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Lu Y, Ma W, Mao J, Yu X, Hou Z, Fan S, Song B, Wang H, Li J, Kang L, Liu P, Liu Q, Li L. Salinomycin exerts anticancer effects on human breast carcinoma MCF-7 cancer stem cells via modulation of Hedgehog signaling. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 228:100-7. [PMID: 25499043 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer tissue contains a small population of cells that have the ability to self-renew, these cells are known as breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs). The Hedgehog signal transduction pathway plays a central role in stem cell development, its aberrant activation has been shown to contribute to the development of breast cancer, making this pathway an attractive therapeutic target. Salinomycin (Sal) is a novel identified cancer stem cells (CSCs) killer, however, the molecular basis for its anticancer effects is not yet clear. In the current study, Sal's ability to modulate the activity of key elements in the Hedgehog pathway was examined in the human breast cancer cell line MCF-7, as well as in a subpopulation of cancer stem cells identified within this cancer cell line. We show here that Sal inhibits proliferation, invasion, and migration while also inducing apoptosis in MCF-7 cells. Interestingly, in a subpopulation of MCF-7 cells with the CD44(+)/CD24(-) markers and high ALDH1 levels indicative of BCSCs, modulators of Hedgehog signaling Smo and Gli1 were significantly down-regulated upon treatment with Sal. These results demonstrate that Sal also inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis of BCSCs, further establishing it as therapeutically relevant in the context of breast cancers and also indicating that modulation of Hedgehog signaling is one potential mechanism by which it exerts these anticancer effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lu
- Department of Pathology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Wei Ma
- Department of Pathology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Jun Mao
- Department of Pathology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Tumor Stem Cell Research of Liaoning Province, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Xiaotang Yu
- Department of Pathology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Zhenhuan Hou
- Department of Pathology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Shujun Fan
- Department of Pathology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Bo Song
- Department of Pathology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Huan Wang
- Department of Pathology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Jiazhi Li
- Department of Pathology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Le Kang
- Department of Pathology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Pixu Liu
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Quentin Liu
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Lianhong Li
- Department of Pathology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Tumor Stem Cell Research of Liaoning Province, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China.
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52
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Synthesis, anticancer and antibacterial activity of salinomycin N-benzyl amides. Molecules 2014; 19:19435-59. [PMID: 25429565 PMCID: PMC6271077 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191219435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of 12 novel monosubstituted N-benzyl amides of salinomycin (SAL) was synthesized for the first time and characterized by NMR and FT-IR spectroscopic methods. Molecular structures of three salinomycin derivatives in the solid state were determined using single crystal X-ray method. All compounds obtained were screened for their antiproliferative activity against various human cancer cell lines as well as against the most problematic bacteria strains such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE), and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Novel salinomycin derivatives exhibited potent anticancer activity against drug-resistant cell lines. Additionally, two N-benzyl amides of salinomycin revealed interesting antibacterial activity. The most active were N-benzyl amides of SAL substituted at -ortho position and the least anticancer active derivatives were those substituted at the -para position.
