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Somvanshi VS, Phani V, Banakar P, Chatterjee M, Budhwar R, Shukla RN, Rao U. Transcriptomic changes in the pre-parasitic juveniles of Meloidogyne incognita induced by silencing of effectors Mi-msp-1 and Mi-msp-20. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:360. [PMID: 32832322 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02353-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant-parasitic root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita uses an array of effector proteins to establish successful plant infections. Mi-msp-1 and Mi-msp-20 are two known effectors secreted from nematode subventral oesophageal glands; Mi-msp-1 being a putative secretory venom allergen AG5-like protein, whereas Mi-msp-20 is a pioneer gene with a coiled-coil motif. Expression of specific effector is known to cause disturbances in the expression of other effectors. Here, we used RNA-Seq to investigate the pleiotropic effects of silencing Mi-msp-1 and Mi-msp-20. A total of 25.1-51.9 million HQ reads generated from Mi-msp-1 and Mi-msp-20 silenced second-stage juveniles (J2s) along with freshly hatched J2s were mapped to an already annotated M. incognita proteome to understand the impact on various nematode pathways. As compared to control, silencing of Mi-msp-1 caused differential expression of 29 transcripts, while Mi-msp-20 silencing resulted in differential expression of a broader set of 409 transcripts. In the Mi-msp-1 silenced J2s, cytoplasm (GO:0005737) was the most enriched gene ontology (GO) term, whereas in the Mi-msp-20 silenced worms, embryo development (GO:0009792), reproduction (GO:0000003) and nematode larval development (GO:0002119) were the most enriched terms. Limited crosstalk was observed between these two effectors as a sheer 5.9% of the up-regulated transcripts were common between Mi-msp-1 and Mi-msp-20 silenced nematodes. Our results suggest that in addition to the direct knock-down caused by silencing of Mi-msp-1 and Mi-msp-20, the cascading effect on other genes might also be contributing to a reduction in nematode's parasitic abilities.
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Hada A, Kumari C, Phani V, Singh D, Chinnusamy V, Rao U. Host-Induced Silencing of FMRFamide-Like Peptide Genes, flp-1 and flp-12, in Rice Impairs Reproductive Fitness of the Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyne graminicola. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:894. [PMID: 32765539 PMCID: PMC7379849 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the major staple food crops of the world. The productivity of rice is considerably affected by the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne graminicola. Modern nematode management strategies targeting the physiological processes have established the potency of use of neuromotor genes for their management. Here, we explored the utility of two FMRFamide like peptide coding genes, Mg-flp-1 and Mg-flp-12 of M. graminicola for its management through host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of rice. The presence and integration of hairpin RNA (hpRNA) constructs in transgenic lines were confirmed by PCR, qRT-PCR, and Southern and Northern hybridization. Transgenic plants were evaluated against M. graminicola, where phenotypic effect of HIGS was pronounced with reduction in galling by 20-48% in the transgenic plants. This also led to significant decrease in total number of endoparasites by 31-50% for Mg-flp-1 and 34-51% for Mg-flp-12 transgenics. Likewise, number of egg masses per plant and eggs per egg mass also declined significantly in the transgenics, ultimately affecting the multiplication factor, when compared to the wild type plants. This study establishes the effectiveness of the two M. graminicola flp genes for its management and also for gene pyramiding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alkesh Hada
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Chanchal Kumari
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Victor Phani
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
- Department of Agricultural Entomology, College of Agriculture, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Dakshin Dinajpur, India
| | - Divya Singh
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Viswanathan Chinnusamy
- Division of Plant Physiology, ICAR—Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Uma Rao
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
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Singh RR, Verstraeten B, Siddique S, Tegene AM, Tenhaken R, Frei M, Haeck A, Demeestere K, Pokhare S, Gheysen G, Kyndt T. Ascorbate oxidation activates systemic defence against root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola in rice. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:4271-4284. [PMID: 32242224 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Ascorbic acid (AA) is the major antioxidant buffer produced in the shoot tissue of plants. Previous studies on root-knot nematode (RKN; Meloidogyne graminicola)-infected rice (Oryza sativa) plants showed differential expression of AA-recycling genes, although their functional role was unknown. Our results confirmed increased dehydroascorbate (DHA) levels in nematode-induced root galls, while AA mutants were significantly more susceptible to nematode infection. External applications of ascorbate oxidase (AO), DHA, or reduced AA, revealed systemic effects of ascorbate oxidation on rice defence versus RKN, associated with a primed accumulation of H2O2 upon nematode infection. To confirm and further investigate these systemic effects, a transcriptome analysis was done on roots of foliar AO-treated plants, revealing activation of the ethylene (ET) response and jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis pathways in roots, which was confirmed by hormone measurements. Activation of these pathways by methyl-JA, or ethephon treatment can complement the susceptibility phenotype of the rice Vitamin C (vtc1) mutant. Experiments on the jasmonate signalling (jar1) mutant or using chemical JA/ET inhibitors confirm that the effects of ascorbate oxidation are dependent on both the JA and ET pathways. Collectively, our data reveal a novel pathway in which ascorbate oxidation induces systemic defence against RKNs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shahid Siddique
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Department of Molecular Phytomedicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, UC Davis, One Shields Avenue, CA, USA
