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Sanson M, O'Neill BE, Kachroo P, Anderson JR, Flores AR, Valson C, Cantu CC, Makthal N, Karmonik C, Fittipaldi N, Kumaraswami M, Musser JM, Olsen RJ. A naturally occurring single amino acid replacement in multiple gene regulator of group A Streptococcus significantly increases virulence. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 185:462-71. [PMID: 25476528 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are the most common source of genetic variation within a species; however, few investigations demonstrate how naturally occurring SNPs may increase strain virulence. We recently used group A Streptococcus as a model pathogen to study bacteria strain genotype-patient disease phenotype relationships. Whole-genome sequencing of approximately 800 serotype M59 group A Streptococcus strains, recovered during an outbreak of severe invasive infections across North America, identified a disproportionate number of SNPs in the gene encoding multiple gene regulator of group A Streptococcus (mga). Herein, we report results of studies designed to test the hypothesis that the most commonly occurring SNP, encoding a replacement of arginine for histidine at codon 201 of Mga (H201R), significantly increases virulence. Whole transcriptome analysis revealed that the H201R replacement significantly increased expression of mga and 54 other genes, including many proven virulence factors. Compared to the wild-type strain, a H201R isogenic mutant strain caused significantly larger skin lesions in mice. Serial quantitative bacterial culture and noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging also demonstrated that the isogenic H201R strain was significantly more virulent in a nonhuman primate model of joint infection. These findings show that the H201R replacement in Mga increases the virulence of M59 group A Streptococcus and provide new insight to how a naturally occurring SNP in bacteria contributes to human disease phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misu Sanson
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Houston, Texas; School of Biotechnology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Brian E O'Neill
- Department of Translational Imaging, MRI Core, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas
| | - Priyanka Kachroo
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Houston, Texas
| | - Jeff R Anderson
- Department of Translational Imaging, MRI Core, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas
| | - Anthony R Flores
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Houston, Texas; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Chandni Valson
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Houston, Texas
| | - Concepcion C Cantu
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Houston, Texas
| | - Nishanth Makthal
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Houston, Texas
| | - Christof Karmonik
- Department of Translational Imaging, MRI Core, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas
| | - Nahuel Fittipaldi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Public Health Ontario, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Muthiah Kumaraswami
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Houston, Texas
| | - James M Musser
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Houston, Texas
| | - Randall J Olsen
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Houston, Texas.
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Lacroix T, Loux V, Gendrault A, Hoebeke M, Gibrat JF. Insyght: navigating amongst abundant homologues, syntenies and gene functional annotations in bacteria, it's that symbol! Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:gku867. [PMID: 25249626 PMCID: PMC4245967 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
High-throughput techniques have considerably increased the potential of comparative genomics whilst simultaneously posing many new challenges. One of those challenges involves efficiently mining the large amount of data produced and exploring the landscape of both conserved and idiosyncratic genomic regions across multiple genomes. Domains of application of these analyses are diverse: identification of evolutionary events, inference of gene functions, detection of niche-specific genes or phylogenetic profiling. Insyght is a comparative genomic visualization tool that combines three complementary displays: (i) a table for thoroughly browsing amongst homologues, (ii) a comparator of orthologue functional annotations and (iii) a genomic organization view designed to improve the legibility of rearrangements and distinctive loci. The latter display combines symbolic and proportional graphical paradigms. Synchronized navigation across multiple species and interoperability between the views are core features of Insyght. A gene filter mechanism is provided that helps the user to build a biologically relevant gene set according to multiple criteria such as presence/absence of homologues and/or various annotations. We illustrate the use of Insyght with scenarios. Currently, only Bacteria and Archaea are supported. A public instance is available at http://genome.jouy.inra.fr/Insyght. The tool is freely downloadable for private data set analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lacroix
- INRA, UR 1077 Mathématique Informatique et Génome, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Valentin Loux
- INRA, UR 1077 Mathématique Informatique et Génome, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Annie Gendrault
- INRA, UR 1077 Mathématique Informatique et Génome, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Mark Hoebeke
- CNRS, UPMC, FR2424, ABiMS, Station Biologique, 29680 Roscoff, France