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Klose J, Stankov MV, Kleine M, Ramackers W, Panayotova-Dimitrova D, Jäger MD, Klempnauer J, Winkler M, Bektas H, Behrens GMN, Vondran FWR. Inhibition of autophagic flux by salinomycin results in anti-cancer effect in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95970. [PMID: 24816744 PMCID: PMC4015957 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Salinomycin raised hope to be effective in anti-cancer therapies due to its capability to overcome apoptosis-resistance in several types of cancer cells. Recently, its effectiveness against human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells both in vitro and in vivo was demonstrated. However, the mechanism of action remained unclear. Latest studies implicated interference with the degradation pathway of autophagy. This study aimed to determine the impact of Salinomycin on HCC-autophagy and whether primary human hepatocytes (PHH) likewise are affected. Following exposure of HCC cell lines HepG2 and Huh7 to varying concentrations of Salinomycin (0-10 µM), comprehensive analysis of autophagic activity using western-blotting and flow-cytometry was performed. Drug effects were analyzed in the settings of autophagy stimulation by starvation or PP242-treatment and correlated with cell viability, proliferation, apoptosis induction, mitochondrial mass accumulation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. Impact on apoptosis induction and cell function of PHH was analyzed. Constitutive and stimulated autophagic activities both were effectively suppressed in HCC by Salinomycin. This inhibition was associated with dysfunctional mitochondria accumulation, increased apoptosis and decreased proliferation and cell viability. Effects of Salinomycin were dose and time dependent and could readily be replicated by pharmacological and genetic inhibition of HCC-autophagy alone. Salinomycin exposure to PHH resulted in transient impairment of synthesis function and cell viability without apoptosis induction. In conclusion, our data suggest that Salinomycin suppresses late stages of HCC-autophagy, leading to impaired recycling and accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria with increased ROS-production all of which are associated with induction of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Klose
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Metodi V. Stankov
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Moritz Kleine
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Wolf Ramackers
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Diana Panayotova-Dimitrova
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Mark D. Jäger
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jürgen Klempnauer
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael Winkler
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Hüseyin Bektas
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Georg M. N. Behrens
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hannover-Braunschweig, Hannover, Germany
| | - Florian W. R. Vondran
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hannover-Braunschweig, Hannover, Germany
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54
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Huczyński A, Janczak J, Rutkowski J, Brzezinski B. Spectroscopic, crystallographic and theoretical studies of lasalocid complex with ammonia and benzylamine. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2014; 125:297-307. [PMID: 24562161 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.01.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A natural antibiotic--Lasalocid is able to form stable complexes with ammonia and organic amines. New complexes of lasalocid with benzylamine and ammonia were obtained in the crystal forms and studied using X-ray, FT-IR, (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR and DFT methods. These studies have shown that in both complexes the proton is transferred from the carboxylic group to the amine group with the formation of a pseudo-cyclic structure of lasalocid anion complexing the protonated amine or NH4(+) cation. The spectroscopic and DFT studies demonstrated that the structure of the complex formed between Lasalocid and benzylamine in the solid is also conserved in the solution and gas phase. In contrast, the structure of the complex formed between lasalocid and ammonium cation found in the solid state undergoes dissociation in chloroform solution accompanied with a change in the coordination form of the NH4(+) cation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Huczyński
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Jan Janczak
- Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, PO Box 1410, 50950 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jacek Rutkowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznań, Poland
| | - Bogumil Brzezinski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznań, Poland
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55
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Borgström B, Huang X, Pošta M, Hegardt C, Oredsson S, Strand D. Synthetic modification of salinomycin: selective O-acylation and biological evaluation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 49:9944-6. [PMID: 24037337 DOI: 10.1039/c3cc45983g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Salinomycin has found renewed interest as an agent for prevention of cancer recurrence through selectively targeting cancer stem cells. Strategies for generation of improved salinomycin analogs by individual modification of its hydroxyl groups are presented. An evaluation of the dose-response effects of the resulting library on breast cancer cell lines shows that acylation of the C20 hydroxyl can be used to improve IC50 values down to one fifth that of salinomycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Borgström
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden.
