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Mane MK, Raffy G, Glorennec P, Bonvallot N, Bonnet P, Dumas O, Nchama AE, Saramito G, Duguépéroux C, Mandin C, Le Moual N, Le Bot B. Biocide and other semi-volatile organic compound concentrations in settled indoor dust of CRESPI daycare centers and implication for public health. J Hazard Mater 2024; 471:134277. [PMID: 38657505 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the presence of biocides and other semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in cleaning products used in daycare centers and health impact through ingestion of settled dust by young children. In Paris metropolitan area, 106 daycares area were investigated between 2019-2022. Fifteen substances were analyzed in settled indoor dust by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Detection rates and concentrations ranged from 5 to 100%, and
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayoro Kebe Mane
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Gaëlle Raffy
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Philippe Glorennec
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Nathalie Bonvallot
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Pierre Bonnet
- Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), Indoor Environment Quality Unit, 77420 Champs-sur-Marne, France.
| | - Orianne Dumas
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Univ. Paris-Sud, Inserm, Équipe d'Épidémiologie Respiratoire Intégrative, CESP, 94807 Villejuif, France.
| | - Anastasie Eworo Nchama
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Univ. Paris-Sud, Inserm, Équipe d'Épidémiologie Respiratoire Intégrative, CESP, 94807 Villejuif, France.
| | - Gaëlle Saramito
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Camille Duguépéroux
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Corinne Mandin
- Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), Indoor Environment Quality Unit, 77420 Champs-sur-Marne, France.
| | - Nicole Le Moual
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Univ. Paris-Sud, Inserm, Équipe d'Épidémiologie Respiratoire Intégrative, CESP, 94807 Villejuif, France.
| | - Barbara Le Bot
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
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Saurat D, Raffy G, Bonvallot N, Monfort C, Fardel O, Glorennec P, Chevrier C, Le Bot B. Determination of glyphosate and AMPA in indoor settled dust by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry and implications for human exposure. J Hazard Mater 2023; 446:130654. [PMID: 36608580 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The widespread application of glyphosate leads to significant contamination of outdoor environmental compartments, notably air and soil, which can contaminate indoor air and dust. This study assessed the contamination of indoor household dust for the first time in France and potential exposure to glyphosate through the inadvertent ingestion of dust. A specific and new analytical method was developed using HILIC MS/MS (hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry) to measure polar pesticides, such as glyphosate, aminomethylphosphonic acid, and glufosinate, in indoor dust, with a low quantification limit (25 ng/g). The dust from vacuum cleaner bags of 60 rural and urban households (Brittany, France) was analyzed. All samples contained glyphosate (median 1675 ng/g for rural dwellings (n = 29), 457 ng/g for urban dwellings (n = 31)), more than 90 % contained aminomethylphosphonic acid, and none contained glufosinate. Concentrations were influenced by the rural or urban setting, the proximity of crops, and the use of weed killers on driveways or lawns. Glyphosate exposure via indoor dust ingestion was < 1 % of both acceptable daily intake and dietary intake. However, the high quantification limit of the glyphosate concentration in the food analysis method probably leads to overestimation of the dose from food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Saurat
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France; Ecole du Val-de-Grâce, Service de Santé des Armées, Paris, France.
| | - Gaëlle Raffy
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Nathalie Bonvallot
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Christine Monfort
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Olivier Fardel
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Philippe Glorennec
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Cécile Chevrier
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Barbara Le Bot
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
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Ahmadi S, Botton J, Zoumenou R, Ayotte P, Fievet N, Massougbodji A, Alao MJ, Cot M, Glorennec P, Bodeau-Livinec F. Lead Exposure in Infancy and Subsequent Growth in Beninese Children. Toxics 2022; 10:595. [PMID: 36287875 PMCID: PMC9609716 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10100595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Studies suggest that elevated postnatal blood lead levels (BLLs) are negatively associated with child growth. This study aimed to investigate the associations of childhood BLLs at age one year and growth outcomes at age six years (n = 661) in a cohort of children in Allada, Benin. The growth outcomes studied are weight-for-age Z-score (WAZ), height-for-age Z-score (HAZ), BMI-for-age Z-score (BMIZ), weight-for-height Z-score (WHZ), head circumference (HC), growth velocities, underweight, stunting, and wasting. Multivariable regression models examined the associations between BLLs and growth outcomes, with adjustment for potential confounders. The geometric mean BLLs was 59.3 μg/L and 82% of children had BLLs >35 μg/L at the age of 12.8 months. After adjusting for confounding factors, no overall association was found between BLL quartiles and HAZ, WAZ, BMIZ, WHZ, growth velocities, wasting, and underweight. However, boys in the highest quartile had a 1.02 cm lower HC (95% CI: [−1.81, −0.24]) as compared to the lowest quartile. Furthermore, an increased odds of being stunted was observed in children in the highest quartile of exposure compared to the first (OR: 2.43; 95% CI: [1.11−5.33]) which remained statistically significant only among girls in sex-specific strata. Blood lead was found to be associated with an increased risk of childhood stunting and a lower head circumference in a resource-limited setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shukrullah Ahmadi
- Centre of Research in Epidemiology and Statistics/CRESS, Université de Paris, INSERM, INRA, 75004 Paris, France
| | - Jérémie Botton
- EPI-PHARE, Epidemiology of Health Products, 93200 Saint-Denis, France
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University Paris-Sud, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Roméo Zoumenou
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Paris Descartes Université, 75004 Paris, France
| | - Pierre Ayotte
- Département de médecine sociale et préventive, Université Laval and Centre de toxicologie du Québec, INSPQ, Québec, QC G1V 5B3, Canada
| | - Nadine Fievet
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Paris Descartes Université, 75004 Paris, France
| | | | - Maroufou Jules Alao
- Paediatric Department, Mother and Child University and Hospital Center (CHU-MEL), Cotonou 01 BP 107, Benin
| | - Michel Cot
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Paris Descartes Université, 75004 Paris, France
| | - Philippe Glorennec
- Univ Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail)-UMR_S 1085, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Florence Bodeau-Livinec
- Univ Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail)-UMR_S 1085, 35000 Rennes, France
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Chupeau Z, Mercier F, Rouxel E, Le Bot B, Chauvet G, Siméon T, Bonvallot N, Zaros C, Chevrier C, Glorennec P. Pre- and post-natal exposure of children to organophosphate flame retardants: A nationwide survey in France. Environ Int 2022; 168:107435. [PMID: 35994798 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The use of organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) has been on the rise ever since many brominated flame retardants were banned, back in the 2000 s. The objectives of this study are to describe the pre- and post-natal exposure of children to OPFRs, and to explore their possible determinants. A total of 259 children aged 3.5 years and 388 mothers from the French ELFE mother-child cohort were included. Both pre- and post-natal exposure to OPFRs were assessed, using OPFR concentrations in the hair of pregnant women (in 2011) and their 3.5-year-old children (in 2014-2015) for 15 OPFRs, of which 9 were detected in > 20 % hair samples. The highest geometric means for pre-natal exposure were 272 ng/g for tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP), 69.7 ng/g for ng/g for triphenyl phosphate (TPP) and 54.4 ng/g for tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP). The highest geometric means for post-natal exposure were 249.6 ng/g for TCPP, 85.3 ng/g for TDCPP and 83.8 ng/g for 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP). Correlations were found between both pre-natal exposures, and between pre-and post-natal exposures. No correlation was however found between pre-and post-natal exposures for any given OPFR. Pre-natal exposure to the 9 OPFRs was associated with pre-natal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers 209 (BDE209), and 47 (BDE47). Maternal BMI was associated with pre-natal exposure to OPFRs other than TBEP. Home renovation work prior to birth was also associated with pre-natal exposure to OPFRs, with the exception of EHDPP, tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP) and triethyl phosphate (TEP). Determinants of post-natal exposure appeared more disparate across OPFRs; although both the type of flooring in children's rooms and pre-natal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers seem to be associated with post-natal exposure. Lastly, higher socioeconomic status appeared to be associated with lower exposure for several (though not all) OPFRs. The high prevalence of exposure to OPFRs suggests the need for studies to assess the health effects of OPFRs exposure, particularly on children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Chupeau
- Univ Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - F Mercier
- Univ Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - E Rouxel
- Univ Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - B Le Bot
- Univ Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - G Chauvet
- Ensai (Irmar), Campus de Ker Lann, Bruz, France
| | | | - N Bonvallot
- Univ Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | | | - C Chevrier
- Univ Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - P Glorennec
- Univ Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
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Davies S, Briand V, Accrombessi M, Fievet N, Le Bot B, Durand S, Agbota G, Yovo E, Vianou B, Sossou D, Martin-Prevel Y, Massougbodji A, Cot M, Glorennec P, Bodeau-Livinec F. Pre-conception serum ferritin concentrations are associated with metal concentrations in blood during pregnancy: A cohort study in Benin. Environ Res 2021; 202:111629. [PMID: 34242675 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iron deficiency is a common nutritional deficiency that impacts maternal health and fetal development and is also associated with increased uptake of toxic metals. Women in sub-Saharan Africa are highly exposed to both iron deficiency and metals in the environment. As research on the developmental origins of health and disease increasingly shows impacts of pre-conception maternal health on pregnancy and fetal health, these environmental exposures are of concern. OBJECTIVES This study investigated the association between iron status pre-pregnancy and blood metal concentrations in the first trimester of pregnancy with potential implications for iron supplementation. METHODS Pre-conception and first trimester blood samples taken from 262 Beninese women were tested for serum ferritin, inflammation markers, manganese (Mn), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), copper, zinc, selenium, mercury and arsenic. Associations between serum ferritin adjusted for inflammation and metal concentrations were analyzed using multivariate linear regression. RESULTS Women with iron deficiency before conception (13%) were more likely to remain iron deficient in the first trimester (4%) (adjusted OR = 41.2, 95%CI 6.2; 275.0) even within the context of routine iron supplementation during pregnancy. Lower pre-pregnancy serum ferritin concentrations were significantly related to higher concentrations of Mn, Cd and Pb in the first trimester. Every 1% increase in serum ferritin concentration was associated with a 0.13% decrease in Mn (adjusted β = -0.13, 95%CI -0.18; -0.07), a 0.22% decrease in Cd (adjusted β = -0.22, 95%CI -0.28; -0.15) and a 0.06% decrease in Pb concentration (adjusted β = -0.06, 95%CI -0.12; -0.006). DISCUSSION These results suggest that increasing iron stores prior to pregnancy may prevent excessive uptake of toxic concentrations of the metals Mn, Cd and Pb and argue in favour of testing the effects of iron supplementation prior to pregnancy on metal concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Davies
- Département Méthodes Quantitatives en Santé Publique (METIS), Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Santé Publique (EHESP), F-35000, Rennes, France; Université de Paris, Center of Research in Epidemiology and Statistics/CRESS, INSERM, INRA, Obstetrical, Perinatal and Pediatric Epidemiology Research Team (EPOPé)-UMR1153, F-75004, Paris, France.
| | - Valérie Briand
- Institut de Recherche Pour le Développement (IRD), University of Bordeaux, Inserm, UMR 1219, 146 rue Léo-Saignat, 33076, Bordeaux, Cedex, France; Université de Paris, MERIT, IRD, 75006, Paris, France.
| | - Manfred Accrombessi
- Institut de Recherche Clinique du Benin (IRCB), 04 BP1114, Abomey-Calavi, Benin; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Disease Control Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Nadine Fievet
- Institut de Recherche Clinique du Benin (IRCB), 04 BP1114, Abomey-Calavi, Benin; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Paris Descartes Université, 75006, Paris, France.
| | - Barbara Le Bot
- Ecole des Hautes Études en Santé Publique (EHESP), Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm), Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail (Irset)-UMR_S 1085, University of Rennes, F-35000, Rennes, France.
| | - Séverine Durand
- Ecole des Hautes Études en Santé Publique (EHESP), Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm), Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail (Irset)-UMR_S 1085, University of Rennes, F-35000, Rennes, France.
| | - Gino Agbota
- Institut de Recherche Clinique du Benin (IRCB), 04 BP1114, Abomey-Calavi, Benin.
| | - Emmanuel Yovo
- Institut de Recherche Clinique du Benin (IRCB), 04 BP1114, Abomey-Calavi, Benin.
| | - Bertin Vianou
- Institut de Recherche Clinique du Benin (IRCB), 04 BP1114, Abomey-Calavi, Benin.
| | - Darius Sossou
- Institut de Recherche Clinique du Benin (IRCB), 04 BP1114, Abomey-Calavi, Benin.
| | - Yves Martin-Prevel
- Nutripass Research Unit, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), University of Montpellier, SupAgro, Montpellier, France.
| | | | - Michel Cot
- Université de Paris, MERIT, IRD, 75006, Paris, France.
| | - Philippe Glorennec
- Ecole des Hautes Études en Santé Publique (EHESP), Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm), Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail (Irset)-UMR_S 1085, University of Rennes, F-35000, Rennes, France.
| | - Florence Bodeau-Livinec
- Département Méthodes Quantitatives en Santé Publique (METIS), Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Santé Publique (EHESP), F-35000, Rennes, France; Université de Paris, Center of Research in Epidemiology and Statistics/CRESS, INSERM, INRA, Obstetrical, Perinatal and Pediatric Epidemiology Research Team (EPOPé)-UMR1153, F-75004, Paris, France.
