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Zhao Y, Sui X, Xu L, Liu G, Lu L, You M, Xie C, Li B, Ni Z, Liang R. Plant-mediated RNAi of grain aphid CHS1 gene confers common wheat resistance against aphids. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2018; 74:2754-2760. [PMID: 29737050 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chitin is an important component of the insect exoskeleton and peritrophic membrane. Chitin synthase 1 (CHS1) is a key enzyme in the chitin synthesis pathway, and has a role in insect molting and growth. Plant-mediated RNA interference (RNAi) has been used as a more target-specific and environmentally safe approach to prevent and control agricultural insects. The aims of this study were to use grain aphid (Sitobion avanae) CHS1 as the target gene and to produce transgenic wheat lines for aphid control via plant-mediated RNAi. RESULTS Expression levels of CHS1 changed at different developmental stages. After feeding on the representative T3 transgenic lines Tb5-2 and Tb10-3, CHS1 expression levels in grain aphid decreased by 50.29% and 45.32%, respectively; and total and molting aphid numbers reduced significantly, compared with controls. Consistent with this, aphid numbers in mixed natural populations reduced significantly in the respective T4 and T5 transgenic lines under field conditions, and T5 transgenic lines had higher grain weight compared with the unsprayed insecticide wild-type and insecticide-sprayed wild-type. CONCLUSION These results indicate that plant-mediated RNAi of the grain aphid CHS1 gene confers common wheat resistance against aphids. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE)/Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Sui
- Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE)/Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lanjie Xu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE)/Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Guoyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE)/Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lihua Lu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE)/Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Mingshan You
- Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE)/Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chaojie Xie
- Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE)/Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Baoyun Li
- Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE)/Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongfu Ni
- Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE)/Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Rongqi Liang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE)/Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Jiang S, Dai Y, Lu Y, Fan S, Liu Y, Bodlah MA, Parajulee MN, Chen F. Molecular Evidence for the Fitness of Cotton Aphid, Aphis gossypii in Response to Elevated CO 2 From the Perspective of Feeding Behavior Analysis. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1444. [PMID: 30483140 PMCID: PMC6240613 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration is likely to influence insect-plant interactions. Aphid, as a typical phloem-feeding herbivorous insect, has shown consistently more positive responses in fitness to elevated CO2 concentrations than those seen in leaf-chewing insects. But, little is known about the mechanism of this performance. In this study, the foliar soluble constituents of cotton and the life history of the cotton aphid Aphis gossypii and its mean relative growth rate (MRGR) and feeding behavior were measured, as well as the relative transcript levels of target genes related appetite, salivary proteins, molting hormone (MH), and juvenile hormone, to investigate the fitness of A. gossypii in response to elevated CO2 (800 ppm vs. 400 ppm). The results indicated that elevated CO2 significantly stimulated the increase in concentrations of soluble proteins in the leaf and sucrose in seedlings. Significant increases in adult longevity, lifespan, fecundity, and MRGR of A. gossypii were found under elevated CO2 in contrast to ambient CO2. Furthermore, the feeding behavior of A. gossypii was significantly affected by elevated CO2, including significant shortening of the time of stylet penetration to phloem position and significant decrease in the mean frequency of xylem phase. It is presumed that the fitness of A. gossypii can be enhanced, resulting from the increases in nutrient sources and potential increase in the duration of phloem ingestion under elevated CO2 in contrast to ambient CO2. In addition, the qPCR results also demonstrated that the genes related to appetite and salivary proteins were significantly upregulated, whereas, the genes related to MH were significantly downregulated under elevated CO2 in contrast to ambient CO2, this is in accordance with the performance of A. gossypii in response to elevated CO2. In conclusion, rise in atmospheric CO2 concentration can enhance the fitness of A. gossypii by increasing their ingestion of higher quantity and higher quality of host plant tissues and by simultaneously upregulating the transcript expression of the genes related to appetite and salivary proteins, and then this may increase the control risk of A. gossypii under conditions of climate change in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoulin Jiang
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Personnel Department, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yang Dai
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongqing Lu
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuqin Fan
- Qidong Agricultural Commission, Qidong, China
| | - Yanmin Liu
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Muhammad Adnan Bodlah
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Megha N. Parajulee