| | | | - Raimund Tenhaken
- Department of Bio Sciences; Plant Physiology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Michael Frei
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Crop Science, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ashley Haeck
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Research Group EnVOC, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kristof Demeestere
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Research Group EnVOC, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Somnath Pokhare
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Department of Molecular Phytomedicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Tina Kyndt
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Atighi MR, Verstraeten B, De Meyer T, Kyndt T. Genome-wide DNA hypomethylation shapes nematode pattern-triggered immunity in plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 227:545-558. [PMID: 32162327 PMCID: PMC7317725 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A role for DNA hypomethylation has recently been suggested in the interaction between bacteria and plants; it is unclear whether this phenomenon reflects a conserved response. Treatment of plants of monocot rice and dicot tomato with nematode-associated molecular patterns from different nematode species or bacterial pathogen-associated molecular pattern flg22 revealed global DNA hypomethylation. A similar hypomethylation response was observed during early gall induction by Meloidogyne graminicola in rice. Evidence for the causal impact of hypomethylation on immunity was revealed by a significantly reduced plant susceptibility upon treatment with DNA methylation inhibitor 5-azacytidine. Whole-genome bisulphite sequencing of young galls revealed massive hypomethylation in the CHH context, while not for CG or CHG nucleotide contexts. Further, CHH hypomethylated regions were predominantly associated with gene promoter regions, which was not correlated with activated gene expression at the same time point but, rather, was correlated with a delayed transcriptional gene activation. Finally, the relevance of CHH hypomethylation in plant defence was confirmed in rice mutants of the RNA-directed DNA methylation pathway and DECREASED DNA METHYLATION 1. We demonstrated that DNA hypomethylation is associated with reduced susceptibility in rice towards root-parasitic nematodes and is likely to be part of the basal pattern-triggered immunity response in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tim De Meyer
- Department of Data Analysis & Mathematical ModellingGhent UniversityB‐9000GhentBelgium
| | - Tina Kyndt
- Department of BiotechnologyGhent UniversityB‐9000GhentBelgium
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Luo M, Li BX, Wu HY. Incidence of the Rice Root-Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne graminicola, in Guangxi, China. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2020; 36:297-302. [PMID: 32547345 PMCID: PMC7272850 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.nt.02.2020.0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are the most destructive group of plant-parasitic nematodes. Plants infected by Meloidogyne spp. develop above-ground symptoms, stunting, yellowing, nutrient deficiencies, and gall formations with typical hook-shaped root tips. Infected plants experience yield losses. During 2018-2019 survey, leaf chlorosis rice plants were found in 206 fields of 67 counties in Guangxi, China, around 30 days after transplanting. Galls and hooked tips on the roots and pear-shaped females were observed. About 32.04% of fields were infested with the nematode. The nematodes were identified as Meloidogyne graminicola base on morphological and molecular analysis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of M. graminicola on rice plants in Guangxi, China. The results of this study urge the discovery of resistant cultivars and the development of management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Luo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agric-Environment and Agric-Products Safety, Agricultural College of Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Bing Xue Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agric-Environment and Agric-Products Safety, Agricultural College of Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Han Yan Wu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agric-Environment and Agric-Products Safety, Agricultural College of Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
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Phanerochaete chrysosporium strain B-22, a nematophagous fungus parasitizing Meloidogyne incognita. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0216688. [PMID: 31931510 PMCID: PMC6957339 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita has a wide host range and it is one of the most economically important crop parasites worldwide. Biological control has been a good approach for reducing M. incognita infection, for which many nematophagous fungi are reportedly applicable. However, the controlling effects of Phanerochaete chrysosporium strain B-22 are still unclear. In the present study we characterized the parasitism of this strain on M. incognita eggs, second-stage juveniles (J2), and adult females. The highest corrected mortality was 71.9% at 3 × 108 colony forming units (CFU) mL-1 and the estimated median lethal concentration of the fungus was 0.96 × 108 CFU mL-1. Two days after treatment with Phanerochaete chrysosporium strain B-22 eggshells were dissolved. A strong lethal effect was noted against J2, as the fungal spores developed in their body walls, germinated, and the resulting hyphae crossed the juvenile cuticle to dissolve it, thereby causing shrinkage and deformation of the juvenile body wall. The spores and hyphae also attacked adult females, causing the shrinkage and dissolution of their bodies and leakage of contents after five days. Greenhouse experiments revealed that different concentrations of the fungal spores effectively controlled M. incognita. In the roots, the highest inhibition rate for adult females, juveniles, egg mass, and gall index was 84.61%, 78.91%, 84.25%, and 79.48%, respectively. The highest juvenile inhibition rate was 89.18% in the soil. Phanerochaete chrysosporium strain B-22 also improved tomato plant growth, therefore being safe for tomato plants while effectively parasitizing M. incognita. This strain is thus a promising biocontrol agent against M. incognita.
