51
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Abbott RJ, Barton NH, Good JM. Genomics of hybridization and its evolutionary consequences. Mol Ecol 2018; 25:2325-32. [PMID: 27145128 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Abbott
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, Mitchell Building, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9TH, UK
| | - Nicholas H Barton
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST Austria), Am Campus 1, A-3400, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Jeffrey M Good
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA
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52
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Suarez-Gonzalez A, Hefer CA, Lexer C, Douglas CJ, Cronk QCB. Introgression from Populus balsamifera underlies adaptively significant variation and range boundaries in P. trichocarpa. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 217:416-427. [PMID: 29124769 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Introgression can be an important source of adaptive phenotypes, although conversely it can have deleterious effects. Evidence for adaptive introgression is accumulating but information on the genetic architecture of introgressed traits lags behind. Here we determine trait architecture in Populus trichocarpa under introgression from P. balsamifera using admixture mapping and phenotypic analyses. Our results reveal that admixture is a key driver of clinal adaptation and suggest that the northern range extension of P. trichocarpa depends, at least in part, on introgression from P. balsamifera. However, admixture with P. balsamifera can lead to potentially maladaptive early phenology, and a reduction in growth and disease resistance in P. trichocarpa. Strikingly, an introgressed chromosome 9 haplotype block from P. balsamifera restores the late phenology and high growth parental phenotype in admixed P. trichocarpa. This epistatic restorer block may be strongly advantageous in maximizing carbon assimilation and disease resistance in the southernmost populations where admixture has been detected. We also confirm a previously demonstrated case of adaptive introgression in chromosome 15 and show that introgression generates a transgressive chlorophyll-content phenotype. We provide strong support that introgression provides a reservoir of genetic variation associated with adaptive characters that allows improved survival in new environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Charles A Hefer
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
- Biotechnology Platform, Agricultural Research Council, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - Christian Lexer
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | - Carl J Douglas
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | - Quentin C B Cronk
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
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53
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Schmickl R, Marburger S, Bray S, Yant L. Hybrids and horizontal transfer: introgression allows adaptive allele discovery. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:5453-5470. [PMID: 29096001 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Evolution has devised countless remarkable solutions to diverse challenges. Understanding the mechanistic basis of these solutions provides insights into how biological systems can be subtly tweaked without maladaptive consequences. The knowledge gained from illuminating these mechanisms is equally important to our understanding of fundamental evolutionary mechanisms as it is to our hopes of developing truly rational plant breeding and synthetic biology. In particular, modern population genomic approaches are proving very powerful in the detection of candidate alleles for mediating consequential adaptations that can be tested functionally. Especially striking are signals gained from contexts involving genetic transfers between populations, closely related species, or indeed between kingdoms. Here we discuss two major classes of these scenarios, adaptive introgression and horizontal gene flow, illustrating discoveries made across kingdoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roswitha Schmickl
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, 252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Benátská 2, 128 01 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Sarah Marburger
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Sian Bray
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Levi Yant
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
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54
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Hohmann N, Koch MA. An Arabidopsis introgression zone studied at high spatio-temporal resolution: interglacial and multiple genetic contact exemplified using whole nuclear and plastid genomes. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:810. [PMID: 29058582 PMCID: PMC5651623 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4220-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gene flow between species, across ploidal levels, and even between evolutionary lineages is a common phenomenon in the genus Arabidopsis. However, apart from two genetically fully stabilized allotetraploid species that have been investigated in detail, the extent and temporal dynamics of hybridization are not well understood. An introgression zone, with tetraploid A. arenosa introgressing into A. lyrata subsp. petraea in the Eastern Austrian Forealps and subsequent expansion towards pannonical lowlands, was described previously based on morphological observations as well as molecular data using microsatellite and plastid DNA markers. Here we investigate the spatio-temporal context of this suture zone, making use of the potential of next-generation sequencing and whole-genome data. By utilizing a combination of nuclear and plastid genomic data, the extent, direction and temporal dynamics of gene flow are elucidated in detail and Late Pleistocene evolutionary processes are resolved. Results Analysis of nuclear genomic data significantly recognizes the clinal structure of the introgression zone, but also reveals that hybridization and introgression is more common and substantial than previously thought. Also tetraploid A. lyrata and A. arenosa subsp. borbasii from outside the previously defined suture zone show genomic signals of past introgression. A. lyrata is shown to serve usually as the maternal parent in these hybridizations, but one exception is identified from plastome-based phylogenetic reconstruction. Using plastid phylogenomics with secondary time calibration, the origin of A. lyrata and A. arenosa lineages is pre-dating the last three glaciation complexes (approx. 