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Moye ZD, Zeng L, Burne RA. Fueling the caries process: carbohydrate metabolism and gene regulation by Streptococcus mutans. J Oral Microbiol 2014; 6:24878. [PMID: 25317251 PMCID: PMC4157138 DOI: 10.3402/jom.v6.24878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The nature of the oral cavity and host behaviors has mandated that the oral microbiota evolve mechanisms for coping with environmental fluctuations, especially changes in the type and availability of carbohydrates. In the case of human dental caries, the presence of excess carbohydrates is often responsible for altering the local environment to be more favorable for species associated with the initiation and progression of disease, including Streptococcus mutans. Some of the earliest endeavors to understand how cariogenic species respond to environmental perturbations were carried out using chemostat cultivation, which provides fine control over culture conditions and bacterial behaviors. The development of genome-scale methodologies has allowed for the combination of sophisticated cultivation technologies with genome-level analysis to more thoroughly probe how bacterial pathogens respond to environmental stimuli. Recent investigations in S. mutans and other closely related streptococci have begun to reveal that carbohydrate metabolism can drastically impact pathogenic potential and highlight the important influence that nutrient acquisition has on the success of pathogens; inside and outside of the oral cavity. Collectively, research into pathogenic streptococci, which have evolved in close association with the human host, has begun to unveil the essential nature of careful orchestration of carbohydrate acquisition and catabolism to allow the organisms to persist and, when conditions allow, initiate or worsen disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary D Moye
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Lin Zeng
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Robert A Burne
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Effect of Tran on virulence through regulating metabolism and stress tolerance of Streptococcus suis serotype 2. Microbiol Res 2014; 169:666-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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PTS phosphorylation of Mga modulates regulon expression and virulence in the group A streptococcus. Mol Microbiol 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Streptococcus pyogenes polymyxin B-resistant mutants display enhanced ExPortal integrity. J Bacteriol 2014; 196:2563-77. [PMID: 24794568 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01596-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The ExPortal protein secretion organelle in Streptococcus pyogenes is an anionic phospholipid-containing membrane microdomain enriched in Sec translocons and postsecretion protein biogenesis factors. Polymyxin B binds to and disrupts ExPortal integrity, resulting in defective secretion of several toxins. To gain insight into factors that influence ExPortal organization, a genetic screen was conducted to select for spontaneous polymyxin B-resistant mutants displaying enhanced ExPortal integrity. Whole-genome resequencing of 25 resistant mutants revealed from one to four mutations per mutant genome clustered primarily within a core set of 10 gene groups. Construction of mutants with individual deletions or insertions demonstrated that 7 core genes confer resistance and enhanced ExPortal integrity through loss of function, while 3 were likely due to gain of function and/or combinatorial effects. Core resistance genes include a transcriptional regulator of lipid biosynthesis, several genes involved in nutrient acquisition, and a variety of genes involved in stress responses. Two members of the latter class also function as novel regulators of the secreted SpeB cysteine protease. Analysis of the most frequently isolated mutation, a single nucleotide deletion in a track of 9 consecutive adenine residues in pstS, encoding a component of a high-affinity Pi transporter, suggests that this sequence functions as a molecular switch to facilitate stress adaptation. Together, these data suggest the existence of a membrane stress response that promotes enhanced ExPortal integrity and resistance to cationic antimicrobial peptides.
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Disease manifestations and pathogenic mechanisms of Group A Streptococcus. Clin Microbiol Rev 2014. [PMID: 24696436 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00101-13)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes, also known as group A Streptococcus (GAS), causes mild human infections such as pharyngitis and impetigo and serious infections such as necrotizing fasciitis and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. Furthermore, repeated GAS infections may trigger autoimmune diseases, including acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis, acute rheumatic fever, and rheumatic heart disease. Combined, these diseases account for over half a million deaths per year globally. Genomic and molecular analyses have now characterized a large number of GAS virulence determinants, many of which exhibit overlap and redundancy in the processes of adhesion and colonization, innate immune resistance, and the capacity to facilitate tissue barrier degradation and spread within the human host. This improved understanding of the contribution of individual virulence determinants to the disease process has led to the formulation of models of GAS disease progression, which may lead to better treatment and intervention strategies. While GAS remains sensitive to all penicillins and cephalosporins, rising resistance to other antibiotics used in disease treatment is an increasing worldwide concern. Several GAS vaccine formulations that elicit protective immunity in animal models have shown promise in nonhuman primate and early-stage human trials. The development of a safe and efficacious commercial human vaccine for the prophylaxis of GAS disease remains a high priority.