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Singh RR, Nobleza N, Demeestere K, Kyndt T. Ascorbate Oxidase Induces Systemic Resistance in Sugar Beet Against Cyst Nematode Heterodera schachtii. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:591715. [PMID: 33193547 PMCID: PMC7641898 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.591715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Ascorbate oxidase (AO) is an enzyme involved in catalyzing the oxidation of apoplastic ascorbic acid (AA) to dehydroascorbic acid (DHA). In this research, the potential of AO spraying to induce systemic resistance was demonstrated in the interaction between sugar beet root and cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii and the mechanism was elucidated. Plant bioassays showed that roots of AO-sprayed plants were infested by a significantly lower number of females and cysts when compared with mock-sprayed control plants. Hormone measurements showed an elevated level of jasmonic acid (JA) salicylic acid (SA) and ethylene (ET) in the roots of AO-sprayed plants, with a dynamic temporal pattern of activation. Experiments with chemical inhibitors showed that AO-induced systemic resistance is partially dependent on the JA, ET and SA pathways. Biochemical analyses revealed a primed accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity in the roots of AO-sprayed plants upon infection by cyst nematodes. In conclusion, our data shows that AO works as an effective systemic defense priming agent in sugar beet against cyst nematode infection, through activation of multiple basal plant defense pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard R. Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Neriza Nobleza
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kristof Demeestere
- Research Group Environmental Organic Chemistry and Technology (EnVOC), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tina Kyndt
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Tina Kyndt,
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58
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Singh RR, Chinnasri B, De Smet L, Haeck A, Demeestere K, Van Cutsem P, Van Aubel G, Gheysen G, Kyndt T. Systemic defense activation by COS-OGA in rice against root-knot nematodes depends on stimulation of the phenylpropanoid pathway. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 142:202-210. [PMID: 31302409 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Activation of induced plant resistance to control pests and diseases is regaining attention in the current climate where chemical pesticides are being progressively banned. Formulations of chitosan oligomers (COS) and pectin-derived oligogalacturonides (OGA), COS-OGA, have previously been described to induce resistance against fungal diseases in different crop plants. Here, we investigated their potential and mode-of-action as preventive measures to control root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola infection in rice. The results show a significant reduction in root-galling and nematode development in rice plants that were treated through foliar application with the COS-OGA formulations FytoSol® and FytoSave® 24 h before nematode inoculation. Hormone measurements, gene expression analyses, corroborated by treatments on salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA)-mutants indicated that the systemic COS-OGA induced defense mechanism against nematodes is not based on SA or JA activation. However, phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) gene expression in roots as well as enzymatic PAL activity in the shoots were significantly induced 24 h after foliar COS-OGA spraying in comparison with untreated plants. COS-OGA-induced systemic defense was abolished in the rice OsPAL4-mutant, demonstrating that COS-OGA-induced defense is dependent on OsPAL4 activation in rice plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Raj Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Buncha Chinnasri
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lien De Smet
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ashley Haeck
- Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Research Group EnVOC, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kristof Demeestere
- Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Research Group EnVOC, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pierre Van Cutsem
- Unité de Recherche en Biologie Vegetale, Université de Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000, Namur, Belgium
| | - Geraldine Van Aubel
- Unité de Recherche en Biologie Vegetale, Université de Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000, Namur, Belgium
| | - Godelieve Gheysen
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tina Kyndt
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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T-DNA activation tagging in rice results in a variable response to Meloidogyne graminicola infection. Biologia (Bratisl) 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-019-00281-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Lahari Z, Ribeiro A, Talukdar P, Martin B, Heidari Z, Gheysen G, Price AH, Shrestha R. QTL-seq reveals a major root-knot nematode resistance locus on chromosome 11 in rice ( Oryza sativa L.). EUPHYTICA: NETHERLANDS JOURNAL OF PLANT BREEDING 2019; 215:117. [PMID: 31274875 PMCID: PMC6570777 DOI: 10.1007/s10681-019-2427-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola is a serious pest in rice affecting production in many rice growing areas. Natural host resistance is an attractive control strategy because the speed of the parasite's life cycle and the broad host range it attacks make other control measures challenging. Although resistance has been found in the domesticated African rice Oryza glaberrima and the wild rice species O. longistaminata, the introgression of resistance genes to Asian rice O. sativa is challenging. Resistance due to a major gene in O. sativa would greatly aid