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Liu Y, Wang S, Kan J, Zhang J, Zhou L, Huang Y, Zhang Y. Chinese Herbal Medicine Interventions in Neurological Disorder Therapeutics by Regulating Glutamate Signaling. Curr Neuropharmacol 2020; 18:260-276. [PMID: 31686629 PMCID: PMC7327939 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x17666191101125530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, and its signaling is critical for excitatory synaptic transmission. The well-established glutamate system involves glutamate synthesis, presynaptic glutamate release, glutamate actions on the ionotropic glutamate receptors (NMDA, AMPA, and kainate receptors) and metabotropic glutamate receptors, and glutamate uptake by glutamate transporters. When the glutamate system becomes dysfunctional, it contributes to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, depression, epilepsy, and ischemic stroke. In this review, based on regulating glutamate signaling, we summarize the effects and underlying mechanisms of natural constituents from Chinese herbal medicines on neurological disorders. Natural constituents from Chinese herbal medicine can prevent the glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity via suppressing presynaptic glutamate release, decreasing ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors expression in the excitatory synapse, and promoting astroglial glutamate transporter expression to increase glutamate clearance from the synaptic cleft. However, some natural constituents from Chinese herbal medicine have the ability to restore the collapse of excitatory synapses by promoting presynaptic glutamate release and increasing ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors expression. These regulatory processes involve various signaling pathways, which lead to different mechanistic routes of protection against neurological disorders. Hence, our review addresses the underlying mechanisms of natural constituents from Chinese herbal medicines that regulate glutamate systems and serve as promising agents for the treatment of the above-mentioned neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China.,Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Shan Wang
- Department of Biology, Center of Pain Medicine and Medical School, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jun Kan
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jingzhi Zhang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Lisa Zhou
- Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Yuli Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Foshan 528300, China
| | - Yunlong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China.,Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Shenzhen 518000, China
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Kaczka P, Batra A, Kubicka K, Maciejczyk M, Rzeszutko-Bełzowska A, Pezdan-Śliż I, Michałowska-Sawczyn M, Przydział M, Płonka A, Cięszczyk P, Humińska-Lisowska K, Zając T. Effects of Pre-Workout Multi-Ingredient Supplement on Anaerobic Performance: Randomized Double-Blind Crossover Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E8262. [PMID: 33182295 PMCID: PMC7664913 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17218262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this research was to investigate the acute effects of a pre-workout supplement on anaerobic performance in resistance-trained men. METHODS Twenty-three men underwent three randomized, double-blind testing sessions separated by a seven-day break. The participants performed three tests: isokinetic strength, three repetition maximum (3-RM) strength and Wingate. Statistical analysis was conducted in R environment. Linear mixed models were estimated via R package lme4. RESULTS Mean T@0.2 s was significantly greater in supplemented condition for right and left knee flexors (PL: 103.2 ± 37.6 Nm; supplemented condition: 131.8 ± 29.3 Nm (p = 0.001)), and PL: 103.7 ± 39.3; supplemented condition: 129.4 ± 28.4 (p = 0.001)). T@0.2 s for right and left knee extensors (PL: 202.6 ± 58.6 Nm; supplemented condition: 237.2 ± 54.7 Nm (p = 0.001); PL: 203.3 ± 63.2 Nm, supplemented condition: 229.8 ± 50.8 Nm (p = 0.002)). Significant difference was in mean anaerobic power between supplemented and PL condition for right and left knee flexors (p = 0.002, p = 0.005) and for right and left knee extensors (p = 0.001 and p = 0.002). TTP was significantly shorter in supplemented condition for both sides knee flexors (p = 0.002). There was a significant difference for mean power in the Wingate test (placebo: 8.5 ± 0.6 W/kg; supplemented condition: 8.7 ± 0.5 W/kg (p = 0.038)). Mean 3-RM was significantly greater in supplemented condition (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The supplement significantly improves upper and lower body strength and power output in resistance-trained men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Kaczka
- Department of Sport Nutrition, Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, ul. Mikołowska 72a, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (A.B.); (K.K.); (T.Z.)
| | - Amit Batra
- Department of Sport Nutrition, Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, ul. Mikołowska 72a, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (A.B.); (K.K.); (T.Z.)
| | - Katarzyna Kubicka
- Department of Sport Nutrition, Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, ul. Mikołowska 72a, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (A.B.); (K.K.); (T.Z.)
| | - Marcin Maciejczyk
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Physical Education in Krakow, al. Jana Pawła II 78, 31-571 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Agata Rzeszutko-Bełzowska
- Faculty of Physical Education, University of Rzeszow, ul. Towarnickiego 3, 35-010 Rzeszów, Poland; (A.R.-B.); (I.P.-Ś.); (M.P.); (A.P.)
| | - Iwona Pezdan-Śliż
- Faculty of Physical Education, University of Rzeszow, ul. Towarnickiego 3, 35-010 Rzeszów, Poland; (A.R.-B.); (I.P.-Ś.); (M.P.); (A.P.)
| | - Monika Michałowska-Sawczyn
- Department of Molecular Biology, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, ul. Kazimierza Górskiego, 80-336 Gdańsk, Poland; (M.M.-S.); (P.C.); (K.H.-L.)
| | - Marta Przydział
- Faculty of Physical Education, University of Rzeszow, ul. Towarnickiego 3, 35-010 Rzeszów, Poland; (A.R.-B.); (I.P.-Ś.); (M.P.); (A.P.)
| | - Artur Płonka
- Faculty of Physical Education, University of Rzeszow, ul. Towarnickiego 3, 35-010 Rzeszów, Poland; (A.R.-B.); (I.P.-Ś.); (M.P.); (A.P.)
| | - Paweł Cięszczyk
- Department of Molecular Biology, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, ul. Kazimierza Górskiego, 80-336 Gdańsk, Poland; (M.M.-S.); (P.C.); (K.H.-L.)
| | - Kinga Humińska-Lisowska
- Department of Molecular Biology, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, ul. Kazimierza Górskiego, 80-336 Gdańsk, Poland; (M.M.-S.); (P.C.); (K.H.-L.)
| | - Tomasz Zając
- Department of Sport Nutrition, Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, ul. Mikołowska 72a, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (A.B.); (K.K.); (T.Z.)
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Miyazaki A, Eerdunbayaer, Shiokawa T, Tada H, Lian Y, Taniguchi S, Hatano T. High-performance liquid chromatographic profile and 1H quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance analyses for quality control of a Xinjiang licorice extract. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2020; 84:2128-2138. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2020.1785272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Various pharmacological properties of Xinjiang licorice flavonoids have been reported recently. We have investigated constituents corresponding to distinct peaks on the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) profile of a flavonoid-rich extract from licorice, and identified 13 flavonoids, including licochalcone A (1), licochalcone B (3), glabrone (4), and echinatin (5), by isolating them and then performing high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectral analyses. We then applied the 1H quantitative NMR (qNMR) method for analysis of major flavonoids, 1 and 3–5 in the extract. The 1H qNMR results were supported by 13C NMR analysis. The results demonstrated the utility of the combination of HPLC profiling and qNMR analyses for quality control of Xinjiang licorice. Additionally, we observed a moderate inhibitory effect of the most abundant constituent, licochalcone A (1), on acetylcholine esterase activity, suggesting utility as a seed for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsumi Miyazaki
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Eerdunbayaer
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, P. R. China
| | - Tsugumi Shiokawa
- Advanced Science Research Center, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hiroko Tada
- Advanced Science Research Center, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yunhe Lian
- Research Center, Chenguang Biotech Group Co., Ltd, Handan, P. R. China
| | - Shoko Taniguchi
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Hatano
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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Davletshina R, Ivanov A, Shamagsumova R, Evtugyn V, Evtugyn G. Electrochemical Biosensor Based on Polyelectrolyte Complexes with Dendrimer for the Determination of Reversible Inhibitors of Acetylcholinesterase. ANAL LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2020.1821700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Davletshina
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - A. Ivanov
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - R. Shamagsumova
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - V. Evtugyn
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Analytical Microscopy, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - G. Evtugyn
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russian Federation
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Chemical Technology Institute of Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation
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Chen YY, Wang MC, Wang YN, Hu HH, Liu QQ, Liu HJ, Zhao YY. Redox signaling and Alzheimer's disease: from pathomechanism insights to biomarker discovery and therapy strategy. Biomark Res 2020; 8:42. [PMID: 32944245 PMCID: PMC7488504 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-020-00218-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Aging and average life expectancy have been increasing at a rapid rate, while there is an exponential risk to suffer from brain-related frailties and neurodegenerative diseases as the population ages. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease worldwide with a projected expectation to blossom into the major challenge in elders and the cases are forecasted to increase about 3-fold in the next 40 years. Considering the etiological factors of AD are too complex to be completely understood, there is almost no effective cure to date, suggesting deeper pathomechanism insights are urgently needed. Metabolites are able to reflect the dynamic processes that are in progress or have happened, and metabolomic may therefore provide a more cost-effective and productive route to disease intervention, especially in the arena for pathomechanism exploration and new biomarker identification. In this review, we primarily focused on how redox signaling was involved in AD-related pathologies and the association between redox signaling and altered metabolic pathways. Moreover, we also expatiated the main redox signaling-associated mechanisms and their cross-talk that may be amenable to mechanism-based therapies. Five natural products with promising efficacy on AD inhibition and the benefit of AD intervention on its complications were highlighted as well. Graphical Abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Chen
- Faculty of Life Science & Medicine, Northwest University, No. 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069 Shaanxi China
| | - Min-Chang Wang
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Xi'an Modern Chemistry Institute, Xi'an, 710065 Shaanxi China
| | - Yan-Ni Wang
- Faculty of Life Science & Medicine, Northwest University, No. 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069 Shaanxi China
| | - He-He Hu
- Faculty of Life Science & Medicine, Northwest University, No. 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069 Shaanxi China
| | - Qing-Quan Liu
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100010 China
| | - Hai-Jing Liu
- Shaanxi Institute for Food and Drug Control, Xi'an, 710065 Shaanxi China
| | - Ying-Yong Zhao
- Faculty of Life Science & Medicine, Northwest University, No. 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069 Shaanxi China
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Huperzine A and Huperzine B Production by Prothallus Cultures of Huperzia selago (L.) Bernh. ex Schrank et Mart. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25143262. [PMID: 32708929 PMCID: PMC7397083 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25143262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This is the first report of an efficient and effective procedure to optimize the biosynthesis of huperzine A (HupA) and huperzine B (HupB) in vitro from Huperzia selago gametophytes. Axenic tissue cultures were established using spores collected from the sporophytes growing in the wild. The prothalia were obtained after 7–18 months. Approximately 90 up to 100% of the gametophytes were viable and grew rapidly after each transfer on to a fresh medium every 3 months. The best biomass growth index for prothallus calculated on a fresh (FW) and dry weight (DW) basis, at 24 weeks of culture, was 2500% (FW) and 2200% (DW), respectively. The huperzine A content in the gametophytes was very high and ranged from 0.74 mg/g to 4.73 mg/g DW. The highest yield HupA biosynthesis at >4 mg/g DW was observed on W/S medium without growth regulators at 8 to 24 weeks of culture. The highest HupB content ranged from 0.10 mg/g to 0.52 mg/g DW and was obtained on the same medium. The results demonstrate the superiority of H. selago gametophyte cultures, with the level of HupA biosynthesis approximately 42% higher compared to sporophyte cultures and 35-fold higher than when the alkaloid was isolated from H. serrata, its current source for the pharmaceutical industry. Moreover, the biosynthesis of HupB was several-fold more efficient than in H. selago sporophytes growing in the wild. HPLC-HR-MS analyses of the extracts identified eight new alkaloids previously unreported in H. selago: deacetylfawcettine, fawcettimine, 16-hydroxyhuperzine B, deacetyllycoclavine, annopodine, lycopecurine, des-N-methylfastigiatine and flabelline.
