal component analysis (PCA) was used to investigate grouping of contaminants. Formaldehyde was highly present and above 30 μg/m(3) in 40% of the homes. Diethyl phthalate, diisobutyl phthalate, and dimethylphthalate were quantified in all dwellings, as well as Galaxolide and Tonalide. For each chemical family, the groups appearing in the PCA could be interpreted in term of sources. The high prevalence and the levels of these compounds, with known or suspected respiratory toxicity, should question regulatory agencies to trigger prevention and mitigation actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dallongeville
- EHESP School of Public Health, Rennes, France
- Inserm UMR1085-IRSET, Rennes, France
- French Environment and Energy Management Agency, Angers, France
| | - N Costet
- Inserm UMR1085-IRSET, Rennes, France
- Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - D Zmirou-Navier
- EHESP School of Public Health, Rennes, France
- Inserm UMR1085-IRSET, Rennes, France
- Lorraine University Medical School, Nancy, France
| | - B Le Bot
- EHESP School of Public Health, Rennes, France
- Inserm UMR1085-IRSET, Rennes, France
| | - C Chevrier
- Inserm UMR1085-IRSET, Rennes, France
- Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - S Deguen
- EHESP School of Public Health, Rennes, France
- Inserm UMR1085-IRSET, Rennes, France
| | - I Annesi-Maesano
- EPAR, UMR S 1136, i-PLESP, Pierre et Marie Curie University Medical School, Paris, France
- EPAR, UMR S 1136, i-PLESP, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - O Blanchard
- EHESP School of Public Health, Rennes, France
- Inserm UMR1085-IRSET, Rennes, France
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88
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Consumer products are often overlooked as sources of children's exposures to toxic chemicals. Various regulatory bodies have developed lists of chemicals of concern that can be found in products contacted by children. However, this information has not been summarized for health practitioners. This review organizes such chemicals and products into four categories, with the antibacterial agent triclosan used to illustrate the potential risks to children from a common ingredient in consumer products. RECENT FINDINGS Biomonitoring, house dust, indoor air, and product testing document children's exposures to a wide variety of chemicals. An increasing number of epidemiology studies have shown associations between these exposures and health effects in children. Triclosan is an example of a chemical contained in high contact products (e.g., soaps, lotions, and toothpaste) not necessarily designed for children. Triclosan exposure in children has been associated with increased responsiveness to airway allergens, with it also capable of endocrine disruption. However, the utility and necessity of this chemical in consumer products has not been demonstrated in most cases. SUMMARY Triclosan and the other examples provided show that a changing marketplace with little regulatory oversight of chemical uses can lead to unanticipated exposures and potential health risks to children.
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89
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Overgaard LE, Bonefeld CM, Frederiksen H, Main KM, Thyssen JP. The association between phthalate exposure and atopic dermatitis with a discussion of phthalate induced secretion of interleukin-1β and thymic stromal lymphopoietin. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2016; 12:609-16. [DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2016.1156530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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90
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Gong M, Weschler CJ, Liu L, Shen H, Huang L, Sundell J, Zhang Y. Phthalate metabolites in urine samples from Beijing children and correlations with phthalate levels in their handwipes. INDOOR AIR 2015; 25:572-81. [PMID: 25557639 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Little attention has been paid to dermal absorption of phthalates even though modeling suggests that this pathway may contribute meaningfully to total uptake. We have concurrently collected handwipe and urine samples from 39 Beijing children (5-9 years) for the purpose of measuring levels of five phthalates in handwipes, corresponding concentrations of eight of their metabolites in urine, and to subsequently assess the contribution of dermal absorption to total uptake. In summer sampling, DEHP was the most abundant phthalate in handwipes (median: 1130 μg/m(2) ), while MnBP was the most abundant metabolite in urine (median: 232 ng/ml). We found significant associations between the parent phthalate in handwipes and its monoester metabolite in urine for DiBP (r = 0.41, P = 0.01), DnBP (r = 0.50, P = 0.002), BBzP (r = 0.48, P = 0.003), and DEHP (r = 0.36, P = 0.03). Assuming that no dermal uptake occurred under clothing-covered skin, we estimate that dermal absorption of DiBP, DnBP, BBzP, and DEHP contributed 6.9%, 4.6%, 6.9%, and 3.3%, respectively, to total uptake. Assuming that somewhat attenuated dermal uptake occurred under clothing-covered skin, these estimates increase to 19%, 14%, 17%, and 10%. The results indicate that absorption from skin surfaces makes a meaningful contribution to total phthalate uptake for children and should be considered in future risk assessments. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS This study indicates that children’s hands acquire substantial amounts of various phthalates. The levels measured in handwipes, although higher, are somewhat representative of levels on other body locations. Via dermal absorption, as well as hand-to-mouth activity, phthalates on hands and other body locations contribute to the overall body burden of these compounds. Dermal absorption from air and contact transfer from surfaces is expected to occur for many SVOCs commonly found indoors (e.g. bisphenols, synthetic musks, organophosphates). However, the dermal pathway has often been neglected in exposure assessments of indoor pollutants. Knowledge regarding phthalates and other SVOCs in handwipes can facilitate our understanding of risks and aid in the mitigation of adverse health effects resulting from indoor exposures. To make progress toward these goals, further studies are necessary, including investigations of phthalate level variability in skinwipes collected at different locations on the body and the impact of clothing on dermal absorption from air.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gong