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Glorennec P, Shendell DG, Rasmussen PE, Waeber R, Egeghy P, Azuma K, Pelfrêne A, Le Bot B, Esteve W, Perouel G, Joly VP, Noack Y, Delannoy M, Keirsbulck M, Mandin C. Toward setting public health guidelines for chemicals in indoor settled dust? Indoor Air 2021; 31:112-115. [PMID: 33043543 PMCID: PMC8972142 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Indoor settled dust may result in substantial human exposure to chemicals, especially by ingestion following hand-to-mouth or hand-to-object-to-mouth contact. As with other environmental media related to exposure, dust may thus be subject to regulation. An international scientific workshop was convened in Paris in September 2019 firstly to assess the relevance for public health of setting guidelines for indoor settled dust, and secondly to discuss scientific and technical challenges related to such guidelines. The main discussions and conclusions, with consensus achieved, are reported herein. Discussions concerned general considerations, objectives and definitions, relevance for a health-based guideline, units of measure, and finally derivation of the guideline. These points should be addressed when considering an indoor settled dust guideline as part of a policy to reduce exposure indoors to a given chemical or group of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Glorennec
- Univ Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail), Rennes, France
| | - Derek G. Shendell
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- New Jersey Safe Schools Program, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Pat E. Rasmussen
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Roger Waeber
- Consumer Protection Directorate, Federal Office of Public Health, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Peter Egeghy
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Kenichi Azuma
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Behavioral Science, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osakasayama, Japan
| | - Aurélie Pelfrêne
- ULR 4515, Laboratoire Génie Civil et géo-Environnement (LGCgE), Yncréa Hauts-de-France, Lille, France
| | - Barbara Le Bot
- Univ Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail), Rennes, France
| | - Williams Esteve
- Département Métrologie des Polluants, Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité (INRS), Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Guillaume Perouel
- Agency for food, environmental and occupational health safety (Anses), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Valérie Pernelet Joly
- Agency for food, environmental and occupational health safety (Anses), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Yves Noack
- CNRS, IRD, INRAe, Collège de France, CEREGE, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | | | - Marion Keirsbulck
- Agency for food, environmental and occupational health safety (Anses), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Corinne Mandin
- Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), Health and Comfort Department, French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), University of Paris-Est, Paris, France
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Garnier R, Nouyrigat E, Benoit P, Goullé JP, Granon C, Manel J, Manouchehri N, Mathieu-Huart A, Nisse P, Normand JC, Ronga-Pézeret S, Roulet A, Simon F, Gabach P, Tournoud C, Augé G, Barbillon A, Boudet C, Bourgeat M, Droissart-Long A, El Balkhi S, Franchitto N, Glaizal M, Glorennec P, Gnansia E, Haufroid V, Breurec JY, Cambier P, Carlier P, Carretier J, Chanaud D, Charrière A, Clinard F, Dereure O, Kleinlogel S, Labadie M, Laporte R, Heilier JF, Javelaud B, Lefranc A, Lelièvre B, Lucas D, Marot F, Mathieu O, Nesslany F, Nikolova-Pavageau N, Nisse C, Peronnet K, Puskarczyk E, Quénel P, Rauzier-Jaoul MC, Roussel H, Sadeg N, Sapori JM, Sauvant-Rochat MP, Verdun-Esquer C, Veyer K, Villa A, Vircondelet S. Dépistage, prise en charge et suivi des personnes potentiellement surexposées à l’arsenic inorganique du fait de leur lieu de résidence. ARCH MAL PROF ENVIRO 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.admp.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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8
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Pelfrêne A, Sahmer K, Waterlot C, Glorennec P, Douay F, Le Bot B. Evaluation of single-extraction methods to estimate the oral bioaccessibility of metal(loid)s in soils. Sci Total Environ 2020; 727:138553. [PMID: 32334219 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Incidental ingestion of polluted soil particles exposes the population to toxic metal(loid)s. To refine the methods of exposure and risk assessment, it is relevant to use bioaccessible concentrations of metal(loid)s determined via in vitro digestion methods. However, some validated methods are complex and costly, involving high technical skills and numerous reagents. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the suitability of four simple chemical extractions to mimic the bioaccessible fraction of As, Cd, and Pb in the gastric (G) and gastrointestinal (GI) phases obtained using the validated UBM (unified bioaccessibility method) test. Acetic acid (0.11 M), citric acid (0.11 M), EDTA (0.16 M), and hydrochloric acid (HCl, 0.65%) were separately tested in 201 soil samples with a wide range of physicochemical parameters and metal(loid)s concentrations. Significant linear relationships were observed with HCl, EDTA, and to a lesser extent with citric acid. For the cheaper HCl method, correlations with the UBM ranged from 0.91 to 0.99 for the G phase and from 0.72 to 0.97 for the GI phase. This test can be used at least as a first-tier screening to assess the oral bioaccessibility of As, Cd, and Pb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Pelfrêne
- Yncréa Hauts-de-France, ULR 4515, Laboratoire Génie Civil et géo-Environnement (LGCgE), F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Karin Sahmer
- Yncréa Hauts-de-France, ULR 4515, Laboratoire Génie Civil et géo-Environnement (LGCgE), F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Christophe Waterlot
- Yncréa Hauts-de-France, ULR 4515, Laboratoire Génie Civil et géo-Environnement (LGCgE), F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Philippe Glorennec
- Univ Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Francis Douay
- Yncréa Hauts-de-France, ULR 4515, Laboratoire Génie Civil et géo-Environnement (LGCgE), F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Barbara Le Bot
- Univ Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
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9
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Vanacker M, Quindroit P, Angeli K, Mandin C, Glorennec P, Brochot C, Crépet A. Aggregate and cumulative chronic risk assessment for pyrethroids in the French adult population. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 143:111519. [PMID: 32619558 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Pyrethroids are commonly used as insecticides in households, in agriculture or in veterinary and medicinal products. This study aimed to assess cumulative aggregate exposure to cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin and permethrin in adults in France and the associated health risk, and to identify major contributions of exposure sources and routes. External chronic exposures were estimated from dietary and several environmental sources for the oral, inhalation and dermal routes. Internal concentrations of five associated metabolites were simulated with a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model. The predicted urinary concentrations were in same order of magnitude as those of the French ENNS biomonitoring survey. Dietary exposure, especially from cereals and animal products, was the major source of exposure. For the 1% of adults most highly exposed, dermal exposure to permethrin through medicinal and veterinary products was an important source of exposure. Considering alterations of motor, sensory and autonomic division, all individual margins of exposure were higher than 100, suggesting that no neurotoxic risk associated with the cumulative aggregate exposure to these four pyrethroids is expected for the French adult population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Vanacker
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Risk Assessment Department, Methodology and Studies Unit, 947001, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Paul Quindroit
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Models for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology Unit, Parc ALATA, BP2, 60550, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Karine Angeli
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Risk Assessment Department, Chemicals Assessment Unit, 947001, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Corinne Mandin
- University of Paris-Est, Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), Health and Comfort Department, French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), 84 Avenue Jean Jaurès, Champs-sur-Marne, 77447, Marne-la-Vallée Cedex 2, France
| | - Philippe Glorennec
- Univ Rennes, EHESP, INSERM, Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health (IRSET), UMR_S 1085, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Céline Brochot
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Models for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology Unit, Parc ALATA, BP2, 60550, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Amélie Crépet
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Risk Assessment Department, Methodology and Studies Unit, 947001, Maisons-Alfort, France.
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10
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Vanacker M, Tressou J, Perouel G, Glorennec P, Crépet A. Combining data from heterogeneous surveys for aggregate exposure: Application to children exposure to lead in France. Environ Res 2020; 182:109069. [PMID: 31923848 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.109069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To assess human health risks related to the environment, it is necessary to aggregate exposure from multiple sources. The objective of this paper was to propose a relevant approach to combine data from heterogeneous populations and methodologies. Five different methods based on Monte-Carlo simulations were tested and compared. Differences were: taking into account or not stratification variable, timeline to assign exposure factors and concentration and way to account for concentration correlations. The methods were applied to estimate lead exposure from food, dust, soil, air, and tap water or French children aged between six months and three years old. Comparing results' uncertainty, it is recommended to 1) select a reference population representative of the target population, 2) select stratification variables to combine surveys, and 3) simulate a new population by randomly sampling individuals in the reference population and simultaneously assigning human exposure factors and environmental concentrations from other surveys in integrating correlations (MC1S). No difference was observed when taking into account correlations using vectors of determinist data from one survey or rank of correlations with the Iman-Conover method. Regardless the methods used to combine data, dust was the main exposure source, followed by soil and in a less extent by food. Exposures from air and tap water were found to be insignificant for most children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Vanacker
- ANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Risk Assessment Department, 94701, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Jessica Tressou
- UMR MIA-Paris, AgroParisTech, INRA, Paris-Saclay University, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Perouel
- ANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Risk Assessment Department, 94701, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Philippe Glorennec
- Univ Rennes, EHESP, INSERM, IRSET (Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Amélie Crépet
- ANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Risk Assessment Department, 94701, Maisons-Alfort, France.
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11
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Wei W, Mandin C, Blanchard O, Mercier F, Pelletier M, Le Bot B, Glorennec P, Ramalho O. Semi-volatile organic compounds in French dwellings: An estimation of concentrations in the gas phase and particulate phase from settled dust. Sci Total Environ 2019; 650:2742-2750. [PMID: 30373052 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) are present in the gas phase, particulate phase and settled dust in the indoor environment, resulting in human exposure through different pathways. Sometimes, SVOCs are only measured in a single phase because of practical and/or financial constraints. A probabilistic method proposed by Wei et al. for the prediction of the SVOC concentration in the gas phase from the SVOC concentration in the particulate phase was extended to model the equilibrium SVOC concentrations in both the gas and particulate phases from the SVOC concentration measured in settled dust. This approach, based on the theory of SVOC partitioning among the gas phase, particulate phase, and settled dust incorporating Monte Carlo simulation, was validated using measured data from the literature and applied to the prediction of the concentrations of 48 SVOCs in both the gas and particulate phases in 3.6 million French dwellings where at least one child aged 6 months to 6 years lived. The median gas-phase concentration of 15 SVOCs, i.e., 5 phthalates, 2 organochlorine pesticides, 4 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 2 synthetic musks, dichlorvos, and tributyl phosphate, was found to be higher than 1 ng/m3. The median concentration of 5 phthalates in the particulate phase was higher than 1 ng/m3. The impacts of some physical parameters, such as the molar mass and boiling point, on the SVOC partitioning among the different phases were quantified. The partitioning depends on the activity coefficient, vapor pressure at the boiling point, entropy of evaporation of the SVOCs, and the fraction of organic matter in particles. Thus, the partitioning may differ from one chemical family to another. The empirical equations based on regressions allow quick estimation of SVOC partitioning among the gas phase, particulate phase, and settled dust from the molar mass and boiling point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Wei
- University of Paris-Est, Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), Health and Comfort Department, French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), 84 Avenue Jean Jaurès, Champs sur Marne, 77447 Marne la Vallée Cedex 2, France.
| | - Corinne Mandin
- University of Paris-Est, Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), Health and Comfort Department, French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), 84 Avenue Jean Jaurès, Champs sur Marne, 77447 Marne la Vallée Cedex 2, France
| | - Olivier Blanchard
- Univ Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Fabien Mercier
- Univ Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Maud Pelletier
- Univ Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Barbara Le Bot
- Univ Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Philippe Glorennec
- Univ Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Olivier Ramalho
- University of Paris-Est, Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), Health and Comfort Department, French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), 84 Avenue Jean Jaurès, Champs sur Marne, 77447 Marne la Vallée Cedex 2, France
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12
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Guy M, Accrombessi M, Fievet N, Yovo E, Massougbodji A, Le Bot B, Glorennec P, Bodeau-Livinec F, Briand V. Toxics (Pb, Cd) and trace elements (Zn, Cu, Mn) in women during pregnancy and at delivery, South Benin, 2014-2015. Environ Res 2018; 167:198-206. [PMID: 30036786 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
During pregnancy, fetal development can be hindered by maternal exposure to toxic elements and abnormal concentrations of trace elements. Few data are available in African countries. Our goal was to assess the body burden of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) in pregnant women in Benin. The study was carried out in Sô-Ava district, from November 2015 to April 2016. Sixty women were recruited from the RECIPAL pre-conceptional cohort study. In all women, blood samples were collected during the first trimester of pregnancy. Thirty-two women had additional maternal and cord blood samples collected at delivery. Blood samples were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. At delivery, Cd median (IQR) concentration in maternal blood was 0.34 µg/L (0.24-0.46) in this non-smoking population. Pb median (IQR) concentration in maternal blood at delivery was 37.4 µg/L (30.5-52.0), with 31.3% of blood Pb levels above the 50 μg/L threshold. These pregnant women lived in semi-rural lakeside villages. Potential sources of Pb exposure identified during pregnancy were having water supply by drill pump and activities such as smoking fish by the woman and fishing by the household head. At delivery, Zn, Cu, and Mn median (IQR) concentrations in maternal blood were, respectively, 5415 μg/L (4894-5822), 1609 μg/L (1295-1771) and 16.0 μg/L (12.5-20.8). Pb, Cd, Mn and Cu blood concentrations were significantly higher at delivery than during the first trimester of pregnancy. Pb, Cd, Zn and Cu concentrations were significantly lower in cord blood than in maternal blood, contrary to Mn concentration, which was significantly higher in cord blood than in maternal blood at delivery. This exploratory study is the first one performed in Benin, and warns us about exposition of women from Sô-Ava district to Pb and Cd during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Guy
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France; UMR216-MERIT, French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD), Paris Descartes University, Paris, France.
| | - Manfred Accrombessi
- UMR216-MERIT, French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD), Paris Descartes University, Paris, France; Centre d'Etude et de Recherche sur le Paludisme Associé à la Grossesse et à l'Enfance (CERPAGE), Cotonou, Benin.
| | - Nadine Fievet
- UMR216-MERIT, French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD), Paris Descartes University, Paris, France.
| | - Emmanuel Yovo
- Centre d'Etude et de Recherche sur le Paludisme Associé à la Grossesse et à l'Enfance (CERPAGE), Cotonou, Benin.
| | - Achille Massougbodji
- Centre d'Etude et de Recherche sur le Paludisme Associé à la Grossesse et à l'Enfance (CERPAGE), Cotonou, Benin.
| | - Barbara Le Bot
- Univ Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France; EHESP, Inserm, CRESS (Centre de Recherche Epidémiologie et Biostatistique Sorbonne Paris Cité), Obstetrical, Perinatal, and Pediatric Epidemiology Team, UMR1153, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Philippe Glorennec
- Univ Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France; EHESP, Inserm, CRESS (Centre de Recherche Epidémiologie et Biostatistique Sorbonne Paris Cité), Obstetrical, Perinatal, and Pediatric Epidemiology Team, UMR1153, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Florence Bodeau-Livinec
- EHESP, Inserm, CRESS (Centre de Recherche Epidémiologie et Biostatistique Sorbonne Paris Cité), Obstetrical, Perinatal, and Pediatric Epidemiology Team, UMR1153, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Valérie Briand
- UMR216-MERIT, French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD), Paris Descartes University, Paris, France.