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56
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Ismail F, Winkler DA. Getting to the Source: Selective Drug Targeting of Cancer Stem Cells. ChemMedChem 2014; 9:885-98. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201400068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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57
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Calzolari A, Saulle E, De Angelis ML, Pasquini L, Boe A, Pelacchi F, Ricci-Vitiani L, Baiocchi M, Testa U. Salinomycin potentiates the cytotoxic effects of TRAIL on glioblastoma cell lines. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94438. [PMID: 24740347 PMCID: PMC3989199 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) has been reported to exhibit therapeutic activity in cancer. However, many tumors remain resistant to treatment with TRAIL. Therefore, small molecules that potentiate the cytotoxic effects of TRAIL could be used for combinatorial therapy. Here we found that the ionophore antibiotic salinomycin acts in synergism with TRAIL, enhancing TRAIL-induced apoptosis in glioma cells. Treatment with low doses of salinomycin in combination with TRAIL augmented the activation of caspase-3 and increased TRAIL-R2 cell surface expression. TRAIL-R2 upmodulation was required for mediating the stimulatory effect of salinomycin on TRAIL-mediated apoptosis, since it was abrogated by siRNA-mediated TRAIL-R2 knockdown. Salinomycin in synergism with TRAIL exerts a marked anti-tumor effect in nude mice xenografted with human glioblastoma cells. Our results suggest that the combination of TRAIL and salinomycin may be a useful tool to overcome TRAIL resistance in glioma cells and may represent a potential drug for treatment of these tumors. Importantly, salinomycin+TRAIL were able to induce cell death of well-defined glioblastoma stem-like lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Calzolari
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Ernestina Saulle
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Laura De Angelis
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Pasquini
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Boe
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Pelacchi
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Ricci-Vitiani
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Baiocchi
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Ugo Testa
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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58
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Li Y, Li PK, Roberts MJ, Arend RC, Samant RS, Buchsbaum DJ. Multi-targeted therapy of cancer by niclosamide: A new application for an old drug. Cancer Lett 2014; 349:8-14. [PMID: 24732808 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The rapid development of new anticancer drugs that are safe and effective is a common goal shared by basic scientists, clinicians and patients. The current review discusses one such agent, namely niclosamide, which has been used in the clinic for the treatment of intestinal parasite infections. Recent studies repeatedly identified niclosamide as a potential anticancer agent by various high-throughput screening campaigns. Niclosamide not only inhibits the Wnt/β-catenin, mTORC1, STAT3, NF-κB and Notch signaling pathways, but also targets mitochondria in cancer cells to induce cell cycle arrest, growth inhibition and apoptosis. A number of studies have established the anticancer activities of niclosamide in both in vitro and in vivo models. Moreover, the inhibitory effects of niclosamide on cancer stem cells provide further evidence for its consideration as a promising drug for cancer therapy. This article reviews various aspects of niclosamide as they relate to its efficacy against cancer and associated molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghe Li
- Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, AL, United States.
| | - Pui-Kai Li
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Michael J Roberts
- Drug Development Division, Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Rebecca C Arend
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Rajeev S Samant
- Department of Pathology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Donald J Buchsbaum
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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59
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Zhou S, Wang F, Wong ET, Fonkem E, Hsieh TC, Wu JM, Wu E. Salinomycin: a novel anti-cancer agent with known anti-coccidial activities. Curr Med Chem 2014; 20:4095-101. [PMID: 23931281 DOI: 10.2174/15672050113109990199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2013] [Revised: 03/31/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Salinomycin, traditionally used as an anti-coccidial drug, has recently been shown to possess anti-cancer and anti-cancer stem cell (CSC) effects, as well as activities to overcome multi-drug resistance based on studies using human cancer cell lines, xenograft mice, and in case reports involving cancer patients in pilot clinical trials. Therefore, salinomycin may be considered as a promising novel anti-cancer agent despite its largely unknown mechanism of action. This review summarizes the pharmacologic effects of salinomycin and presents possible mechanisms by which salinomycin exerts its anti-tumorigenic activities. Recent advances and potential complications that might limit the utilization of salinomycin as an anti-cancer and anti-CSC agent are also presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, 203 Sudro Hall, NDSU Dept 2665, PO Box 6050, Fargo, ND 58108-6050.
