51
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Kim JJ, Sundin GW. Construction and analysis of photolyase mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas syringae: contribution of photoreactivation, nucleotide excision repair, and mutagenic DNA repair to cell survival and mutability following exposure to UV-B radiation. Appl Environ Microbiol 2001; 67:1405-11. [PMID: 11282583 PMCID: PMC92747 DOI: 10.1128/aem.67.4.1405-1411.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on nucleotide sequence homology with the Escherichia coli photolyase gene (phr), the phr sequence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 was identified from the genome sequence, amplified by PCR, cloned, and shown to complement a known phr mutation following expression in Escherichia coli SY2. Stable, insertional phr mutants containing a tetracycline resistance gene cassette were constructed in P. aeruginosa PAO1 and P. syringae pv. syringae FF5 by homologous recombination and sucrose-mediated counterselection. These mutants showed a decrease in survival compared to the wild type of as much as 19-fold after irradiation at UV-B doses of 1,000 to 1,550 J m(-2) followed by a recovery period under photoreactivating conditions. A phr uvrA mutant of P. aeruginosa PAO1 was markedly sensitive to UV-B irradiation exhibiting a decrease in survival of 6 orders of magnitude following a UV-B dose of 250 J m(-2). Complementation of the phr mutations in P. aeruginosa PAO1 and P. syringae pv. syringae FF5 using the cloned phr gene from strain PAO1 resulted in a restoration of survival following UV-B irradiation and recovery under photoreactivating conditions. The UV-B survival of the phr mutants could also be complemented by the P. syringae mutagenic DNA repair determinant rulAB. Assays for increases in the frequency of spontaneous rifampin-resistant mutants in UV-B-irradiated strains containing rulAB indicated that significant UV-B mutability (up to a 51-fold increase compared to a nonirradiated control strain) occurred even in the wild-type PAO1 background in which rulAB only enhanced the UV-B survival by 2-fold under photoreactivating conditions. The frequency of occurrence of spontaneous nalidixic acid-resistant mutants in the PAO1 uvrA and uvrA phr backgrounds complemented with rulAB were 3.8 x 10(-5) and 2.1 x 10(-3), respectively, following a UV-B dose of 1,550 J m(-2). The construction and characterization of phr mutants in the present study will facilitate the determination of the roles of light and dark repair systems in organisms exposed to solar radiation in their natural habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Kim
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2132, USA
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52
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Green WB, McGuire PG, Miska KB, Kusewitt DF. Urokinase activity in corneal fibroblasts may be modulated by DNA damage and secreted proteins. Photochem Photobiol 2001; 73:318-23. [PMID: 11281030 DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2001)073<0318:uaicfm>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Proteases like urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) play an important role in tumor invasion. Cells derived from ultraviolet radiation (UVR)-induced corneal sarcomas of Monodelphis domestica produce relatively high levels of uPA compared to the untransformed keratocytes suggesting a mechanism for their invasiveness. Because UVR is known to stimulate uPA production in many cell types, UVR exposure may further increase uPA expression in corneal tumor cells, thus enhancing their ability to infiltrate. We investigated control of basal uPA levels and the induction of uPA by UVR in transformed and untransformed corneal keratocytes from Monodelphis. These studies took advantage of the fact that Monodelphis possesses an active photolyase that can be stimulated to remove UVR-induced pyrimidine dimers by exposure to long-wavelength visible photoreactivating light (PRL). Our studies showed that significant induction of uPA occurred in response to 200 J/m2 UVR. This induction was partially blocked by treatment with PRL, indicating that DNA damage, the pyrimidine dimer in particular, played a role in uPA induction. In untransformed cultured corneal fibroblasts, the heparin-binding protein inhibitor, suramin, reduced basal uPA levels, UVR-induced uPA production and cell proliferation. Basic fibroblast growth factor, a heparin-binding growth factor known to be UVR-inducible in mesenchymal cells, stimulated uPA production and cell proliferation; however, anti-bFGF antibodies did not significantly decrease proliferation or basal uPA production. These findings suggested that basal levels of uPA secretion were modulated in response to heparin-binding growth factors and that these growth factors may also have mediated the effect of UVR on uPA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- W B Green
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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53
