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Koo JH, Kang EB. Effects of treadmill exercise on the regulatory mechanisms of mitochondrial dynamics and oxidative stress in the brains of high-fat diet fed rats. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem 2019; 23:28-35. [PMID: 31010272 PMCID: PMC6477818 DOI: 10.20463/jenb.2019.0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of treadmill exercise on oxidative stress in the hippocampal tissue and mitochondrial dynamic-related proteins in rats fed a long-term high-fat diet (HFD). METHODS Obesity was induced in experimental animals using high fat feed, and the experimental groups were divided into a normal diet-control (ND-CON; n=12), a high fat diet-control (HFD-CON; n=12) and a high fat diet-treadmill exercise (HFD-TE; n=12) group. The rats were subsequently subjected to treadmill exercise (progressively increasing load intensity) for 8 weeks (5 min at 8 m/min, then 5 min at 11 m/min, and finally 20 min at 14 m/min). We assessed weight, triglyceride (TG) concentration, total cholesterol (TC), area under the curve, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, and AVF/body weight. Western blotting was used to examine expression of proteins related to oxidative stress and mitochondrial dynamics, and immunohistochemistry was performed to examine the immunoreactivity of gp91phox. RESULTS Treadmill exercise effectively improved the oxidative stress in the hippocampal tissue, expression of mitochondrial dynamic-related proteins, and activation of NADPH oxidase (gp91phox) and induced weight, blood profile, and abdominal fat loss. CONCLUSION Twenty weeks of high fat diet induced obesity, which was shown to inhibit normal mitochondria fusion and fission functions in hippocampal tissues. However, treadmill exercise was shown to have positive effects on these pathophysiological phenomena. Therefore, treadmill exercise should be considered during prevention and treatment of obesity-induced metabolic diseases.
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Modulation of mitochondrial phenotypes by endurance exercise contributes to neuroprotection against a MPTP-induced animal model of PD. Life Sci 2018; 209:455-465. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Abstract
Obesity has been considered to be a chronic disease that requires medical prevention and treatment. Intriguingly, many factors, including adipose tissue dysfunction, mitochondrial dysfunction, alterations in the muscle fiber phenotype and in the gut microbiota composition, have been identified to be involved in the development of obesity and its associated metabolic disorders (in particular type 2 diabetes mellitus). In this narrative review, we will discuss our current understanding of the relationships of these factors and obesity development, and provide a summary of potential treatments to manage obesity. Level of Evidence Level V, narrative review.
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54
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Silva VRR, Katashima CK, Lenhare L, Silva CGB, Morari J, Camargo RL, Velloso LA, Saad MA, da Silva ASR, Pauli JR, Ropelle ER. Chronic exercise reduces hypothalamic transforming growth factor-β1 in middle-aged obese mice. Aging (Albany NY) 2018; 9:1926-1940. [PMID: 28854149 PMCID: PMC5611986 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and aging are associated with hypothalamic inflammation, hyperphagia and abnormalities in the thermogenesis control. It has been demonstrated that the association between aging and obesity induces hypothalamic inflammation and metabolic disorders, at least in part, through the atypical hypothalamic transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β1). Physical exercise has been used to modulate several metabolic parameters. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of chronic exercise on TGF-β1 expression in the hypothalamus of Middle-Aged mice submitted to a one year of high-fat diet (HFD) treatment. We observed that long-term of HFD-feeding induced hypothalamic TGF-β1 accumulation, potentiated the hypothalamic inflammation, body weight gain and defective thermogenesis of Middle-Aged mice when compared to Middle-Aged animals fed on chow diet. As expected, chronic exercise induced negative energy balance, reduced food consumption and increasing the energy expenditure, which promotes body weight loss. Interestingly, exercise training reduced the TGF-β1 expression and IkB-α ser32 phosphorylation in the hypothalamus of Middle-Aged obese mice. Taken together our study demonstrated that chronic exercise suppressed the TGF-β1/IkB-α axis in the hypothalamus and improved the energy homeostasis in an animal model of obesity-associated to aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vagner R R Silva
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, SP, Brazil.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos K Katashima
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciene Lenhare
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, SP, Brazil.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Carla G B Silva
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Joseane Morari
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, Campinas, 1308-970, Brazil
| | - Rafael L Camargo
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Licio A Velloso