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Chen J, Perez R, de Mattos AM, Wang C, Li Z, Applegate RL, Liu H. Perioperative Dexmedetomidine Improves Outcomes of Kidney Transplant. Clin Transl Sci 2020; 13:1279-1287. [PMID: 32506659 PMCID: PMC7719359 DOI: 10.1111/cts.12826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Graft function is crucial for successful kidney transplantation. Many factors may affect graft function or cause delayed graft function (DGF), which decreases the prognosis for graft survival. This study was designed to evaluate whether the perioperative use of dexmedetomidine (Dex) could improve the incidence of function of graft kidney and complications after kidney transplantation. A total of 780 patients underwent kidney transplantations, 315 received intravenous Dex infusion during surgery, and 465 did not. Data were adjusted with propensity scores and multivariate logistic regression was used. The primary outcomes are major adverse complications, including DGF and acute rejection in the early post‐transplantation phase. The secondary outcomes included length of hospital stay (LOS), infection, overall complication, graft functional status, post‐transplantation serum creatinine values, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Dex use significantly decreased DGF (19.37% vs. 23.66%; adjusted odds ratio, 0.744; 95% confidence interval, 0.564–0.981; P = 0.036), risk of infection, risk of acute rejection in the early post‐transplantation phase, the risk of overall complications, and LOS. However, there were no statistical differences in 90‐day graft functional status or 7‐day, 30‐day, and 90‐day eGFR. Perioperative Dex use reduced incidence of DGF, risk of infection, risk of acute rejection, overall complications, and LOS in patients who underwent kidney transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Richard Perez
- Department of Surgery, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Angelo Mario de Mattos
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Cecilia Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Zhongmin Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Richard L Applegate
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, California, USA
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Jawaid T, Kamal M, Azmi L, A. Alkhame O, M. Alsanad S. Neuroprotective Effect of Bambusa arundinaceae Leaves Extract on Learning and Memory Impairment in Mice: Impact on NR2B, NR1 and GAP Pathways. INT J PHARMACOL 2020. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2020.244.256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Zaki AG, El-Sayed ESR, Abd Elkodous M, El-Sayyad GS. Microbial acetylcholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer's therapy: recent trends on extraction, detection, irradiation-assisted production improvement and nano-structured drug delivery. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:4717-4735. [PMID: 32285176 PMCID: PMC7223626 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10560-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Neurodegenerative disorders especially Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are significantly threatening the public health. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors are compounds of great interest which can be used as effective agents for the symptomatic treatment of AD. Although plants are considered the largest source for these types of inhibitors, the microbial production of AChE inhibitors represents an efficient, easily manipulated, eco-friendly, cost-effective, and alternative approach. This review highlights the recent advances on the microbial production of AChE inhibitors and summarizes all the previously reported successful studies on isolation, screening, extraction, and detecting methodologies of AChE inhibitors from the microbial fermentation, from the earliest trials to the most promising anti-AD drug, huperzine A (HupA). In addition, improvement strategies for maximizing the industrial production of AChE inhibitors by microbes will be discussed. Finally, the promising applications of nano-material-based drug delivery systems for natural AChE inhibitor (HupA) will also be summarized. Key Points • AChE inhibitors are potential therapies for Alzheimer’s disease. • Microorganisms as alternate sources for prospective production of such inhibitors. • Research advances on extraction, detection, and strategies for production improvement. • Nanotechnology-based approaches for an effective drug delivery for Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira G Zaki
- Plant Research Department, Nuclear Research Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Cairo, Egypt.
| | - El-Sayed R El-Sayed
- Plant Research Department, Nuclear Research Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Cairo, Egypt
| | - M Abd Elkodous
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Information Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi, Aichi, 441-8580, Japan.,Center for Nanotechnology (CNT), School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nile University, Sheikh Zayed, Giza, 16453, Egypt
| | - Gharieb S El-Sayyad
- Drug Microbiology Lab, Drug Radiation Research Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Cairo, Egypt. .,Chemical Engineering Department, Egyptian Armed Forces, Military Technical College (MTC), Cairo, Egypt.
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Cai Y, Huang P, Xie Y. Effects of huperzine A on hippocampal inflammatory response and neurotrophic factors in aged rats after anesthesia. Acta Cir Bras 2020; 34:e201901205. [PMID: 32049185 PMCID: PMC7006372 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-865020190120000005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effects of huperzine A (HupA) on hippocampal inflammatory response and neurotrophic factors in aged rats after anesthesia. METHODS Thirty-six Sprague Dawley rats (20-22 months old) were randomly divided into control, isofluran, and isoflurane+HupA groups; 12 rats in each group. The isoflurane+HupA group was intraperitoneally injected with 0.2 mg/kg of HupA. After 30 min, isoflurane inhalation anesthesia was performed in the isoflurane and isoflurane+HupA groups. After 24 h from anesthesia, Morris water maze experiment and open-field test were performed. Hippocampal inflammatory and neurotrophic factors were determined. RESULTS Compared with isoflurane group, in isofluran+HupA group the escape latency of rats was significantly decreased (P < 0.05), the original platform quadrant residence time and traversing times were significantly increased (P < 0.05), the central area residence time was significantly increased (P < 0.05), the hippocampal tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 6 and interleukin 1β levels were significantly decreased (P < 0.05), and the hippocampal nerve growth factor, brain derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-3 levels were significantly increased (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION HupA may alleviate the cognitive impairment in rats after isoflurane anesthesia by decreasing inflammatory factors and increasing hippocampal neurotrophic factors in hippocampus tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Cai
- Master, Department of Anesthesiology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402160, China. Design of the study, statistics analysis, final approval
| | - Penghan Huang
- Bachelor, Department of Anesthesiology, People’s Hospital of Bishan District, Chongqing 402760, China. Acquisition of data, final approval
| | - Yizu Xie
- Bachelor, Department of Anesthesiology, People’s Hospital of Bishan District, Chongqing 402760, China. Design of the study, critical revision, final approval
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Wang HY, Wu M, Diao JL, Li JB, Sun YX, Xiao XQ. Huperzine A ameliorates obesity-related cognitive performance impairments involving neuronal insulin signaling pathway in mice. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2020; 41:145-153. [PMID: 31213670 PMCID: PMC7471460 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-019-0257-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) share several common pathophysiological features. Huperzine A (Hup A), a Lycopodium alkaloid extracted from the Chinese herb moss Huperzia serrata, is a specific and reversible inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase, which is clinically used for the treatment of AD. In this study, we investigated whether Hup A improved the metabolic and cognitive functions in the high fat-induced (HFD) obese mice and genetic ob/ob mice. HFD and ob/ob mice were treated with Hup A (0.1, 0.3 mg · kg-1 · d-1, ig) for 3 months. Body weight was monitored and glucose tolerance tests were performed. Novel object recognition test and Morris water maze assay were conducted to evaluate the cognitive functions. We found that the Hup A treatment had no significant effect on peripheral metabolism of obese mice, whereas Hup A (0.1, mg · kg-1 · d-1) improved both the abilities of object recognition and spatial memory in HFD-fed mice, but not in ob/ob mice. Furthermore, Hup A treatment significantly upregulated the insulin and phosphorylated Akt levels in the cortex of HFD-fed mice, but not ob/ob mice. In addition, Hup A (0.3, mg · kg-1 · d-1) significantly decreased cortical β-secretase (BACE1) expression. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that treatment with Hup A (0.1, mg · kg-1 · d-1) can effectively improve the cognitive functions, at least in diet-induced obese mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ying Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- The Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Major Metabolic Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400032, China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- The Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Major Metabolic Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Jun-Ling Diao
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- The Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Major Metabolic Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Ji-Bin Li
- School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yu-Xiang Sun
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Xiao-Qiu Xiao
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
- The Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Major Metabolic Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400032, China.