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Ito T, Shinohara H, Nishimoto S. Conformational effects on photophysical characteristics of C5-C5'-linked dihydrothymine dimers in solution. Photochem Photobiol 2000; 72:719-26. [PMID: 11140258 DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2000)072<0719:ceopco>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Photophysical characteristics of N-substituted C5-C5'-linked dihydrothymine dimers (1a,b[meso], meso compounds of [5R,5'S]-bi-5,6-dihydrothymines; 1a,b[rac], racemic compounds of [5R,5'R]-bi-5,6-dihydrothymines and [5S,5'S]-bi-5,6-dihydrothymines) in aqueous solution with varying contents of less-polar aprotic solvent such as tetrahydrofuran or dioxane have been investigated by UV-absorption, and steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopies. Among the C5-C5'-linked dimers, (5R,5'S)-bi-5,6-dihydro-1-methylthymine (1a[meso]) showed a red-shifted weak UV-absorption band at 270-350 nm and excimer fluorescence emission at lambda max = 370 nm with a quantum yield (phi F) of approximately 0.1 in phosphate buffer (pH < 10) at 293 K. Racemic compound of 5,6-dihydro-1-methylthymine dimer (1a[rac]), meso and racemic compounds of 5,6-dihydro-1,3-dimethylthymine dimers (1b[meso] and 1b[rac]) in phosphate buffer were nonfluorescent under similar conditions. The UV-absorption and fluorescence spectral characteristics of 1a[meso] in aqueous solution were interpreted in terms of intramolecular stacking interactions between the dihydropyrimidine chromophores leading to a preferential "closed-shell" conformation both in the ground state and the excited singlet state. In basic solutions at pH > pKa = 11.7, the fluorescence quantum yield of 1a[meso] decreased due to a dominant "open-shell" conformation resulting from the electrostatic repulsion between the deprotonated dihydrothymine chromophores of 1a[meso] in a dianion form.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ito
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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54
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Abstract
This brief review gives an overview of the gene family of photolyases and cryptochromes, followed by a description of the main features of the three-dimensional structures of photolyases known to date. It then discusses recent biophysical studies of photolyase function, and modelling studies on the interaction between the enzyme and its substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Deisenhofer
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and University of Texas Southwestern, Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9050, USA.
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55
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Huot Y, Jeffrey WH, Davis RF, Cullen JJ. Damage to DNA in bacterioplankton: a model of damage by ultraviolet radiation and its repair as influenced by vertical mixing. Photochem Photobiol 2000; 72:62-74. [PMID: 10911730 DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2000)072<0062:dtdiba>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A model of UV-induced DNA damage in oceanic bacterioplankton was developed and tested against previously published and novel measurements of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD) in surface layers of the ocean. The model describes the effects of solar irradiance, wind-forced mixing of bacterioplankton and optical properties of the water on net DNA damage in the water column. The biological part includes the induction of CPD by UV radiation and repair of this damage through photoreactivation and excision. The modeled damage is compared with measured variability of CPD in the ocean: diel variation in natural bacterioplankton communities at the surface and in vertical profiles under different wind conditions (net damage as influenced by repair and mixing); in situ incubation of natural assemblages of bacterioplankton (damage and repair, no mixing); and in situ incubation of DNA solutions (no repair, no mixing). The model predictions are generally consistent with the measurements, showing similar patterns with depth, time and wind speed. A sensitivity analysis assesses the effect on net DNA damage of varying ozone thickness, colored dissolved organic matter concentration, chlorophyll concentration, wind speed and mixed layer depth. Ozone thickness and mixed layer depth are the most important factors affecting net DNA damage in the mixed layer. From the model, the total amplification factor (TAF; a relative measure of the increase of damage associated with a decrease in ozone thickness) for net DNA damage in the euphotic zone is 1.7, as compared with 2.1-2.2 for irradiance weighted for damage to DNA at the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Huot
- Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
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56
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Antony J, Medvedev DM, Stuchebrukhov AA. Theoretical Study of Electron Transfer between the Photolyase Catalytic Cofactor FADH- and DNA Thymine Dimer. J Am Chem Soc 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/ja993784t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Antony
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Dmitry M. Medvedev
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Alexei A. Stuchebrukhov
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616
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57