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, Campinas, 1308-970, Brazil
| | - Mario A Saad
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Adelino S R da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, USP, School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Jose Rodrigo Pauli
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, SP, Brazil.,CEPECE - Research Center of Sport Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Rochete Ropelle
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, SP, Brazil.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil.,CEPECE - Research Center of Sport Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, SP, Brazil
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55
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Jeong JH, Kang EB. Effects of treadmill exercise on PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β pathway and tau protein in high-fat diet-fed rats. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem 2018; 22:9-14. [PMID: 29673239 PMCID: PMC5909075 DOI: 10.20463/jenb.2018.0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] This study aimed to clearly evaluate the effects of obesity on cerebral health. Thus, we induced obesity in rats using a long-term high-fat diet (HFD), then investigated its effects on insulin signaling and tau hyperphosphorylation. Additionally, we examined the effects of 8 weeks of treadmill exercise (TE) on insulin signaling and tau hyperphosphorylation. [Methods] Rats were separated into Normal Diet-Control, HFD-Control, and HFD-TE groups. TE loads were gradually increased. A passive avoidance test was used to evaluate cognitive function. Western blots were used to examine the abundance of the insulin receptor,phosphoinositide 3-kinase, protein kinase B, glycogen synthase kinase-3β, and tau proteins in the cerebral cortex; immunohistochemical analyses were used to examine the abundance of hyperphosphorylated tau in the cerebral cortex. [Results] TE in HFD-fed rats resulted in a significant lowering of bodyweight, abdominal visceral fat (AVF), the area under the glucose response curve, and the homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance index, while it improved working memory. In addition, TE in HFD-fed rats decreased tau hyperphosphorylation and aggregation, while increasing insulin signaling-related protein activity. [Conclusion] After a 20-week HFD, the experimental animals exhibited increased weight, as well as impaired insulin resistance and blood glucose metabolism. HFD rats demonstrated abnormal insulin signaling and tau hyperphosphorylation in the cerebral cortex, as well as memory impairments that suggested reduced cerebral function. However, TE reduced AVF, improved insulin resistance in the peripheral tissues by increasing insulin sensitivity, and alleviated memory impairments by restoring insulin signaling and reducing tau hyperphosphorylation in the cerebral cortex.
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Husain I, Akhtar M, Vohora D, Abdin MZ, Islamuddin M, Akhtar MJ, Najmi AK. Rosuvastatin Attenuates High-Salt and Cholesterol Diet Induced Neuroinflammation and Cognitive Impairment via Preventing Nuclear Factor KappaB Pathway. Neurochem Res 2017; 42:2404-2416. [PMID: 28417263 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2264-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent attention is focused on the impact of diet on health and mental well-being. High-salt and cholesterol diet (HSCD) is known to be associated with neuroinflammation which is the predominant factor for neurodegenerative disease like Alzheimer disease (AD). In the present study, we examined the neuroprotective potential of rosuvastatin, an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor against HSCD induced neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment. Our results demonstrated that HSCD-induced cognitive impairment as determined by Morris water maze (MWM) task. HSCD also activated nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kB) signaling pathway. The cytokine response was measured using a cytometric bead-based assay quantified by flow cytometry. Treatment with rosuvastatin decreased the production of nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and increased interleukin-10 (IL-10) in a dose-dependent manner. Our results also demonstrated that the rosuvastatin modulates neuronal cell death by inhibiting the overexpression of NF-kB in the CA1 region of hippocampus. In addition, molecular docking study of rosuvastatin indicated high affinity and tighter binding capacity for the active site of the NF-kB. These results suggest that HSCD-triggered inflammatory response and cognitive impairment may be associated with NF-κB signaling pathway. Therefore, treatment with rosuvastatin could be a potential new therapeutic strategy for sporadic dementia of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibraheem Husain
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Mohd Akhtar
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Divya Vohora
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Malik Zainul Abdin
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Mohammad Islamuddin
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Mohd Jawaid Akhtar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Abul Kalam Najmi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, 110062, India.