550,000 years ago). Hybridization and introgression followed during the last two glacial-interglacial periods (since approx. 300,000 years ago) with later secondary contact at the northern and southern border of the introgression zone during the Holocene. Conclusions Footprints of adaptive introgression in the Northeastern Forealps are older than expected and predate the Last Glaciation Maximum. This correlates well with high genetic diversity found within areas that served as refuge area multiple times. Our data also provide some first hints that early introgressed and presumably preadapted populations account for successful and rapid postglacial re-colonization and range expansion. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi: 10.1186/s12864-017-4220-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Hohmann
- Center for Organismal Studies (COS) Heidelberg/Botanic Garden and Herbarium Heidelberg (HEID), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Present address: Department of Environmental Sciences, Botany, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 1, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marcus A Koch
- Center for Organismal Studies (COS) Heidelberg/Botanic Garden and Herbarium Heidelberg (HEID), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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55
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MacLachlan IR, Yeaman S, Aitken SN. Growth gains from selective breeding in a spruce hybrid zone do not compromise local adaptation to climate. Evol Appl 2017; 11:166-181. [PMID: 29387153 PMCID: PMC5775489 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Hybrid zones contain extensive standing genetic variation that facilitates rapid responses to selection. The Picea glauca × Picea engelmannii hybrid zone in western Canada is the focus of tree breeding programs that annually produce ~90 million reforestation seedlings. Understanding the direct and indirect effects of selective breeding on adaptive variation is necessary to implement assisted gene flow (AGF) polices in Alberta and British Columbia that match these seedlings with future climates. We decomposed relationships among hybrid ancestry, adaptive traits, and climate to understand the implications of selective breeding for climate adaptations and AGF strategies. The effects of selection on associations among hybrid index estimated from ~6,500 SNPs, adaptive traits, and provenance climates were assessed for ~2,400 common garden seedlings. Hybrid index differences between natural and selected seedlings within breeding zones were small in Alberta (average +2%), but larger and more variable in BC (average −7%, range −24% to +1%), slightly favoring P. glauca ancestry. The average height growth gain of selected seedlings over natural seedlings within breeding zones was 36% (range 12%–86%). Clines in growth with temperature‐related variables were strong, but differed little between selected and natural populations. Seedling hybrid index and growth trait associations with evapotranspiration‐related climate variables were stronger in selected than in natural seedlings, indicating possible preadaptation to drier future climates. Associations among cold hardiness, hybrid ancestry, and cold‐related climate variables dominated signals of local adaptation and were preserved in breeding populations. Strong hybrid ancestry–phenotype–climate associations suggest that AGF will be necessary to match interior spruce breeding populations with shifting future climates. The absence of antagonistic selection responses among traits and maintenance of cold adaptation in selected seedlings suggests breeding populations can be safely redeployed using AGF prescriptions similar to those of natural populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian R MacLachlan
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences Faculty of Forestry University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Sam Yeaman
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Calgary Calgary AB Canada
| | - Sally N Aitken
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences Faculty of Forestry University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
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56
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Mixing It Up: The Role of Hybridization in Forest Management and Conservation under Climate Change. FORESTS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/f8070237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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57
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McKown AD, Klápště J, Guy RD, Soolanayakanahally RY, La Mantia J, Porth I, Skyba O, Unda F, Douglas CJ, El-Kassaby YA, Hamelin RC, Mansfield SD, Cronk QCB. Sexual homomorphism in dioecious trees: extensive tests fail to detect sexual dimorphism in Populus †. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1831. [PMID: 28500332 PMCID: PMC5431824 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01893-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of sexual dimorphism and expansion of sex chromosomes are both driven through sexual conflict, arising from differing fitness optima between males and females. Here, we pair work in poplar (Populus) describing one of the smallest sex-determining regions known thus far in complex eukaryotes (~100 kbp) with comprehensive tests for sexual dimorphism using >1300 individuals from two Populus species and assessing 96 non-reproductive functional traits. Against expectation, we found sexual homomorphism (no non-reproductive trait differences between the sexes), suggesting that gender is functionally neutral with respect to non-reproductive features that affect plant survival and fitness. Combined with a small sex-determining region, we infer that sexual conflict may be effectively stymied or non-existent within these taxa. Both sexual homomorphism and the small sex-determining region occur against a background of strong environmental selection and local adaptation in Populus. This presents a powerful hypothesis for the evolution of dioecious species. Here, we suggest that environmental selection may be sufficient to suppress and stymy sexual conflict if it acts orthogonal to sexual selection, thereby placing limitations on the evolution of sexual dimorphism and genomic expansion of sex chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athena D McKown