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Cox MA, Bassi C, Saunders ME, Nechanitzky R, Morgado-Palacin I, Zheng C, Mak TW. Beyond neurotransmission: acetylcholine in immunity and inflammation. J Intern Med 2020; 287:120-133. [PMID: 31710126 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholine (ACh) is best known as a neurotransmitter and was the first such molecule identified. ACh signalling in the neuronal cholinergic system has long been known to regulate numerous biological processes (reviewed by Beckmann and Lips). In actuality, ACh is a ubiquitous signalling molecule that is produced by numerous non-neuronal cell types and even by some single-celled organisms. Within multicellular organisms, a non-neuronal cholinergic system that includes the immune system functions in parallel with the neuronal cholinergic system. Several immune cell types both respond to ACh signals and can directly produce ACh. Recent work from our laboratory has demonstrated that the capacity to produce ACh is an intrinsic property of T cells responding to viral infection, and that this ability to produce ACh is dependent upon IL-21 signalling to the T cells. Furthermore, during infection this immune-derived ACh is necessary for the T cells to migrate into infected tissues. In this review, we will discuss the various sources of ACh that are relevant during immune responses and describe how ACh acts on immune cells to influence their functions. We will also address the clinical implications of this fascinating aspect of immunity, focusing on ACh's role in the migration of T cells during infection and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Cox
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - C Bassi
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - M E Saunders
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - R Nechanitzky
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - I Morgado-Palacin
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - C Zheng
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - T W Mak
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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63
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Alzheimer's Disease Pharmacotherapy in Relation to Cholinergic System Involvement. Biomolecules 2019; 10:biom10010040. [PMID: 31888102 PMCID: PMC7022522 DOI: 10.3390/biom10010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease, a major and increasing global health challenge, is an irreversible, progressive form of dementia, associated with an ongoing decline of brain functioning. The etiology of this disease is not completely understood, and no safe and effective anti-Alzheimer’s disease drug to prevent, stop, or reverse its evolution is currently available. Current pharmacotherapy concentrated on drugs that aimed to improve the cerebral acetylcholine levels by facilitating cholinergic neurotransmission through inhibiting cholinesterase. These compounds, recognized as cholinesterase inhibitors, offer a viable target across key sign domains of Alzheimer’s disease, but have a modest influence on improving the progression of this condition. In this paper, we sought to highlight the current understanding of the cholinergic system involvement in Alzheimer’s disease progression in relation to the recent status of the available cholinesterase inhibitors as effective therapeutics.
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Shih CC, Chen PY, Chen MF, Lee TJF. Differential blockade by huperzine A and donepezil of sympathetic nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-mediated nitrergic neurogenic dilations in porcine basilar arteries. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 868:172851. [PMID: 31836535 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor activation on the perivascular sympathetic nerves via axo-axonal interaction mechanism causes norepinephrine release, which triggers the neurogenic nitrergic relaxation in basilar arteries to meet the need of a brain. Donepezil and huperzine A, which are the cholinesterase inhibitors used for Alzheimer's disease therapy, exert controversial effects on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Therefore, we investigated how donepezil and huperzine A via the axo-axonal interaction regulate the neurogenic vasodilation of isolated porcine basilar arteries and define their action on different subtypes of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor by using blood vessel myography, calcium imaging, and electrophysiological techniques. Both nicotine (100 μM) and transmural nerve stimulation (TNS, 8 Hz) induce NO-mediated dilation in the arteries. Nicotine-induced vasodilations were concentration-dependently inhibited by huperzine A and donepezil, with the former being 30 fold less potent than the latter. Both cholinesterase inhibitors weakly and equally decreased TNS-elicited nitrergic vasodilations. Neither huperzine A nor donepezil affected isoproterenol (a β adrenoceptor-agonist)- or sodium nitroprusside (a NO donor)-induced vasodilation. Further, huperzine A was less potent than donepezil in inhibiting nicotine-elicited calcium influxes in rodent superior cervical ganglionic neurons and inward currents in α7- and α3β2-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-expressing Xenopus oocytes. In conclusion, huperzine A may exert less harmful effect over donepezil on maintaining brainstem circulation and on the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-associated cognition deficits during treatment for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Chan Shih
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Po-Yi Chen
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan; Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Fang Chen
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan; Tzu Chi University of Science and Technology, Hualien, Taiwan.
| | - Tony J F Lee
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
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65
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Abu Zeid O, Abdel-Aziz A, Rashed LA, Said ER. Role of the cutaneous extraneuronal cholinergic system in the pathogenesis of psoriasis: a case-control study. Clin Exp Dermatol 2019; 45:432-437. [PMID: 31614011 DOI: 10.1111/ced.14124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although during recent years there have been considerable advances in elucidating the mechanisms of psoriasis pathogenesis, its full understanding is still distant. A cholinergic dysfunction has been proposed in the pathophysiology of some inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, including psoriasis. AIM To determine tissue levels of acetylcholine (ACh) and its muscarinic and nicotinic receptors (mAChR and nAChR) in psoriasis vulgaris lesions in comparison with normal control skin. METHODS This case-control study included 30 patients with psoriasis vulgaris and 30 controls. A 4-mm punch skin biopsy was taken from the psoriatic plaques of patients and normal skin of controls. ACh level was measured in tissues using the colorimetric method, while mAChR and nAChR gene expression was determined by real-time PCR. RESULTS The level of ACh was significantly higher in patients (mean ± SD: 5.95 ± 2.69) than in controls (1.12 ± 0.34) (P < 0.001). mAChR and nAChR expressions were significantly higher in patients compared with the controls (P < 0.001). A significant positive correlation was detected between the expression of nAChR in patients and the duration of psoriasis (r = 0.46, P = 0.01), and the body mass index of the patients correlated positively with both nAChR (r = 0.40, P = 0.027) and mAChR expression (r = 0.448, P = 0.013). CONCLUSION Abnormalities in the cutaneous extraneuronal cholinergic system could be involved in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. The high expression of nAChRs in patients with longer disease durations might represent an attempt by the body to regulate the inflammatory cascade in psoriatic lesions. The high expression of mAChR in psoriatic lesions may provide a link between psoriasis and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Abu Zeid
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - A Abdel-Aziz
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - L A Rashed
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - E R Said
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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66
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Thi Minh Le T, Thi Hong Hoang A, Thi Bich Le T, Thi Bich Vo T, Van Quyen D, Hoang Chu H. Isolation of endophytic fungi and screening of Huperzine A-producing fungus from Huperzia serrata in Vietnam. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16152. [PMID: 31695105 PMCID: PMC6834622 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52481-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Huperzine A (HupA), a natural Lycopodium alkaloid derived from Huperzia serrata (Thunb. ex Murray) Trev. plants, is a highly active acetylcholinesterase inhibitor and a key compound used for treating Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recently, HupA has been reported in various endophytic fungi isolated from H. serrata. In the present study, 153 endophytic fungi were isolated from healthy tissues of H. serrata collected from natural populations in Lam Dong province of Central Vietnam. The endophytic fungi were identified based on morphological characteristics and Internal Transcribed Spacer sequences. Among them, 34 strains were classified into seven genera belonging to Ascomycota, including Alternaria, Fusarium, Trichoderma, Penicillium, Paecilomyces, and Phoma, and eight strains belonging to the genus Mucor (Zygomycota). The other strains remained unidentified. According to the results of thin-layer chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography, only one of the 153 strains, Penicillium sp. LDL4.4, could produce HupA, with a yield 1.38 mg l-1 (168.9 µg g-1 dried mycelium) when cultured in potato dextrose broth, which was considerably higher than that of other reported endophytic fungi. Such a fungus is a promising candidate and alternative to presently available HupA production techniques for treating AD and preventing further memory decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Thi Minh Le
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam.
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam.
| | - Anh Thi Hong Hoang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam
| | - Thuy Thi Bich Le
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam
| | - Thuy Thi Bich Vo
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam
- Institute of Genome Research, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam
| | - Dong Van Quyen
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam
| | - Ha Hoang Chu
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam
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67
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Identification of a Huperzine A-producing endophytic fungus from Phlegmariurus taxifolius. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 47:489-495. [PMID: 31659691 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-05155-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Highly prized huperzine A (Hup A), a natural alkaloid formerly isolated from the Chinese medicinal plant Huperzia serrata, has been widely used for the treatment of Alzheimer disease, inspiring us to search for endophytic fungi that produce this compound. In this study, we obtained the C17 fungus isolate from the Mexican club moss Phlegmariurus taxifolius, which produced a yield of 3.2 μg/g Hup A in mycelial dry weight, when cultured in potato dextrose broth medium. The C17 isolate was identified as belonging to the genus Fusarium with reference to the colony´s morphological characteristics and the presence of macroconidia and microconidia structures; and this was confirmed by DNA-barcoding analysis, by amplifying and sequencing the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (rITS).