breeding. Recently two accessions resistant to M. graminicola have been identified in a screen of 332 diverse O. sativa cultivars. In this study, these two resistant cultivars, LD 24 (an indica from Sri Lanka) and Khao Pahk Maw (an aus from Thailand), were crossed with a moderately susceptible cultivar, Vialone Nano (a temperate japonica from Italy). Approximately 175 F2 progeny of both populations were screened for susceptibility to M. graminicola infection. Between 20 and 23 individuals with highest and lowest galls per plants were pooled to make susceptible and resistant bulks which were sequenced to conduct bulked segregant analysis using the QTL-seq method. This revealed a nematode resistance locus from 23 Mbp to the bottom of rice chromosome 11 in both crosses suggesting a rare introgression of the same locus is responsible for resistance in both cultivars. While this information can be used in marker-assisted breeding, analysis of available SNP data revealed candidate loci and genes worthy of further investigation for gene identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zobaida Lahari
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Antonio Ribeiro
- Centre for Genome-Enabled Biology and Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Partha Talukdar
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Brennan Martin
- Centre for Genome-Enabled Biology and Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Zeynab Heidari
- Centre for Genome-Enabled Biology and Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Godelieve Gheysen
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Adam H. Price
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Roshi Shrestha
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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Zhuo K, Naalden D, Nowak S, Xuan Huy N, Bauters L, Gheysen G. A Meloidogyne graminicola C-type lectin, Mg01965, is secreted into the host apoplast to suppress plant defence and promote parasitism. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2019; 20:346-355. [PMID: 30315612 PMCID: PMC6637863 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
C-type lectins (CTLs), a class of multifunctional proteins, are numerous in nematodes. One CTL gene, Mg01965, shown to be expressed in the subventral glands, especially in the second-stage juveniles of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola, was further analysed in this study. In vitro RNA interference targeting Mg01965 in the preparasitic juveniles significantly reduced their ability to infect host plant roots. Immunolocalizations showed that Mg01965 is secreted by M. graminicola into the roots during the early parasitic stages and accumulates in the apoplast. Transient expression of Mg01965 in Nicotiana benthamiana and targeting it to the apoplast suppressed the burst of reactive oxygen species triggered by flg22. The CTL Mg01965 suppresses plant innate immunity in the host apoplast, promoting nematode parasitism in the early infection stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Zhuo
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityCoupure links 6539000GhentBelgium
| | - Diana Naalden
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityCoupure links 6539000GhentBelgium
| | - Silke Nowak
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityCoupure links 6539000GhentBelgium
| | - Nguyen Xuan Huy
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityCoupure links 6539000GhentBelgium
- Biology Department, College of EducationHue University34 Le LoiHueVietnam
| | - Lander Bauters
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityCoupure links 6539000GhentBelgium
| | - Godelieve Gheysen
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityCoupure links 6539000GhentBelgium
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On the Close Relatedness of Two Rice-Parasitic Root-Knot Nematode Species and the Recent Expansion of Meloidogyne graminicola in Southeast Asia. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10020175. [PMID: 30823612 PMCID: PMC6410229 DOI: 10.3390/genes10020175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Meloidogyne graminicola is a facultative meiotic parthenogenetic root-knot nematode (RKN) that seriously threatens agriculture worldwide. We have little understanding of its origin, genomic structure, and intraspecific diversity. Such information would offer better knowledge of how this nematode successfully damages rice in many different environments. Previous studies on nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) suggested a close phylogenetic relationship between M. graminicola and Meloidogyne oryzae, despite their different modes of reproduction and geographical distribution. In order to clarify the evolutionary history of these two species and explore their molecular intraspecific diversity, we sequenced the genome of 12 M. graminicola isolates, representing populations of worldwide origins, and two South American isolates of M. oryzae. k-mer analysis of their nuclear genome and the detection of divergent homologous genomic sequences indicate that both species show a high proportion of heterozygous sites (ca. 1–2%), which had never been previously reported in facultative meiotic parthenogenetic RKNs. These analyses also point to a distinct ploidy level in each species, compatible with a diploid M. graminicola and a triploid M. oryzae. Phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial genomes and three nuclear genomic sequences confirm close relationships between these two species, with M. graminicola being a putative parent of M. oryzae. In addition, comparative mitogenomics of those 12 M. graminicola isolates with a Chinese published isolate reveal only 15 polymorphisms that are phylogenetically non-informative. Eight mitotypes are distinguished, the most common one being shared by distant populations from Asia and America. This low intraspecific diversity, coupled with a lack of phylogeographic signal, suggests a recent worldwide expansion of M. graminicola.