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Forest Sciences Centre, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Jaroslav Klápště
- Department of Dendrology and Forest Tree Breeding, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, 165 21, Czech Republic.,Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute Ltd.), Whakarewarewa, Rotorua, 3046, New Zealand
| | - Robert D Guy
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Forest Sciences Centre, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Raju Y Soolanayakanahally
- Saskatoon Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0X2, Canada
| | - Jonathan La Mantia
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Corn and Soybean Research, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA
| | - Ilga Porth
- Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Forest Sciences Centre, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Département des sciences du bois et de la forêt, Faculté de foresterie, de géographie et de géomatique, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Oleksandr Skyba
- Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Forest Sciences Centre, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Faride Unda
- Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Forest Sciences Centre, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Carl J Douglas
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Yousry A El-Kassaby
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Forest Sciences Centre, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Richard C Hamelin
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Forest Sciences Centre, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Shawn D Mansfield
- Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Forest Sciences Centre, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Quentin C B Cronk
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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58
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Holliday JA, Aitken SN, Cooke JEK, Fady B, González-Martínez SC, Heuertz M, Jaramillo-Correa JP, Lexer C, Staton M, Whetten RW, Plomion C. Advances in ecological genomics in forest trees and applications to genetic resources conservation and breeding. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:706-717. [PMID: 27997049 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Forest trees are an unparalleled group of organisms in their combined ecological, economic and societal importance. With widespread distributions, predominantly random mating systems and large population sizes, most tree species harbour extensive genetic variation both within and among populations. At the same time, demographic processes associated with Pleistocene climate oscillations and land-use change have affected contemporary range-wide diversity and may impinge on the potential for future adaptation. Understanding how these adaptive and neutral processes have shaped the genomes of trees species is therefore central to their management and conservation. As for many other taxa, the advent of high-throughput sequencing methods is expected to yield an understanding of the interplay between the genome and environment at a level of detail and depth not possible only a few years ago. An international conference entitled 'Genomics and Forest Tree Genetics' was held in May 2016, in Arcachon (France), and brought together forest geneticists with a wide range of research interests to disseminate recent efforts that leverage contemporary genomic tools to probe the population, quantitative and evolutionary genomics of trees. An important goal of the conference was to discuss how such data can be applied to both genome-enabled breeding and the conservation of forest genetic resources under land use and climate change. Here, we report discoveries presented at the meeting and discuss how the ecological genomic toolkit can be used to address both basic and applied questions in tree biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A Holliday
- Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation, Virginia Tech, 304 Cheatham Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Sally N Aitken
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, 3041-2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Janice E K Cooke
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, 5-108 Centennial Centre for Interdisciplinary Science, Edmonton, AB T6G2E9, Canada
| | - Bruno Fady
- Mediterranean Forest Ecology (URFM), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Domaine St Paul, Site Agroparc, 84914 Avignon, France
| | | | - Myriam Heuertz
- BIOGECO, INRA, Universite de Bordeaux, 69 Route d'Arcachon, 33612 Cestas, France
| | - Juan-Pablo Jaramillo-Correa
- Institute of Ecology, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM) Circuito Exterior s/n, Apartado Postal 70-275, 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Christian Lexer
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna Faculty of Life SciencesRennweg 14, Room 217, A-1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Margaret Staton
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, 370 Plant Biotechnology Building, 2505 EJ Chapman Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Ross W Whetten
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University Jordan Hall Addition 5231, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Christophe Plomion