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68
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Zafonte RD, Fregni F, Bergin MJG, Goldstein R, Boudreau N, Monge I, Luz M, Frazier J, Giacino JT. Huperzine A for the treatment of cognitive, mood, and functional deficits after moderate and severe TBI (HUP-TBI): results of a Phase II randomized controlled pilot study: implications for understanding the placebo effect. Brain Inj 2019; 34:34-41. [PMID: 31638455 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2019.1677941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the effect of Huperzine A on memory and learning in individuals with moderate-severe traumatic brain injury (TBI).Design: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase II clinical trial.Methods: Subjects were randomly assigned to receive Huperzine A or placebo for 12 weeks and were assessed during in-person visits at screening/baseline, and 6, 12, 24, and 52 weeks post-injury. Changes in memory and learning scores on the California Verbal Learning Test - 2nd Edition (CVLT-II) from baseline to week 12 were assessed using permutation tests and regression analyses.Results: There was no difference between the Huperzine A and placebo groups in memory performance after 12 weeks of treatment. In the placebo group, significant improvements were noted in learning and memory scores. Both groups showed clinically important improvements in depression on the Beck Depression Index.Conclusions: The clinically important improvements in cognitive and emotional outcomes observed in both the placebo and active treatment arms of this clinical trial of Huperzine A are best understood in the context of a placebo effect. Future trials involving patients with moderate-severe TBI in the subacute to chronic phases of recovery should be designed to account for placebo effects as failure to do so may lead to spurious conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross D Zafonte
- Department of Physical Medicine Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Spaulding Research Institute, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Felipe Fregni
- Department of Physical Medicine Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Spaulding Research Institute, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael J G Bergin
- Department of Physical Medicine Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Spaulding Research Institute, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Richard Goldstein
- Department of Physical Medicine Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nancy Boudreau
- Spaulding Research Institute, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Iris Monge
- Spaulding Research Institute, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Matthew Luz
- Spaulding Research Institute, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Judith Frazier
- Spaulding Research Institute, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joseph T Giacino
- Department of Physical Medicine Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Spaulding Research Institute, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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69
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Davletshina R, Ivanov A, Evtugyn G. Acetylcholinesterase Sensor Based on Polyelectrolyte Complexes with DNA Inclusion for the Determination of Reversible Inhibitors. ELECTROANAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201900507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Davletshina
- A. M. Butlerov' Chemistry Institute of Kazan Federal University 18 Kremlevskaya street Kazan 420008 Russian Federation
| | - A. Ivanov
- A. M. Butlerov' Chemistry Institute of Kazan Federal University 18 Kremlevskaya street Kazan 420008 Russian Federation
| | - G. Evtugyn
- A. M. Butlerov' Chemistry Institute of Kazan Federal University 18 Kremlevskaya street Kazan 420008 Russian Federation
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70
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Jen Tsai
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Division of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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71
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Dorababu A. Critical evaluation of current Alzheimer's drug discovery (2018-19) & futuristic Alzheimer drug model approach. Bioorg Chem 2019; 93:103299. [PMID: 31586701 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disease responsible for death of millions of people worldwide is a progressive clinical disorder which causes neurons to degenerate and ultimately die. It is one of the common causes of dementia wherein a person's incapability to independently think, behave and decline in social skills can be quoted as major symptoms. However the early signs include the simple non-clinical symptoms such as forgetting recent events and conversations. Onset of these symptoms leads to worsened conditions wherein the AD patient suffers severe memory impairment and eventually becomes unable to work out everyday tasks. Even though there is no complete cure for AD, rigorous research has been going on to reduce the progress of AD. Currently, a very few clinical drugs are prevailing for AD treatment. So this is the need of hour to design, develop and discovery of novel anti-AD drugs. The main factors for the cause of AD according to scientific research reveals structural changes in brain proteins such as beta amyloid, tau proteins into plaques and tangles respectively. The abnormal proteins distort the neurons. Despite the high potencies of the synthesized molecules; they could not get on the clinical tests up to human usage. In this review article, the recent research carried out with respect to inhibition of AChE, BuChE, NO, BACE1, MAOs, Aβ, H3R, DAPK, CSF1R, 5-HT4R, PDE, σ1R and GSK-3β is compiled and organized. The summary is focused mainly on cholinesterases, Aβ, BACE1 and MAOs classes of potential inhibitors. The review also covers structure activity relationship of most potent compounds of each class of inhibitors alongside redesign and remodeling of the most significant inhibitors in order to expect cutting edge inhibitory properties towards AD. Alongside the molecular docking studies of the some final compounds are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atukuri Dorababu
- Department of Studies in Chemistry, SRMPP Govt. First Grade College, Huvinahadagali 583219, Karnataka, India.
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72
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Dong C, Liu S, Cheng X, Wang Q, Jiang S, Wang G. Design, synthesis, and preliminary biological evaluation of catalpol propionates as antiaging drugs. BMC Chem 2019; 13:109. [PMID: 31453572 PMCID: PMC6702743 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-019-0626-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, catalpol propionylated analogs (CPs) were designed as drug ligands of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) based on molecular docking (MD) using Surflex-Docking method. The calculated total scores (Total_score) and C log P of CPs are higher than that of catalpol, which show that the CPs maybe served as potential lead compounds as new antiaging drugs. Furthermore, the maximum Total_score of isomers in one group CPs is often not that the molecule with minimum energy structure. These show that the CPs docking with GSH-Px maybe not only affected by the molecular energy, but also affected by their conformations. The CPs were synthesized by esterification of catalpol with propionic anhydride using pyridine as solvent and acid banding agent, DMAP as catalyst, reaction at specific temperature. The synthesized perpropionylated catalpol analog (CP-6) was determined by NMR, FT-IR, HRMS, and HPLC, and the synthesis process was optimized by means of orthogonal experimental design. Subsequently, CP-6 was screened for cells viability by MTT assay, the results show that the CP-6 can effectively reversed STZ-induced reduction of cells viability, and CP-6 has potential antiaging activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhong Dong
- 1Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046 Henan China
| | - Shuanglin Liu
- 1Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046 Henan China
| | - Xiaodong Cheng
- 2Department of Applied Chemistry, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, 450002 Henan China
| | - Qiang Wang
- 3High & New Technology Research Center of Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002 Henan China
| | - Shiqing Jiang
- 1Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046 Henan China
| | - Guoqing Wang
- 2Department of Applied Chemistry, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, 450002 Henan China
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73
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Griepentrog JE, Zhang X, Lewis AJ, Gianfrate G, Labiner HE, Zou B, Xiong Z, Lee JS, Rosengart MR. Frontline Science: Rev-Erbα links blue light with enhanced bacterial clearance and improved survival in murine Klebsiella pneumoniae pneumonia. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 107:11-25. [PMID: 31379019 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4hi0519-155r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The wavelength of light is a critical determinant of light's capacity to entrain adaptive biological mechanisms, such as enhanced immune surveillance, that precede and prepare us for the active circadian day, a time when the risk of encountering pathogen is highest. Light rich in the shorter wavelength visible blue spectrum maximally entrains these circadian rhythms. We hypothesized that exposure to blue light during sepsis will augment immunity and improve outcome. Using a clinically relevant Klebsiella pneumoniae acute lower respiratory tract infection model, we show that blue spectrum light shifts autonomic tone toward parasympathetic predominance and enhances immune competence, as characterized by accelerated pathogen clearance that is accompanied by reduced alveolar neutrophil influx, inflammation, and improved survival. Blue light functioned through an optic-cholinergic pathway and expansion of splenic Ccr2+ monocytes to increase control of the infection and improve survival. The "keystone" mediating these effects is the circadian clock protein Rev-Erbα, and biochemical activation with Rev-Erbα agonist SR9009 enhanced mononuclear cell phagocytosis in vitro and recapitulated the enhanced pathogen elimination in vivo observed with blue light. These findings underscore the potential therapeutic value of blue light and modulating Rev-Erbα to enhance host immunity against infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Griepentrog
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Xianghong Zhang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anthony J Lewis
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Hanna E Labiner
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Baobo Zou
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Zeyu Xiong
- Division of Pulmonary, Department of Medicine, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Janet S Lee
- Division of Pulmonary, Department of Medicine, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Matthew R Rosengart
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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74
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Fei Z, Hu M, Baum L, Kwan P, Hong T, Zhang C. The potential role of human multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1) and multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2) in the transport of Huperzine A in vitro. Xenobiotica 2019; 50:354-362. [PMID: 31132291 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2019.1623935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ziyan Fei
- School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, PR China
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Drug Targeting and Drug Screening Research, Nanchang, PR China
| | - Mengyun Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, PR China
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Drug Targeting and Drug Screening Research, Nanchang, PR China
| | - Larry Baum
- The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, PR China
- Centre for Genomic Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Patrick Kwan
- Department of Neuroscience, Alfred Hospital, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tao Hong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, PR China
| | - Chunbo Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, PR China
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Drug Targeting and Drug Screening Research, Nanchang, PR China
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75
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Liu SZ, Cheng W, Shao JW, Gu YF, Zhu YY, Dong QJ, Bai SY, Wang P, Lin L. Notoginseng Saponin Rg1 Prevents Cognitive Impairment through Modulating APP Processing in Aβ 1-42-injected Rats. Curr Med Sci 2019; 39:196-203. [PMID: 31016510 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-019-2019-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
With the intensification of the aging process of the world, Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is the main type of senile dementia, has become a primary problem in the present society. Lots of strategies have been used to prevent and treat AD in animal models and clinical trials, but most of them ended in failure. Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) contain a variety of monomer compositions which have been separated and identified. Among of the monomer compositions, notoginseng saponin Rg1 (Rg1) accounts for 20% of the cultivation of panax notoginseng roots. And now PNS have been reported to be widely used to treat cardio-cerebrovascular diseases and have neuroprotective effects to restrain the β-amyloid peptide (Aβ)25-35-mediated apoptosis. Moreover, it is reported that PNS could accelerate the growth of nerve cells, increase the length of axons and promote synaptic plasticity. Whether Rg1 can ameliorate the cognitive impairment and the underlying mechanism has not been elucidated. To study the preventive effect of Rg1 on cognitive impairment and the possible mechanism, we established the cognitive impairment model in rats through Aβ1-42 (2.6 µg/µL, 5 µL) injection and then treated the rats with Rg1 (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg) administered intragastrically for 4 weeks. We observed that Aβ1-42 could induce spatial learning and memory deficits in rats. Simultaneously, Aβ1-42 injection also resulted in the reduced neuron number in cornuammonis 1 (CA1) and dentate gyrus (DG) of hippocampus, as well as the increased level of hyperphosphorylated β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) at Thr668 site with up-regulation of β-APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) and presenilin 1 (PS1) and down-regulation of a disintegrin and metalloprotease domain-containing protein 10 (ADAM10) and insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE). Administration of Rg1 effectively rescued the cognitive impairment and neuronal loss, and inhibited the β-secretase processing of APP through reducing APP-Thr668 phosphorylation and BACE1/PS1 expression, and increasing the expression of ADAM10 and IDE. We concluded that Rg1 might have neuroprotective effects and could promote learning and memory ability, which might be a viable candidate in AD therapy probably through reducing the generation of Aβ and increasing the degradation of Aβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Zhi Liu
- Cell Molecular Biology Laboratory of Basic Medical College, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Wei Cheng
- Cell Molecular Biology Laboratory of Basic Medical College, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Jia-Wei Shao
- Cell Molecular Biology Laboratory of Basic Medical College, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Yun-Fan Gu
- Cell Molecular Biology Laboratory of Basic Medical College, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Yi-Yi Zhu
- Cell Molecular Biology Laboratory of Basic Medical College, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Qi-Jing Dong
- Cell Molecular Biology Laboratory of Basic Medical College, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Si-Yu Bai
- Cell Molecular Biology Laboratory of Basic Medical College, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Hubei Research Institute of Geriatrics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, China.
| | - Li Lin
- Cell Molecular Biology Laboratory of Basic Medical College, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, China.