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Crump D, Berrill M, Coulson D, Lean D, McGillivray L, Smith A. Sensitivity of amphibian embryos, tadpoles, and larvae to enhanced UV-B radiation in natural pond conditions. CAN J ZOOL 1999. [DOI: 10.1139/z99-161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Temperate zone amphibians are exposed to the maximum change in UV-B radiation influx during early stages of their development. Embryos and tadpoles of six anurans, Bufo americanus, Rana sylvatica, Rana pipiens, Rana clamitans, Rana catesbeiana, and Hyla versicolor, and embryos and larvae of two salamanders, Ambystoma maculatum (the yellow-spotted salamander) and Ambystoma laterale (the blue-spotted salamander), were exposed to different UV-B radiation regimes in containers (12 cm in diameter and 4.5 cm deep) with Nitex screening (1 mm) on the sides to permit natural exchange with pond water. The containers were secured to a floating structure in a small natural pond in south-central Ontario, where most of the species tested lived and successfully recruited offspring. Three exposure conditions were evaluated: (i) natural incident light, (ii) incident light with the UV-B radiation filtered out, and (iii) incident light with the UV-B radiation enhanced by UV-B lamps. Embryos of all species hatched successfully under enhanced and incident UV-B radiation conditions. However, salamander larvae and anuran tadpoles were sensitive to enhanced UV-B radiation conditions and a differential sensitivity was observed based on developmental stage. When 2 weeks old, anuran tadpoles showed greater sensitivity than when newly hatched. Incident levels of UV-B radiation had no significant effect on tadpoles or larvae. Because of the tolerance of the embryos and the very rapid attenuation of UV-B radiation in the water of small ponds (high in dissolved organic carbon (DOC)), little direct damage is likely to occur during the aquatic stages of these amphibians.
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58
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A cyclic intermediate of the splitting reaction of cyclobutane-type pyrimidine dimer cation radicals. A computational finding as challenge for experimental techniques. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-1280(98)00629-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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59
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Affiliation(s)
- T Todo
- Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Japan.
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60
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Rak J, Voityuk AA, Michel-Beyerle ME, Rösch N. Effect of Proton Transfer on the Anionic and Cationic Pathways of Pyrimidine Photodimer Cleavage. A Computational Study. J Phys Chem A 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9901545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janusz Rak
- Institut für Physikalische and Theoretische Chemie, Technische Universität München, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Alexander A. Voityuk
- Institut für Physikalische and Theoretische Chemie, Technische Universität München, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | | | - Notker Rösch
- Institut für Physikalische and Theoretische Chemie, Technische Universität München, D-85747 Garching, Germany
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61
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Yantsos VA, Conrad N, Zabawski E, Cockerell CJ. Incipient intraepidermal cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: a proposal for reclassifying and grading solar (actinic) keratoses. SEMINARS IN CUTANEOUS MEDICINE AND SURGERY 1999; 18:3-14. [PMID: 10188837 DOI: 10.1016/s1085-5629(99)80003-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Actinic keratoses (AKs) are primarily induced by ultraviolet (UV) radiation and are often identified as premalignant lesions. In our opinion, AKs are proliferations of transformed, neoplastic keratinocytes confined to the epidermis that may eventually extend into the dermis, at which point they are termed squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). In contrast to AKs, SCCs have the potential to metastasize and kill. This process is analogous to that of evolving carcinoma of the uterine cervix that has been termed cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), a time-tested and reliable classification that provides clinicians with accurate information on which to base treatment decisions regarding cervical neoplasms following biopsy testing. A similar classification scheme could provide guidance to clinicians for the diagnosis and treatment of evolving SCC of the skin and as such, we propose a similar classification using the terminology keratinocytic intraepidermal neoplasia (KIN). This system is more reflective of the histology and natural history of SCC and eliminates ambiguity in the terminology of lesions currently referred to as AKs. The KIN classification defines features by which individual specimens can be objectively graded and specific treatment recommendations are made based on the grade of the lesion. We propose that the term keratinocytic intraepidermal neoplasia (KIN) be used to define and describe evolving SCC of the skin and that the term actinic (solar) keratosis be eliminated.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Yantsos
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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62
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Cheung MS, Daizadeh I, Stuchebrukhov AA, Heelis PF. Pathways of electron transfer in Escherichia coli DNA photolyase: Trp306 to FADH. Biophys J 1999; 76:1241-9. [PMID: 10049308 PMCID: PMC1300104 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(99)77287-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the results of a series of theoretical calculations of electron transfer pathways between Trp306 and *FADH. in the Escherichia coli DNA photolyase molecule, using the method of interatomic tunneling currents. It is found that there are two conformationally orthogonal tryptophans, Trp359 and Trp382, between donor and acceptor that play a crucial role in the pathways of the electron transfer process. The pathways depend vitally on the aromaticity of tryptophans and the flavin molecule. The results of this calculation suggest that the major pathway of the electron transfer is due to a set of overlapping orthogonal pi-rings, which starts from the donor Trp306, runs through Trp359 and Trp382, and finally reaches the flavin group of the acceptor complex, FADH.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Cheung