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Antoszczak M, Maj E, Stefańska J, Wietrzyk J, Janczak J, Brzezinski B, Huczyński A. Synthesis, antiproliferative and antibacterial activity of new amides of salinomycin. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:1724-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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61
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Goodarzi N, Ghahremani MH, Amini M, Atyabi F, Ostad SN, Shabani Ravari N, Nateghian N, Dinarvand R. CD44-Targeted Docetaxel Conjugate for Cancer Cells and Cancer Stem-Like Cells: A Novel Hyaluronic Acid-Based Drug Delivery System. Chem Biol Drug Des 2014; 83:741-52. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Navid Goodarzi
- Nanomedicine and Biomaterial Lab; Department of Pharmaceutics; Faculty of Pharmacy; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; 16 Azar St Enqelab Sq Tehran 1417614411 Iran
| | - Mohammad H. Ghahremani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Faculty of Pharmacy; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; 16 Azar St Enqelab Sq Tehran 1417614411 Iran
| | - Mohsen Amini
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry; Faculty of Pharmacy; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; 16 Azar St Enqelab Sq Tehran 1417614411 Iran
| | - Fatemeh Atyabi
- Nanomedicine and Biomaterial Lab; Department of Pharmaceutics; Faculty of Pharmacy; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; 16 Azar St Enqelab Sq Tehran 1417614411 Iran
- Nanotechnology Research Centre; Faculty of Pharmacy; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; 16 Azar St Enqelab Sq Tehran 1417614411 Iran
| | - Seyed N. Ostad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Faculty of Pharmacy; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; 16 Azar St Enqelab Sq Tehran 1417614411 Iran
| | - Nazanin Shabani Ravari
- Nanomedicine and Biomaterial Lab; Department of Pharmaceutics; Faculty of Pharmacy; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; 16 Azar St Enqelab Sq Tehran 1417614411 Iran
| | - Navid Nateghian
- Nanomedicine and Biomaterial Lab; Department of Pharmaceutics; Faculty of Pharmacy; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; 16 Azar St Enqelab Sq Tehran 1417614411 Iran
| | - Rassoul Dinarvand
- Nanomedicine and Biomaterial Lab; Department of Pharmaceutics; Faculty of Pharmacy; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; 16 Azar St Enqelab Sq Tehran 1417614411 Iran
- Nanotechnology Research Centre; Faculty of Pharmacy; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; 16 Azar St Enqelab Sq Tehran 1417614411 Iran
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62
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Antoszczak M, Popiel K, Stefańska J, Wietrzyk J, Maj E, Janczak J, Michalska G, Brzezinski B, Huczyński A. Synthesis, cytotoxicity and antibacterial activity of new esters of polyether antibiotic - salinomycin. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 76:435-44. [PMID: 24602789 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A series of 12 novel ester derivatives of naturally occurring polyether antibiotic - salinomycin were synthesized, characterised by spectroscopic method and evaluated for their in vitro antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity. The new esters were demonstrated to form complexes with monovalent and divalent metal cation of 1:1 stoichiometry in contrast to the salinomycin which forms only complexes with monovalent cations. All the obtained compounds show potent antiproliferative activity against human cancer cell lines and a good selectivity index for cancer versus mammalian cells. Additionally, 3 compounds showed higher antiproliferative activity against the drug-resistant cancer cells and lower toxicity towards normal cells than those of unmodified salinomycin and standard anticancer drugs such as cisplatin and doxorubicin. Some of the synthesized compounds showed good inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus strains and clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE). These studies show that salinomycin esters are interesting scaffolds for the development of novel anticancer and Gram-positive antibacterial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Antoszczak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Popiel
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland
| | - Joanna Stefańska
- Medical University of Warsaw, Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Oczki 3, 02-007 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Wietrzyk
- Ludwik Hierszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rudolfa Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Ewa Maj
- Ludwik Hierszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rudolfa Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jan Janczak
- Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, PO Box 1410, 50-950 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Greta Michalska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland
| | - Bogumil Brzezinski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland
| | - Adam Huczyński
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland.