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Deng M, Scott MJ, Fan J, Billiar TR. Location is the key to function: HMGB1 in sepsis and trauma-induced inflammation. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 106:161-169. [PMID: 30946496 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3mir1218-497r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a multifunctional nuclear protein, probably known best as a prototypical alarmin or damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecule when released from cells. However, HMGB1 has multiple functions that depend on its location in the nucleus, in the cytosol, or extracellularly after either active release from cells, or passive release upon lytic cell death. Movement of HMGB1 between cellular compartments is a dynamic process induced by a variety of cell stresses and disease processes, including sepsis, trauma, and hemorrhagic shock. Location of HMGB1 is intricately linked with its function and is regulated by a series of posttranslational modifications. HMGB1 function is also regulated by the redox status of critical cysteine residues within the protein, and is cell-type dependent. This review highlights some of the mechanisms that contribute to location and functions of HMGB1, and focuses on some recent insights on important intracellular effects of HMGB1 during sepsis and trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meihong Deng
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Pittsburgh Trauma Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Melanie J Scott
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Pittsburgh Trauma Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jie Fan
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Pittsburgh Trauma Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Research and Development, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Timothy R Billiar
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Pittsburgh Trauma Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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77
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Moodie LWK, Sepčić K, Turk T, FrangeŽ R, Svenson J. Natural cholinesterase inhibitors from marine organisms. Nat Prod Rep 2019; 36:1053-1092. [PMID: 30924818 DOI: 10.1039/c9np00010k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Covering: Published between 1974 up to 2018Inhibition of cholinesterases is a common approach for the management of several disease states. Most notably, cholinesterase inhibitors are used to alleviate the symptoms of neurological disorders like dementia and Alzheimer's disease and treat myasthenia gravis and glaucoma. Historically, most drugs of natural origin have been isolated from terrestrial sources and inhibitors of cholinesterases are no exception. However, the last 50 years have seen a rise in the quantity of marine natural products with close to 25 000 reported in the scientific literature. A number of marine natural products with potent cholinesterase inhibitory properties have also been reported; isolated from a variety of marine sources from algae to ascidians. Representing a diverse range of structural classes, these compounds provide inspirational leads that could aid the development of therapeutics. The current paper aims to, for the first time, comprehensively summarize the literature pertaining to cholinesterase inhibitors derived from marine sources, including the first papers published in 1974 up to 2018. The review does not report bioactive extracts, only isolated compounds, and a specific focus lies on compounds with reported dose-response data. In vivo and mechanistic data is included for compounds where this is reported. In total 185 marine cholinesterase inhibitors and selected analogs have been identified and reported and some of the compounds display inhibitory activities comparable or superior to cholinesterase inhibitors in clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindon W K Moodie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Umeå, Umeå, SE-901 87, Sweden
| | - Kristina Sepčić
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tom Turk
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Robert FrangeŽ
- Institute of Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Johan Svenson
- Department of Chemistry and Materials, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Box 857, SE-501 15 Borås, Sweden.
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78
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A transannular approach toward lycopodine synthesis. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2019; 72:494-497. [PMID: 30792516 DOI: 10.1038/s41429-019-0155-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A transannular reaction was proposed to access the Lycopodium alkaloid lycopodine. A key bicyclic precursor was synthesized via a ring-closing metathesis reaction. Initial evaluations of the transannular aza-Prins reaction to synthesize lycopodine were reported and discussed.
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79
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Hernandez S, Fried DE, Grubišić V, McClain JL, Gulbransen BD. Gastrointestinal neuroimmune disruption in a mouse model of Gulf War illness. FASEB J 2019; 33:6168-6184. [PMID: 30789759 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802572r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Gulf War illness (GWI) is a chronic multisymptom disorder that is prominent in Gulf War veterans. Major unexplained symptoms of GWI include functional gastrointestinal disorders and undiagnosed illnesses, including neurologic disorders. Exposure to the antinerve gas drug pyridostigmine bromide (PB) is linked to the development of GWI, but the exact mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we tested the hypothesis that PB alters gut function by disrupting the neural and immune systems of the intestine. We exposed male and female mice to physiologically comparable amounts of PB that match the dose, route, and time frame of exposure experienced by Gulf War veterans and assessed the acute and chronic impacts on gastrointestinal functions, the functional architecture of the enteric nervous system, and immune responses in the gut and brain. Exposure to PB drove acute alterations to colonic motility and structure in both male and female mice that transitioned to chronic changes in gut functions. PB drove acute alterations to enteric neural and glial activity, glial reactivity, and neuron survival with glial reactivity persisting into the chronic phase in male mice. Despite having no effect on colonic permeability, exposure to PB caused major shifts in the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the colon and brain that suggest immunosuppressive effects. Interestingly, immune disruption was still evident in the colon and brain in female animals at 1 mo following exposure to PB. Together, our results show that the paradigm of PB exposure experienced by veterans of the Persian Gulf War contributes to long-lasting pathophysiology by driving enteric neuroinflammation, promoting immunosuppression, and altering functional anatomy of the colon in a sex-dependent manner.-Hernandez, S., Fried, D. E., Grubišić, V., McClain, J. L., Gulbransen, B. D. Gastrointestinal neuroimmune disruption in a mouse model of Gulf War illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siomara Hernandez
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - David E Fried
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Vladimir Grubišić
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Jonathon L McClain
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Brian D Gulbransen
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA.,Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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Gul A, Bakht J, Mehmood F. Huperzine-A response to cognitive impairment and task switching deficits in patients with Alzheimer's disease. J Chin Med Assoc 2019; 82:40-43. [PMID: 30839402 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcma.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is associated with cognitive decline due to various pathological mechanisms. There are several acetylcholinesterase inhibitor compounds which can improve cognition, but Huperzine-A is a natural sesquiterpene alkaloid extracted from Chinese herb (Huperzia Serrata) which has rapid action. METHODS Double blind study was conducted. Participants included 50 patients with AD and 50 healthy individuals. Patients were recruited from Civil and BV hospital Bahawalpur and Nishter hospital Multan, Pakistan during May 2017 until February 2018 who were stable on Huperzine-A medication. Patients were tested twice. First, at the time of diagnosis to determine baseline scores. Second, post eight weeks of Huperzine-A treatment. Healthy individuals had single testing session. Participants completed Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination and Trail Making Test. RESULTS Patients with AD showed cognitive and task switching deficits in contrast with healthy individuals. There was significant improvement in cognition and task switching abilities post Huperzine-A treatment compared with baseline performance. CONCLUSION Huperzine-A is effective in reducing cognitive and task switching deficits in patients with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amara Gul
- Department of Applied Psychology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Jehan Bakht
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Farah Mehmood
- Department of Applied Psychology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
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81
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Lima JA, Hamerski L. Alkaloids as Potential Multi-Target Drugs to Treat Alzheimer's Disease. STUDIES IN NATURAL PRODUCTS CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64183-0.00008-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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82
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Chan ESY, Bautista DT, Zhu Y, You Y, Long JT, Li W, Chen C. Traditional Chinese herbal medicine for vascular dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018; 12:CD010284. [PMID: 30520514 PMCID: PMC6516869 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd010284.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traditional Chinese herbal medicine (TCHM) is widely used for treating vascular dementia (VaD) in China. Recent studies of a number of TCHMs have demonstrated in vitro biological activity and therapeutic effects in animals, but the published clinical evidence has not been systematically appraised. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the efficacy and safety of TCHMs listed in either the Chinese Pharmacopoeia (CP) or the Chinese National Essential Drug List (NEDL) that are used to treat VaD. A secondary aim was to identify promising TCHMs for further clinical research. SEARCH METHODS We searched ALOIS, the Cochrane Dementia and Cognitive Improvement Group's Specialised Register (on 14 March 2018) and also several Chinese biomedical databases: the Chinese Biological Medicine Database (January 1979 to May 2015), Wanfang database (January 1998 to May 2015), Chongqing VIP Information Co. Ltd or Weipu (January 1998 to May 2015) and the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (January 1979 to May 2015). SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of TCHMs compared to placebo, to Western medicine (WM) or to routine therapy for VaD risk factors. Eligible participants were men and women aged 18 years and above, diagnosed with VaD by any of the following four criteria: (1) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) versions III, III-R, IV, IV-TR; (2) National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS-AIREN); (3) International Classification of Diseases 9 or 10; (4) the Hachinski or the Modified Hachinski Ischaemic Score. We required the use of an imaging technique to differentiate VaD from other dementias. We excluded (1) trials with participants diagnosed with mixed dementia or those that did not use an imaging technique to ascertain VaD; (2) trials of NEDL-listed Gingko biloba or Huperzine A as experimental interventions, to avoid duplication of existing Cochrane Reviews; (3) trials using acupuncture alone as the experimental intervention; (4) trials using another CP- or NEDL-listed TCHM (except for Huperzine A and Gingko which are popular in Western practice) as the control intervention; and (5) trials using purely non-pharmacological interventions as the control intervention unless explicitly described as 'routine therapy for VaD risk factors'. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We assessed the risks of bias using the Cochrane 'Risk of bias' tool and adapted the Outcome Reporting Bias in Trials (ORBIT) classification system for outcome reporting bias. We assessed TCHM effects on five clinically important outcomes: cognition, global performance, safety, activities of daily living and behaviour and summarised the effects using mean differences for continuous outcomes and risk ratios or risk differences for binary outcomes. We stratified the studies into those that estimated the TCHM versus 'no treatment' effect and those that estimated the TCHM versus the WM effect, with further stratification by the specific TCHM tested or by one of the four modes of action. We pooled using a random-effects model. Due to substantial clinical and design heterogeneity, we did not estimate an 'overall TCHM effect'. MAIN RESULTS We only found studies (47 studies, 3581 participants) for 18 of the 29 eligible TCHMs as defined by our inclusion criteria. All were superiority trials conducted in China between 1997 and 2013, with most employing a two-arm parallel design with sample sizes ranging from 26 to 240 and a median treatment duration of 12 weeks (range: 2 to 24 weeks).We found that reporting and trial methodology were generally poor; in particular, there was a lack of information on randomisation, an absence of blinding of participants and outcome assessors and incomplete reporting of adverse events (AEs). None of the 30 trials published from 2007 onwards adopted the CONSORT recommendations for reporting RCTs of herbal interventions.We found seven TCHMs which each had potentially large benefits in studies estimating the TCHM versus 'no treatment' effect and in studies estimating the TCHM versus the WM effect. Two TCHMs (NaoXinTong and TongXinLuo) were common to both groups. Three of these TCHMs - Nao XinTong, NaoMaiTai and TongXinLuo - had the strongest evidence to justify further research. Two TCHMs (NaoMaiTai and TongXinLuo) had a 5% or more increased risk of AEs compared to the 'no Treatment' control, but the quality of this evidence was poor. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS We found moderate- to very low-quality evidence of benefit and harm of TCHMs for VaD. Methodological inadequacies need to be addressed by better conducted and reported trials. We identified NaoMaiTai, NaoXinTong and TongXinLuo as warranting special research priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin SY Chan