- Texas A&M University AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Fajun Chen
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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53
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Boulain H, Legeai F, Guy E, Morlière S, Douglas NE, Oh J, Murugan M, Smith M, Jaquiéry J, Peccoud J, White FF, Carolan JC, Simon JC, Sugio A. Fast Evolution and Lineage-Specific Gene Family Expansions of Aphid Salivary Effectors Driven by Interactions with Host-Plants. Genome Biol Evol 2018; 10:1554-1572. [PMID: 29788052 PMCID: PMC6012102 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evy097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Effector proteins play crucial roles in plant-parasite interactions by suppressing plant defenses and hijacking plant physiological responses to facilitate parasite invasion and propagation. Although effector proteins have been characterized in many microbial plant pathogens, their nature and role in adaptation to host plants are largely unknown in insect herbivores. Aphids rely on salivary effector proteins injected into the host plants to promote phloem sap uptake. Therefore, gaining insight into the repertoire and evolution of aphid effectors is key to unveiling the mechanisms responsible for aphid virulence and host plant specialization. With this aim in mind, we assembled catalogues of putative effectors in the legume specialist aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, using transcriptomics and proteomics approaches. We identified 3,603 candidate effector genes predicted to be expressed in A. pisum salivary glands (SGs), and 740 of which displayed up-regulated expression in SGs in comparison to the alimentary tract. A search for orthologs in 17 arthropod genomes revealed that SG-up-regulated effector candidates of A. pisum are enriched in aphid-specific genes and tend to evolve faster compared with the whole gene set. We also found that a large fraction of proteins detected in the A. pisum saliva belonged to three gene families, of which certain members show evidence consistent with positive selection. Overall, this comprehensive analysis suggests that the large repertoire of effector candidates in A. pisum constitutes a source of novelties promoting plant adaptation to legumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Boulain
- INRA, UMR1349, Institute of Genetics, Environment and Plant Protection, Le Rheu, France
| | - Fabrice Legeai
- INRA, UMR1349, Institute of Genetics, Environment and Plant Protection, Le Rheu, France.,Inria/IRISA GenScale, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, France
| | - Endrick Guy
- INRA, UMR1349, Institute of Genetics, Environment and Plant Protection, Le Rheu, France
| | - Stéphanie Morlière
- INRA, UMR1349, Institute of Genetics, Environment and Plant Protection, Le Rheu, France
| | - Nadine E Douglas
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland.,UCD School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jonghee Oh
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Marimuthu Murugan
- Community Science College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai, India
| | - Michael Smith
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Julie Jaquiéry
- INRA, UMR1349, Institute of Genetics, Environment and Plant Protection, Le Rheu, France
| | - Jean Peccoud
- UMR CNRS 7267 Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, équipe Ecologie Evolution Symbiose, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Frank F White
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - James C Carolan
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Jean-Christophe Simon
- INRA, UMR1349, Institute of Genetics, Environment and Plant Protection, Le Rheu, France
| | - Akiko Sugio
- INRA, UMR1349, Institute of Genetics, Environment and Plant Protection, Le Rheu, France
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54
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Gosal SS, Wani SH. RNAi for Resistance Against Biotic Stresses in Crop Plants. BIOTECHNOLOGIES OF CROP IMPROVEMENT, VOLUME 2 2018. [PMCID: PMC7123769 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-90650-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi)-based gene silencing has become one of the most successful strategies in not only identifying gene function but also in improving agronomical traits of crops by silencing genes of different pathogens/pests and also plant genes for improvement of desired trait. The conserved nature of RNAi pathway across different organisms increases its applicability in various basic and applied fields. Here we attempt to summarize the knowledge generated on the fundamental mechanisms of RNAi over the years, with emphasis on insects and plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs). This chapter also reviews the rich history of RNAi research, gene regulation by small RNAs across different organisms, and application potential of RNAi for generating transgenic plants resistant to major pests. But, there are some limitations too which restrict wider applications of this technology to its full potential. Further refinement of this technology in terms of resolving these shortcomings constitutes one of the thrust areas in present RNAi research. Nevertheless, its application especially in breeding agricultural crops resistant against biotic stresses will certainly offer the possible solutions for some of the breeding objectives which are otherwise unattainable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satbir Singh Gosal
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab India
| | - Shabir Hussain Wani
- Mountain Research Centre for Field Crops, Khudwani, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir India
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55