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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63
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Huntley JJA, Nieman RA, Rose SD. Development and Investigation of a Novel Oxidative Pyrimidine Dimer Splitting Model. Photochem Photobiol 1999. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1999.tb05298.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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64
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McAteer K, Jing Y, Kao J, Taylor JS, Kennedy MA. Solution-state structure of a DNA dodecamer duplex containing a Cis-syn thymine cyclobutane dimer, the major UV photoproduct of DNA. J Mol Biol 1998; 282:1013-32. [PMID: 9753551 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.1998.2062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The solution structures of a duplex DNA dodecamer containing a cis-syn cyclobutane thymine dimer d(GCACGAAT[cs]TAAG).d(CTTAATTCG TGC) and its native parent sequence were determined using NMR data collected at 750 MHz. The dodecamer sequence corresponds to the section of a site-specific cis-syn dimer containing 49-mer that was found to be the binding site for the dimer-specific T4 denV endonuclease V repair enzyme by chemical and enzymatic footprinting experiments. Structures of both sequences were derived from NOE restrained molecular dynamics/simulated annealing calculations using a fixed outer layer of water and an inner dynamic layer of water with sodium counterions. The resulting structures reveal a subtle distortion to the phosphodiester backbone in the dimer-containing sequence which includes a BII phosphate at the T9pA10 junction immediately 3' to the dimer. The BII phosphate, established experimentally by analysis of the 31P chemical shifts and interpretation of the 3JP-H3' values using an optimized Karplus relationship, enables the DNA helix to accommodate the dimer by destacking the base 3' to the dimer. Furthermore, the structures provide explanations for the unusually shifted T8-N3H imino, A16-H2 and T8-Me proton resonances and T9pA10 (31)P NMR resonance and are consistent with bending, unwinding, and thermodynamic data. The implications of the structural data for the mechanism by which cis-syn dimers are recognized by repair enzymes and bypassed by DNA polymerases are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K McAteer
- Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
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65
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Rak J, Voityuk AA, Rösch N. Splitting of Cyclobutane-Type Uracil Dimer Cation Radicals. Hartree−Fock, MP2, and Density Functional Studies. J Phys Chem A 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jp981665e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janusz Rak
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Technische Universität München, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Alexander A. Voityuk
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Technische Universität München, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Notker Rösch
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Technische Universität München, D-85747 Garching, Germany
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66
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Enescu M, Lindqvist L, Soep B. Excited-State Dynamics of Fully Reduced Flavins and Flavoenzymes Studied at Subpicosecond Time Resolution. Photochem Photobiol 1998. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1998.tb02482.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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67
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68
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Epple R, Carell T. Charakterisierung des Energietransfers in DNA-Photolyasen vom Typ II mit Flavin und Desazaflavin enthaltenden Modellverbindungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-3757(19980403)110:7<986::aid-ange986>3.0.co;2-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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69
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Holmlin RE, Dandliker PJ, Barton JK. Ladungsübertragung durch den DNA-Basenstapel. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19971092404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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70
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Todo T, Tsuji H, Otoshi E, Hitomi K, Kim ST, Ikenaga M. Characterization of a human homolog of (6-4) photolyase. Mutat Res 1997; 384:195-204. [PMID: 9330615 DOI: 10.1016/s0921-8777(97)00032-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
(6-4)Photolyase catalyzes light-dependent repair of UV-induced pyrimidine (6-4) pyrimidone photoproducts. A human cDNA clone which has high sequence homology to the (6-4)photolyase gene (H64PRH gene) was identified. In this paper we also isolated a genomic clone corresponding to the H64PRH cDNA and mapped it to chromosome 12q24.1 by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Northern-blot analysis revealed transcription of this gene in all human tissues examined. The H64PRH protein was overproduced in E. coli, partially purified and characterized. Like (6-4)photolyase, the enzyme contains two chromophores, one of which is FAD. However, the enzyme does not show any detectable photolyase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Todo
- Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Japan.