- Singapore Clinical Research InstituteCochrane SingaporeNanos Building #02‐0131 Biopolis WaySingaporeSingapore138669
| | - Dianne T Bautista
- Singapore Clinical Research InsituteDepartment of Biostatistics31 Biopolis Way, Nanos #02‐01SingaporeSingapore138669
| | - Yanan Zhu
- A*STARSingapore Institute of Clinical Sciences61 Compassvale Bow, #08‐21SingaporeSingapore544989
| | - Yong You
- First Affiliated Hospital of Nanhua UniversityNeurology69 Chan Shuan RoadHengyangHunanChina421001
| | - Jian Ting Long
- First Affiliated Hospital of Nanhua UniversityNeurology69 Chan Shuan RoadHengyangHunanChina421001
| | - Wenyun Li
- Jinan UniversityDepartment of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine601 Huangpudadao Street WestGuangzhouGuangdongChina510632
| | - Christopher Chen
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of SingaporeDepartment of PharmacologyClinical Research Center Bldng MD11, Level 510 Medical DriveSingaporeSingapore117597
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Viana JDO, Félix MB, Maia MDS, Serafim VDL, Scotti L, Scotti MT. Drug discovery and computational strategies in the multitarget drugs era. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902018000001010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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84
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Lee W, Yuseok O, Yang S, Lee BS, Lee JH, Park EK, Baek MC, Song GY, Bae JS. JH-4 reduces HMGB1-mediated septic responses and improves survival rate in septic mice. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:6277-6289. [PMID: 30378167 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and restoration of endothelial integrity are emerging as attractive therapeutic strategies for the management of severe vascular inflammatory diseases. Recently, we found that JH-4, a synthesized decursin derivative, exhibited a strong anti-Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome by efficiently blocking progerin-lamin A/C binding. In this study, we examined the effects of JH-4 on HMGB1-mediated septic responses and the survival rate in a mouse sepsis model. The anti-inflammatory activities of JH-4 were monitored based on its effects on lipopolysaccharide- or cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-mediated release of HMGB1. The antiseptic activities of JH-4 were determined by measuring permeability, leukocyte adhesion, migration, and the activation of proinflammatory proteins in HMGB1-activated human umbilical vein endothelial cells and mice. JH-4 inhibited the release of HMGB1 and downregulated HMGB1-dependent inflammatory responses in human endothelial cells. JH-4 also inhibited HMGB1-mediated hyperpermeability and leukocyte migration in mice. In addition, treatment with JH-4 reduced CLP-induced release of HMGB1, sepsis-related mortality, and pulmonary injury in vivo. Our results indicate that JH-4 is a possible therapeutic agent to treat various severe vascular inflammatory diseases via the inhibition of the HMGB1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonhwa Lee
- Aging Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - O Yuseok
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sumin Yang
- College of Pharmacy, CMRI, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Multi-Omics based Creative Drug Research Team, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Seon Lee
- College of Pharmacy, CMRI, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Multi-Omics based Creative Drug Research Team, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Eui Kyun Park
- Department of Pathology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon-Chang Baek
- Department of Molecular Medicine, CMRI, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyu-Yong Song
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,AREZ Co. Ltd., Sejong, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Sup Bae
- College of Pharmacy, CMRI, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Multi-Omics based Creative Drug Research Team, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Agatonovic-Kustrin S, Kettle C, Morton DW. A molecular approach in drug development for Alzheimer's disease. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 106:553-565. [PMID: 29990843 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.06.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
An increase in dementia numbers and global trends in population aging across the world prompts the need for new medications to treat the complex biological dysfunctions, such as neurodegeneration associated with dementia. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. Cholinergic signaling, which is important in cognition, is slowly lost in AD, so the first line therapy is to treat symptoms with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors to increase levels of acetylcholine. Out of five available FDA-approved AD medications, donepezil, galantamine and rivastigmine are cholinesterase inhibitors while memantine, a N-methyl d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, blocks the effects of high glutamate levels. The fifth medication consists of a combination of donepezil and memantine. Although these medications can reduce and temporarily slow down the symptoms of AD, they cannot stop the damage to the brain from progressing. For a superior therapeutic effect, multi-target drugs are required. Thus, a Multi-Target-Directed Ligand (MTDL) strategy has received more attention by scientists who are attempting to develop hybrid molecules that simultaneously modulate multiple biological targets. This review highlights recent examples of the MTDL approach and fragment based strategy in the rational design of new potential AD medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snezana Agatonovic-Kustrin
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; School of Pharmacy and Applied Science, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Sciences, La Trobe University, Edwards Rd., Bendigo, 3550, Australia.
| | - Christine Kettle
- School of Pharmacy and Applied Science, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Sciences, La Trobe University, Edwards Rd., Bendigo, 3550, Australia
| | - David W Morton
- School of Pharmacy and Applied Science, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Sciences, La Trobe University, Edwards Rd., Bendigo, 3550, Australia
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Zhu HF, Yan PW, Wang LJ, Liu YT, Wen J, Zhang Q, Fan YX, Luo YH. Protective properties of Huperzine A through activation Nrf2/ARE-mediated transcriptional response in X-rays radiation-induced NIH3T3 cells. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:8359-8367. [PMID: 29932247 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Huperzine A (HupA), derived from Huperzia Serrata, has exhibited a variety of biological actions, in particular neuroprotective effect. However, the protective activities of HupA on murine embryonic fibroblast NIH3T3 cells after X-rays radiation have not been fully elucidated. Herein, HupA treatment dramatically promoted cell viability, abated a G0/G1 peak accumulation, and ameliorated increase of cell apoptosis in NIH3T3 cells after X-rays radiation. Simultaneously, HupA notably enhanced activities of anti-oxidant enzymes, inhibited activity of lipid peroxide, and efficiently eliminated production of reactive oxygen species in NIH3T3 cells after X-rays radiation. Dose-dependent increase of antioxidant genes by HupA were associated with up-regulated Nrf2 and down-regulated Keap-1 expression, which was confirmed by increasing nuclear accumulation, and inhibiting of degradation of Nrf2. Notably, augmented luciferase activity of ARE may explained Nrf2/ARE-mediated signaling pathways behind HupA protective properties. Moreover, expression of Nrf2 HupA-mediated was significant attenuated by AKT inhibitor (LY294002), p38 MAPK inhibitor (SB202190) and ERK inhibitor (PD98059). Besides, HupA-mediated cell viability, and ROS production were dramatically bated by LY294002, SB202190, and PD98059. Taken together, HupA effectively ameliorated X-rays radiation-induced damage Nrf2-ARE-mediated transcriptional response via activation AKT, p38, and ERK signaling in NIH3T3 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan-Feng Zhu
- Department of Radiotherapy, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Peng-Wei Yan
- Department of Radiotherapy, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Li-Jun Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Ya-Tian Liu
- Department of Radiotherapy, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Jing Wen
- Department of Radiotherapy, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Xin Fan
- Department of Radiotherapy, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Hong Luo
- Department of Radiotherapy, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
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Wang W, Wang W, Yao G, Ren Q, Wang D, Wang Z, Liu P, Gao P, Zhang Y, Wang S, Song S. Novel sarsasapogenin-triazolyl hybrids as potential anti-Alzheimer's agents: Design, synthesis and biological evaluation. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 151:351-362. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.03.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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88
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Liu H, Zhu G, Fan Y, Du Y, Lan M, Xu Y, Zhu W. Natural Products Research in China From 2015 to 2016. Front Chem 2018; 6:45. [PMID: 29616210 PMCID: PMC5869933 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This review covers the literature published by chemists from China during the 2015-2016 on natural products (NPs), with 1,985 citations referring to 6,944 new compounds isolated from marine or terrestrial microorganisms, plants, and animals. The emphasis is on 730 new compounds with a novel skeleton or/and significant bioactivity, together with their source organism and country of origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haishan Liu
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Guoliang Zhu
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Yaqin Fan
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuqi Du
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Mengmeng Lan
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Yibo Xu
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Weiming Zhu
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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89
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Lee Y, Lee W, Chang H, Kim S, Kim J, Bae J. Testican‐1, as a novel diagnosis of sepsis. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:4216-4223. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Lee
- College of PharmacyCMRIResearch Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Multi‐Omics based Creative Drug Research TeamKyungpook National UniversityDaeguRepublic of Korea
| | - Wonhwa Lee
- College of PharmacyCMRIResearch Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Multi‐Omics based Creative Drug Research TeamKyungpook National UniversityDaeguRepublic of Korea
- Aging Research CenterKorea Research Institute of Bioscience and BiotechnologyDeajeonRepublic of Korea
| | - Hyun‐Ha Chang
- Department of Internal MedicineSchool of MedicineKyungpook National UniversityDaeguRepublic of Korea
| | - Shin‐Woo Kim
- Department of Internal MedicineSchool of MedicineKyungpook National UniversityDaeguRepublic of Korea
| | - Jaehong Kim
- Department of BiochemistrySchool of MedicineGachon UniversityIncheonRepublic of Korea
| | - Jong‐Sup Bae
- College of PharmacyCMRIResearch Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Multi‐Omics based Creative Drug Research TeamKyungpook National UniversityDaeguRepublic of Korea
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90