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Lee HR, Lee S, Park S, van Kleeff PJM, Schuurink RC, Ryu CM. Transient Expression of Whitefly Effectors in Nicotiana benthamiana Leaves Activates Systemic Immunity Against the Leaf Pathogen Pseudomonas syringae and Soil-Borne Pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum. Front Ecol Evol 2018. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2018.00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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56
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Ren ZW, Zhuo JC, Zhang CX, Wang D. Characterization of NlHox3, an essential gene for embryonic development in Nilaparvata lugens. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 98:e21448. [PMID: 29369417 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Hox genes encode transcriptional regulatory proteins that control axial patterning in all bilaterians. The brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), is a destructive insect pest of rice plants in Asian countries. During analysis of the N. lugens transcriptome, we identified a Hox3-like gene (NlHox3) that was highly and specifically expressed in the embryonic stage. We performed functional analysis on the gene to identify its roles in embryonic development and its potential use as a target in RNA interference (RNAi) based pest control. The sequence analysis showed that NlHox3 was homologous to the Hox3 gene and was most closely related with zen of Drosophila. There were no significant differences in oviposition between the treated and control females after injecting double-stranded RNA of NlHox3 (dsNlHox3) into newly emerged female adult BPHs; however, there was a significant difference in the hatchability of those eggs laid, which no egg from the treated group hatched normally. Injecting female adult BPHs with dsNlHox3 led to necrosis of these offspring embryos, with eye reversal and undeveloped organs, suggesting that NlHox3 was an essential gene for embryonic development and might be a potential target for RNAi-based control of this insect pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Wei Ren
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ji-Chong Zhuo
- Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chuan-Xi Zhang
- Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dun Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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57
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Cao M, Gatehouse JA, Fitches EC. A Systematic Study of RNAi Effects and dsRNA Stability in Tribolium castaneum and Acyrthosiphon pisum, Following Injection and Ingestion of Analogous dsRNAs. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1079. [PMID: 29617308 PMCID: PMC5979293 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) effects in insects are highly variable and may be largely dependent upon the stability of introduced double-stranded RNAs to digestion by nucleases. Here, we report a systematic comparison of RNAi effects in susceptible red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum) and recalcitrant pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) following delivery of dsRNAs of identical length targeting expression of V-type ATPase subunit E (VTE) and inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) genes. Injection and ingestion of VTE and IAP dsRNAs resulted in up to 100% mortality of T. castaneum larvae and sustained suppression (>80%) of transcript levels. In A. pisum, injection of VTE but not IAP dsRNA resulted in up to 65% mortality and transient suppression (ca. 40%) of VTE transcript levels. Feeding aphids on VTE dsRNA reduced growth and fecundity although no evidence for gene suppression was obtained. Rapid degradation of dsRNAs by aphid salivary, haemolymph and gut nucleases contrasted with stability in T. castaneum larvae where it appears that exo-nuclease activity is responsible for relatively slow digestion of dsRNAs. This is the first study to directly compare RNAi effects and dsRNA stability in receptive and refractory insect species and provides further evidence that dsRNA susceptibility to nucleases is a key factor in determining RNAi efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Cao
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
| | - John A Gatehouse
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
| | - Elaine C Fitches
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
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58
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Yates AD, Michel A. Mechanisms of aphid adaptation to host plant resistance. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2018; 26:41-49. [PMID: 29764659 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Host-plant resistant (HPR) crops can play a major role in preventing insect damage, but their durability is limited due to insect adaptation. Research in basal plant resistance provides a framework to investigate adaptation against HPR. Resistance and adaptation are predicted to follow the gene-for-gene and zigzag models of plant defense. These models also highlight the importance of insect effectors, which are small molecules that modulate host plant defense signaling. We highlight research in insect adaptation to plant resistance, and then draw parallels to virulence adaptation. We focus on virulent biotype evolution within the Aphididae, since this group has the highest number of described virulent biotypes. Understanding how virulence occurs will lead to more durable insect management strategies and enhance food production and security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley D Yates
- Center for Applied Plant Sciences, and The Ohio State Center for Soybean Research, USA
| | - Andy Michel
- Center for Applied Plant Sciences, and The Ohio State Center for Soybean Research, USA; Department of Entomology, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Ave., Wooster, OH, USA.