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Pelletier M, Glorennec P, Mandin C, Le Bot B, Ramalho O, Mercier F, Bonvallot N. Chemical-by-chemical and cumulative risk assessment of residential indoor exposure to semivolatile organic compounds in France. Environ Int 2018; 117:22-32. [PMID: 29705548 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The toxic effects of environmental exposure to chemicals are increasingly being studied and confirmed, notably for semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs). These are found in many products and housing materials, from which they are emitted to indoor air, settled dust and other surfaces. OBJECTIVES The objective of this work is to assess the human health risk posed by residential indoor exposure to 32 SVOCs, assessed in previous nationwide studies. METHODS A chemical-by-chemical risk assessment, using a hazard quotient (HQ) or excess risk (ER) method, was supplemented by a cumulative risk assessment (CRA). For CRA, a hazard index (HI) method, as well as higher tier approaches using relative potency factors (RPFs) or toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) were used for the following endpoints: neurotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, genotoxicity and immunotoxicity. RESULTS HQs were above 1 for 50% of French children from birth to 2 years for BDE 47, and for 5% of children for lindane and dibutyl phthalate (DBP). Corresponding hazards are reprotoxic for BDE 47 and DBP, and immunotoxic for lindane. The CRA approach provided additional information of reprotoxic risks (HI > 1) that may occur for 95% of children and for 5% of the offspring for pregnant women's exposure. The SVOCs contributing most to these risks were PCB 101 and 118, BDE 47, and DBP. The higher tier CRA approaches showed that exposure to dwellings' SVOC mixtures were of concern for 95% of children for neurotoxic compounds having effects linked with neuronal death. To a lesser extent, effects mediated by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) or by a decrease in testosterone levels may concern 5% of children and adults. Lastly, unacceptable immunotoxic risk related to exposure to 8 indoor PCBs was also observed for 5% of children. CONCLUSIONS In view of uncertainties related to compounds' toxicity for humans, these results justify the implementation of preventive measures, as well as the production of more standardized and comprehensive toxicological data for some compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud Pelletier
- Univ Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Philippe Glorennec
- Univ Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Corinne Mandin
- University of Paris-Est, Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), Health and Comfort Department, French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), 84 Avenue Jean Jaurès, Champs sur Marne, 77447, Marne la Vallée Cedex 2, France
| | - Barbara Le Bot
- Univ Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Olivier Ramalho
- University of Paris-Est, Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), Health and Comfort Department, French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), 84 Avenue Jean Jaurès, Champs sur Marne, 77447, Marne la Vallée Cedex 2, France
| | - Fabien Mercier
- Univ Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Nathalie Bonvallot
- Univ Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
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14
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Raffy G, Mercier F, Glorennec P, Mandin C, Le Bot B. Oral bioaccessibility of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in settled dust: A review of measurement methods, data and influencing factors. J Hazard Mater 2018; 352:215-227. [PMID: 29621676 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Many semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), suspected of reprotoxic, neurotoxic or carcinogenic effects, were measured in indoor settled dust. Dust ingestion is a non-negligible pathway of exposure to some of these SVOCs, and an accurate knowledge of the real exposure is necessary for a better evaluation of health risks. To this end, the bioaccessibility of SVOCs in dust needs to be considered. In the present work, bioaccessibility measurement methods, SVOCs' oral bioaccessibility data and influencing factors were reviewed. SVOC bioaccessibilities (%) ranged from 11 to 94, 8 to 100, 3 to 92, 1 to 81, 6 to 52, and 2 to 17, for brominated flame retardants, organophosphorus flame retardants, polychlorobiphenyls, phthalates, pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, respectively. Measurements method produced varying results depending on the inclusion of food and/or sink in the model. Characteristics of dust, e.g., organic matter content and particle size, also influenced bioaccessibility data. Last, results were influenced by SVOC properties, such as octanol/water partition coefficient and migration pathway into dust. Factors related to dust and SVOCs could be used in prediction models. To this end, more bioaccessibility studies covering more substances should be performed, using methods that are harmonized and validated by comparison to in-vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Raffy
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F 35000, Rennes, France.
| | - Fabien Mercier
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Philippe Glorennec
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Corinne Mandin
- Université Paris Est, CSTB - Scientific and Technical Center for Building, OQAI - French Indoor Air Quality Observatory, 84 Avenue Jean Jaurès Champs-sur-Marne 77447 Marne-la-Vallée Cedex 2, France
| | - Barbara Le Bot
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F 35000, Rennes, France
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15
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Ahmadi S, Maman S, Zoumenou R, Massougbodji A, Cot M, Glorennec P, Bodeau-Livinec F. Hunting, Sale, and Consumption of Bushmeat Killed by Lead-Based Ammunition in Benin. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2018; 15:ijerph15061140. [PMID: 29857592 PMCID: PMC6025093 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15061140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Human consumption of animal meat killed by lead ammunition has been reported as a risk factor for elevated blood lead levels. However, little is known about how meat killed by lead ammunition is hunted, prepared, sold, and consumed. We explored the process from hunting to consumption within communities in Benin from the perspective of preventive measures. We conducted 38 semi-structured interviews with hunters (n = 9) and sellers (n = 8) of bushmeat and families (n = 21) as consumers of bushmeat killed by lead ammunition. Data were transcribed, translated, and coded for analysis. We conducted content analysis to identify and describe key themes and processes from hunting to consumption. Many hunters (n = 7/9) used lead-based ammunition. After the meat is hunted, market sellers often buy it directly from the hunters. Amongst the hunters and sellers, few (n = 4/17) acknowledged removing the meat impacted by lead shot prior to sale. Many families (n = 15/21) mentioned consumption of the hunted bushmeat. The meat is cooked before sharing with children. Many families (n = 19/21) mentioned they look for the remains of the lead shot or remove the meat impacted by the shot. The finding suggests that hunting, sale, and consumption of bushmeat killed by lead ammunition are well-known practices in Allada, Benin. The bushmeat often hunted illegally with lead shot is sold in the markets and eventually consumed by families who attempt to clean the meat impacted by the lead shot before cooking it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shukrullah Ahmadi
- EHESP, F-35000 Rennes, France.
- Obstetrical, Perinatal, and Pediatric Epidemiology Team, Centre of Research in Epidemiology and Statistics Sorbonne Paris Cité (U1153), INSERM, Paris Descartes University, 75020 Paris, France.
| | - Suzanne Maman
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Roméo Zoumenou
- Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin.
| | | | - Michel Cot
- MERIT (Mère et Enfant Face aux Infections Tropicales)-UMR 216, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France.
- Centre de Recherches des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75006 Paris, France.
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France.
| | - Philippe Glorennec
- EHESP, F-35000 Rennes, France.
- Inserm, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail)-UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Florence Bodeau-Livinec
- EHESP, F-35000 Rennes, France.
- Obstetrical, Perinatal, and Pediatric Epidemiology Team, Centre of Research in Epidemiology and Statistics Sorbonne Paris Cité (U1153), INSERM, Paris Descartes University, 75020 Paris, France.
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16
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Wei W, Bonvallot N, Gustafsson Å, Raffy G, Glorennec P, Krais A, Ramalho O, Le Bot B, Mandin C. Bioaccessibility and bioavailability of environmental semi-volatile organic compounds via inhalation: A review of methods and models. Environ Int 2018; 113:202-213. [PMID: 29448239 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) present in indoor environments are known to cause adverse health effects through multiple routes of exposure. To assess the aggregate exposure, the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of SVOCs need to be determined. In this review, we discussed measurements of the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of SVOCs after inhalation. Published literature related to this issue is available for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and a few polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, such as benzo[a]pyrene and phenanthrene. Then, we reviewed common modeling approaches for the characterization of the gas- and particle-phase partitioning of SVOCs during inhalation. The models are based on mass transfer mechanisms as well as the structure of the respiratory system, using common computational techniques, such as computational fluid dynamics. However, the existing models are restricted to special conditions and cannot predict SVOC bioaccessibility and bioavailability in the whole respiratory system. The present review notes two main challenges for the estimation of SVOC bioaccessibility and bioavailability via inhalation in humans. First, in vitro and in vivo methods need to be developed and validated for a wide range of SVOCs. The in vitro methods should be validated with in vivo tests to evaluate human exposures to SVOCs in airborne particles. Second, modeling approaches for SVOCs need to consider the whole respiratory system. Alterations of the respiratory cycle period and human biological variability may be considered in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Wei
- University of Paris-Est, Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), Health and Comfort Department, French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), 84 Avenue Jean Jaurès, Champs sur Marne, 77447 Marne la Vallée Cedex 2, France.
| | - Nathalie Bonvallot
- EHESP-School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Rennes, France; INSERM-UMR 1085, Irset-Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, Rennes, France
| | - Åsa Gustafsson
- Swetox, Karolinska Institute, Unit of Toxicology Sciences, Forskargatan 20, SE-151 36 Södertälje, Sweden; Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Linnaeus väg 6, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Gaëlle Raffy
- EHESP-School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Rennes, France; INSERM-UMR 1085, Irset-Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, Rennes, France; LERES-Environment and Health Research Laboratory (Irset and EHESP Technologic Platform), Rennes, France
| | - Philippe Glorennec
- EHESP-School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Rennes, France; INSERM-UMR 1085, Irset-Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, Rennes, France
| | - Annette Krais
- Swetox, Karolinska Institute, Unit of Toxicology Sciences, Forskargatan 20, SE-151 36 Södertälje, Sweden; Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-221 85, Lund, Sweden
| | - Olivier Ramalho
- University of Paris-Est, Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), Health and Comfort Department, French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), 84 Avenue Jean Jaurès, Champs sur Marne, 77447 Marne la Vallée Cedex 2, France
| | - Barbara Le Bot
- EHESP-School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Rennes, France; INSERM-UMR 1085, Irset-Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, Rennes, France; LERES-Environment and Health Research Laboratory (Irset and EHESP Technologic Platform), Rennes, France
| | - Corinne Mandin
- University of Paris-Est, Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), Health and Comfort Department, French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), 84 Avenue Jean Jaurès, Champs sur Marne, 77447 Marne la Vallée Cedex 2, France
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Etchevers A, Glorennec P, Lucas JP, Le Bot B, Lecoffre C, Le Tertre A. Exposition au plomb des enfants en France : niveaux d’imprégnation et déterminants. Toxicologie Analytique et Clinique 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Pelletier M, Bonvallot N, Ramalho O, Mandin C, Wei W, Raffy G, Mercier F, Blanchard O, Le Bot B, Glorennec P. Indoor residential exposure to semivolatile organic compounds in France. Environ Int 2017; 109:81-88. [PMID: 28950160 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Multiple chemicals are emitted in residential accommodation. Aggregate Daily Doses (ADD) (ng/kg-bw/d) were estimated for 32 semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) of different chemical families that are frequently detected in French dwellings in both air and settled dust. Daily doses were determined using steady-state models for the population, categorized into 11 age groups covering birth to age 30. Three routes of exposure were taken into account: dust ingestion, inhalation (gaseous and particulate phases) and dermal contact with the gaseous phase of air. Contamination levels were preferentially retrieved from large, nationwide representative datasets. A two-dimensional probabilistic approach was used to assess parametric uncertainty and identify the most influential factors. For children aged 2 to 3years, ADD estimates spanned orders of magnitude, with median values ranging from 8.7pg/kg-bw/d for 2,2',3,4,4'-pentabromodiphenylether (BDE 85) to 1.3μg/kg-bw/d for di-isobutyl phthalate (DiBP). Inhalation, ingestion and dermal pathway contributed at varying levels, and depending on compound, air was the dominant medium for 28 of the 32 compounds (either by inhalation or dermal contact). Indoor exposure estimate variance was mainly driven by indoor contamination variability, and secondarily by uncertainty in physical and chemical parameters. These findings lend support to the call for cumulative risk assessment of indoor SVOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud Pelletier
- EHESP - School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Rennes, France; INSERM-U1085, Irset-Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, Rennes, France
| | - Nathalie Bonvallot
- EHESP - School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Rennes, France; INSERM-U1085, Irset-Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, Rennes, France
| | - Olivier Ramalho
- University of Paris-Est, Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), Health and Comfort Department, French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), 84 Avenue Jean Jaurès, Champs sur Marne, 77447 Marne la Vallée Cedex 2, France
| | - Corinne Mandin
- University of Paris-Est, Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), Health and Comfort Department, French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), 84 Avenue Jean Jaurès, Champs sur Marne, 77447 Marne la Vallée Cedex 2, France
| | - Wenjuan Wei
- University of Paris-Est, Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), Health and Comfort Department, French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), 84 Avenue Jean Jaurès, Champs sur Marne, 77447 Marne la Vallée Cedex 2, France
| | - Gaëlle Raffy
- EHESP - School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Rennes, France; INSERM-U1085, Irset-Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, Rennes, France; LERES-Environment and Health Research Laboratory (Irset and EHESP Technologic Platform), Rennes, France
| | - Fabien Mercier
- EHESP - School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Rennes, France; INSERM-U1085, Irset-Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, Rennes, France; LERES-Environment and Health Research Laboratory (Irset and EHESP Technologic Platform), Rennes, France
| | - Olivier Blanchard
- EHESP - School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Rennes, France; INSERM-U1085, Irset-Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, Rennes, France
| | - Barbara Le Bot
- EHESP - School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Rennes, France; INSERM-U1085, Irset-Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, Rennes, France; LERES-Environment and Health Research Laboratory (Irset and EHESP Technologic Platform), Rennes, France
| | - Philippe Glorennec
- EHESP - School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Rennes, France; INSERM-U1085, Irset-Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, Rennes, France.