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Behavioural effects of novel multitarget anticholinesterasic derivatives in Alzheimer's disease. Behav Pharmacol 2018; 28:124-131. [PMID: 28125507 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The current pharmacological approach to Alzheimer's disease (AD) treatment, mostly based on acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs), is being revisited, especially in terms of the temporal frames and the potential benefits of their noncanonic actions, raising the question of whether inhibitors of AChE might also act in a disease-modifying manner. Besides, in the last decades, the pharmacophoric moieties of known AChEIs have been covalently linked to other pharmacophores in the pursuit of multitarget hybrid molecules that are expected to induce long-lasting amelioration of impaired neurotransmission and clinical symptoms but also to exert disease-modifying effects. Our research consortium has synthesized and defined the pharmacological profile of new AChEIs derivatives of potential interest for the treatment of AD. Among these, huprines and derivatives have been characterized successfully. Huprine X, a reversible AChE inhibitor, designed by molecular hybridization of tacrine and huperzine A, has been shown to affect the amyloidogenic process in vitro, and the AD-related neuropathology in vivo in mice models of the disease. More recently, we have shown that a group of donepezil-huprine heterodimers exerts a highly potent and selective inhibitory action on AChE both in vitro and ex vivo, simultaneously interacting with both peripheral and catalytic binding sites, and inhibiting the β-amyloid aggregation, whereas some levetiracetam-huprine hybrids have been shown to reduce epileptiform activity, neuroinflammation and amyloid burden in an animal model of AD. Here, we summarize the behavioural correlates of these noncanonic actions as assessed in three distinct biological scenarios: middle-age, cognitive deficits associated with ageing and AD-like phenotype in mice. Besides the improvement in the hallmark cognitive symptomatology without inducing side effects, these drugs have shown to be able to modulate emotional and anxiety-like behaviours or to reduce spontaneous seizures, all of them related to the so-called 'behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia'. Overall, the studies show that these novel multitarget anticholinesterasics exert noncanonic actions providing symptomatic and disease-modifying benefits of potential interest for the management of AD.
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91
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Zhuang Y, Qin K, Yang B, Liu X, Cai B, Cai H. Prediction of the targets of the main components in blood after oral administration ofXanthii Fructus: a network pharmacology study. RSC Adv 2018; 8:8870-8877. [PMID: 35539827 PMCID: PMC9078587 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra00186c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthii Fructus (XF), a famous traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), has been widely used in the treatment of rhinitis and other diseases. However, the targets of the main XF components found in the blood after oral administration of XF extract are still unclear. In the current study, a feasible systems pharmacology method was developed to predict these targets. In accordance with our previous research, XF components were selected including cleomiscosin A, myristic acid, succinic acid, xanthosine, sitostenone, emodin, apigenin, and chrysophanol. Three components, namely emodin, apigenin, and chrysophanol, failed to be detected with target proteins, thus the other five components, namely cleomiscosin A, myristic acid, succinic acid, xanthosine and sitostenone, were eventually chosen for further systematic analysis. Ninety-nine target proteins and fifty-two pathways were found after a series of analyses. The frequency of some target proteins was much higher than that of others; high frequencies were obtained for P15086, P07360, P07195, MAOM_HUMAN (P23368), P35558, P35520, ACE_HUMAN (P12821), C1S_HUMAN (P09871), PH4H_HUMAN (P00439), FPPS_HUMAN (P14324), P50613, P12724, IMPA1_HUMAN (P29218), HXK1_HUMAN (P19367), P14061, and MCR_HUMAN (P08235). The frequency of eight pathways was also high, including Generic Transcription Pathway, RNA Polymerase II Transcription, Metabolism, Metabolism of steroids, Gene expression (Transcription), Cellular responses to stress, Platelet activation, signaling and aggregation, Signaling by Receptor Tyrosine Kinases, and Cellular Senescence. This study identified a common pathway – the Metabolism pathway – for all five XF components. We successfully developed a network pharmacology method to predict the potential targets of the main XF components absorbed in serum after oral administration of XF extract. This paper developed a network pharmacology method to predict the potential pathways targeted by oral administration of XF extract.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanshuang Zhuang
- Engineering Center of State Ministry of Education for Chinese Medicine Processing
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine
- Nanjing 210023
- China
| | - Kunming Qin
- Nanjing Haichang Chinese Medicine Group Co., Ltd
- Nanjing 210061
- China
- Nanjing Haiyuan Prepared Slices of Chinese Crude Drugs Co., Ltd
- Nanjing 210061
| | - Bing Yang
- Engineering Center of State Ministry of Education for Chinese Medicine Processing
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine
- Nanjing 210023
- China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Engineering Center of State Ministry of Education for Chinese Medicine Processing
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine
- Nanjing 210023
- China
| | - Baochang Cai
- Engineering Center of State Ministry of Education for Chinese Medicine Processing
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine
- Nanjing 210023
- China
- Nanjing Haichang Chinese Medicine Group Co., Ltd
| | - Hao Cai
- Engineering Center of State Ministry of Education for Chinese Medicine Processing
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine
- Nanjing 210023
- China
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92
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Li H, Lei X. Fawcettimine-TypeLycopodiumAlkaloids as a Driving Force for Discoveries in Organic Synthesis. CHEM REC 2017; 18:543-554. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201700047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Houhua Li
- Department of Chemical Biology; Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology; Otto-Hahn-Str. 11 D-44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Xiaoguang Lei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences; Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
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93
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Hone AJ, McIntosh JM. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in neuropathic and inflammatory pain. FEBS Lett 2017; 592:1045-1062. [PMID: 29030971 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are actively being investigated as therapeutic targets for the treatment of pain and inflammation, but despite more than 30 years of research, there are currently no FDA-approved analgesics that are specific for these receptors. Much of the initial research effort focused on the α4β2 nAChR subtype, but more recently, additional subtypes have been identified as promising new leads and include α6β4, α7, and α9-containing nAChRs. This Review will focus on the distribution of these nAChRs in the cell types involved in neuropathic pain and inflammation and the activity of currently available nicotinic ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arik J Hone
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - J Michael McIntosh
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,George E. Whalen Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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94
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Wu SL, Gan J, Rao J, He SJ, Zhu WW, Zhao Y, Lv YN, Huang JG, Liu YN. Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of oral dosage forms of huperzine a in healthy Chinese male volunteers: a randomized, single dose, three-period, six-sequence crossover study. Curr Med Sci 2017; 37:795-802. [PMID: 29058298 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-017-1807-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Huperzine A is a potent, reversible, and blood-brain barrier permeable acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. The aim of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetics, tolerability, and bioavailability of two formulations with the established reference formulation of huperzine A in a fasting, healthy Chinese male population. This was a randomized, single-dose, 3-period, 6-sequence crossover study. The plasma concentrations of huperzine A were determined by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Tolerability was assessed based on subject interview, vital sign monitoring, physical examination, and routine blood and urine tests. The mean (SD) pharmacokinetic parameters of the reference drug were Cmax, 1.550 (0.528) ng/mL; t1/2, 12.092 (1.898) h; AUC0-72h, 17.550 (3.794) ng·h/mL. Those of the test formulation A and test formulation B were Cmax, 1.412 (0.467), 1.521 (0.608) ng/mL; t1/2, 12.073 (2.068), 12.271 (1.678) h; AUC0-72h, 15.286 (3.434) ng·h/mL, 15.673 (3.586) ng·h/mL. The 90% confidence intervals for the AUC0-72h and Cmax were between 0.80 and 1.25. No adverse events were reported by the subjects or found with results of clinical laboratory test. The test and reference products met the regulatory criteria for bioequivalence in these fasting, healthy Chinese male volunteers. All three formulations appeared to be well tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- San-Lan Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Clinical Research Organization for Pharmaceutical Products, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jun Gan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huangzhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jing Rao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huangzhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Si-Jie He
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huangzhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Wen-Wen Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huangzhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Clinical Research Organization for Pharmaceutical Products, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yong-Ning Lv
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Clinical Research Organization for Pharmaceutical Products, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jian-Geng Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huangzhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Ya-Ni Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
- Clinical Research Organization for Pharmaceutical Products, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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95
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Mao XY, Jin MZ, Chen JF, Zhou HH, Jin WL. Live or let die: Neuroprotective and anti-cancer effects of nutraceutical antioxidants. Pharmacol Ther 2017; 183:137-151. [PMID: 29055715 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Diet sources are closely involved in the pathogenesis of diverse neuropsychiatric disorders and cancers, in addition to inherited factors. Currently, natural products or nutraceuticals (commonly called medical foods) are increasingly employed for adjunctive therapy of these patients. However, the potential molecular mechanisms of the nutrient efficacy remain elusive. In this review, we summarized the neuroprotective and anti-cancer mechanisms of nutraceuticals. It was concluded that the nutraceuticals exerted neuroprotection and suppressed tumor growth possibly through the differential modulations of redox homeostasis. In addition, the balance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and ROS elimination was manipulated by multiple molecular mechanisms, including cell signaling pathways, inflammation, transcriptional regulation and epigenetic modulation, which were involved in the therapeutic potential of nutraceutical antioxidants against neurological diseases and cancers. We specifically proposed that ROS scavenging was integral in the neuroprotective potential of nutraceuticals, while alternation of ROS level (either increase or decrease) or disruption of redox homeostasis (ROS addiction) constituted the anti-cancer property of these compounds. We also hypothesized that ROS-associated ferroptosis, a novel type of lipid ROS-dependent regulatory cell death, was likely to be a critical mechanism for the nutraceutical antioxidants. Targeting ferroptosis is advantageous to develop new nutraceuticals with more effective and lower adverse reactions for curing patients with neuropsychiatric diseases or carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yuan Mao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, PR China.
| | - Ming-Zhu Jin
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - Jin-Fei Chen
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210006, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, PR China.
| | - Hong-Hao Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, PR China
| | - Wei-Lin Jin
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Information and Electronic Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China; National Center for Translational Medicine, Collaborative Innovational Center for System Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an 710021, PR China.