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Guillemot-Legris O, Muccioli GG. Obesity-Induced Neuroinflammation: Beyond the Hypothalamus. Trends Neurosci 2017; 40:237-253. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Microglia activation due to obesity programs metabolic failure leading to type two diabetes. Nutr Diabetes 2017; 7:e254. [PMID: 28319103 PMCID: PMC5380893 DOI: 10.1038/nutd.2017.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is an energy metabolism disorder that increases susceptibility to the development of metabolic diseases. Recently, it has been described that obese subjects have a phenotype of chronic inflammation in organs that are metabolically relevant for glucose homeostasis and energy. Altered expression of immune system molecules such as interleukins IL-1, IL-6, IL-18, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), serum amyloid A (SAA), and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), among others, has been associated with the development of chronic inflammation in obesity. Chronic inflammation modulates the development of metabolic-related comorbidities like metabolic syndrome (insulin resistance, glucose tolerance, hypertension and hyperlipidemia). Recent evidence suggests that microglia activation in the central nervous system (CNS) is a priority in the deregulation of energy homeostasis and promotes increased glucose levels. This review will cover the most significant advances that explore the molecular signals during microglia activation and inflammatory stage in the brain in the context of obesity, and its influence on the development of metabolic syndrome and type two diabetes.
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Carlin JL, Grissom N, Ying Z, Gomez-Pinilla F, Reyes TM. Voluntary exercise blocks Western diet-induced gene expression of the chemokines CXCL10 and CCL2 in the prefrontal cortex. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 58:82-90. [PMID: 27492632 PMCID: PMC5352157 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.07.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity increases inflammation, both peripherally and centrally, and exercise can ameliorate some of the negative health outcomes associated with obesity. Within the brain, the effect of obesity on inflammation has been well characterized in the hypothalamus and hippocampus, but has been relatively understudied in other brain regions. The current study was designed to address two primary questions; (1) whether western diet (high fat/high sucrose) consumption would increase markers of inflammation in the prefrontal cortex and (2) whether concurrent voluntary wheel running would ameliorate any inflammation. Adult male mice were exposed to a western diet or a control diet for 8weeks. Concurrently, half the animals were given running wheels in their home cages, while half did not have access to wheels. At the conclusion of the study, prefrontal cortex was removed and expression of 18 proinflammatory genes was assayed. Expression of a number of proinflammatory molecules was upregulated by consumption of the western diet. For two chemokines, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) and C-X-C motif chemokine 10 (CXCL10), voluntary exercise blocked the increase in the expression of these genes. Cluster analysis confirmed that the majority of the tested genes were upregulated by western diet, and identified another small cluster of genes that were downregulated by either diet or exercise. These data identify a proinflammatory phenotype within the prefrontal cortex of mice fed a western diet, and indicate that chemokine induction can be blocked by voluntary exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse L. Carlin
- Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Nicola Grissom
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45237, United States
| | - Zhe Ying
- Departments of Neurosurgery, and Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Fernando Gomez-Pinilla
- Departments of Neurosurgery, and Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Teresa M. Reyes
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45237, United States,Corresponding author at: University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Dept of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, 2120 East Galbraith Road, A-129 Cincinnati, OH 45237-1625, United States. (T.M. Reyes)
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Lima LCF, Saliba SW, Andrade JMO, Cunha ML, Cassini-Vieira P, Feltenberger JD, Barcelos LS, Guimarães ALS, de-Paula AMB, de Oliveira ACP, Santos SHS. Neurodegeneration Alters Metabolic Profile and Sirt 1 Signaling in High-Fat-Induced Obese Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:3465-3475. [PMID: 27181590 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9927-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Different factors may contribute to the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Among them, metabolic syndrome (MS), which has reached epidemic proportions, has emerged as a potential element that may be involved in neurodegeneration. Furthermore, studies have shown the importance of the sirtuin family in neuronal survival and MS, which opens the possibility of new pharmacological targets. This study