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - C J Weschler
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - L Liu
- Institute of Urban Environment, Key Lab of Urban Environment Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China
| | - H Shen
- Institute of Urban Environment, Key Lab of Urban Environment Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China
| | - L Huang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - J Sundell
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Y Zhang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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91
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Phuong C, Maibach HI. Recent knowledge: Concepts of dermal absorption in relation to skin decontamination. J Appl Toxicol 2015; 36:5-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Phuong
- Department of Dermatology; University of California; San Francisco CA USA
| | - Howard I. Maibach
- Department of Dermatology; University of California; San Francisco CA USA
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92
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Hirai S, Naito M, Kuramasu M, Ogawa Y, Terayama H, Qu N, Hatayama N, Hayashi S, Itoh M. Low-dose exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) increases susceptibility to testicular autoimmunity in mice. Reprod Biol 2015; 15:163-71. [PMID: 26370459 DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) induces spermatogenic disturbance (SD) through oxidative stress, and affects the immune system by acting as an adjuvant. Recently, we reported that in mice, a low dose of DEHP, which did not affect spermatogenesis, was able to alter the testicular immune microenvironment. Experimental autoimmune orchitis (EAO) can be induced by repeated immunization with testicular antigens, and its pathology is characterized by production of autoantibodies and SD. In the present study, we investigated the effect of a low-dose DEHP on the susceptibility of mice to EAO. The exposure to DEHP-containing feed (0.01%) caused a modest functional damage to the blood-testis barrier (BTB) with an increase in testicular number of interferon gamma (IFN-γ)-positive cells and resulted in the production of autoantibodies targeting haploid cells, but did not affect spermatogenesis. While only single immunization with testicular antigens caused very mild EAO, the concurrent DEHP exposure induced severe EAO with significant increases in number of interferon gamma-positive cells and macrophages, as well as lymphocytic infiltration and serum autoantibody titer accompanied by severe SD. To summarize, the exposure of mice to the low-dose DEHP does not induce significant SD, but it may cause an increase in IFN-γ positive cells and modest functional damage to the BTB in the testis. These changes lead to an autoimmune response against haploid cell autoantigens, resulting in increased susceptibility to EAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuichi Hirai
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Munekazu Naito
- Department of Anatomy, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Miyuki Kuramasu
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Ogawa
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hayato Terayama
- Department of Anatomy, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ning Qu
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Shogo Hayashi
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Itoh
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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93
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Ait Bamai Y, Araki A, Kawai T, Tsuboi T, Yoshioka E, Kanazawa A, Cong S, Kishi R. Comparisons of urinary phthalate metabolites and daily phthalate intakes among Japanese families. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2015; 218:461-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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94
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Adeogun AO, Ibor OR, Omogbemi ED, Chukwuka AV, Adegbola RA, Adewuyi GA, Arukwe A. Environmental occurrence and biota concentration of phthalate esters in Epe and Lagos Lagoons, Nigeria. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 108:24-32. [PMID: 25935094 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The high global occurrence of phthalates in different environmental matrixes has resulted in the detection of their metabolites in human urine, blood, and breast milk, indicating a widespread human exposure. In addition, the notorious endocrine disrupting effects of phthalates have shown that they mimic or antagonize the action of endogenous hormones, consequently producing adverse effects on reproduction, growth and development. Herein, we have studied the occurrence of phthalate esters (PEs) in water, sediment and biota of two lagoons (Epe and Lagos) in Nigeria. Two fish species (Tilapia guineensis, and Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus) and a crustacean (the African river prawn--Macrobrachium vollenhovenii) were analyzed for PEs levels using a HPLC method and the derived values were used for calculating bioconcentration factor (BCF), biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) and phthalate pollution index (PPI) in the biota and environment. We observed that the growth and health condition of the fish species were normal with a k-factor of >1. Sediment PE levels were compared with water, at both lagoons showing concentration pattern that is characterized as DEHP = DEP > DBP. We observed that DBP was the predominant compound in T. guineensis, C. nigrodigitatus and African prawn, at both lagoons, showing organ-specific differences in bioconcentration (BCF and BSAF) patterns in the fish species. While there were no observed consistency in the pattern of PE concentration in fish organs, elevated DBP levels in different fish organs may be related to fish habitat and degradation level of phthalates. Low concentration of DEHP, compared with DBP and DEP, was measured in fish organs and whole prawn body. The BSAF values for DEHP were lowest, and highest for DBP for all species at both lagoons, and DEHP easily accumulated more in the sediment (sediment PPI = 0.28 and 0.16 for Epe and Lagos lagoon, respectively). Overall, our findings suggest a broader environmental and human health implication of the high PE levels in these lagoons since they represent significant sources of aquatic food resources for the neighboring communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aina O Adeogun
- Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Oju R Ibor
- Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | | | | | | | | | - Augustine Arukwe
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 5, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
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95
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Smit LAM, Lenters V, Høyer BB, Lindh CH, Pedersen HS, Liermontova I, Jönsson BAG, Piersma AH, Bonde JP, Toft G, Vermeulen R, Heederik D. Prenatal exposure to environmental chemical contaminants and asthma and eczema in school-age children. Allergy 2015; 70:653-60. [PMID: 25753462 DOI: 10.1111/all.12605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging evidence suggests that prenatal or early-life exposures to environmental contaminants may contribute to an increased risk of asthma and allergies in children. We aimed to the explore associations of prenatal exposures to a large set of environmental chemical contaminants with asthma and eczema in school-age children. METHODS We studied 1024 mother-child pairs from Greenland and Ukraine from the INUENDO birth cohort. Data were collected by means of an interview-based questionnaire when the children were 5-9 years of age. Questions from the ISAAC study were used to define asthma, eczema, and wheeze. We applied principal components analysis (PCA) to sixteen contaminants in maternal serum sampled during pregnancy, including perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), metabolites of diethylhexyl (DEHP) and diisononyl (DiNP) phthalates, PCB-153, and p,p'-DDE. Scores of five principal components (PCs) explaining 70% of the variance were included in multiple logistic regression models. RESULTS In a meta-analysis that included both populations, the PC2 score, reflecting exposure to DiNP, was negatively associated with current eczema (OR 0.71, 95% CI 0.52-0.96). Other associations were not consistent between the two populations. In Ukrainian children, the PC3 score (DEHP) was positively associated with current wheeze (adjusted OR 1.56, 95% CI 1.03-2.37), whereas the PC5 score, dominated by perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), was inversely associated with current wheeze (OR 0.64, 0.41-0.99). In Greenlandic children, a negative association of PC4 (organochlorines) with ever eczema (OR 0.78, 0.61-0.99) was found. CONCLUSIONS We found limited evidence to support a link between prenatal exposure to environmental chemical contaminants and childhood asthma and eczema.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. A. M. Smit
- IRAS; Division of Environmental Epidemiology; Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - V. Lenters
- IRAS; Division of Environmental Epidemiology; Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - B. B. Høyer
- Danish Ramazzini Centre; Department of Occupational Medicine; Aarhus University Hospital; Aarhus Denmark
| | - C. H. Lindh
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine; Department of Laboratory Medicine; Lund University; Lund Sweden
| | - H. S. Pedersen
- Centre for Arctic Environmental Medicine; Dronning Ingrids Hospital; Nuuk Greenland
| | - I. Liermontova
- Department of Social Medicine and Organization of Public Health; Kharkiv National Medical University; Kharkiv Ukraine
| | - B. A. G. Jönsson
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine; Department of Laboratory Medicine; Lund University; Lund Sweden
| | - A. H. Piersma
- Laboratory for Health Protection Research; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM); Bilthoven The Netherlands
| | - J. P. Bonde
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine; Bispebjerg Hospital; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - G. Toft
- Danish Ramazzini Centre; Department of Occupational Medicine; Aarhus University Hospital; Aarhus Denmark
| | - R. Vermeulen
- IRAS; Division of Environmental Epidemiology; Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - D. Heederik
- IRAS; Division of Environmental Epidemiology; Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
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96