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Verbeek REM, Van Buyten E, Alam MZ, De Vleesschauwer D, Van Bockhaven J, Asano T, Kikuchi S, Haeck A, Demeestere K, Gheysen G, Höfte M, Kyndt T. Jasmonate-Induced Defense Mechanisms in the Belowground Antagonistic Interaction Between Pythium arrhenomanes and Meloidogyne graminicola in Rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1515. [PMID: 31824540 PMCID: PMC6883413 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Next to their essential roles in plant growth and development, phytohormones play a central role in plant immunity against pathogens. In this study we studied the previously reported antagonism between the plant-pathogenic oomycete Pythium arrhenomanes and the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola, two root pathogens that co-occur in aerobic rice fields. In this manuscript, we investigated if the antagonism is related to imbalances in plant hormone levels, which could be involved in activation of plant defense. Hormone measurements and gene expression analyses showed that the jasmonate (JA) pathway is induced early upon P. arrhenomanes infection. Exogenous application of methyl-jasmonate (MeJA) on the plant confirmed that JA is needed for basal defense against both P. arrhenomanes and M. graminicola in rice. Whereas M. graminicola suppresses root JA levels to increase host susceptibility, Pythium inoculation boosts JA in a manner that prohibits JA repression by the nematode in double-inoculated plants. Exogenous MeJA supply phenocopied the defense-inducing capacity of Pythium against the root-knot nematode, whereas the antagonism was weakened in JA-insensitive mutants. Transcriptome analysis confirmed upregulation of JA biosynthesis and signaling genes upon P. arrhenomanes infection, and additionally revealed induction of genes involved in biosynthesis of diterpenoid phytoalexins, consistent with strong activation of the gene encoding the JA-inducible transcriptional regulator DITERPENOID PHYTOALEXIN FACTOR. Altogether, the here-reported data indicate an important role for JA-induced defense mechanisms in this antagonistic interaction. Next to that, our results provide evidence for induced expression of genes encoding ERF83, and related PR proteins, as well as auxin depletion in P. arrhenomanes infected rice roots, which potentially further contribute to the reduced nematode susceptibility seen in double-infected plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben E. M. Verbeek
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Evelien Van Buyten
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Md Zahangir Alam
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - David De Vleesschauwer
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jonas Van Bockhaven
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Takayuki Asano
- Plant Genome Research Unit, Agrogenomics Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Shoshi Kikuchi
- Plant Genome Research Unit, Agrogenomics Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Ashley Haeck
- Research Group EnVOC, Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kristof Demeestere
- Research Group EnVOC, Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Godelieve Gheysen
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Monica Höfte
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tina Kyndt
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Tina Kyndt,
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Naalden D, Haegeman A, de Almeida‐Engler J, Birhane Eshetu F, Bauters L, Gheysen G. The Meloidogyne graminicola effector Mg16820 is secreted in the apoplast and cytoplasm to suppress plant host defense responses. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:2416-2430. [PMID: 30011122 PMCID: PMC6638014 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
On invasion of roots, plant-parasitic nematodes secrete effectors to manipulate the cellular regulation of the host to promote parasitism. The root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola is one of the most damaging nematodes of rice. Here, we identified a novel effector of this nematode, named Mg16820, expressed in the nematode subventral glands. We localized the Mg16820 effector in the apoplast during the migration phase of the second-stage juvenile in rice roots. In addition, during early development of the feeding site, Mg16820 was localized in giant cells, where it accumulated in the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Using transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves, we demonstrated that Mg16820 directed to the apoplast was able to suppress flg22-induced reactive oxygen species production. In addition, expression of Mg16820 in the cytoplasm resulted in the suppression of the R2/Avr2- and Mi-1.2-induced hypersensitive response. A potential target protein of Mg16820 identified with the yeast two-hybrid system was the dehydration stress-inducible protein 1 (DIP1). Bimolecular fluorescence complementation resulted in a strong signal in the nucleus. DIP1 has been described as an abscisic acid (ABA)-responsive gene and ABA is involved in the biotic and abiotic stress response. Our results demonstrate that Mg16820 is able to act in two cellular compartments as an immune suppressor and targets a protein involved in the stress response, therefore indicating an important role for this effector in parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Naalden
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityCoupure links 6539000GhentBelgium
| | - Annelies Haegeman
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityCoupure links 6539000GhentBelgium
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Plant Sciences UnitCaritasstraat 399090MelleBelgium
| | | | - Firehiwot Birhane Eshetu
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityCoupure links 6539000GhentBelgium
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI)University of PretoriaPretoria0002South Africa
| | - Lander Bauters
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityCoupure links 6539000GhentBelgium
| | - Godelieve Gheysen
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityCoupure links 6539000GhentBelgium
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Somvanshi VS, Tathode M, Shukla RN, Rao U. Nematode Genome Announcement: A Draft Genome for Rice Root-Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne graminicola. J Nematol 2018; 50:111-116. [PMID: 30451432 DOI: 10.21307/jofnem-2018-018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The rice root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola has emerged as a devastating pest of rice in South-East Asian countries. Here we present a draft genome sequence for M. graminicola , assembled using data from short and long insert libraries sequenced on Illumina GAIIx sequencing platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Singh Somvanshi