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59
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Powell M, Pyati P, Cao M, Bell H, Gatehouse JA, Fitches E. Insecticidal effects of dsRNA targeting the Diap1 gene in dipteran pests. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15147. [PMID: 29123201 PMCID: PMC5680328 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15534-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) gene Diap1 encodes a protein referred to as DIAP1 (D rosophila Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein 1) that acts to supress apoptosis in "normal" cells in the fly. In this study we investigate the use of RNA interference (RNAi) to control two dipteran pests, Musca domestica and Delia radicum, by disrupting the control of apoptosis. Larval injections of 125-500 ng of Diap1 dsRNA resulted in dose-dependent mortality which was shown to be attributable to down-regulation of target mRNA. Insects injected with Diap1 dsRNA have approx. 1.5-2-fold higher levels of caspase activity than controls 24 hours post injection, providing biochemical evidence that inhibition of apoptotic activity by the Diap1 gene product has been decreased. By contrast adults were insensitive to injected dsRNA. Oral delivery failed to induce RNAi effects and we suggest this is attributable to degradation of ingested dsRNA by intra and extracellular RNAses. Non-target effects were demonstrated via mortality and down-regulation of Diap1 mRNA levels in M. domestica larvae injected with D. radicum Diap1 dsRNA, despite the absence of 21 bp identical sequence regions in the dsRNA. Here we show that identical 15 bp regions in dsRNA are sufficient to trigger non-target RNAi effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Powell
- Fera Science Ltd., Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ, United Kingdom
| | - Prashant Pyati
- School of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Min Cao
- School of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Howard Bell
- Fera Science Ltd., Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ, United Kingdom
| | - John A Gatehouse
- School of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Elaine Fitches
- School of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom.
- Fera Science Ltd., Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ, United Kingdom.
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60
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Raman P, Zaghab SM, Traver EC, Jose AM. The double-stranded RNA binding protein RDE-4 can act cell autonomously during feeding RNAi in C. elegans. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:8463-8473. [PMID: 28541563 PMCID: PMC5737277 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Long double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) can silence genes of matching sequence upon ingestion in many invertebrates and is therefore being developed as a pesticide. Such feeding RNA interference (RNAi) is best understood in the worm Caenorhabditis elegans, where the dsRNA-binding protein RDE-4 initiates silencing by recruiting an endonuclease to process long dsRNA into short dsRNA. These short dsRNAs are thought to move between cells because muscle-specific rescue of rde-4 using repetitive transgenes enables silencing in other tissues. Here, we extend this observation using additional promoters, report an inhibitory effect of repetitive transgenes, and discover conditions for cell-autonomous silencing in animals with tissue-specific rescue of rde-4. While expression of rde-4(+) in intestine, hypodermis, or neurons using a repetitive transgene can enable silencing also in unrescued tissues, silencing can be inhibited wihin tissues that express a repetitive transgene. Single-copy transgenes that express rde-4(+) in body-wall muscles or hypodermis, however, enable silencing selectively in the rescued tissue but not in other tissues. These results suggest that silencing by the movement of short dsRNA between cells is not an obligatory feature of feeding RNAi in C. elegans. We speculate that similar control of dsRNA movement could modulate tissue-specific silencing by feeding RNAi in other invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravrutha Raman
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Soriayah M Zaghab
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Edward C Traver
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Antony M Jose
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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61
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Shen GM, Song CG, Ao YQY, Xiao YH, Zhang YJ, Pan Y, He L. Transgenic cotton expressing CYP392A4 double-stranded RNA decreases the reproductive ability of Tetranychus cinnabarinus. INSECT SCIENCE 2017; 24:559-568. [PMID: 27064066 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