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Pelletier M, Bonvallot N, Glorennec P. Aggregating exposures & cumulating risk for semivolatile organic compounds: A review. Environ Res 2017; 158:649-659. [PMID: 28732321 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Increasingly, health risk assessment is addressing multiple pathway exposures to multiple contaminants. We reviewed aggregated exposure and cumulative risk approaches for contemporary and ubiquitous semivolatile organic compounds (SVOC). We identified 22 studies aggregating exposure pathways, and 31 cumulating risk. Exposure aggregation is based on the addition of pathway-specific doses, using kinetic modeling where it exists, and classic external dose equations otherwise. In most cases, exposure is dominated by a single route or source of exposure - mainly the oral pathway - via dietary or non-dietary exposure. Preferential routes and sources of exposure are influenced by SVOC physical-chemical properties such as vapor pressure. The cumulative risk approach for contaminants is based on dose addition. Simple sum of hazard quotient (Hazard Index: HI) is the most commonly used cumulative risk assessment approach, while Relative Potency Factor (RPF) appeared to the best suited - although this calls for a level of toxicological information that limits the number of compounds that can be studied simultaneously. Where both were performed, moving from HI to more refined approach produced similar results. In conclusion, both approaches - exposure aggregation and cumulative risk - rely on simple assumptions. Nevertheless, they allow uncertainty to be reduced, in comparison with source-by-source or chemical-by-chemical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud Pelletier
- EHESP-School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Rennes, France; INSERM-U1085, Irset-Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, Rennes, France
| | - Nathalie Bonvallot
- EHESP-School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Rennes, France; INSERM-U1085, Irset-Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, Rennes, France
| | - Philippe Glorennec
- EHESP-School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Rennes, France; INSERM-U1085, Irset-Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, Rennes, France.
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Fournier K, Baumont E, Glorennec P, Bonvallot N. Relative toxicity for indoor semi volatile organic compounds based on neuronal death. Toxicol Lett 2017; 279:33-42. [PMID: 28709981 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.07.875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Semi Volatile Organic Compounds (SVOCs) are contaminants commonly found in dwellings as a result of their use as plasticizers, flame retardants, or pesticides in building materials and consumer products. Many SVOCs are suspected of being neurotoxic, based on mammal experimentation (impairment of locomotor activity, spatial learning/memory or behavioral changes), raising the question of cumulative risk assessment. The aim of this work is to estimate the relative toxicity of such SVOCs, based on neuronal death. METHOD SVOCs fulfilling the following conditions were included: detection frequency >10% in dwellings, availability of data on effects or mechanism of action for neurotoxicity, and availability of dose-response relationships based on cell viability assays as a proxy of neuronal death. Benchmark concentration values (BMC) were estimated using a Hill model, and compared to assess relative toxicity. RESULTS Of the 58 SVOCs selected, 28 were suspected of being neurotoxic in mammals, and 21 have been documented as inducing a decrease in cell viability in vitro. 13 have at least one dose-response relationship that can be used to derive a BMC based on a 10% fall in neuronal viability. Based on this in vitro endpoint, PCB-153 appeared to be the most toxic compound, having the lowest BMC10 (0.072μM) and diazinon the least toxic compound, having the highest BMC10 (94.35μM). We showed that experimental designs (in particular choice of cell lines) had a significant influence on BMC calculation. CONCLUSION For the first time, the relative in vitro toxicity of 13 indoor contaminants belonging to different chemical families has been assessed on the basis of neuronal cell viability. Lack of comparable toxicity datasets limits the number of SVOCs that can be included. More standardized protocols in terms of cell lines, species and exposure duration should be developed with a view to cumulative risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Fournier
- EHESP School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; INSERM UMR1085 IRSET (Research Institute in Environmental and Occupational Health), Rennes, France.
| | - Emmanuel Baumont
- EHESP School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; INSERM UMR1085 IRSET (Research Institute in Environmental and Occupational Health), Rennes, France.
| | - Philippe Glorennec
- EHESP School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; INSERM UMR1085 IRSET (Research Institute in Environmental and Occupational Health), Rennes, France.
| | - Nathalie Bonvallot
- EHESP School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; INSERM UMR1085 IRSET (Research Institute in Environmental and Occupational Health), Rennes, France.
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Glorennec P, Serrano T, Fravallo M, Warembourg C, Monfort C, Cordier S, Viel JF, Le Gléau F, Le Bot B, Chevrier C. Determinants of children's exposure to pyrethroid insecticides in western France. Environ Int 2017; 104:76-82. [PMID: 28453973 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Pyrethroids are insecticides frequently used in agriculture and in the home; exposure occurs through dietary and non-dietary pathways, including indoor and outdoor environmental contamination. Our objective was to study the potential determinants of pyrethroid metabolite concentrations measured in children's urine samples and in the dust of their homes. Specifically, we measured urinary metabolites from morning spot samples of 245 six-year-old children living in Brittany (France) in 2009-2012 and from dust vacuumed from the floor of their homes. Mothers reported home insecticide use, dietary habits, sociodemographic data; residential and school proximity to agricultural crops was assessed with spatialized data. The metabolites cis-DBCA, trans-DCCA, cis-DCCA, 3-PBA, and F-PBA were detected in 84, 95, 64, 63, and 16% of the urine samples, respectively. Permethrin, cypermethrin, cyfluthrin, deltamethrin, and tetramethrin pyrethroids were detected in 100, 56, 9, 15, and 26% of the dust samples, respectively. Multiple regression analysis suggested diet plays a role in children's exposure, in particular, the food groups "pasta, rice or semolina" (for cis-DCCA and F-PBA), fruit (3-PBA), "breakfast cereals and whole grain bread" (cis-DBCA), and the global proportion of organic food in diet (for cis-DBCA, trans-DCCA). Children with a parent occupationally exposed to pesticides were about 3-times more likely to have higher urinary concentrations of 3-PBA (OR=2.8, 95% CI [1.2; 6.5]). Dust content was correlated mainly with household insecticide use: higher mean concentrations of permethrin (β=0.8 [0.3; 1.3], in μg/g) and an increased risk of a detectable level of cyfluthrin (OR=4.7 [1.7; 12.9]) were observed in home dust, for indoor use of at least twice a year. Outdoor insecticide use at least once a year was associated with detection in dust of cypermethrin (OR=3.0 [1.3; 6.7]) and tetramethrin (OR=3.7 [1.6; 8.3]). Three positive and one negative correlations (out of 11) between urinary metabolite concentrations and home dust contents of their possible corresponding parent compounds were observed. The strength of this study lies in its concurrent use of biomarkers, environmental measurements, and potential sources of exposure. Its limitations include the use of a single urine sample and imprecise data about pyrethroid use in local agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Glorennec
- EHESP-School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Rennes, France; Irset INSERM-UMR1085, Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, France.
| | - Tania Serrano
- EHESP-School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Rennes, France; Irset INSERM-UMR1085, Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, France
| | - Morgane Fravallo
- Irset INSERM-UMR1085, Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, France
| | - Charline Warembourg
- Irset INSERM-UMR1085, Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, France; Rennes 1 University, France
| | - Christine Monfort
- Irset INSERM-UMR1085, Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, France; Rennes 1 University, France
| | - Sylvaine Cordier
- Irset INSERM-UMR1085, Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, France; Rennes 1 University, France
| | - Jean-François Viel
- Irset INSERM-UMR1085, Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, France; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University Hospital, Rennes, France
| | | | - Barbara Le Bot
- EHESP-School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Rennes, France; Irset INSERM-UMR1085, Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, France
| | - Cécile Chevrier
- Irset INSERM-UMR1085, Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, France; Rennes 1 University, France
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Pelletier M, Bonvallot N, Ramalho O, Blanchard O, Mercier F, Mandin C, Le Bot B, Glorennec P. Dermal absorption of semivolatile organic compounds from the gas phase: Sensitivity of exposure assessment by steady state modeling to key parameters. Environ Int 2017; 102:106-113. [PMID: 28249739 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent research has demonstrated the importance of dermal exposure for some semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) present in the gas phase of indoor air. Though models for estimating dermal intake from gaseous SVOCs exist, their predictions can be subject to variations in input parameters, which can lead to large variation in exposure estimations. In this sensitivity analysis for a steady state model, we aimed to assess these variations and their determinants using probabilistic Monte Carlo sampling for 8 SVOCs from different chemical families: phthalates, bisphenols, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), organophosphorus (OPs), organochlorines (OCs), synthetic musks, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybromodiphenylethers (PBDEs). Indoor SVOC concentrations were found to be the most influential parameters. Both Henry's law constant (H) and octanol/water partition coefficient (Kow) uncertainty also had significant influence. While exposure media properties such as volume fraction of organic matter in the particle phase (fom-part), particle density (ρpart), concentration ([TSP]) and transport coefficient (ɣd) had a slight influence for some compounds, human parameters such as body weight (W), body surface area (A) and daily exposure (t) make a marginal or null contribution to the variance of dermal intake for a given age group. Inclusion of a parameter sensitivity analysis appears essential to reporting uncertainties in dermal exposure assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud Pelletier
- EHESP-School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Rennes, France; INSERM-U1085, Irset-Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, Rennes, France
| | - Nathalie Bonvallot
- EHESP-School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Rennes, France; INSERM-U1085, Irset-Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, Rennes, France
| | - Olivier Ramalho
- University of Paris-Est, Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), Health and Comfort Department, French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), 84 Avenue Jean Jaurès, Champs sur Marne, 77447 Marne la Vallée Cedex 2, France
| | - Olivier Blanchard
- EHESP-School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Rennes, France; INSERM-U1085, Irset-Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, Rennes, France
| | - Fabien Mercier
- EHESP-School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Rennes, France; INSERM-U1085, Irset-Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, Rennes, France; LERES-Environment and Health Research Laboratory (Irset and EHESP Technologic Platform), Rennes, France
| | - Corinne Mandin
- INSERM-U1085, Irset-Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, Rennes, France; University of Paris-Est, Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), Health and Comfort Department, French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), 84 Avenue Jean Jaurès, Champs sur Marne, 77447 Marne la Vallée Cedex 2, France; LERES-Environment and Health Research Laboratory (Irset and EHESP Technologic Platform), Rennes, France
| | - Barbara Le Bot
- EHESP-School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Rennes, France; INSERM-U1085, Irset-Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, Rennes, France; LERES-Environment and Health Research Laboratory (Irset and EHESP Technologic Platform), Rennes, France
| | - Philippe Glorennec
- EHESP-School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Rennes, France; INSERM-U1085, Irset-Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, Rennes, France.