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, LBS Center, PUSA Campus, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Madhura Tathode
- Bionivid Technology Private Limited, 209, 4th Cross, Kasturi Nagar, Bangalore 560043, India
| | - Rohit Nandan Shukla
- Bionivid Technology Private Limited, 209, 4th Cross, Kasturi Nagar, Bangalore 560043, India
| | - Uma Rao
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, LBS Center, PUSA Campus, New Delhi 110012, India
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Yimer HZ, Nahar K, Kyndt T, Haeck A, Van Meulebroek L, Vanhaecke L, Demeestere K, Höfte M, Gheysen G. Gibberellin antagonizes jasmonate-induced defense against Meloidogyne graminicola in rice. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 218:646-660. [PMID: 29464725 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Gibberellin (GA) regulates various plant growth and developmental processes, but its role in pathogen attack, and especially nematode-plant interactions, still remains to be elucidated. An in-depth characterization of the role of GA in nematode infection was conducted using mutant lines of rice, chemical inhibitors, and phytohormone measurements. Our results showed that GA influences rice-Meloidogyne graminicola interactions in a concentration-dependent manner. Foliar spray of plants with a low concentration of gibberellic acid enhanced nematode infection. Biosynthetic and signaling mutants confirmed the importance of gibberellin for rice susceptibility to M. graminicola infection. Our study also demonstrates that GA signaling suppresses jasmonate (JA)-mediated defense against M. graminicola, and likewise the JA-induced defense against M. graminicola requires SLENDER RICE1 (SLR1)-mediated repression of the GA pathway. In contrast to observations from other plant-pathogen interactions, GA plays a dominant role over JA in determining susceptibility to M. graminicola in rice. This GA-induced nematode susceptibility was largely independent of auxin biosynthesis, but relied on auxin transport. In conclusion, we showed that GA-JA antagonistic crosstalk is at the forefront of the interaction between rice and M. graminicola, and SLR1 plays a central role in the JA-mediated defense response in rice against this nematode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henok Zemene Yimer
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Crop protection, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kamrun Nahar
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tina Kyndt
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ashley Haeck
- Research Group EnVOC, Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lieven Van Meulebroek
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Lynn Vanhaecke
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Kristof Demeestere
- Research Group EnVOC, Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Monica Höfte
- Department of Crop protection, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Godelieve Gheysen
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
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Phan NT, De Waele D, Lorieux M, Xiong L, Bellafiore S. A Hypersensitivity-Like Response to Meloidogyne graminicola in Rice (Oryza sativa). PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2018; 108:521-528. [PMID: 29161206 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-07-17-0235-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Meloidogyne graminicola is a major plant-parasitic nematode affecting rice cultivation in Asia. Resistance to this nematode was found in the African rice genotypes Oryza glaberrima and O. longistaminata; however, due to interspecific hybrid sterility, the introgression of resistance genes in the widely consumed O. sativa varieties remains challenging. Recently, resistance was found in O. sativa and, here, we report for the first time the histological and genetic characterization of the resistance to M. graminicola in Zhonghua 11, an O. sativa variety. Bright-light microscopy and fluorescence observations of the root tissue of this variety revealed that the root cells surrounding the nematode displayed a hypersensitivity-like reaction with necrotic cells at early stages of infection when nematodes are migrating in the root's mesoderm. An accumulation of presumably phenolic compounds in the nematodes' neighboring root cells was also observed. In addition, at a later stage of infection, not only were few feeding sites observed but also the giant cells were underdeveloped, underlining an incompatible interaction. Furthermore, we generated a hybrid O. sativa population by crossing Zhonghua 11 with the susceptible O. sativa variety IR64 in order to describe the genetic background of this resistance. Our data suggested that the resistance to M. graminicola infection was qualitative rather than quantitative and, therefore, major resistance genes must be involved in this infection process. The full characterization of the defense mechanism and the preliminary study of the genetic inheritance of novel sources of resistance to Meloidogyne spp. in rice constitute a major step toward their use in crop breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngan Thi Phan
- First author: Laboratoire Mixte International (LMI) RICE2, Agriculture Genetics Institute (AGI), Hanoi, Vietnam, and IRD, CIRAD, University of Montpellier, IPME, Montpellier, France; second author: Laboratory of Tropical Crop Improvement, Department of Biosystems, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Willem De Croylaan 42, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium; and Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, 56405, Private Bag X6001, 2520 Potchefstroom, South Africa; third author: Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD), CIRAD, University of Montpellier, DIADE, Montpellier, France; fourth author: National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, 47895, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; and fifth author: IRD, CIRAD, University of Montpellier, IPME, Montpellier, France; and LMI RICE2, AGI, Hanoi
| | - Dirk De Waele
- First author: Laboratoire Mixte International (LMI) RICE2, Agriculture Genetics Institute (AGI), Hanoi, Vietnam, and IRD, CIRAD, University of Montpellier, IPME, Montpellier, France; second author: Laboratory of Tropical Crop Improvement, Department of Biosystems, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Willem De Croylaan 42, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium; and Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, 56405, Private Bag X6001, 2520 Potchefstroom, South Africa; third author: Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD), CIRAD, University of Montpellier, DIADE, Montpellier, France; fourth author: National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, 47895, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; and fifth author: IRD, CIRAD, University of Montpellier, IPME, Montpellier, France; and LMI RICE2, AGI, Hanoi