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71
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Gour R, Pandey P, Bisen P. Differential response in damage and repair of wild-type Anacystis nidulans and its UV-B plus heat shock tolerant (UV-HSt) strain under UV-B and heat shock stress. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s1011-1344(97)00024-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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72
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Carell T, Butenandt J. Auf dem Weg zu synthetischen DNA-Reparaturenzymen: Einbau einer Flavin-Aminosäure in ein DNA-bindendes Oligopeptid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19971091344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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73
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Weinbauer MG, Wilhelm SW, Suttle CA, Garza DR. Photoreactivation compensates for UV damage and restores infectivity to natural marine virus communities. Appl Environ Microbiol 1997; 63:2200-5. [PMID: 9172339 PMCID: PMC168512 DOI: 10.1128/aem.63.6.2200-2205.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the potential for photoreactivation to restore infectivity to sunlight-damaged natural viral communities in offshore (chlorophyll a, < 0.1 microgram liter-1), coastal (chlorophyll a, ca. 0.2 microgram liter-1), and estuarine (chlorophyll a, ca. 1 to 5 micrograms liter-1) waters of the Gulf of Mexico. In 67% of samples, the light-dependent repair mechanisms of the bacterium Vibrio natriegens restored infectivity to natural viral communities which could not be repaired by light-independent mechanisms. Similarly, exposure of sunlight-damaged natural viral communities to > 312-nm-wavelength sunlight in the presence of the natural bacterial communities restored infectivity to 21 to 26% of sunlight-damaged viruses in oceanic waters and 41 to 52% of the damaged viruses in coastal and estuarine waters. Wavelengths between 370 and 550 nm were responsible for restoring infectivity to the damaged viruses. These results indicate that light-dependent repair, probably photoreactivation, compensated for a large fraction of sunlight-induced DNA damage in natural viral communities and is potentially essential for the maintenance of high concentrations of viruses in surface waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Weinbauer
- Marine Science Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas 78373, USA
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74
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Uchida N, Mitani H, Todo T, Ikenaga M, Shima A. Photoreactivating enzyme for (6-4) photoproducts in cultured goldfish cells. Photochem Photobiol 1997; 65:964-8. [PMID: 9188275 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1997.tb07955.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that when cultured goldfish cells are illuminated with fluorescent light, photorepair ability for both cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers and (6-4) photoproducts increased. In the present study, it was found that the duration of the induced photorepair ability for cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers was longer than that for (6-4) photoproducts, suggesting the presence of different photolyases for repair of these two major forms of DNA damage. A gel shift assay was then performed to show the presence of protein(s) binding to (6-4) photoproducts and its dissociation from (6-4) photoproducts under fluorescent light illumination. In addition, at 8 h after fluorescent light illumination of the cell, the binding of protein(s) to (6-4) photoproducts increased. The restriction enzymes that have recognition sites containing TT or TC sequences failed to digest the UV-irradiated DNA photoreactivated by using Escherichia coli photolyase for cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers, indicating that restriction enzymes could not function because (6-4) photoproducts remained in recognition sites. But, when UV-irradiated DNA depleted of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers was incubated with extract of cultured goldfish cells under fluorescent light illumination, it was digested with those restriction enzymes. These results suggested the presence of (6-4) photolyase in cultured goldfish cells as in Drosophila, Xenopus and Crotalus.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Uchida
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Tokyo, Japan.