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58
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Walker MJ, Barnett TC, McArthur JD, Cole JN, Gillen CM, Henningham A, Sriprakash KS, Sanderson-Smith ML, Nizet V. Disease manifestations and pathogenic mechanisms of Group A Streptococcus. Clin Microbiol Rev 2014; 27:264-301. [PMID: 24696436 PMCID: PMC3993104 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00101-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 556] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes, also known as group A Streptococcus (GAS), causes mild human infections such as pharyngitis and impetigo and serious infections such as necrotizing fasciitis and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. Furthermore, repeated GAS infections may trigger autoimmune diseases, including acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis, acute rheumatic fever, and rheumatic heart disease. Combined, these diseases account for over half a million deaths per year globally. Genomic and molecular analyses have now characterized a large number of GAS virulence determinants, many of which exhibit overlap and redundancy in the processes of adhesion and colonization, innate immune resistance, and the capacity to facilitate tissue barrier degradation and spread within the human host. This improved understanding of the contribution of individual virulence determinants to the disease process has led to the formulation of models of GAS disease progression, which may lead to better treatment and intervention strategies. While GAS remains sensitive to all penicillins and cephalosporins, rising resistance to other antibiotics used in disease treatment is an increasing worldwide concern. Several GAS vaccine formulations that elicit protective immunity in animal models have shown promise in nonhuman primate and early-stage human trials. The development of a safe and efficacious commercial human vaccine for the prophylaxis of GAS disease remains a high priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J. Walker
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and the Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Timothy C. Barnett
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and the Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jason D. McArthur
- School of Biological Sciences and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Jason N. Cole
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and the Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Department of Pediatrics and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Christine M. Gillen
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and the Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Anna Henningham
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and the Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Department of Pediatrics and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - K. S. Sriprakash
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Martina L. Sanderson-Smith
- School of Biological Sciences and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Victor Nizet
- Department of Pediatrics and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California, USA
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Gera K, Le T, Jamin R, Eichenbaum Z, McIver KS. The phosphoenolpyruvate phosphotransferase system in group A Streptococcus acts to reduce streptolysin S activity and lesion severity during soft tissue infection. Infect Immun 2014; 82:1192-204. [PMID: 24379283 PMCID: PMC3957985 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01271-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Obtaining essential nutrients, such as carbohydrates, is an important process for bacterial pathogens to successfully colonize host tissues. The phosphoenolpyruvate phosphotransferase system (PTS) is the primary mechanism by which bacteria transport sugars and sense the carbon state of the cell. The group A streptococcus (GAS) is a fastidious microorganism that has adapted to a variety of niches in the human body to elicit a wide array of diseases. A ΔptsI mutant (enzyme I [EI] deficient) generated in three different strains of M1T1 GAS was unable to grow on multiple carbon sources (PTS and non-PTS). Complementation with ptsI expressed under its native promoter in single copy was able to rescue the growth defect of the mutant. In a mouse model of GAS soft tissue infection, all ΔptsI mutants exhibited a significantly larger and more severe ulcerative lesion than mice infected with the wild type. Increased transcript levels of sagA and streptolysin S (SLS) activity during exponential-phase growth was observed. We hypothesized that early onset of SLS activity would correlate with the severity of the lesions induced by the ΔptsI mutant. In fact, infection of mice with a ΔptsI sagB double mutant resulted in a lesion comparable to that of either the wild type or a sagB mutant alone. Therefore, a functional PTS is not required for subcutaneous skin infection in mice; however, it does play a role in coordinating virulence factor expression and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanika Gera
- Department of Cell Biology & Molecular Genetics and Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Tuquynh Le
- Department of Cell Biology & Molecular Genetics and Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Rebecca Jamin
- Biology Department, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Kevin S. McIver
- Department of Cell Biology & Molecular Genetics and Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
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