| | - Mathias Lorieux
- First author: Laboratoire Mixte International (LMI) RICE2, Agriculture Genetics Institute (AGI), Hanoi, Vietnam, and IRD, CIRAD, University of Montpellier, IPME, Montpellier, France; second author: Laboratory of Tropical Crop Improvement, Department of Biosystems, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Willem De Croylaan 42, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium; and Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, 56405, Private Bag X6001, 2520 Potchefstroom, South Africa; third author: Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD), CIRAD, University of Montpellier, DIADE, Montpellier, France; fourth author: National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, 47895, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; and fifth author: IRD, CIRAD, University of Montpellier, IPME, Montpellier, France; and LMI RICE2, AGI, Hanoi
| | - Lizhong Xiong
- First author: Laboratoire Mixte International (LMI) RICE2, Agriculture Genetics Institute (AGI), Hanoi, Vietnam, and IRD, CIRAD, University of Montpellier, IPME, Montpellier, France; second author: Laboratory of Tropical Crop Improvement, Department of Biosystems, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Willem De Croylaan 42, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium; and Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, 56405, Private Bag X6001, 2520 Potchefstroom, South Africa; third author: Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD), CIRAD, University of Montpellier, DIADE, Montpellier, France; fourth author: National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, 47895, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; and fifth author: IRD, CIRAD, University of Montpellier, IPME, Montpellier, France; and LMI RICE2, AGI, Hanoi
| | - Stephane Bellafiore
- First author: Laboratoire Mixte International (LMI) RICE2, Agriculture Genetics Institute (AGI), Hanoi, Vietnam, and IRD, CIRAD, University of Montpellier, IPME, Montpellier, France; second author: Laboratory of Tropical Crop Improvement, Department of Biosystems, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Willem De Croylaan 42, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium; and Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, 56405, Private Bag X6001, 2520 Potchefstroom, South Africa; third author: Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD), CIRAD, University of Montpellier, DIADE, Montpellier, France; fourth author: National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, 47895, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; and fifth author: IRD, CIRAD, University of Montpellier, IPME, Montpellier, France; and LMI RICE2, AGI, Hanoi
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Chen J, Hu L, Sun L, Lin B, Huang K, Zhuo K, Liao J. A novel Meloidogyne graminicola effector, MgMO237, interacts with multiple host defence-related proteins to manipulate plant basal immunity and promote parasitism. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:1942-1955. [PMID: 29485753 PMCID: PMC6638000 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes can secrete effector proteins into the host tissue to facilitate their parasitism. In this study, we report a novel effector protein, MgMO237, from Meloidogyne graminicola, which is exclusively expressed within the dorsal oesophageal gland cell and markedly up-regulated in parasitic third-/fourth-stage juveniles of M. graminicola. Transient expression of MgMO237 in protoplasts from rice roots showed that MgMO237 was localized in the cytoplasm and nucleus of the host cells. Rice plants overexpressing MgMO237 showed an increased susceptibility to M. graminicola. In contrast, rice plants expressing RNA interference vectors targeting MgMO237 showed an increased resistance to M. graminicola. In addition, yeast two-hybrid and co-immunoprecipitation assays showed that MgMO237 interacted specifically with three rice endogenous proteins, i.e. 1,3-β-glucan synthase component (OsGSC), cysteine-rich repeat secretory protein 55 (OsCRRSP55) and pathogenesis-related BetvI family protein (OsBetvI), which are all related to host defences. Moreover, MgMO237 can suppress host defence responses, including the expression of host defence-related genes, cell wall callose deposition and the burst of reactive oxygen species. These results demonstrate that the effector MgMO237 probably promotes the parasitism of M. graminicola by interacting with multiple host defence-related proteins and suppressing plant basal immunity in the later parasitic stages of nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiansong Chen
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
| | - Lili Hu
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
| | - Longhua Sun
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
| | - Borong Lin
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
| | - Kun Huang
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
| | - Kan Zhuo
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
| | - Jinling Liao
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Department of Eco‐engineering, Guangdong Eco‐Engineering PolytechnicGuangzhou510520China
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69
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Computational and Experimental Approaches to Predict Host-Parasite Protein-Protein Interactions. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1819:153-173. [PMID: 30421403 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8618-7_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In host-parasite systems, protein-protein interactions are key to allow the pathogen to enter the host and persist within the host. The study of host-parasite molecular communication improves the understanding the mechanisms of infection, evasion of the host immune system and tropism across different tissues. Current trends in parasitology focus on unraveling host-parasite protein-protein interactions to aid the development of new strategies to combat pathogenic parasites with better treatments and prevention mechanisms. Due to the complexity of capturing experimentally these interactions, computational approaches integrating data from different sources (mainly "omics" data) become key to complement or support experimental approaches. Here, we focus on the application of experimental and computational methods in the prediction of host-parasite interactions and highlight the potential of each of these methods in specific contexts.