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Bekö G, Callesen M, Weschler CJ, Toftum J, Langer S, Sigsgaard T, Høst A, Kold Jensen T, Clausen G. Phthalate exposure through different pathways and allergic sensitization in preschool children with asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and atopic dermatitis. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 137:432-439. [PMID: 25625823 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Studies in rodents indicate that phthalates can function as adjuvants, increasing the potency of allergens. Meanwhile, epidemiological studies have produced inconsistent findings regarding relationships between phthalate exposures and allergic disease in humans. The present study examined phthalate exposure and allergic sensitization in a large group of 3-5 year old children: 300 random controls and 200 cases with asthma, rhinoconjunctivitis or atopic dermatitis as reported in questionnaires. The children were clinically examined to confirm their health status. Blood samples were analyzed for IgE sensitization to 20 allergens. Adjusted logistic regressions were used to look for associations between phthalate exposure indicators (mass fractions in dust from children's homes and daycares, metabolites in urine, and estimated daily indoor intakes from dust ingestion, inhalation and dermal absorption) and sensitization and allergic disease. No direct associations were found between phthalate exposures and asthma, rhinoconjunctivitis or atopic dermatitis. However, among children with these diseases, there were significant associations between non-dietary exposures to DnBP, BBzP and DEHP in the indoor environment (mass fractions in dust or daily indoor intakes from dust ingestion, inhalation and dermal absorption) and allergic sensitization. Some exposure pathways were more strongly associated with sensitization than others, although the results are not conclusive and require confirmation. A number of the associations depended on accounting for a child's exposure in more than one environment (i.e., daycare facility as well as home). Significant associations were not observed between phthalate metabolites in urine, which reflected exposure from diet as well as indoor pathways, and allergic sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Bekö
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Nils Koppels Allé 402, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Michael Callesen
- Department of Pediatrics, HC Andersen Children's Hospital, Odense University Hospital, Sdr. Boulevard 29, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Charles J Weschler
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Nils Koppels Allé 402, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark; Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, 170 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - Jørn Toftum
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Nils Koppels Allé 402, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sarka Langer
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, P.O. Box 53021, SE-400 14 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Torben Sigsgaard
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, University of Aarhus, Bartholins Allé 2, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Arne Høst
- Department of Pediatrics, HC Andersen Children's Hospital, Odense University Hospital, Sdr. Boulevard 29, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Tina Kold Jensen
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsløws Vej 17, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Geo Clausen
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Nils Koppels Allé 402, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
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97
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Adeogun AO, Ibor OR, Omiwole RA, Hassan T, Adegbola RA, Adewuyi GO, Arukwe A. Occurrence, Species, and Organ Differences in Bioaccumulation Patterns of Phthalate Esters in Municipal Domestic Water Supply Lakes in Ibadan, Nigeria. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2015; 78:761-777. [PMID: 26090560 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2015.1030487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of phthalate esters (PE) was examined in biota, ambient water, and sediments of two man-made lakes (Asejire and Eleyele) in southwestern Nigeria. Five fish species (Tilapia zillii, Hepsetus odoe, Parachanna obscura, Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus, and Mormyrus rume) were analyzed for PE levels and used for calculating bioconcentration factors (BCF) and biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAF). In addition, measured PE levels were thereafter used to calculate the phthalate pollution index (PPI) in biota and the environment. At both lakes, all sampled species had k-factor > 1, showing apparently normal growth and health condition. Higher PE levels were found in sediments compared with water at both lakes, with a pattern showing that di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) was predominant PE. While there were no unique patterns of PE concentrations in both lakes, differences were observed in organ concentration patterns that were evident at both lakes. For T. zillii, the BSAF was higher for dibutyl phthalate (DBP) compared to diethyl phthalate (DEP) and lowest for DEHP. The concentration pattern demonstrated that DBP concentrated more in gills (BCF: 6.7), while DEHP concentrated more in liver (BCF: 15.2) of T. zillii at Asejire. At Eleyele, T. zillii liver and gills concentrated less DEP and DEHP. The PPI value was significantly higher in sediment with respective values of 0.27 and 0.44 at Asejire and Eleyele lakes compared with water with respective values of 0.1 and 0.18 at Asejire and Eleyele lakes. Overall, our findings suggest a broader environmental and human health implication of high PE levels in these lakes, since they provide vast water volumes that are used for municipal domestic water supply. Further, these lakes support intense artisanal fisheries, representing significant sources of aquatic food resources for neighboring communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aina O Adeogun