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75
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Abstract
The metallointercalator Rh(phi)2DMB3+ (phi, 9,10-phenanthrenequinone diimine; DMB, 4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine) catalyzed the repair of a thymine dimer incorporated site-specifically in a 16-base pair DNA duplex by means of visible light. This repair could be accomplished with rhodium noncovalently bound to the duplex and at long range (16 to 26 angstroms), with the rhodium intercalator tethered to either end of the duplex assembly. This long-range repair was mediated by the DNA helix. Repair efficiency did not decrease with increasing distance between intercalated rhodium and the thymine dimer, but it diminished with disruption of the intervening pi-stack.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Dandliker
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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Pezeshk A, Podmore ID, Heelis PF, Symons MCR. Electron Addition to Thymine Dimers and Related Compounds: A Mimic of Natural Repair. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/jp962196o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Pezeshk
- Department of Chemistry, Moorhead State University, Moorhead, Minnesota 56563
| | - Ian D. Podmore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, U.K
| | - Paul F. Heelis
- North East Wales Institute, Mold Road, Clwyd LL11 2AW, U.K
| | - Martyn C. R. Symons
- Department of Applied Science, De Montfort University, Leicester LE 19BH, U.K
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77
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Abstract
Our genetic information is constantly challenged by exposure to endogenous and exogenous DNA-damaging agents, by DNA polymerase errors, and thereby inherent instability of the DNA molecule itself. The integrity of our genetic information is maintained by numerous DNA repair pathways, and the importance of these pathways is underscored by their remarkable structural and functional conservation across the evolutionary spectrum. Because of the highly conserved nature of DNA repair, the enzymes involved in this crucial function are often able to function in heterologous cells; as an example, the E. coli Ada DNA repair methyltransferase functions efficiently in yeast, in cultured rodent and human cells, in transgenic mice, and in ex vivo-modified mouse bone marrow cells. The heterologous expression of DNA repair functions has not only been used as a powerful cloning strategy, but also for the exploration of the biological and biochemical features of numerous enzymes involved in DNA repair pathways. In this review we highlight examples where the expression of DNA repair enzymes in heterologous cells was used to address fundamental questions about DNA repair processes in many different organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Memisoglu
- Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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78
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Jeffrey WH, Aas P, Lyons MM, Coffin RB, Pledger RJ, Mitchell DL. Ambient Solar Radiation-Induced Photodamage in Marine Bacterioplankton. Photochem Photobiol 1996. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1996.tb03086.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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79
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Carell T, Epple R, Gramlich V. Zur DNA-Reparatur durch das Enzym DNA-Photolyase: Synthese von Flavin enthaltenden Modellverbindungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1996. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19961080609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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80
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81
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Kim ST, Malhotra K, Taylor JS, Sancar A. Purification and partial characterization of (6-4) photoproduct DNA photolyase from Xenopus laevis. Photochem Photobiol 1996; 63:292-5. [PMID: 8881333 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1996.tb03028.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The (6-4) photoproduct DNA photolyase was detected in two vertebrate animals Crotalus atrox (rattlesnake) and Xenopus laevis (South African clawed toad). The enzyme was extensively purified from X. laevis and characterized. The highly purified enzyme is fluorescent with an excitation maximum at 420-440 nm and emission maximum at 460-480 nm. The photorepair action spectrum matches the fluorescence excitation spectrum with a 430 nm maximum.
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Affiliation(s)
- S T Kim
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 27599-7260, USA
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82
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83
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Hartman PE, Biggley WH. Breakthrough of ultraviolet light from various brands of fluorescent lamps: lethal effects on DNA repair-defective bacteria. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 1996; 27:306-313. [PMID: 8665873 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2280(1996)27:4<306::aid-em5>3.0.co;2-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In a comparative study of 17 pairs of 15 W fluorescent lamps intended for use in homes and purchased in local stores, we detect over 10-fold differences in UVB + UVC emissions between various lamps. This breakthrough of ultraviolet (UV) light is in part correlated with ability of lamps to kill DNA repair-defective recA-uvrB- Salmonella. Relative proficiency of lamps in eliciting photoreactivation of UV-induced DNA lesions also plays a prominent role in the relative rates of bacterial inactivation by emissions from different lamps. Lamps made in Chile, such as Philips brand lamps and one type of General Electric lamp, produce far less UVB + UVC and fail to kill recA-uvrB- bacteria. In contrast, all tested lamps manufactured in the USA, Hungary, and Japan exhibit readily observed deleterious biological effects. When an E. coli recA-uvrB-phr- (photolyase-negative) triple mutant is used for assay, lethal radiations are detected from all lamps, and single-hit exponential inactivation rates rather closely correlate to amount of directly measured UVB + UVC output of each pair of lamps. Although all lamps tested may meet international and United States standards for radiation safety, optimal practices in lamp manufacture are clearly capable of decreasing human exposure to indoor UV light.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Hartman
- Department of Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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84
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85
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Tillmanns S, Senger H, Galland P. REDUCED NEAR-UV SENSITIVITY IN Phycomyces MUTANTS AFFECTED IN THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF 6,7-DIMETHYL-8-RIBITYLLUMAZINE. Photochem Photobiol 1995. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1995.tb02389.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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86
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Yasuda M, Nakazono T, Hamasaki T, Nishinaka Y, Nakamura N, Pac C, Shima K. Remarkable Effect of Surfactant on Flavin Photochemistry: Monomerization of Thymine Cyclobutane Dimers Photosensitized by Flavins in the Presence of SDS in Aqueous Solution. CHEM LETT 1995. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.1995.563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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87
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Abstract
Photolyase repairs ultraviolet (UV) damage to DNA by splitting the cyclobutane ring of the major UV photoproduct, the cis, syn-cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (Pyr <> Pyr). The reaction is initiated by blue light and proceeds through long-range energy transfer, single electron transfer, and enzyme catalysis by a radical mechanism. The three-dimensional crystallographic structure of DNA photolyase from Escherichia coli is presented and the atomic model was refined to an R value of 0.172 at 2.3 A resolution. The polypeptide chain of 471 amino acids is folded into an amino-terminal alpha/beta domain resembling dinucleotide binding domains and a carboxyl-terminal helical domain; a loop of 72 residues connects the domains. The light-harvesting cofactor 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolylpolyglutamate (MTHF) binds in a cleft between the two domains. Energy transfer from MTHF to the catalytic cofactor flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) occurs over a distance of 16.8 A. The FAD adopts a U-shaped conformation between two helix clusters in the center of the helical domain and is accessible through a hole in the surface of this domain. Dimensions and polarity of the hole match those of a Pyr <> Pyr dinucleotide, suggesting that the Pyr <> Pyr "flips out" of the helix to fit into this hole, and that electron transfer between the flavin and the Pyr <> Pyr occurs over van der Waals contact distance.