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96
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Li P, Zhu ML, Pan GP, Lu JX, Zhao FR, Jian X, Liu LY, Wan GR, Chen Y, Ping S, Wang SX, Hu CP. Vitamin B6 prevents isocarbophos-induced vascular dementia in rats through N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor signaling. Clin Exp Hypertens 2017; 40:192-201. [PMID: 28872356 DOI: 10.1080/10641963.2017.1356844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously reported that the long-term exposure of organophosphorus induces vascular dementia (VD) in rats. As a coenzyme, vitamin B6 is mainly involved in the regulation of metabolisms. Whether vitamin B6 improves VD remains unknown. METHODS The model of VD was induced by feeding rats with isocarbophos (0.5 mg/kg per two day, 12 weeks). The blood flow of the posterior cerebral artery (PCA) in rat was assessed by transcranial Doppler (TCD). The learning and memory were evaluated by the Morris Water Maze (MWM) test. RESULTS Administration of vitamin B6 increased the blood flow in the right and left posterior cerebral arteries and improved the functions of learning and memory in isocarbophos-treated rats. Vitamin B6 increased the protein levels of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) 2B, postsynaptic densities (PSDs) protein 95, and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMK-II) in the hippocampus, which were decreased by isocarbophos in rats. Morphological analysis by light microscope and electronic microscope indicated disruptions of the hippocampus caused by isocarbophos were normalized by vitamin B6. Importantly, the antagonist of NMDAR signaling by eliprodil abolished these beneficial effects produced by vitamin B6 on PCA blood flow, learning, memory, and hippocampus structure in rats, as well as the protein expression of NMDAR 2B, PSDs protein 95, and CaMK-II in the hippocampus. CONCLUSION Vitamin B6 activates NMDAR signaling to prevent isocarbophos-induced VD in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- a Department of Pharmacology , Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University , Changsha , China.,b College of Pharmacy , School of Basic Medicine and Sanquan Medical College, Xinxiang Medical University , Xinxiang , China
| | - Mo-Li Zhu
- c The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research , Qilu Hospital, Shandong University , Jinan , China
| | - Guo-Pin Pan
- b College of Pharmacy , School of Basic Medicine and Sanquan Medical College, Xinxiang Medical University , Xinxiang , China
| | - Jun-Xiu Lu
- b College of Pharmacy , School of Basic Medicine and Sanquan Medical College, Xinxiang Medical University , Xinxiang , China
| | - Fan-Rong Zhao
- b College of Pharmacy , School of Basic Medicine and Sanquan Medical College, Xinxiang Medical University , Xinxiang , China
| | - Xu Jian
- b College of Pharmacy , School of Basic Medicine and Sanquan Medical College, Xinxiang Medical University , Xinxiang , China
| | - Li-Ying Liu
- a Department of Pharmacology , Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University , Changsha , China.,b College of Pharmacy , School of Basic Medicine and Sanquan Medical College, Xinxiang Medical University , Xinxiang , China
| | - Guang-Rui Wan
- b College of Pharmacy , School of Basic Medicine and Sanquan Medical College, Xinxiang Medical University , Xinxiang , China
| | - Yuan Chen
- c The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research , Qilu Hospital, Shandong University , Jinan , China
| | - Song Ping
- b College of Pharmacy , School of Basic Medicine and Sanquan Medical College, Xinxiang Medical University , Xinxiang , China
| | - Shuang-Xi Wang
- b College of Pharmacy , School of Basic Medicine and Sanquan Medical College, Xinxiang Medical University , Xinxiang , China.,c The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research , Qilu Hospital, Shandong University , Jinan , China
| | - Chang-Ping Hu
- a Department of Pharmacology , Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University , Changsha , China
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97
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Xu Y, Cheng S, Sussman JL, Silman I, Jiang H. Computational Studies on Acetylcholinesterases. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22081324. [PMID: 28796192 PMCID: PMC6152020 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22081324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Functions of biomolecules, in particular enzymes, are usually modulated by structural fluctuations. This is especially the case in a gated diffusion-controlled reaction catalyzed by an enzyme such as acetylcholinesterase. The catalytic triad of acetylcholinesterase is located at the bottom of a long and narrow gorge, but it catalyzes the extremely rapid hydrolysis of the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, with a reaction rate close to the diffusion-controlled limit. Computational modeling and simulation have produced considerable advances in exploring the dynamical and conformational properties of biomolecules, not only aiding in interpreting the experimental data, but also providing insights into the internal motions of the biomolecule at the atomic level. Given the remarkably high catalytic efficiency and the importance of acetylcholinesterase in drug development, great efforts have been made to understand the dynamics associated with its functions by use of various computational methods. Here, we present a comprehensive overview of recent computational studies on acetylcholinesterase, expanding our views of the enzyme from a microstate of a single structure to conformational ensembles, strengthening our understanding of the integration of structure, dynamics and function associated with the enzyme, and promoting the structure-based and/or mechanism-based design of new inhibitors for it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yechun Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Shanmei Cheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Joel L Sussman
- Israel Structural Proteomics Center, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
| | - Israel Silman
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
| | - Hualiang Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 201203, China.
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98
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Turkseven CH, Buyukakilli B, Balli E, Yetkin D, Erdal ME, Yilmaz SG, Sahin L. Effects of Huperzin-A on the Beta-amyloid accumulation in the brain and skeletal muscle cells of a rat model for Alzheimer's disease. Life Sci 2017; 184:47-57. [PMID: 28709849 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is characterized by a loss of cognitive function and also the accumulation of β-amyloid peptide (βAP) in the brain parenchyma, which plays an important role in this disease. However, it is often also associated with the non-cognitive symptoms such as loss of muscle function (Inclusion-Body Myositis-IBM). MAIN METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats (13 weeks-n=68) were randomly assigned into five groups: Group C: Control; Group D: d-galactose; Group O+D: Bilateral oophorectomy+d-galactose; Group O: Bilateral oophorectomy; Group O+D+H: Bilateral oophorectomy+d-galactose+Hup-A. Tissue fixation was performed with the perfusion method. The Compound Muscle Action Potential (CMAP) and mechanical muscle activity were recorded using the standard electro-biophysical techniques. Immune staining was performed with specific antibodies, and the pathological changes were examined. RNA was obtained from brain tissue samples with the Trizol Method. Then, the expression data of mature-miRNAs (rno-miR-9-5p, rno-miR-29a-3p, rno-miR-106a-5p, rno-miR-107 and rno-miR-125a-3p), which may be effective in AD, were taken with Real-Time PCR. KEY FINDINGS Impairments occurred in behavioral tests of the rats in the O+D group. βAP accumulation and AChE activity increased significantly in the forebrain in the O+D group compared to the C group. It was seen that Huperzine-A (Hup-A) reduced AChE activity and destructed βAP accumulation. There was a significant decrease in the maximum contractile force at different frequencies in the O+D group and in the O group compared to the C group. SIGNIFICANCE It was found that Hup-A contributed to the healing process in rats for damage occurring both in the brain and in the neuro-muscular system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Belgin Buyukakilli
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey.
| | - Ebru Balli
- Department of Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Derya Yetkin
- Department of Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Emin Erdal
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Senay Gorucu Yilmaz
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Leyla Sahin
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
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Administration of Huperzine A exerts antidepressant-like activity in a rat model of post-stroke depression. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2017; 158:32-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Revised: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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100
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Gu S, Pei J. Innovating Chinese Herbal Medicine: From Traditional Health Practice to Scientific Drug Discovery. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:381. [PMID: 28670279 PMCID: PMC5472722 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
As one of the major contemporary alternative medicines, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) continues its influence in Chinese communities and has begun to attract the academic attention in the world of western medicine. This paper aims to examine Chinese herbal medicine (CHM), the essential branch of TCM, from both narrative and scientific perspectives. CHM is a traditional health practice originated from Chinese philosophy and religion, holding the belief of holism and balance in the body. With the development of orthodox medicine and science during the last centuries, CHM also seized the opportunity to change from traditional health practice to scientific drug discovery illustrated in the famous story of the herb-derived drug artemisinin. However, hindered by its culture and founding principles, CHM faces the questions of the research paradigm posed by the convention of science. To address these questions, we discussed two essential questions concerning the relationship of CHM and science, and then upheld the paradigm of methodological reductionism in scientific research. Finally, the contemporary narrative of CHM in the 21st century was discussed in the hope to preserve this medical tradition in tandem with scientific research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Gu
- Center for Quantitative Biology, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking UniversityBeijing, China.,Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, CambridgeMA, United States
| | - Jianfeng Pei
- Center for Quantitative Biology, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking UniversityBeijing, China
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