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23
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Wei W, Mandin C, Blanchard O, Mercier F, Pelletier M, Le Bot B, Glorennec P, Ramalho O. Predicting the gas-phase concentration of semi-volatile organic compounds from airborne particles: Application to a French nationwide survey. Sci Total Environ 2017; 576:319-325. [PMID: 27788447 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) partition indoors between the gas phase, airborne particles, settled dust, and other surfaces. Unknown concentrations of SVOCs in the gas phase (Cg) can be predicted from their measured concentrations in airborne particles. In previous studies, the prediction of Cg depended largely on choosing a specific equation for the calculation of the particle/gas partition coefficient. Moreover, the prediction of Cg is frequently performed at a reference temperature rather than the real indoor temperature. In this paper, a probabilistic approach based on Monte Carlo simulation was developed to predict the distribution of SVOCs' Cg from their concentrations in airborne particles at the target indoor temperature. Moreover, the distribution of the particle/gas partition coefficient of each SVOC at the target temperature was used. The approach was validated using two measured datasets in the literature: the predicted Cg from concentrations measured in airborne particles and the measured Cg were generally of the same order of magnitude. The distributions of the Cg of 66 SVOCs in the French housing stock were then predicted. The SVOCs with the highest median Cg, ranging from 1ng/m3 to >100ng/m3, included 8 phthalates (DEP, DiBP, DBP, DEHP, BBP, DMP, DiNP, and DMEP), 4 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (fluorene, phenanthrene, fluoranthene, and anthracene), 2 alkylphenols (4-tert-butylphenol and 4-tert-octylphenol), 2 synthetic musks (galaxolide and tonalide), tributyl phosphate, and heptachlor. The nationwide, representative, predicted Cg values of SVOCs are frequently of the same order of magnitude in Europe and North America, whereas these Cg values in Chinese and Indian dwellings and the Cg of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in U.S. dwellings are generally higher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Wei
- University of Paris-Est, Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), Health and Comfort Department, French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), 84 Avenue Jean Jaurès, Champs sur Marne, 77447 Marne la Vallée Cedex 2, France.
| | - Corinne Mandin
- University of Paris-Est, Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), Health and Comfort Department, French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), 84 Avenue Jean Jaurès, Champs sur Marne, 77447 Marne la Vallée Cedex 2, France; INSERM-U1085, Irset-Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, Rennes, France; LERES-Environment and Health Research Laboratory (Irset and EHESP Technologic Platform), Rennes, France
| | - Olivier Blanchard
- EHESP-School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Rennes, France; INSERM-U1085, Irset-Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, Rennes, France
| | - Fabien Mercier
- EHESP-School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Rennes, France; INSERM-U1085, Irset-Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, Rennes, France; LERES-Environment and Health Research Laboratory (Irset and EHESP Technologic Platform), Rennes, France
| | - Maud Pelletier
- EHESP-School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Rennes, France; INSERM-U1085, Irset-Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, Rennes, France
| | - Barbara Le Bot
- EHESP-School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Rennes, France; INSERM-U1085, Irset-Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, Rennes, France; LERES-Environment and Health Research Laboratory (Irset and EHESP Technologic Platform), Rennes, France
| | - Philippe Glorennec
- EHESP-School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Rennes, France; INSERM-U1085, Irset-Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, Rennes, France
| | - Olivier Ramalho
- University of Paris-Est, Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), Health and Comfort Department, French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), 84 Avenue Jean Jaurès, Champs sur Marne, 77447 Marne la Vallée Cedex 2, France
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24
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Raffy G, Mercier F, Blanchard O, Derbez M, Dassonville C, Bonvallot N, Glorennec P, Le Bot B. Semi-volatile organic compounds in the air and dust of 30 French schools: a pilot study. Indoor Air 2017; 27:114-127. [PMID: 26880519 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The contamination of indoor environments with chemical compounds released by materials and furniture, such as semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), is less documented in schools than in dwellings-yet children spend 16% of their time in schools, where they can also be exposed. This study is one of the first to describe the contamination of the air and dust of 90 classrooms from 30 nursery and primary schools by 55 SVOCs, including pesticides, phosphoric esters, musks, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs), phthalates, and polybromodiphenylethers (PBDEs). Air samples were collected using an active sampling method, and dust samples were collected via two sampling methods (wiping and vacuum cleaning). In air, the highest concentrations (median >100 ng/m3 ) were measured for diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), and galaxolide. In dust, the highest concentrations (median >30 μg/g) were found for DEHP, diisononyl phthalate (DiNP), DiBP, and DBP. An attempt to compare two floor dust sampling methods using a single unit (ng/m²) was carried out. SVOC concentrations were higher in wiped dust, but frequencies of quantification were greater in vacuumed dust.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Raffy
- EHESP - School of Public Health Sorbonne Paris Cité, Rennes, France
- Irset-Inserm UMR 1085 - Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, Rennes, France
- LERES - Environment and Health Research Laboratory, Rennes, France
| | - F Mercier
- EHESP - School of Public Health Sorbonne Paris Cité, Rennes, France
- Irset-Inserm UMR 1085 - Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, Rennes, France
- LERES - Environment and Health Research Laboratory, Rennes, France
| | - O Blanchard
- EHESP - School of Public Health Sorbonne Paris Cité, Rennes, France
- Irset-Inserm UMR 1085 - Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, Rennes, France
| | - M Derbez
- CSTB - Scientific and Technical Centre for Building, OQAI - French Indoor Air Quality Observatory, Université Paris Est, Marne-la-Vallée, France
| | - C Dassonville
- CSTB - Scientific and Technical Centre for Building, OQAI - French Indoor Air Quality Observatory, Université Paris Est, Marne-la-Vallée, France
| | - N Bonvallot
- EHESP - School of Public Health Sorbonne Paris Cité, Rennes, France
- Irset-Inserm UMR 1085 - Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, Rennes, France
| | - P Glorennec
- EHESP - School of Public Health Sorbonne Paris Cité, Rennes, France
- Irset-Inserm UMR 1085 - Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, Rennes, France
| | - B Le Bot
- EHESP - School of Public Health Sorbonne Paris Cité, Rennes, France
- Irset-Inserm UMR 1085 - Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, Rennes, France
- LERES - Environment and Health Research Laboratory, Rennes, France
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Glorennec P, Lucas JP, Mercat AC, Roudot AC, Le Bot B. Environmental and dietary exposure of young children to inorganic trace elements. Environ Int 2016; 97:28-36. [PMID: 27770708 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Children are exposed to toxic metals and metalloids via their diet and environment. Our objective was to assess the aggregate chronic exposure of children aged 3-6years, living in France, to As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Pb, Sb, Sr, and V present in diet, tap water, air, soil and floor dust in the years 2007-2009. Dietary data came from the French Total Diet Study, while concentrations in residential tap water, soil and indoor floor dust came from the 'Plomb-Habitat' nationwide representative survey on children's lead exposure at home. Indoor air concentrations were assumed to be equal to outdoor air concentrations, which were retrieved from regulatory measurements networks. Human exposure factors were retrieved from literature. Data were combined with Monte Carlo simulations. Median exposures were 1.7, 0.3, 10.2, 34.1, 60.3, 0.7, 0.1, 44.3, 1.5 and 95th percentiles were 4.4, 0.5, 15.8, 61.3, 98.3, 2.5, 0.1, 111.1, 2.9μg/kgbw/d for As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Pb, Sb, Sr, and V respectively. Dietary exposures dominate aggregate exposures, with the notable exception of Pb - for which soils and indoor floor dust ingestion contribute most at the 95th percentile. The strengths of this study are that it aggregates exposures that are often estimated separately, and uses a large amount of representative data. This assessment is limited to main diet and residential exposure, and does not take into account the relative bioavailability of compounds. These results could be used to help target prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Glorennec
- EHESP, School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, - Avenue du Professeur Léon-Bernard, CS 74312, 35043 Rennes cedex, France; Irset Inserm, UMR 1085-Institut de Recherche sur la Santé, l'Environnement et le Travail, Rennes, France.
| | - Jean-Paul Lucas
- Paris Est University, CSTB - Scientific and Technical Building Centre, Marne la Vallée cedex 2, France; University of South Brittany, UMR 6205, LMBA, F-56000 Vannes, France
| | - Anne-Camille Mercat
- EHESP, School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, - Avenue du Professeur Léon-Bernard, CS 74312, 35043 Rennes cedex, France; Irset Inserm, UMR 1085-Institut de Recherche sur la Santé, l'Environnement et le Travail, Rennes, France; Laboratoire d'Evaluation du Risque Chimique pour le Consommateur (LERCCo), Université Bretagne Loire - Université de Bretagne Occidentale, 6 Av. Victor Le Gorgeu, CS93837, Brest Cedex 3 29238, France
| | - Alain-Claude Roudot
- Laboratoire d'Evaluation du Risque Chimique pour le Consommateur (LERCCo), Université Bretagne Loire - Université de Bretagne Occidentale, 6 Av. Victor Le Gorgeu, CS93837, Brest Cedex 3 29238, France
| | - Barbara Le Bot
- EHESP, School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, - Avenue du Professeur Léon-Bernard, CS 74312, 35043 Rennes cedex, France; Irset Inserm, UMR 1085-Institut de Recherche sur la Santé, l'Environnement et le Travail, Rennes, France
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Le Cann P, Paulus H, Glorennec P, Le Bot B, Frain S, Gangneux JP. Home Environmental Interventions for the Prevention or Control of Allergic and Respiratory Diseases: What Really Works. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2016; 5:66-79. [PMID: 27665387 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Home health care workers interventions have been implemented in western countries to improve health status of patients with respiratory diseases especially asthma and allergic illnesses. Twenty-six controlled studies dealing with prevention and control of these diseases through home environmental interventions were reviewed. After a comprehensive description of the characteristics of these studies, the effectiveness of each intervention was then evaluated in terms of participants' compliance with the intervention program, improvement of quality of the indoor environment, and finally improvement of health outcomes, in detailed tables. Limitations and biases of the studies are also discussed. Overall, this review aims at giving a toolbox for home health care workers to target the most appropriate measures to improve health status of the patient depending on his and/or her environment and disease. Only a case-by-case approach with achievable measures will warrant the efficacy of home interventions. This review will also provide to the research community a tool to better identify targets to focus in future evaluation studies of home health care workers action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Le Cann
- Environmental and Occupational Health Department, EHESP School of Public Health, Rennes, France; Inserm UMR 1085-IRSET, Rennes, France.
| | - Hélène Paulus
- ESITC, Engineering School of Construction Works, Cachan, France
| | - Philippe Glorennec
- Environmental and Occupational Health Department, EHESP School of Public Health, Rennes, France; Inserm UMR 1085-IRSET, Rennes, France
| | - Barbara Le Bot
- Environmental and Occupational Health Department, EHESP School of Public Health, Rennes, France; Inserm UMR 1085-IRSET, Rennes, France
| | - Sophie Frain
- Captair Bretagne Association, Dinan Hospital, Dinan, France
| | - Jean Pierre Gangneux
- Inserm UMR 1085-IRSET, Rennes, France; Parasitology-Mycology Laboratory, Rennes Teaching Hospital/University Rennes 1, Rennes, France
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Wei W, Mandin C, Blanchard O, Mercier F, Pelletier M, Le Bot B, Glorennec P, Ramalho O. Temperature dependence of the particle/gas partition coefficient: An application to predict indoor gas-phase concentrations of semi-volatile organic compounds. Sci Total Environ 2016; 563-564:506-512. [PMID: 27152992 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The indoor gas-phase concentrations of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) can be predicted from their respective concentrations in airborne particles by applying the particle/gas partitioning equilibrium. The temperature used for partitioning is often set to 25°C. However, indoor temperatures frequently differ from this reference value. This assumption may result in errors in the predicted equilibrium gas-phase SVOC concentrations. To improve the prediction model, the temperature dependence of the particle/gas partition coefficient must be addressed. In this paper, a theoretical relationship between the particle/gas partition coefficient and temperature was developed based on the SVOC absorptive mechanism. The SVOC particle/gas partition coefficients predicted by employing the derived theoretical relationship agree well with the experimental data retrieved from the literature (R>0.93). The influence of temperature on the equilibrium gas-phase SVOC concentration was quantified by a dimensionless analysis of the derived relationship between the SVOC particle/gas partition coefficient and temperature. The predicted equilibrium gas-phase SVOC concentration decreased by between 31% and 53% when the temperature was lowered by 6°C, while it increased by up to 750% when the indoor temperature increased from 15°C to 30°C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Wei
- University of Paris-Est, Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), Health and Comfort Department, French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), 84 Avenue Jean Jaurès, Champs sur Marne, 77447 Marne la Vallée Cedex 2, France.