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Affiliation(s)
- H W Park
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75235, USA
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88
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Pouwels PJ, Hartman RF, Rose SD, Kaptein R. Photo-CIDNP study of pyrimidine dimer splitting. II: Reactions involving pyrimidine radical anion intermediates. Photochem Photobiol 1995; 61:575-83. [PMID: 7568404 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1995.tb09872.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A series of photo-CIDNP (chemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization) experiments were performed on pyrimidine monomers and dimers, using the electron-donor N alpha-acetyltryptophan (AcTrp) as a photosensitizer. The CIDNP spectra give evidence for the existence of both the dimer radical anion, which is formed by electron transfer from the excited AcTrp* to the dimer, and its dissociation product, the monomer radical anion. The AcTrp spectra are completely different from those obtained with an oxidizing sensitizer like anthraquinone-2-sulfonate, because of different unpaired electron spin density distributions in pyrimidine radical anion and cation. In the spectra of the anti (1,3-dimethyluracil) dimers, polarization is detected that originates from a spin-sorting process in the dimer radical pair, pointing to a relatively long lifetime of the dimer radical anions involved. Although the dimer radical anions of the 1,1'-trimethylene-bridged pyrimidines may have a relatively long lifetime as well, their protons have only very weak hyperfine interaction, which explains why no polarization originating from the dimer radical pair is detected. In the spectra of the bridged pyrimidines, polarized dimer protons are observed as a result of spin sorting in the monomer radical pair, from which it follows that the dissociation of dimer radical anion into monomer radical anion is reversible. A study of CIDNP intensities as a function of pH shows that a pH between 3 and 4 is optimal for observing monomer polarization that originates from spin-sorting in the monomer radical pair. At higher pH the geminate recombination polarization is partly cancelled by escape polarization arising in the same product.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Pouwels
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
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89
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Pouwels PJ, Hartman RF, Rose SD, Kaptein R. Photo-CIDNP study of pyrimidine dimer splitting. I: Reactions involving pyrimidine radical cation intermediates. Photochem Photobiol 1995; 61:563-74. [PMID: 7568403 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1995.tb09871.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The light-induced splitting of pyrimidine dimers was studied using the electron acceptor anthraquinone-2-sulfonate (AQS) as a photosensitizer. To this end, photochemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization (photo-CIDNP) experiments were performed on a series of pyrimidine monomers and dimers. The CIDNP spectra demonstrate the existence of both the dimer radical cation, which is formed by electron transfer from the dimer to the photoexcited sensitizer AQS*, and its dissociation product, the monomer radical cation. In spectra of 1,1'-trimethylene bridged cis, syn pyrimidine dimers, polarization is observed that originates from a spin-sorting process in the dimer radical pair. This points to a relatively long lifetime of the dimer radical cation involved, which is presumably due to stabilization by the trimethylene bridge. Polarization originating from a dimer radical pair is detected in the spectrum of trans,anti (1,3-dimethyluracil) dimer as well. The spectra of the bridged pyrimidines also demonstrate the reversibility of the dissociation of dimer radical cation into monomer radical cation, which is concluded from the observation of polarization in the dimer as a result of spin sorting in the monomer radical pair.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Pouwels
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
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90
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Abstract
DNA repair proteins act to correct mutagenic and toxic DNA damage, which can lead to cancer, aging and death. These proteins and their mechanisms of action have been found to be widely conserved between species, often from bacteria to man. Structural and biochemical studies on several bacterial enzymes involved in direct reversal and base excision repair have provided insights into the molecular basis of the recognition of damaged DNA and have also highlighted the novel roles that transition metals play in DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Tainer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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91
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Abstract
Photolyases reverse the harmful effects of UV light on cells by converting pyrimidine dimers (Pyr[]Pyr) into two pyrimidine monomers by utilizing near-UV and visible light. Previous work has shown that photolyase repairs T[c,s]T and T[t,s]T in DNA as well as U[]U in RNA, all of which are formed by joining the two adjacent pyrimidines in a light-dependent reaction. In this report, we show that Pyr[]Pyr formed in nonadjacent pyrimidines are also substrates for DNA photolyase.