- a Department of Zoology , University of Ibadan , Ibadan , Nigeria
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98
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Wang IJ, Karmaus WJJ. The effect of phthalate exposure and filaggrin gene variants on atopic dermatitis. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 136:213-8. [PMID: 25460639 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phthalate exposure may increase the risk of atopic disorders. However, little is known about the joint effects of phthalate exposure and filaggrin (FLG) gene variants on atopic dermatitis (AD). We want to investigate whether FLG variants are related to a higher urine concentration of phthalates and whether an interaction of FLG and phthalates increases the risk of AD. METHODS We conducted a case-control study comprised of 106 AD children and 347 controls, all of whom were selected from CEAS cohort. Urine phthalate metabolite levels (MEP, MBP, MBzP, and 5OH-MEHP) were measured by UPLC-MS/MS. FLG variants were analyzed by TaqMan assay. At 3 years of age, information about the development of AD and environmental exposures were collected. Logistic regressions were performed to estimate the association of genotypes and phthalate metabolite levels with AD. RESULTS Urine MBP and MBzP levels were higher in children with AD than in controls (p<0.001). Children with the FLG P478S TT genotype had higher urine phthalate metabolite levels as compared with CC carriers, with MBP and MBzP having a statistically significant difference (geometric mean(s.e.) 5.51(3.77) vs. 3.03(3.48), p=0.015 and 0.76(3.01) vs. 0.53(2.56), p=0.018). After stratifying by phthalate metabolite levels, FLG P478S TT genotype was related to a higher odds of AD in children with high MBP levels (aOR=4.74, 95% CI 1.45-15.5) and in children with high MBzP levels (aOR=3.46, 95%CI 1.03-11.58). CONCLUSIONS FLG variants may increase skin permeability leading to higher skin absorption of phthalate and thus confer a higher susceptibility for AD. Or alternatively, the internal burden of phthalates metabolites is increased in children with AD who also have risky variant of the FLG gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Jen Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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99
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the influence of phthalate exposure on lung function in the Canadian population. METHODS We tested the association between 1-second forced expiratory volume (FEVl), forced vital capacity (FVC), and urinary phthalate metabolite levels in a nationally representative sample of 3147, from 6 to 49 years old. RESULTS An interquartile increase in mono-n-butyl phthalate was associated with decreases in percent predicted FEV1 of 0.8% (95% confidence interval = 0.3 to 1.4) and in FVC of 0.9% (95% confidence interval = 0.3 to 1.5). Results were similar for mono-3-carboxypropyl phthalate, mono-benzyl phthalate, and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate metabolites, but significant effects of the latter were only seen in males and those at least 17 years old. CONCLUSIONS These results provide evidence that phthalate exposure may adversely affect lung function in the Canadian population. Given that these chemicals are ubiquitous, the population health burden may be significant if the associations were causal.
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100
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Tagiyeva N, Sheikh A. Domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds in relation to asthma and allergy in children and adults. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 10:1611-39. [PMID: 25399826 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2014.972943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decades, the prevalence of asthma, allergic disease and atopy has increased significantly and in parallel with the increased use of products and materials emitting volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the indoor environment. The purpose of this review is to examine the evidence of the relationship between quantitatively measured domestic exposure to VOCs and allergic diseases and allergy in children and adults. Sources, potential immune-inflammatory mechanisms and risks for development and severity of asthma and allergy have been addressed. Available evidence is based on studies that have mainly used observational designs of variable quality. Total, aromatic, aliphatic, microbial VOCs and aldehydes have been the most widely investigated VOC classes, with formaldehyde being the most commonly examined single compound. Overall, the evidence is inadequate to draw any firm conclusions. However, given indicative evidence from a few high-quality studies and significant potential for improvements in asthma outcomes in those with established disease, there is a need to consider undertaking further investigation of the relationship between domestic VOC exposure and asthma/allergy outcomes that should encompass both high-quality, robust observational studies and ultimately clinical trials assessing the impact of interventions that aim to reduce VOC exposure in children and adults with asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nara Tagiyeva
- Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Westburn Road Aberdeen, AB25 2ZG, UK
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