investigates the influence of sirtuin metabolic pathways by examining the functional capacities of glucose-induced obesity in an excitotoxic state induced by a quinolinic acid (QA) animal model. Mice were divided into two groups that received different diets for 8 weeks: one group received a regular diet, and the other group received a high-fat diet (HF) to induce MS. The animals were submitted to a stereotaxic surgery and subdivided into four groups: Standard (ST), Standard-QA (ST-QA), HF and HF-QA. The QA groups were given a 250 nL quinolinic acid injection in the right striatum and PBS was injected in the other groups. Obese mice presented with a weight gain of 40 % more than the ST group beyond acquiring an insulin resistance. QA induced motor impairment and neurodegeneration in both ST-QA and HF-QA, although no difference was observed between these groups. The HF-QA group showed a reduction in adiposity when compared with the groups that received PBS. Therefore, the HF-QA group demonstrated a commitment-dependent metabolic pathway. The results suggest that an obesogenic diet does not aggravate the neurodegeneration induced by QA. However, the excitotoxicity induced by QA promotes a sirtuin pathway impairment that contributes to metabolic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Ceotto Freitas Lima
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences. Food Engineering College, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Department of Pharmacology and Department of Physiology - ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Antonio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Soraya Wilke Saliba
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Physiology - ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Antonio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Luisa Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Physiology - ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Antonio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Puebla Cassini-Vieira
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Physiology - ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Antonio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Lucíola Silva Barcelos
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Physiology - ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Antonio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | - Antônio Carlos Pinheiro de Oliveira
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Physiology - ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Antonio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Henrique Sousa Santos
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences. Food Engineering College, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil. .,Health Science Post-graduate Program, UNIMONTES, Montes Claros, MG, Brazil.
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Zhang Y, Cao RY, Jia X, Li Q, Qiao L, Yan G, Yang J. Treadmill exercise promotes neuroprotection against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury via downregulation of pro-inflammatory mediators. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2016; 12:3161-3173. [PMID: 28003752 PMCID: PMC5161395 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s121779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stroke is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, which is associated with serious physical deficits that affect daily living and quality of life and produces immense public health and economic burdens. Both clinical and experimental data suggest that early physical training after ischemic brain injury may reduce the extent of motor dysfunction. However, the exact mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of aerobic exercise on neuroprotection and understand the underlying mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was conducted to establish a rat model of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury to mimic ischemic stroke. Experimental animals were divided into the following three groups: sham (n=34), MCAO (n=39), and MCAO plus treadmill exercise (n=28). The effects of aerobic exercise intervention on ischemic brain injury were evaluated using functional scoring, histological analysis, and Bio-Plex Protein Assays. RESULTS Early aerobic exercise intervention was found to improve motor function, prevent death of neuronal cells, and suppress the activation of microglial cells and astrocytes. Furthermore, it was observed that aerobic exercise downregulated the expression of the cytokine interleukin-1β and the chemokine monocyte chemotactic protein-1 after transient MCAO in experimental rats. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that treadmill exercise rehabilitation promotes neuroprotection against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury via the downregulation of proinflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard Y Cao
- Laboratory of Immunology, Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Xinling Jia
- School of Life sciences, Shanghai University
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Rehabilitation
| | | | - Guofeng Yan
- School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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