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Affiliation(s)
- S T Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill 27514-7260
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92
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Maier J, Ninnemann H. INHIBITION OF LIGHT-DEPENDENT PHOTOMORPHOGENESIS OF SPORANGIOPHORES FROM Phycomyces blakesleeanus BY APPLICATION OF PTERIDINE BIOSYNTHESIS INHIBITORS†. Photochem Photobiol 1995. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1995.tb03962.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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93
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Affiliation(s)
- T Douki
- CEA/Département de Recherche Fondamentale sur la Matière Condensée-SESAM/LAN, Grenoble, France
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94
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ninnemann
- Institut für Chemische Pflanzenphysiologie/Pflanzenbiochemie, Universität Tübingen, Germany
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95
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Görner H. Photochemistry of DNA and related biomolecules: quantum yields and consequences of photoionization. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 1994; 26:117-39. [PMID: 7815187 DOI: 10.1016/1011-1344(94)07068-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The reactions of nucleic acids and constituents, which can be induced by laser UV irradiation, are described. Emphasis is placed on the quantum yields of various stable photoproducts of DNA and model compounds upon irradiation at 193, 248, 254 or 266 nm. In particular, those quantum yields and processes are discussed which involve photoionization as the initial step and occur in aqueous solution under well defined conditions, e.g. type of atmosphere. The efficiencies of some photoproducts, with respect to photoionization using irradiation at 193 or 248 nm, are presented. Radical cations of nucleobases are important sources of damage of biological substrates since they can cause lesions other than dimers and adducts, e.g. strand breakage, abasic sites, crosslinks or inactivation of plasmid and chromosomal DNA. While competing photoreactions, such as hydration, dimerization or adduct formation, diminish the selectivity of the photoionization method, a combination with model studies on pyrimidine- and purine-containing constituents of DNA has brought about an enhanced insight into the reaction mechanisms. The knowledge concerning the lethal events in plasmid and cellular DNA has been greatly improved by correlation with the chemical effects obtained by gamma-radiolysis, vacuum-UV (< 190 nm) and low-intensity irradiation at 254 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Görner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Strahlenchemie, Germany
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96
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Aboussekhra A, Wood RD. Repair of UV-damaged DNA by mammalian cells and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Curr Opin Genet Dev 1994; 4:212-20. [PMID: 8032198 DOI: 10.1016/s0959-437x(05)80047-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Cells use many strategies to repair genomic damage caused by environmental agents and arising from the natural instability of the polynucleotide structure. Nucleotide excision repair is the most versatile DNA repair pathway and is the main defense of mammalian cells against UV-induced DNA damage. Defects in proteins involved in this pathway can lead to inherited disorders (such as xeroderma pigmentosum, Cockayne's syndrome and trichothiodystrophy) that are associated with hypersensitivity to sunlight. Most of the proteins and genes involved in these syndromes have now been identified. Study of UV-sensitive yeast RAD mutants has greatly aided this process and has revealed strong conservation of the components of nucleotide excision repair in eukaryotes. It has recently become clear that some of the proteins involved in the DNA repair process have dual functions and also participate in basal transcription and DNA replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Aboussekhra
- Imperial Cancer Research Fund, Clare Hall Laboratories, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, UK
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97
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Kim S, Malhotra K, Smith C, Taylor J, Sancar A. Characterization of (6-4) photoproduct DNA photolyase. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)37228-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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98
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