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63
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One-pot synthesis and cytotoxicity studies of new Mannich base derivatives of polyether antibiotic—Lasalocid acid. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:5053-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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64
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Ojo OO, Bhadauria S, Rath SK. Dose-dependent adverse effects of salinomycin on male reproductive organs and fertility in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69086. [PMID: 23840907 PMCID: PMC3698082 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Salinomycin is used as an antibiotic in animal husbandry. Its implication in cancer therapy has recently been proposed. Present study evaluated the toxic effects of Salinomycin on male reproductive system of mice. Doses of 1, 3 or 5 mg/kg of Salinomycin were administered daily for 28 days. Half of the mice were sacrificed after 24 h of the last treatment and other half were sacrificed 28 days after withdrawal of treatment. Effects of SAL on body and reproductive organ weights were studied. Histoarchitecture of testis and epididymis was evaluated along with ultrastructural changes in Leydig cells. Serum and testicular testosterone and luteinizing hormones were estimated. Superoxide dismutase, reduced glutathione, lipid peroxidation, catalase and lactate dehydrogenase activities were measured. Spermatozoa count, morphology, motility and fertility were evaluated. Expression patterns of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) and cytochrome P450 side chain cleavage proteins (CYP11A1) were assessed by Western blotting. Salinomycin treatment was lethal to few mice and retarded body growth in others with decreased weight of testes and seminal vesicles in a dose dependent manner. Seminiferous tubules in testes were disrupted and the epithelium of epididymis showed frequent occurrence of vacuolization and necrosis. Leydig cells showed hypertrophied cytoplasm with shrunken nuclei, condensed mitochondria, proliferated endoplasmic reticulum and increased number of lipid droplets. Salinomycin decreased motility and spermatozoa count with increased number of abnormal spermatozoa leading to infertility. The testosterone and luteinizing hormone levels were decreased in testis but increased in serum at higher doses. Depletion of superoxide dismutase and reduced glutathione with increased lipid peroxidation in both testis and epididymis indicated generation of oxidative stress. Suppressed expression of StAR and CYP11A1 proteins indicates inhibition of steroidogenesis. Spermatogenesis was however observed in testis 28 days after Salinomycin withdrawal. The results indicate reversible dose-dependent adverse effects of Salinomycin on male reproductive system of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Smrati Bhadauria
- Toxicology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Srikanta Kumar Rath
- Toxicology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
- * E-mail:
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65
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Arafat K, Iratni R, Takahashi T, Parekh K, Al Dhaheri Y, Adrian TE, Attoub S. Inhibitory Effects of Salinomycin on Cell Survival, Colony Growth, Migration, and Invasion of Human Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer A549 and LNM35: Involvement of NAG-1. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66931. [PMID: 23805285 PMCID: PMC3689654 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A major challenge for oncologists and pharmacologists is to develop more potent and less toxic drugs that will decrease the tumor growth and improve the survival of lung cancer patients. Salinomycin is a polyether antibiotic used to kill gram-positive bacteria including mycobacteria, protozoans such as plasmodium falciparum, and the parasites responsible for the poultry disease coccidiosis. This old agent is now a serious anti-cancer drug candidate that selectively inhibits the growth of cancer stem cells. We investigated the impact of salinomycin on survival, colony growth, migration and invasion of the differentiated human non-small cell lung cancer lines LNM35 and A549. Salinomycin caused concentration- and time-dependent reduction in viability of LNM35 and A549 cells through a caspase 3/7-associated cell death pathway. Similarly, salinomycin (2.5–5 µM for 7 days) significantly decreased the growth of LNM35 and A549 colonies in soft agar. Metastasis is the main cause of death related to lung cancer. In this context, salinomycin induced a time- and concentration-dependent inhibition of cell migration and invasion. We also demonstrated for the first time that salinomycin induced a marked increase in the expression of the pro-apoptotic protein NAG-1 leading to the inhibition of lung cancer cell invasion but not cell survival. These findings identify salinomycin as a promising novel therapeutic agent for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kholoud Arafat
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rabah Iratni
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Takashi Takahashi
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Khatija Parekh
- Departments of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Yusra Al Dhaheri