- BIOGECO, INRA, Universite de Bordeaux, 69 Route d'Arcachon, 33612 Cestas, France
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59
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Endosperm-based hybridization barriers explain the pattern of gene flow between Arabidopsis lyrata and Arabidopsis arenosa in Central Europe. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E1027-E1035. [PMID: 28115687 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1615123114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on the biological species concept, two species are considered distinct if reproductive barriers prevent gene flow between them. In Central Europe, the diploid species Arabidopsis lyrata and Arabidopsis arenosa are genetically isolated, thus fitting this concept as "good species." Nonetheless, interspecific gene flow involving their tetraploid forms has been described. The reasons for this ploidy-dependent reproductive isolation remain unknown. Here, we show that hybridization between diploid A. lyrata and A. arenosa causes mainly inviable seed formation, revealing a strong postzygotic reproductive barrier separating these two species. Although viability of hybrid seeds was impaired in both directions of hybridization, the cause for seed arrest differed. Hybridization of A. lyrata seed parents with A. arenosa pollen donors resulted in failure of endosperm cellularization, whereas the endosperm of reciprocal hybrids cellularized precociously. Endosperm cellularization failure in both hybridization directions is likely causal for the embryo arrest. Importantly, natural tetraploid A. lyrata was able to form viable hybrid seeds with diploid and tetraploid A. arenosa, associated with the reestablishment of normal endosperm cellularization. Conversely, the defects of hybrid seeds between tetraploid A. arenosa and diploid A. lyrata were aggravated. According to these results, we hypothesize that a tetraploidization event in A. lyrata allowed the production of viable hybrid seeds with A. arenosa, enabling gene flow between the two species.
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60
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Landscape Genomics of Angiosperm Trees: From Historic Roots to Discovering New Branches of Adaptive Evolution. COMPARATIVE AND EVOLUTIONARY GENOMICS OF ANGIOSPERM TREES 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/7397_2016_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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61
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Huang J. Parapatric genetic introgression and phenotypic assimilation: testing conditions for introgression between Hercules beetles (
Dynastes
, Dynastinae). Mol Ecol 2016; 25:5513-5526. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jen‐Pan Huang
- Museum of Zoology Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Michigan 1109 Geddes Ave. Ann Arbor MI 48109‐1079 USA
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62
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Christe C, Stölting KN, Paris M, Fraїsse C, Bierne N, Lexer C. Adaptive evolution and segregating load contribute to the genomic landscape of divergence in two tree species connected by episodic gene flow. Mol Ecol 2016; 26:59-76. [PMID: 27447453 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Speciation often involves repeated episodes of genetic contact between divergent populations before reproductive isolation (RI) is complete. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) holds great promise for unravelling the genomic bases of speciation. We have studied two ecologically divergent, hybridizing species of the 'model tree' genus Populus (poplars, aspens, cottonwoods), Populus alba and P. tremula, using >8.6 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from WGS of population pools. We used the genomic data to (i) scan these species' genomes for regions of elevated and reduced divergence, (ii) assess key aspects of their joint demographic history based on genomewide site frequency spectra (SFS) and (iii) infer the potential roles of adaptive and deleterious coding mutations in shaping the genomic landscape of divergence. We identified numerous small, unevenly distributed genome regions without fixed polymorphisms despite high overall genomic differentiation. The joint SFS was best explained by ancient and repeated gene flow and allowed pinpointing candidate interspecific migrant tracts. The direction of selection (DoS) differed between genes in putative migrant tracts and the remainder of the genome, thus indicating the potential roles of adaptive divergence and segregating deleterious mutations on the evolution and breakdown of RI. Genes affected by positive selection during divergence were enriched for several functionally interesting groups, including well-known candidate 'speciation genes' involved in plant innate immunity. Our results suggest that adaptive divergence affects RI in these hybridizing species mainly through intrinsic and demographic processes. Integrating genomic with molecular data holds great promise for revealing the effects of particular genetic pathways on speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Christe
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Kai N Stölting
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Margot Paris
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Christelle Fraїsse
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution (UMR 5554), CNRS-UM2-IRD, Place Eugene Bataillon, F-34095, Montpellier, France.,Station Méditerranéenne de l'Environnement Littoral, Université Montpellier 2, 2 Rue des Chantiers, F-34200, Séte, France
| | - Nicolas Bierne
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution (UMR 5554), CNRS-UM2-IRD, Place Eugene Bataillon, F-34095, Montpellier, France.,Station Méditerranéenne de l'Environnement Littoral, Université Montpellier 2, 2 Rue des Chantiers, F-34200, Séte, France
| | - Christian Lexer
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland.,Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, A-1030, Vienna, Austria
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