| | - Corinne Mandin
- University of Paris-Est, Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), Health and Comfort Department, French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), 84 Avenue Jean Jaurès, Champs sur Marne, 77447 Marne la Vallée Cedex 2, France; INSERM-U1085, Irset-Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, Rennes, France; LERES-Environment and Health Research Laboratory (Irset and EHESP Technologic Platform), Rennes, France
| | - Olivier Blanchard
- EHESP-School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Rennes, France; INSERM-U1085, Irset-Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, Rennes, France
| | - Fabien Mercier
- EHESP-School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Rennes, France; LERES-Environment and Health Research Laboratory (Irset and EHESP Technologic Platform), Rennes, France; INSERM-U1085, Irset-Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, Rennes, France
| | - Maud Pelletier
- EHESP-School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Rennes, France; INSERM-U1085, Irset-Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, Rennes, France
| | - Barbara Le Bot
- EHESP-School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Rennes, France; LERES-Environment and Health Research Laboratory (Irset and EHESP Technologic Platform), Rennes, France; INSERM-U1085, Irset-Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, Rennes, France
| | - Philippe Glorennec
- EHESP-School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Rennes, France; INSERM-U1085, Irset-Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, Rennes, France
| | - Olivier Ramalho
- University of Paris-Est, Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), Health and Comfort Department, French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), 84 Avenue Jean Jaurès, Champs sur Marne, 77447 Marne la Vallée Cedex 2, France
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Le Bot B, Lucas JP, Lacroix F, Glorennec P. Exposure of children to metals via tap water ingestion at home: Contamination and exposure data from a nationwide survey in France. Environ Int 2016; 94:500-507. [PMID: 27307033 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
29 inorganic compounds (Al, As, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Ca, Cd, Ce, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Gd, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Nd, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Sr, Tl, U, V and Zn) were measured in the tap water of 484 representative homes of children aged 6months to 6years in metropolitan France in 2008-2009. Parents were asked whether their children consumed tap water. Sampling design and sampling weights were taken into account to estimate element concentrations in tap water supplied to the 3,581,991 homes of 4,923,058 children aged 6months to 6years. Median and 95th percentiles of concentrations in tap water were in μg/L: Al: <10, 48.3, As: 0.2, 2.1; B: <100, 100; Ba: 30.7, 149.4; Ca: 85,000, 121,700; Cd: <0.5, <0.5; Ce: <0.5, <0.5; Co: <0.5, 0.8; Cr: <5, <5; Cu: 70, 720; K: 2210, 6740; Fe: <20, 46; Mn: <5, <5; Mo: <0.5, 1.5; Na: 14,500, 66,800; Ni: <2, 10.2; Mg: 6500, 21,200; Pb: <1, 5.4; Sb: <0.5, <0.5; Se: <1, 6.7; Sr: 256.9, 1004; Tl: <0.5, <0.5; U: <0.5, 2.4; V: <1, 1; Zn: 53, 208. Of the 2,977,123 young children drinking tap water in France, some were drinking water having concentrations above the 2011 World Health Organization drinking-water quality guidelines: respectively 498 (CI 95%: 0-1484) over 700μg/L of Ba; 121,581 (CI 95%: 7091-236,070) over 50mg/L of Na; 2044 (CI 95%: 0-6132) over 70μg/L of Ni, and 78,466 (17,171-139,761) over 10μg/L of Pb. Since it is representative, this tap water contamination data can be used for integrated exposure assessment, in conjunction with diet and environmental (dust and soil) exposure data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Le Bot
- EHESP, School of Public Health, Rennes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, - Avenue du Professeur Léon-Bernard, CS 74312, 35043 Rennes cedex, France; Irset Inserm, UMR 1085-Institut de Recherche sur la Santé, l'Environnement et le Travail, Rennes, France.
| | - Jean-Paul Lucas
- University of Paris Est, CSTB, Scientific and Technical Building Centre, Marne la Vallée Cedex 2, France; University of South Brittany, UMR 6205, LMBA, F-56000 Vannes, France
| | - Françoise Lacroix
- EHESP, School of Public Health, Rennes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, - Avenue du Professeur Léon-Bernard, CS 74312, 35043 Rennes cedex, France; Irset Inserm, UMR 1085-Institut de Recherche sur la Santé, l'Environnement et le Travail, Rennes, France
| | - Philippe Glorennec
- EHESP, School of Public Health, Rennes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, - Avenue du Professeur Léon-Bernard, CS 74312, 35043 Rennes cedex, France; Irset Inserm, UMR 1085-Institut de Recherche sur la Santé, l'Environnement et le Travail, Rennes, France
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Wei W, Mandin C, Blanchard O, Mercier F, Pelletier M, Le Bot B, Glorennec P, Ramalho O. Distributions of the particle/gas and dust/gas partition coefficients for seventy-two semi-volatile organic compounds in indoor environment. Chemosphere 2016; 153:212-9. [PMID: 27016817 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Particle/gas and dust/gas partition coefficients (Kp and Kd) are two key parameters that address the partitioning of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) between gas-phase, airborne particles, and settled dust in indoor environment. A number of empirical equations to calculate the values of Kp and Kd have been reported in the literature. Therefore, the difficulty lies in the selection of a specific empirical equation in a given situation. In this study, we retrieved from the literature 38 empirical equations for calculating Kp and Kd values from the SVOC saturation vapor pressure and octanol/air partition coefficient. These values were calculated for 72 SVOCs: 9 phthalates, 9 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), 11 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 22 biocides, 14 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 3 alkylphenols, 2 synthetic musks, tributylphosphate, and bisphenol A. The mean and median values of log10Kp or log10Kd for most SVOCs were of the same order of magnitude. The distribution of log10Kp values was fitted to either a normal distribution (for 27 SVOCs) or a log-normal distribution (for 45 SVOCs). This work provides a reference distribution of the log10Kp for 72 SVOCs, and its use may reduce the bias associated with the selection of a specific value or equation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Wei
- University of Paris-Est, Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), Health and Comfort Department, French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), 84 Avenue Jean Jaurès, Champs Sur Marne, 77447 Marne la Vallée Cedex 2, France.
| | - Corinne Mandin
- University of Paris-Est, Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), Health and Comfort Department, French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), 84 Avenue Jean Jaurès, Champs Sur Marne, 77447 Marne la Vallée Cedex 2, France; INSERM-U1085, Irset-Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, Rennes, France; LERES-Environment and Health Research Laboratory (Irset and EHESP Technologic Platform), Rennes, France
| | - Olivier Blanchard
- EHESP-School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Rennes, France; INSERM-U1085, Irset-Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, Rennes, France
| | - Fabien Mercier
- EHESP-School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Rennes, France; INSERM-U1085, Irset-Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, Rennes, France; LERES-Environment and Health Research Laboratory (Irset and EHESP Technologic Platform), Rennes, France
| | - Maud Pelletier
- EHESP-School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Rennes, France; INSERM-U1085, Irset-Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, Rennes, France
| | - Barbara Le Bot
- EHESP-School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Rennes, France; INSERM-U1085, Irset-Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, Rennes, France; LERES-Environment and Health Research Laboratory (Irset and EHESP Technologic Platform), Rennes, France
| | - Philippe Glorennec
- EHESP-School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Rennes, France; INSERM-U1085, Irset-Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, Rennes, France
| | - Olivier Ramalho
- University of Paris-Est, Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), Health and Comfort Department, French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), 84 Avenue Jean Jaurès, Champs Sur Marne, 77447 Marne la Vallée Cedex 2, France
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Bodeau-Livinec F, Glorennec P, Cot M, Dumas P, Durand S, Massougbodji A, Ayotte P, Le Bot B. Elevated Blood Lead Levels in Infants and Mothers in Benin and Potential Sources of Exposure. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2016; 13:ijerph13030316. [PMID: 26978384 PMCID: PMC4808979 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13030316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lead in childhood is well known to be associated with poor neurodevelopment. As part of a study on maternal anemia and offspring neurodevelopment, we analyzed blood lead level (BLL) with no prior knowledge of lead exposure in 225 mothers and 685 offspring 1 to 2 years old from Allada, a semi-rural area in Benin, sub-Saharan Africa, between May 2011 and May 2013. Blood samples were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Environmental assessments in households and isotopic ratio measurements were performed for eight children with BLL > 100 µg/L. High lead levels (BLL > 50 µg/L) were found in 44% of mothers and 58% of children. The median BLL was 55.1 (interquartile range 39.2–85.0) and 46.6 (36.5–60.1) µg/L, respectively. Maternal BLL was associated with offspring’s consumption of piped water and animals killed by ammunition. Children’s BLL was associated with presence of paint chips in the house and consumption of animals killed by ammunition. In this population, with 98% of children still breastfed, children’s BLL was highly associated with maternal BLL on multivariate analyses. Environmental measures and isotopic ratios supported these findings. Offspring may be highly exposed to lead in utero and probably via breastfeeding in addition to lead paint exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Bodeau-Livinec
- Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Santé Publique, 35043 Rennes, France.
- Inserm UMR 1153 Obstetrical, Perinatal and Pediatric Epidemiology Research Team (Epopé), Center for Epidemiology and Statistics Sorbonne Paris Cité, DHU Risks in Pregnancy, Paris Descartes University, 75014 Paris, France.
| | - Philippe Glorennec
- Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Santé Publique, 35043 Rennes, France.
- Inserm UMR 1085, Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail (IRSET), 35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Michel Cot
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Mère et Enfant Face aux Infections Tropicales, 75006 Paris, France.
- Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France.
| | - Pierre Dumas
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, Québec, QC G1V 5B3, Canada.
| | - Séverine Durand
- Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Santé Publique, 35043 Rennes, France.
- Inserm UMR 1085, Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail (IRSET), 35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Achille Massougbodji
- Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Santé Publique, 35043 Rennes, France.
- Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Bénin.
| | - Pierre Ayotte
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, Québec, QC G1V 5B3, Canada.
- Axe Santé des Populations et Pratiques Optimales en Santé, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Québec, QC G1V 5B3, Canada.
| | - Barbara Le Bot
- Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Santé Publique, 35043 Rennes, France.
- Inserm UMR 1085, Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail (IRSET), 35000 Rennes, France.
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Chevrier C, Warembourg C, Le Maner-Idrissi G, Lacroix A, Dardier V, Le Sourn-Bissaoui S, Rouget F, Monfort C, Gaudreau E, Mercier F, Bonvallot N, Glorennec P, Muckle G, Le Bot B, Cordier S. Childhood exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers and neurodevelopment at six years of age. Neurotoxicology 2016; 54:81-88. [PMID: 26955917 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mixtures of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are present in indoor environments. Studies of the developmental effects of exposure to these chemicals in large prospective mother-child cohorts are required, with data on prenatal exposure and long-term follow-up of the children. We aimed to investigate the relationship between prenatal and childhood exposure to PBDEs and neurodevelopment at the age of six years. We determined the levels of PBDEs and other neurotoxicants in cord blood and dust collected from the homes of children for 246 families included in the PELAGIE mother-child cohort in France. We assessed two cognitive domains of the six-year-old children using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-IV. Verbal comprehension scores were lower in children from homes with higher concentrations of BDE99 (βDetects<median_vs_NonDetects=-1.6; 95% CI: -6.1, 2.9; βDetects≥median_vs_NonDetects=-5.4; -9.9, -1.0; p trend=0.02) and of BDE209 (β2nd_vs_1st_tertile=-1.8; 95% CI: -6.1, 2.5; β3rd_vs_1st_tertile=-3.2; -7.5, 1.2; p trend=0.15) in dust, particularly for boys (p trend=0.02 and 0.04, respectively). Working memory scores seemed to be lower in children with higher BDE99 concentrations in dust (p trend=0.10). No association was observed with cord blood levels of BDE209. Our findings are in agreement with those of four previous studies suggesting adverse cognitive outcomes among children associated with early-life exposure to penta-BDE mixtures, and provide new evidence for the potential neurotoxicity of BDE209. Several countries are in the process of banning the use of PBDE mixtures as flame-retardants. However, these compounds are likely to remain present in the environment for a long time to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Chevrier
- U1085 Irset Research Institute of Health Environment and Work, Inserm, Rennes, France; University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France.
| | - Charline Warembourg
- U1085 Irset Research Institute of Health Environment and Work, Inserm, Rennes, France; University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Gaïd Le Maner-Idrissi
- Research Centre for Psychology, Cognition and Communication, University of Rennes 2, Rennes, France
| | - Agnès Lacroix
- Research Centre for Psychology, Cognition and Communication, University of Rennes 2, Rennes, France
| | - Virginie Dardier
- Research Centre for Psychology, Cognition and Communication, University of Rennes 2, Rennes, France
| | | | - Florence Rouget
- U1085 Irset Research Institute of Health Environment and Work, Inserm, Rennes, France; Réseau « Bien Naître en Ille et Vilaine », Rennes, France
| | - Christine Monfort
- U1085 Irset Research Institute of Health Environment and Work, Inserm, Rennes, France; University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Eric Gaudreau
- Laboratoire du Centre de Toxicologie (CTQ), Institut national de santé publique du Québec (INSPQ), Québec, Canada
| | - Fabien Mercier
- U1085 Irset Research Institute of Health Environment and Work, Inserm, Rennes, France; EHESP School of Public Health, Sorbonne, Paris Cité, Rennes, France
| | - Nathalie Bonvallot
- U1085 Irset Research Institute of Health Environment and Work, Inserm, Rennes, France; EHESP School of Public Health, Sorbonne, Paris Cité, Rennes, France
| | - Philippe Glorennec
- U1085 Irset Research Institute of Health Environment and Work, Inserm, Rennes, France; EHESP School of Public Health, Sorbonne, Paris Cité, Rennes, France
| | - Gina Muckle
- École de psychologie, Université Laval, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Barbara Le Bot
- U1085 Irset Research Institute of Health Environment and Work, Inserm, Rennes, France; EHESP School of Public Health, Sorbonne, Paris Cité, Rennes, France
| | - Sylvaine Cordier
- U1085 Irset Research Institute of Health Environment and Work, Inserm, Rennes, France; University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
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Fournier K, Tebby C, Zeman F, Glorennec P, Zmirou-Navier D, Bonvallot N. Multiple exposures to indoor contaminants: Derivation of benchmark doses and relative potency factors based on male reprotoxic effects. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 74:23-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Etchevers A, Le Tertre A, Lucas JP, Bretin P, Oulhote Y, Le Bot B, Glorennec P. Environmental determinants of different blood lead levels in children: a quantile analysis from a nationwide survey. Environ Int 2015; 74:152-159. [PMID: 25454232 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Blood lead levels (BLLs) have substantially decreased in recent decades in children in France. However, further reducing exposure is a public health goal because there is no clear toxicological threshold. The identification of the environmental determinants of BLLs as well as risk factors associated with high BLLs is important to update prevention strategies. We aimed to estimate the contribution of environmental sources of lead to different BLLs in children in France. We enrolled 484 children aged from 6months to 6years, in a nationwide cross-sectional survey in 2008-2009. We measured lead concentrations in blood and environmental samples (water, soils, household settled dusts, paints, cosmetics and traditional cookware). We performed two models: a multivariate generalized additive model on the geometric mean (GM), and a quantile regression model on the 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th and 90th quantile of BLLs. The GM of BLLs was 13.8μg/L (=1.38μg/dL) (95% confidence intervals (CI): 12.7-14.9) and the 90th quantile was 25.7μg/L (CI: 24.2-29.5). Household and common area dust, tap water, interior paint, ceramic cookware, traditional cosmetics, playground soil and dust, and environmental tobacco smoke were associated with the GM of BLLs. Household dust and tap water made the largest contributions to both the GM and the 90th quantile of BLLs. The concentration of lead in dust was positively correlated with all quantiles of BLLs even at low concentrations. Lead concentrations in tap water above 5μg/L were also positively correlated with the GM, 75th and 90th quantiles of BLLs in children drinking tap water. Preventative actions must target household settled dust and tap water to reduce the BLLs of children in France. The use of traditional cosmetics should be avoided whereas ceramic cookware should be limited to decorative purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Etchevers
- INSERM U1085, IRSET-Environmental and Occupational Health Research Institute, 2 avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35043 RENNES Cedex, France.