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Thomas E. Adrian
- Departments of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Samir Attoub
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
- * E-mail:
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Jangamreddy JR, Ghavami S, Grabarek J, Kratz G, Wiechec E, Fredriksson BA, Rao Pariti RK, Cieślar-Pobuda A, Panigrahi S, Łos MJ. Salinomycin induces activation of autophagy, mitophagy and affects mitochondrial polarity: differences between primary and cancer cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2013; 1833:2057-69. [PMID: 23639289 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanism of Salinomycin's toxicity is not fully understood. Various studies reported that Ca(2+), cytochrome c, and caspase activation play a role in Salinomycin-induced cytotoxicity. Furthermore, Salinomycin may target Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway to promote differentiation and thus elimination of cancer stem cells. In this study, we show a massive autophagic response to Salinomycin (substantially stronger than to commonly used autophagic inducer Rapamycin) in prostrate-, breast cancer cells, and to lesser degree in human normal dermal fibroblasts. Interestingly, autophagy induced by Salinomycin is a cell protective mechanism in all tested cancer cell lines. Furthermore, Salinomycin induces mitophagy, mitoptosis and increased mitochondrial membrane potential (∆Ψ) in a subpopulation of cells. Salinomycin strongly, and in time-dependent manner decreases cellular ATP level. Contrastingly, human normal dermal fibroblasts treated with Salinomycin show some initial decrease in mitochondrial mass, however they are largely resistant to Salinomycin-triggered ATP-depletion. Our data provide new insight into the molecular mechanism of preferential toxicity of Salinomycin towards cancer cells, and suggest possible clinical application of Salinomycin in combination with autophagy inhibitors (i.e. clinically-used Chloroquine). Furthermore, we discuss preferential Salinomycins toxicity in the context of Warburg effect.
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67
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Targeted therapies of metastatic breast cancer: relationships with cancer stem cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2013; 67:543-55. [PMID: 23643355 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2013.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last years, many targeted agents have been developed for metastatic breast cancer (MBC) treatment and are being tested in clinical trials. In spite of this, apart from epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) positive subset, no significant increase in the median overall survival (OS) has been reported. Similarly to conventional chemo- and radiotherapy, the cancer stem cell theory has been evoked to explain the frustrating results often obtained with this emerging category of drugs. This review examines the results in MBC of the approved targeted therapies or those currently under evaluation in experimental studies or in clinical trials, in the light of their relationships with breast CSCs and of the efforts to circumvent the development of resistance. In the next, there is the principal need to investigate if the effects on CSCs may be used to overcome cancer resistance and it will be opportune to consider whether molecular targeted therapies should be used alone or combined with conventional therapy, or with a different target drug specific for CSCs.
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Al Dhaheri Y, Attoub S, Arafat K, AbuQamar S, Eid A, Al Faresi N, Iratni R. Salinomycin induces apoptosis and senescence in breast cancer: Upregulation of p21, downregulation of survivin and histone H3 and H4 hyperacetylation. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:3121-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Steverding D, Sexton DW. Trypanocidal activity of salinomycin is due to sodium influx followed by cell swelling. Parasit Vectors 2013; 6:78. [PMID: 23517602 PMCID: PMC3621689 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-6-78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The few currently available drugs for treatment of African trypanosomiasis are outdated and show problems with toxicity and resistance. Hence, there is an urgent need for the discovery and development of new anti-trypanosomal agents. Findings In this study, the ionophorous antibiotic salinomycin was investigated for its trypanocidal activity in vitro using culture-adapted bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma brucei. The concentrations of salinomycin to reduce the growth rate by 50% and to kill the parasites were 0.31 μM and 1 μM, respectively. The trypanocidal action of the ionophore was shown to be the result of an influx of Na+ resulting in an increased intracellular Na+ concentration followed by cell swelling. This mode of action differs from the mechanism for the anti-cancer activity of salinomycin reported to be by induction of apoptosis. Conclusion Here we have shown that salinomycin is an effective agent against bloodstream forms of T. brucei and might be a potential candidate for treatment of African trypanosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietmar Steverding
- BioMedical Research Centre, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.