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70
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Naalden D, Verbeek R, Gheysen G. Nicotiana benthamiana as model plant for Meloidogyne graminicola infection. NEMATOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1163/15685411-00003154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Summary
Nicotiana benthamiana is widely used as a model plant to analyse cell biology and to obtain insight into the molecular host-pathogen interaction because it is susceptible to many pathogens. Since N. benthamiana can be transformed easily, it is also used to study pathogens for which it is not a known host. Meloidogyne graminicola has a fairly broad host range of mainly monocots and some dicots but no data were available on the ability of M. graminicola to infect N. benthamiana. In this study, we show that M. graminicola is able to infect and complete its life cycle in N. benthamiana, although our experiments demonstrate a lower susceptibility compared to rice. In addition, M. graminicola was also able to develop in N. tabacum but the reproduction was very low. Therefore, we conclude that N. benthamiana can be considered as a host, while this is not the case for N. tabacum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Naalden
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ruben Verbeek
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Godelieve Gheysen
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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71
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Chen J, Lin B, Huang Q, Hu L, Zhuo K, Liao J. A novel Meloidogyne graminicola effector, MgGPP, is secreted into host cells and undergoes glycosylation in concert with proteolysis to suppress plant defenses and promote parasitism. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006301. [PMID: 28403192 PMCID: PMC5402989 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant pathogen effectors can recruit the host post-translational machinery to mediate their post-translational modification (PTM) and regulate their activity to facilitate parasitism, but few studies have focused on this phenomenon in the field of plant-parasitic nematodes. In this study, we show that the plant-parasitic nematode Meloidogyne graminicola has evolved a novel effector, MgGPP, that is exclusively expressed within the nematode subventral esophageal gland cells and up-regulated in the early parasitic stage of M. graminicola. The effector MgGPP plays a role in nematode parasitism. Transgenic rice lines expressing MgGPP become significantly more susceptible to M. graminicola infection than wild-type control plants, and conversely, in planta, the silencing of MgGPP through RNAi technology substantially increases the resistance of rice to M. graminicola. Significantly, we show that MgGPP is secreted into host plants and targeted to the ER, where the N-glycosylation and C-terminal proteolysis of MgGPP occur. C-terminal proteolysis promotes MgGPP to leave the ER, after which it is transported to the nucleus. In addition, N-glycosylation of MgGPP is required for suppressing the host response. The research data provide an intriguing example of in planta glycosylation in concert with proteolysis of a pathogen effector, which depict a novel mechanism by which parasitic nematodes could subjugate plant immunity and promote parasitism and may present a promising target for developing new strategies against nematode infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiansong Chen
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Borong Lin
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiuling Huang
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lili Hu
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kan Zhuo
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (JLL); (KZ)
| | - Jinling Liao
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Eco-Engineering Polytechnic, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (JLL); (KZ)
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Kyndt T, Zemene HY, Haeck A, Singh R, De Vleesschauwer D, Denil S, De Meyer T, Höfte M, Demeestere K, Gheysen G. Below-Ground Attack by the Root Knot Nematode Meloidogyne graminicola Predisposes Rice to Blast Disease. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2017; 30:255-266. [PMID: 28151048 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-11-16-0225-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Magnaporthe oryzae (rice blast) and the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola are causing two of the most important pathogenic diseases jeopardizing rice production. Here, we show that root-knot nematode infestation on rice roots leads to important above-ground changes in plant immunity gene expression, which is correlated with significantly enhanced susceptibility to blast disease. A detailed metabolic analysis of oxidative stress responses and hormonal balances demonstrates that the above-ground tissues have a disturbed oxidative stress level, with accumulation of H2O2, as well as hormonal disturbances. Moreover, double infection experiments on an oxidative stress mutant and an auxin-deficient rice line indicate that the accumulation of auxin in the above-ground tissue is at least partly responsible for the blast-promoting effect of root-knot nematode infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Kyndt
- 1 Department Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Henok Yimer Zemene
- 1 Department Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
- 4 Department of Crop Protection, Ghent University
| | - Ashley Haeck
- 2 Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Research Group EnVOC, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Richard Singh
- 1 Department Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Simon Denil
- 3 Department of Mathematical Modelling, Statistics and Bioinformatics, Ghent University; and
| | - Tim De Meyer
- 3 Department of Mathematical Modelling, Statistics and Bioinformatics, Ghent University; and
| | - Monica Höfte
- 4 Department of Crop Protection, Ghent University
| | - Kristof Demeestere
- 2 Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Research Group EnVOC, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Godelieve Gheysen
- 1 Department Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Kyndt T, Nahar K, Haeck A, Verbeek R, Demeestere K, Gheysen G. Interplay between Carotenoids, Abscisic Acid and Jasmonate Guides the Compatible Rice- Meloidogyne graminicola Interaction. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:951. [PMID: 28642770 PMCID: PMC5462958 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we have characterized the role of carotenoids and chlorophyll in the compatible interaction between the sedentary root knot nematode (RKN) Meloidogyne graminicola and the monocot model plant rice (Oryza sativa). Previous transcriptome data showed a differential expression of carotenoid and chlorophyll biosynthesis genes in nematode-induced giant cells and gall tissue. Metabolite measurement showed that galls indeed accumulate chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids, as well as the hormone abscisic acid (ABA). When ABA was externally applied on rice plants, or when ABA-biosynthesis was inhibited, a significant increase in gall formation and nematode development was found, showing the complex role of ABA in this interaction. ABA application suppressed jasmonic acid (JA) levels in the plants, while ABA-biosynthesis inhibition lead to increased JA levels confirming an antagonism between ABA and JA in rice roots. In addition, combined applications of ABA and JA showed that the ABA-effect can overcome JA-induced defense. Based on these observations, we hypothesized that the accumulation of chlorophyll and carotenoid precursors would be beneficial to nematode infection. Indeed, when chemically blocking the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway at different steps, which leads to differential accumulation of carotenoids and chlorophyll in the plants, a positive and clear link between accumulation of carotenoids and chlorophyll and rice susceptibility to RKN was detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Kyndt
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Tina Kyndt,
| | - Kamrun Nahar
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
| | - Ashley Haeck
- Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Research Group EnVOC, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
| | - Ruben Verbeek
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
| | - Kristof Demeestere
- Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Research Group EnVOC, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
| | - Godelieve Gheysen
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
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