| | - Alain Le Tertre
- InVS-French Institute for Public Health Surveillance, 12 rue du Val d'Osne, 94415 Saint-Maurice Cedex, France.
| | - Jean-Paul Lucas
- CSTB-Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment, 84 avenue Jean Jaurès, 77447 Marne-la-Vallée Cedex 2, France; University of South Brittany, UMR 6205, LMBA, F-56000 Vannes, France.
| | - Philippe Bretin
- Ministry of Health, 14 avenue Duquesne, 75350 Paris, France.
| | - Youssef Oulhote
- Montreal University, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, CHU Sainte-Justine, Chemin de la Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montreal H3T1A8, Canada.
| | - Barbara Le Bot
- INSERM U1085, IRSET-Environmental and Occupational Health Research Institute, 2 avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35043 RENNES Cedex, France; EHESP, Rennes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Avenue du Professeur Léon-Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France.
| | - Philippe Glorennec
- INSERM U1085, IRSET-Environmental and Occupational Health Research Institute, 2 avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35043 RENNES Cedex, France; EHESP, Rennes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Avenue du Professeur Léon-Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France.
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Etchevers A, Le Tertre A, Lucas JP, Bretin P, Oulhote Y, Le Bot B, Glorennec P. Environmental determinants of different Blood Lead Levels of children in France: a quantile analysis from a nationwide survey. Eur J Public Health 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/cku166.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Fournier K, Glorennec P, Zmirou-Navier D, Bonvallot N. Multiple exposures to indoor pollutants: Derivation of benchmark doses based on reprotoxic effects. Toxicol Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.06.714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Fournier K, Glorennec P, Bonvallot N. An exposure-based framework for grouping pollutants for a cumulative risk assessment approach: case study of indoor semi-volatile organic compounds. Environ Res 2014; 130:20-28. [PMID: 24525241 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Humans are exposed to a large number of contaminants, many of which may have similar health effects. This paper presents a framework for identifying pollutants to be included in a cumulative risk assessment approach. To account for the possibility of simultaneous exposure to chemicals with common toxic modes of action, the first step of the traditional risk assessment process, i.e. hazard identification, is structured in three sub-steps: (1a) Identification of pollutants people are exposed to, (1b) identification of effects and mechanisms of action of these pollutants, (1c) grouping of pollutants according to similarity of their mechanism of action and health effects. Based on this exposure-based grouping we can derive "multi-pollutant" toxicity reference values, in the "dose-response assessment" step. The approach proposed in this work is original in that it is based on real exposures instead of a limited number of pollutants from a unique chemical family, as traditionally performed. This framework is illustrated by the case study of semi-volatile organic compounds in French dwellings, providing insights into practical considerations regarding the accuracy of the available toxicological information. This case study illustrates the value of the exposure-based approach as opposed to the traditional cumulative framework, in which chemicals with similar health effects were not always included in the same chemical class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Fournier
- EHESP School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; INSERM UMR1085 IRSET (Research Institute in Environmental and Occupational Health), Rennes, France
| | - Philippe Glorennec
- EHESP School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; INSERM UMR1085 IRSET (Research Institute in Environmental and Occupational Health), Rennes, France
| | - Nathalie Bonvallot
- EHESP School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; INSERM UMR1085 IRSET (Research Institute in Environmental and Occupational Health), Rennes, France.
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Mercier F, Gilles E, Saramito G, Glorennec P, Le Bot B. A multi-residue method for the simultaneous analysis in indoor dust of several classes of semi-volatile organic compounds by pressurized liquid extraction and gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1336:101-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Etchevers A, Bretin P, Lecoffre C, Bidondo ML, Le Strat Y, Glorennec P, Le Tertre A. Blood lead levels and risk factors in young children in France, 2008-2009. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2014; 217:528-37. [PMID: 24262290 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The exposure of children to lead has decreased in recent years, thanks notably to the banning of leaded gasoline. However, lead exposure remains a matter of public health concern, because no toxicity threshold has been observed, cognitive effects having been demonstrated even at low levels. It is therefore important to update exposure assessments. A national study was conducted, in 2008-2009, to determine the blood lead level (BLL) distribution in children between the ages of six months and six years in France. We also assessed the contribution of environmental factors. METHODS This cross-sectional survey included 3831 children recruited at hospitals. Two-stage probability sampling was carried out, with stratification by hospital and French region. Sociodemographic characteristics were recorded, and blood samples and environmental data were collected by questionnaire. Generalized linear model and quantile regression were used to quantify the association between BLL and environmental risk factors. RESULTS The geometric mean BLL was 14.9μg/l (95% confidence interval (CI)=[14.5-15.4]) and 0.09% of the children (95% CI=[0.03-0.15]) had BLLs exceeding 100μg/l, 1.5% (95% CI=[0.9-2.1] exceeding 50μg/l. Only slight differences were observed between French regions. Environmental factors significantly associated with BLL were the consumption of tap water in homes with lead service connections, peeling paint or recent renovations in old housing, hand-mouth behavior, passive smoking and having a mother born in a country where lead is often used. CONCLUSIONS In children between the ages of one and six years in France, lead exposure has decreased over the last 15 years as in the US and other European countries. Nevertheless still 76,000 children have BLL over 50μg/l and prevention policies must be pursued, especially keeping in mind there is no known toxicity threshold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Etchevers
- InVS - French Institute for Public Health Surveillance, Saint Maurice, France; INSERM U1085, IRSET-Environmental and Occupational Health Research Institute, Rennes, France.
| | - Philippe Bretin
- InVS - French Institute for Public Health Surveillance, Saint Maurice, France
| | - Camille Lecoffre
- InVS - French Institute for Public Health Surveillance, Saint Maurice, France
| | - Marie-Laure Bidondo
- InVS - French Institute for Public Health Surveillance, Saint Maurice, France
| | - Yann Le Strat
- InVS - French Institute for Public Health Surveillance, Saint Maurice, France
| | - Philippe Glorennec
- EHESP, Rennes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France; INSERM U1085, IRSET-Environmental and Occupational Health Research Institute, Rennes, France
| | - Alain Le Tertre
- InVS - French Institute for Public Health Surveillance, Saint Maurice, France
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Blanchard O, Glorennec P, Mercier F, Bonvallot N, Chevrier C, Ramalho O, Mandin C, Bot BL. Semivolatile organic compounds in indoor air and settled dust in 30 French dwellings. Environ Sci Technol 2014; 48:3959-69. [PMID: 24588211 DOI: 10.1021/es405269q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) are ubiquitous contaminants in indoor environments, emanating from different sources and partitioning among several compartments, including the gas phase, airborne particles, and settled dust. Nevertheless, simultaneous measurements in the three compartments are rarely reported. In this study, we investigated indoor concentrations of a wide range of SVOCs in 30 French dwellings. In settled dust, 40 out of 57 target compounds were detected. The highest median concentrations were measured for phthalates and to a lesser extent for bisphenol A, synthetic musks, some pesticides, and PAHs. Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) and diisononyl phthalate (DINP) were the most abundant compounds. A total of 34 target compounds were detected both in the gas phase and airborne particles. The highest concentrations were measured for diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), and synthetic musks in the gas phase and for DEHP, DiBP, DBP, and DINP in the airborne particles. This is the first study on the indoor concentrations of a wide range of SVOCs in settled dust, gas phase, and airborne particles collected simultaneously in each dwelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Blanchard
- EHESP-School of Public Health Sorbonne Paris Cité, 35043 Rennes, France
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Blanchard O, Mercier F, Ramalho O, Mandin C, Le Bot B, Glorennec P. Measurements of semi-volatile organic compounds in settled dust: influence of storage temperature and duration. Indoor Air 2014; 24:125-135. [PMID: 24033516 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Indoor dust samples cannot always be analyzed immediately after collection. However, little information is currently available on how storage conditions may affect measurements. This study was designed to determine how sample storage conditions may affect the concentration of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in the dust. A composite dust was prepared using a Standard Reference Material (SRM 2585) with real indoor dust samples. The composite dust was stored in various types of packaging, at different temperatures (-18°C, 5°C, 20°C, and 35°C), and in different light conditions. The concentration of SVOCs was measured after various storage durations. No effect on SVOC concentrations was observed for the composite dust stored in an amber glass vial at -18°C for 36 months. At 5°C, 20°C, and 35°C, losses occurred for the more volatile compounds. The experimental storage conditions clearly showed that temperature and duration affected the concentrations of SVOCs in the composite dust. The type of packaging material (polyethylene zip bag or polyethylene garbage bag) did not seem to have a systematic effect on the preservation of SVOCs in the composite dust. Maximum storage duration times are proposed for each compound at various temperatures. For most compounds, samples can be stored for 2 months at 20°C. For samples that cannot be analyzed immediately, we recommend to store them in the dark at -18°C to ensure a good recovery of all tested compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Blanchard
- EHESP-School of Public Health Sorbonne Paris Cité, Rennes, France; INSERM U1085, IRSET-Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, Rennes, France
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Lucas JP, Bellanger L, Le Strat Y, Le Tertre A, Glorennec P, Le Bot B, Etchevers A, Mandin C, Sébille V. Source contributions of lead in residential floor dust and within-home variability of dust lead loading. Sci Total Environ 2014; 470-471:768-779. [PMID: 24184749 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Evidence of the impact of exposure to low levels of lead on children's health is increasing. Residential floor dust is the assumed origin of lead exposure by young children. In this study, we estimate the contribution of different lead sources to household interior floor dust contamination. We also estimate the within-home variability of interior floor dust lead loadings. A multilevel model was developed based on data collected in a French survey in 2008-2009 (484 housing units, 1834 rooms). Missing data were handled by multiple imputation using chained equations. The intra-home correlation between interior floor Log dust lead loadings was approximately 0.6. Dust lead from the landing of an apartment, mostly originating outside the building, was the major contributor to interior floor dust lead. Secondary contributors included the lead-based paint on exterior railings, track-in of the exterior soil of the children's play area into the dwelling, smoking inside the home, demolition of nearby old buildings and sites of pollution in the vicinity. Interior lead-based paint contaminated interior floor dust only in old and non-renovated dwellings. To reduce interior floor dust lead levels in the general population of dwellings, common areas should be maintained, and track-in from the outside should be limited as much as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Paul Lucas
- Université Paris Est, CSTB - Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment, 84 avenue Jean Jaurès, 77447 Marne-la-Vallée Cedex 2, France; Université de Nantes, EA 4275 Biostatistique, Pharmacoépidémiologie et Mesures Subjectives en Santé, 1 rue Gaston Veil BP 53508, 44035 Nantes Cedex 1, France.