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70
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Rutkowski J, Brzezinski B. Structures and properties of naturally occurring polyether antibiotics. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:162513. [PMID: 23586016 PMCID: PMC3613094 DOI: 10.1155/2013/162513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Polyether ionophores represent a large group of natural, biologically active substances produced by Streptomyces spp. They are lipid soluble and able to transport metal cations across cell membranes. Several of polyether ionophores are widely used as growth promoters in veterinary. Polyether antibiotics show a broad spectrum of bioactivity ranging from antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic, antiviral, and tumour cell cytotoxicity. Recently, it has been shown that some of these compounds are able to selectively kill cancer stem cells and multidrug-resistant cancer cells. Thus, they are recognized as new potential anticancer drugs. The biological activity of polyether ionophores is strictly connected with their molecular structure; therefore, the purpose of this paper is to present an overview of their formula, molecular structure, and properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Rutkowski
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznań, Poland.
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Momekova D, Momekov G, Ivanova J, Pantcheva I, Drakalska E, Stoyanov N, Guenova M, Michova A, Balashev K, Arpadjan S, Mitewa M, Rangelov S, Lambov N. Sterically stabilized liposomes as a platform for salinomycin metal coordination compounds: physicochemical characterization and in vitro evaluation. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(13)50033-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Huczyński A, Rutkowski J, Wietrzyk J, Stefańska J, Maj E, Ratajczak-Sitarz M, Katrusiak A, Brzezinski B, Bartl F. X-ray crystallographic, FT-IR and NMR studies as well as anticancer and antibacterial activity of the salt formed between ionophore antibiotic Lasalocid acid and amines. J Mol Struct 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2012.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Polyether ionophores—promising bioactive molecules for cancer therapy. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:7002-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Ferrari P, Nicolini A. Breast cancer stem cells: new therapeutic approaches. BREAST CANCER MANAGEMENT 2012. [DOI: 10.2217/bmt.12.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY Breast cancer stem cells are defined as a small subset of cells within a cancer that constitutes a reservoir of self-sustaining cells; they are low-dividing, have a reduced ability to undergo apoptosis and a higher ability of DNA repair, making them more resistant to conventional radiation and chemotherapy. The recent better understanding of the mechanisms of resistance to therapy related to stem cells has opened new scenarios and perspectives for therapeutic approaches. Some drugs active against breast cancer stem cells have been used in cancer therapy for years, other approaches are currently under clinical trials and many drugs are still in a preclinical phase. Only controlled clinical trials will answer the question whether or not these new therapeutical approaches alone or combined with the ongoing treatments significantly improve the outcome of breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Ferrari
- Unit of Oncology 1, Department of Oncology, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Nicolini
- Unit of Oncology 2, Department of Oncology, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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Szkudlarek-Mikho M, Saunders RA, Yap SF, Ngeow YF, Chin KV. Salinomycin, a polyether ionophoric antibiotic, inhibits adipogenesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 428:487-93. [PMID: 23123626 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.10.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The polyether ionophoric antibiotics including monensin, salinomycin, and narasin, are widely used in veterinary medicine and as food additives and growth promoters in animal husbandry including poultry farming. Their effects on human health, however, are not fully understood. Recent studies showed that salinomycin is a cancer stem cell inhibitor. Since poultry consumption has risen sharply in the last three decades, we asked whether the consumption of meat tainted with growth promoting antibiotics might have effects on adipose cells. We showed in this report that the ionophoric antibiotics inhibit the differentiation of preadipocytes into adipocytes. The block of differentiation is not due to the induction of apoptosis nor the inhibition of cell proliferation. In addition, salinomycin also suppresses the transcriptional activity of the CCAAT/enhancer binding proteins and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ. These results suggest that the ionophoric antibiotics can be exploited as novel anti-obesity therapeutics and as pharmacological probes for the study of adipose biology. Further, the pharmacological effects of salinomycin could be a harbinger of its toxicity on the adipose tissue and other susceptible target cells in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Szkudlarek-Mikho
- Department of Medicine, Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research, College of Medicine, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
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Abstract
The present study identified a novel salinomycin (Sal) sensitization mechanism in cancer. We tested whether Sal reduced proliferation in a high-density population by counting attached cell numbers after Sal treatment. Sal reduced proliferation in high-density cell populations. Longer exposure to Sal further reduced proliferation. Sal concentrations of 0.1 and 5 μM had similar sensitization effects, suggesting that Sal toxicity was minimal with longer exposure to a high-density cell population. The results suggest that Sal can be applied at a relatively low concentration for a longer time to overcome drug-resistant solid tumors. The 0.5 μM Sal treatment resulted in fewer attached cells than that of the 5 μM Sal treatment with a longer exposure. The lower Sal concentration mainly increased the number of easily detachable cells on the surface. In particular, 0.5 μM Sal increased cellular detachment of newly produced daughter cells. The easily-detachable cells were undergoing apoptosis. It seems that the 0.5 μM Sal treatment also increased cellular toxicity. These novel findings may contribute to the development of Sal-based therapy for patients with drug-resistant cancer or a high-density solid tumor.
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Huczyński A, Janczak J, Antoszczak M, Wietrzyk J, Maj E, Brzezinski B. Antiproliferative activity of salinomycin and its derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:7146-50. [PMID: 23079523 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.09.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Antiproliferative activity of seven amides and one benzotriazole ester derivative of salinomycin, a polyether ionophore antibiotic, with recently reported antibacterial activity, are herein described. Salinomycin and the majority of derivatives exhibit potent antiproliferative activity against the drug-resistant cancer cell lines. Moreover almost all derivatives show stronger activity against LoVo/DX cell line than that of unmodified salinomycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Huczyński
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland.
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X-ray, FT-IR, NMR and PM5 structural studies and antibacterial activity of unexpectedly stable salinomycin–benzotriazole intermediate ester. J Mol Struct 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2012.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Huczyński A, Janczak J, Stefańska J, Antoszczak M, Brzezinski B. Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of amide derivatives of polyether antibiotic-salinomycin. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:4697-702. [PMID: 22721714 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.05.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
For the first time a direct and practical approach to the synthesis of eight amide derivatives of polyether antibiotic-salinomycin is described. The structure of allyl amide (3a) has been determined using X-ray diffraction. Salinomycin and its amide derivatives have been screened for their in vitro antimicrobial activity against the typical gram-positive cocci, gram-negative rods and yeast-like organisms, as well as against a series of clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-sensitive S. aureus. Amides of salinomycin have been found to show a wide range of activities, from inactive at 256 μg/mL to active with MIC of 2 μg/mL, comparable with salinomycin. As a result, phenyl amide (3b) was found to be the most active salinomycin derivative against gram-positive bacteria, MRSA and MSSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Huczyński
- Faculty of Chemistry, A. Mickiewicz University, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznań, Poland.
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Ghosh SC, Neslihan Alpay S, Klostergaard J. CD44: a validated target for improved delivery of cancer therapeutics. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2012; 16:635-50. [PMID: 22621669 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2012.687374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Advances in cancer therapeutics, namely more effective and less toxic treatments, will occur with targeting strategies that enhance the tumor biodistribution and thwart normal tissue exposure of the drug. This review focuses on cancer drug targeting approaches that exploit the expression of the cell-surface proteoglycan family, CD44, on the tumor cell surface followed by some form of ligand binding and induced CD44 internalization and intracellular drug release: in effect using this as a 'Trojan Horse' to more selectively access tumor cells. AREAS COVERED This review defines the origins of evidence for a linkage between CD44 expression and malignancy, and invokes contemporary views of the importance of putative CD44(+) cancer stem cells in disease resistance. Although the primary emphasis is on the most advanced and developed paths, those that have either made it to the clinic or are well-poised to get there, a wide scope of additional approaches at various preclinical stages is also briefly reviewed. EXPERT OPINION The future should see development of drug targeting approaches that exploit CD44 expression on CSCs/TICs, including applications to cytotoxic agents currently in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhen C Ghosh
- The University of Texas, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Health Science Center, Center for Molecular Imaging, 1825 Pressler Street, SRB 330C, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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