| | - Lise Bellanger
- UMR CNRS 6629 Laboratoire de Mathématiques Jean Leray, 2 rue de la Houssinière BP 92208, F-44322 Nantes Cedex, France
| | - Yann Le Strat
- InVS, 12 rue du Val d'Osne, 94415 Saint-Maurice Cedex, France
| | - Alain Le Tertre
- InVS, 12 rue du Val d'Osne, 94415 Saint-Maurice Cedex, France
| | - Philippe Glorennec
- EHESP Rennes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Avenue du Professeur Léon-Bernard, CS 74312, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; INSERM UMR 1085 Institut de Recherche sur la Santé, l'Environnement et le Travail, Rennes, France
| | - Barbara Le Bot
- EHESP Rennes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Avenue du Professeur Léon-Bernard, CS 74312, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; INSERM UMR 1085 Institut de Recherche sur la Santé, l'Environnement et le Travail, Rennes, France
| | - Anne Etchevers
- INSERM UMR 1085 Institut de Recherche sur la Santé, l'Environnement et le Travail, Rennes, France
| | - Corinne Mandin
- Université Paris Est, CSTB - Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment, 84 avenue Jean Jaurès, 77447 Marne-la-Vallée Cedex 2, France
| | - Véronique Sébille
- Université de Nantes, EA 4275 Biostatistique, Pharmacoépidémiologie et Mesures Subjectives en Santé, 1 rue Gaston Veil BP 53508, 44035 Nantes Cedex 1, France
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Vesin A, Glorennec P, Le Bot B, Wortham H, Bonvallot N, Quivet E. Transfluthrin indoor air concentration and inhalation exposure during application of electric vaporizers. Environ Int 2013; 60:1-6. [PMID: 23973617 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2013.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Different household insecticide applications via two electric vaporizers emitting transfluthrin were realized in a full-scale experimental room under controlled air exchange rate conditions. On-line high-time resolved measurements of the gas-phase concentrations of the active substance during and immediately after the spreading periods were performed with a High Sensitivity Proton-Transfer-Reaction Mass Spectrometer (HS-PTR-MS). Experimental and modelled data from the ConsExpo 4.0 software were also compared to evaluate the sources of differences. Different application scenarios were also compared. Averaged inhaled concentrations over 1h, 1week, and 5months were estimated to be 8.3, 1.8, and 1.8μg.m(-3), respectively. Corresponding margins of exposures range from 1000 to 10,000, claiming for the absence of effect. Dermal and dust ingestion pathways, although roughly estimated, seems being non-negligible. This claims for a more in-depth integrated risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Vesin
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, LCE, FRE 3416, 13331 Marseille, France
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Glorennec P, Lucas JP, Mandin C, Le Bot B. French children's exposure to metals via ingestion of indoor dust, outdoor playground dust and soil: contamination data. Environ Int 2012; 45:129-134. [PMID: 22613504 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2012.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In addition to dietary exposure, children are exposed to metals via ingestion of soils and indoor dust, contaminated by natural or anthropogenic outdoor and indoor sources. The objective of this nationwide study was to assess metal contamination of soils and dust which young French children are exposed to. A sample of 484 children (6 months to 6 years) was constituted in order to obtain representative results for young French children. In each home indoor settled dust was sampled by a wipe in up to five rooms. Outdoor playgrounds were sampled with a soil sample ring (n=315) or with a wipe in case of hard surfaces (n=53). As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Pb, Sb, Sr, and V were measured because of their potential health concern due to soil and dust ingestion. The samples were digested with hydrochloric acid, and afterwards aqua regia in order to determine both leachable and total metal concentrations and loadings by mass spectrometry with a quadrupole ICP-MS. In indoor settled dust most (total) loadings were below the Limit of Quantification (LOQ), except for Pb and Sr, whose median loadings were respectively 9 and 10 μg/m². The 95th percentile of loadings were 2 μg/m² for As, <0.8 for Cd, 18 for Cr, 49 for Cu, <64 for Mn, 63 for Pb, 2 for Sb, 56 for Sr, and <8 for V. Median/95th percentile of loadings in settled dust on outdoor playgrounds were 2/16, <0.8/1.3, 17/53, 49/330, 99/424, 32/393, 2/13, 86/661 and 10/37 μg/m² for As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Pb, Sb, Sr, and V respectively. In outdoor playground soil median/95th percentile of concentrations (μg/g) were 8/26, <0.65/1, 25/52, <26/53,391/956, 27/254, 0.7/4, 54/295, 23/57 for As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Pb, Sb, Sr, and V respectively. These results are comparable with those observed in other countries. Because of their representative nature, we can assess children's exposures to these metals via soil and dust and the associated risks in urban and rural environments. Ratios of leachable/total concentrations and loadings, calculated on >LOQ measurements, differed among metals. To a lesser extent, they were also affected by type of matrix, with (except for Cd) a greater leachability of dust (especially indoor) compared to soils.
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Lucas JP, Le Bot B, Glorennec P, Etchevers A, Bretin P, Douay F, Sébille V, Bellanger L, Mandin C. Lead contamination in French children's homes and environment. Environ Res 2012; 116:58-65. [PMID: 22551852 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2012.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Lead in homes is a well-known source of childhood lead exposure, which is still of concern due to the health effects of low lead doses. This study aims to describe lead contamination in the homes of children aged 6 months to 6 years in France (without overseas). Between October 2008 and August 2009, 484 housing units were investigated. Lead in tap water and total and leachable lead levels from floor dust, outdoor soils and paint chips were measured. X-ray fluorescence measurements were carried out on non-metallic and metallic substrates. Nationwide results are provided. The indoor floor dust lead (PbD) geometric mean (GM) was 8.8 μg/m² (0.8 μg/ft²) and 6.8 μg/m² (0.6 μg/ft²) for total and leachable lead respectively; 0.21% of homes had an indoor PbD loading above 430.5 μg/m² (40 μg/ft²). The outdoor play area concentration GM was 33.5 mg/kg and 21.7 mg/kg in total and leachable lead respectively; 1.4% of concentrations were higher than or equal to 400 mg/kg. Outdoor floor PbD GM was 44.4 μg/m² (4.1 μg/ft²) that was approximately 3.2 times higher than the GM of indoor PbD. Lead-based paint (LBP) was present in 25% of dwellings, LBP on only non-metallic substrates was present in 19% of homes and on metallic substrates in 10% of dwellings. The GM of lead concentrations in tap water was below 1 μg/L; 58% of concentrations were lower than 1 μg/L and 2.9% were higher than or equal to 10 μg/L. The age cut-off for homes with lead would be 1974 for paint and 1993 for indoor floor dust. This study provides, for the first time, a look at the state of lead contamination to which children are exposed in French housing. Moreover, it provides policy makers an estimate of the number of French dwellings sheltering children where abatement should be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Paul Lucas
- Université Paris Est, CSTB-Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment, ESE/Santé, Marne-la-Vallée, France.
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Ronga-Pezeret S, Payre C, Mandin C, Bonvallot N, Fiori M, Lambrozo J, Glorennec P. Environmental chemical background in health risk assessments: How to deal with? Toxicol Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.03.451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Oulhote Y, Bot BL, Poupon J, Lucas JP, Mandin C, Etchevers A, Zmirou-Navier D, Glorennec P. Identification of sources of lead exposure in French children by lead isotope analysis: a cross-sectional study. Environ Health 2011; 10:75. [PMID: 21871122 PMCID: PMC3176150 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-10-75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 08/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The amount of lead in the environment has decreased significantly in recent years, and so did exposure. However, there is no known safe exposure level and, therefore, the exposure of children to lead, although low, remains a major public health issue. With the lower levels of exposure, it is becoming more difficult to identify lead sources and new approaches may be required for preventive action. This study assessed the usefulness of lead isotope ratios for identifying sources of lead using data from a nationwide sample of French children aged from six months to six years with blood lead levels ≥25 μg/L. METHODS Blood samples were taken from 125 children, representing about 600,000 French children; environmental samples were taken from their homes and personal information was collected. Lead isotope ratios were determined using quadrupole ICP-MS (inductively coupled plasma - mass spectrometry) and the isotopic signatures of potential sources of exposure were matched with those of blood in order to identify the most likely sources. RESULTS In addition to the interpretation of lead concentrations, lead isotope ratios were potentially of use for 57% of children aged from six months to six years with blood lead level ≥ 25 μg/L (7% of overall children in France, about 332,000 children), with at least one potential source of lead and sufficiently well discriminated lead isotope ratios. Lead isotope ratios revealed a single suspected source of exposure for 32% of the subjects and were able to eliminate at least one unlikely source of exposure for 30% of the children. CONCLUSIONS In France, lead isotope ratios could provide valuable additional information in about a third of routine environmental investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef Oulhote
- EHESP - School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 35043 Rennes, France
- IRSET- Environmental and Occupational Health Research Institute, 35000, Rennes, France
- INSERM- French National Institute of Health and Medical Research, U954 Nancy University Medical School, 54505 Vandoeuvre Les Nancy, France
| | - Barbara Le Bot
- EHESP - School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 35043 Rennes, France
- IRSET- Environmental and Occupational Health Research Institute, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Joel Poupon
- Lariboisière Hospital (AP-HP), Toxicology laboratory, 75475 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Paul Lucas
- Paris Est University - CSTB - Scientific and Technical Building Centre, 77447 Marne-la-Vallée, France
- EA 4275 Biostatistics, Clinical Research and Subjective Measures in Health, Nantes University, 44035 Nantes, France
| | - Corinne Mandin
- Paris Est University - CSTB - Scientific and Technical Building Centre, 77447 Marne-la-Vallée, France
| | - Anne Etchevers
- InVS - French Institute for Public Health Surveillance, 94415 Saint Maurice, France
| | - Denis Zmirou-Navier
- EHESP - School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 35043 Rennes, France
- IRSET- Environmental and Occupational Health Research Institute, 35000, Rennes, France
- INSERM- French National Institute of Health and Medical Research, U954 Nancy University Medical School, 54505 Vandoeuvre Les Nancy, France
- Nancy University Medical School, 54505 Vandoeuvre Les Nancy, France
| | - Philippe Glorennec
- EHESP - School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 35043 Rennes, France
- IRSET- Environmental and Occupational Health Research Institute, 35000, Rennes, France
- INSERM- French National Institute of Health and Medical Research, U625 (GERHM), Rennes 1 University, 35042 Rennes, France
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Mercier F, Glorennec P, Thomas O, Le Bot B. Organic contamination of settled house dust, a review for exposure assessment purposes. Environ Sci Technol 2011; 45:6716-6727. [PMID: 21667945 DOI: 10.1021/es200925h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
People spend a considerable amount of time indoors. As a result, exposure to indoor contaminants is of great concern, notably via settled dust ingestion in particular for infants and toddlers. This paper proposes a critical review on the organic contamination of settled house dust and human exposure over the past 10 years and focused on sources, contaminations and measurement methods (sampling, pretreatment, storage and analysis). As many compounds were identified, arises the question of which ones to consider. Sensitive and selective analytical methods for simultaneous determination of targeted substances should be developed and evaluated. Various methods were described for sampling and sample preparation. Harmonization and standardization are needed to enable comparison of results from similar studies. Finally, an integrated multipollutant and multicompartment (settled dust, suspended particles and air) approach appears essential in order to determine the extent of the threat to public health posed by indoor contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Mercier
- EHESP School of Public Health, Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France.
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Pichery C, Bellanger M, Zmirou-Navier D, Glorennec P, Hartemann P, Grandjean P. Childhood lead exposure in France: benefit estimation and partial cost-benefit analysis of lead hazard control. Environ Health 2011; 10:44. [PMID: 21599937 PMCID: PMC3123267 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-10-44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lead exposure remains a public health concern due to its serious adverse effects, such as cognitive and behavioral impairment: children younger than six years of age being the most vulnerable population. In Europe, the lead-related economic impacts have not been examined in detail. We estimate the annual costs in France due to childhood exposure and, through a cost benefit analysis (CBA), aim to assess the expected social and economic benefits of exposure abatement. METHODS Monetary benefits were assessed in terms of avoided national costs. We used results from a 2008 survey on blood-lead (B-Pb) concentrations in French children aged one to six years old. Given the absence of a threshold concentration being established, we performed a sensitivity analysis assuming different hypothetical threshold values for toxicity above 15 μg/L, 24 μg/L and 100 μg/L. Adverse health outcomes of lead exposure were translated into social burden and economic costs based on literature data from literature. Direct health benefits, social benefits and intangible avoided costs were included. Costs of pollutant exposure control were partially estimated in regard to homes lead-based paint decontamination, investments aiming at reducing industrial lead emissions and removal of all lead drinking water pipes. RESULTS The following overall annual benefits for the three hypothetical thresholds values in 2008 are: €22.72 billion, €10.72 billion and €0.44 billion, respectively. Costs from abatement ranged from €0.9 billion to 2.95 billion/year. Finally, from a partial CBA of lead control in soils and dust the estimates of total net benefits were € 3.78 billion, € 1.88 billion and €0.25 billion respectively for the three hypothesized B-Pb effect values. CONCLUSIONS Prevention of childhood lead exposure has a high social benefit, due to reduction of B-Pb concentrations to levels below 15 μg/L or 24 μg/L, respectively. Reducing only exposures above 100 μg/L B-Pb has little economic impact due to the small number of children who now exhibit such high exposure levels. Prudent public policies would help avoiding future medical interventions, limit the need for special education and increase future productivity, and hence lifetime income for children exposed to lead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Pichery
- EHESP School of Public Health, CS 74312 - 35043 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Martine Bellanger
- EHESP School of Public Health, CS 74312 - 35043 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Denis Zmirou-Navier
- EHESP School of Public Health, CS 74312 - 35043 Rennes Cedex, France
- INSERM U 954 "Nutrition, genetics and environmental risks", Medical School, 9 av de la Forêt de Haye - BP 18 54505 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy Cedex, France
- Nancy University Medical School, Public Health department, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Philippe Glorennec
- EHESP School of Public Health, CS 74312 - 35043 Rennes Cedex, France
- IRSET-Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health-INSERM U625, Rennes, France
| | - Philippe Hartemann
- INSERM U 954 "Nutrition, genetics and environmental risks", Medical School, 9 av de la Forêt de Haye - BP 18 54505 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy Cedex, France
- Nancy University Medical School, Public Health department, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Philippe Grandjean
- Institute of Public Health University of Southern Denmark, J. B Winsloewsvej 17, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston MA 02215, USA
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