As a polyphagous pest, Tetranychus cinnabarinus has the ability to overcome the defense of various hosts, and causes severe losses to various economically important crops. Since the interaction between pest and host plants is a valuable clue to investigate potential ways for pest management, we intend to identify the key genes of T. cinnabarinus for its adaption on cotton, then, with RNA interference (RNAi) and transgenic technology, construct a transgenic cotton strain to interfere with this process, and evaluate the effect of this method on the management of the mites. The difference of gene expression of T. cinnabarinus was analyzed when it was transferred to a new host (from cowpea to cotton) through high-throughput sequencing, and a number of differentially expressed genes involved in detoxification, digestion and specific processes during the development were classified. From them, a P450 gene CYP392A4 with high abundance and prominent over-expression on the cotton was selected as a candidate. With transgenic technology, cotton plants expressing double-stranded RNA of CYP392A4 were constructed. Feeding experiments showed that it can decrease the expression of the target gene, result in the reduction of reproductive ability of the mites, and the population of T. cinnabarinus showed an apparent fitness cost on the transgenic cotton. These results provide a new approach to restrict the development of mite population on the host. It is also a useful attempt to control piercing sucking pests through RNAi and transgenic technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Mao Shen
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chang-Gui Song
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi-Qian-Yun Ao
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yue-Hua Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Crop Quality Improvement of Ministry of Agriculture, Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong-Jun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Crop Quality Improvement of Ministry of Agriculture, Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Pan
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lin He
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Bingsohn L, Knorr E, Billion A, Narva KE, Vilcinskas A. Knockdown of genes in the Toll pathway reveals new lethal RNA interference targets for insect pest control. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 26:92-102. [PMID: 27862545 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is a promising alternative strategy for ecologically friendly pest management. However, the identification of RNAi candidate genes is challenging owing to the absence of laboratory strains and the seasonality of most pest species. Tribolium castaneum is a well-established model, with a strong and robust RNAi response, which can be used as a high-throughput screening platform to identify potential RNAi target genes. Recently, the cactus gene was identified as a sensitive RNAi target for pest control. To explore whether the spectrum of promising RNAi targets can be expanded beyond those found by random large-scale screening, to encompass others identified using targeted knowledge-based approaches, we constructed a Cactus interaction network. We tested nine genes in this network and found that the delivery of double-stranded RNA corresponding to fusilli and cactin showed lethal effects. The silencing of cactin resulted in 100% lethality at every developmental stage from the larva to the adult. The knockdown of pelle, Dorsal-related immunity factor and short gastrulation reduced or even prevented egg hatching in the next generation. The combination of such targets with lethal and parental RNAi effects can now be tested against different pest species in field studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bingsohn
- Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Giessen, Germany
| | - E Knorr
- Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Giessen, Germany
| | - A Billion
- Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Giessen, Germany
| | - K E Narva
- Dow AgroSciences, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - A Vilcinskas
- Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Giessen, Germany
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Giessen, Germany
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Sanchez-Arcos C, Reichelt M, Gershenzon J, Kunert G. Modulation of Legume Defense Signaling Pathways by Native and Non-native Pea Aphid Clones. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1872. [PMID: 28018405 PMCID: PMC5156717 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) is a complex of at least 15 genetically different host races that are native to specific legume plants, but can all develop on the universal host plant Vicia faba. Despite much research, it is still unclear why pea aphid host races (biotypes) are able to colonize their native hosts while other host races are not. All aphids penetrate the plant and salivate into plant cells when they test plant suitability. Thus plants might react differently to the various pea aphid host races. To find out whether legume species vary in their defense responses to different pea aphid host races, we measured the amounts of salicylic acid (SA), the jasmonic acid-isoleucine conjugate (JA-Ile), other jasmonate precursors and derivatives, and abscisic acid (ABA) in four different species (Medicago sativa, Trifolium pratense, Pisum sativum, V. faba) after infestation by native and non-native pea aphid clones of various host races. Additionally, we assessed the performance of the clones on the four plant species. On M. sativa and T. pratense, non-native clones that were barely able to survive or reproduce, triggered a strong SA and JA-Ile response, whereas infestation with native clones led to lower levels of both phytohormones. On P. sativum, non-native clones, which survived or reproduced to a certain extent, induced fluctuating SA and JA-Ile levels, whereas the native clone triggered only a weak SA and JA-Ile response. On the universal host V. faba all aphid clones triggered only low SA levels initially, but induced clone-specific patterns of SA and JA-Ile later on. The levels of the active JA-Ile conjugate and of the other JA-pathway metabolites measured showed in many cases similar patterns, suggesting that the reduction in JA signaling was due to an effect upstream of OPDA. ABA levels were downregulated in all aphid clone-plant combinations and were therefore probably not decisive factors for aphid-plant compatibility. Our results suggest that A. pisum clones manipulate plant-defense signaling to their own advantage, and perform better on their native hosts due to their ability to modulate the SA- and JA-defense signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Grit Kunert
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJena, Germany
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Yan T, Chen H, Sun Y, Yu X, Xia L. RNA Interference of the Ecdysone Receptor Genes EcR and USP in Grain Aphid (Sitobion avenae F.) Affects Its Survival and Fecundity upon Feeding on Wheat Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E2098. [PMID: 27983619 PMCID: PMC5187898 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17122098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) has been widely used in functional genomics of insects and received intensive attention in the development of RNAi-based plants for insect control. Ecdysone receptor (EcR) and ultraspiracle protein (USP) play important roles in molting, metamorphosis, and reproduction of insects. EcR and USP orthologs and their function in grain aphid (Sitobion avenae F.) have not been documented yet. Here, RT-PCR, qRT-PCR, dsRNA feeding assay and aphid bioassay were employed to isolate EcR and USP orthologs in grain aphid, investigate their expression patterns, and evaluate the effect of RNAi on aphid survival and fecundity, and its persistence. The results indicated that SaEcR and SaUSP exhibited similar expression profiles at different developmental stages. Oral administration of dsRNAs of SaEcR and dsSaUSP significantly decreased the survival of aphids due to the down-regulation of these two genes, respectively. The silencing effect was persistent and transgenerational, as demonstrated by the reduced survival and fecundity due to knock-down of SaEcR and SaUSP in both the surviving aphids and their offspring, even after switching to aphid-susceptible wheat plants. Taken together, our results demonstrate that SaEcR and SaUSP are essential genes in aphid growth and development, and could be used as RNAi targets for wheat aphid control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Yan
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Hongmei Chen
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Yongwei Sun
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Xiudao Yu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Lanqin Xia
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China.
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Mulot M, Boissinot S, Monsion B, Rastegar M, Clavijo G, Halter D, Bochet N, Erdinger M, Brault V. Comparative Analysis of RNAi-Based Methods to Down-Regulate Expression of Two Genes Expressed at Different Levels in Myzus persicae. Viruses 2016; 8:E316. [PMID: 27869783 PMCID: PMC5127030 DOI: 10.3390/v8110316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
With the increasing availability of aphid genomic data, it is necessary to develop robust functional validation methods to evaluate the role of specific aphid genes. This work represents the first study in which five different techniques, all based on RNA interference and on oral acquisition of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), were developed to silence two genes, ALY and Eph, potentially involved in polerovirus transmission by aphids. Efficient silencing of only Eph transcripts, which are less abundant than those of ALY, could be achieved by feeding aphids on transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana expressing an RNA hairpin targeting Eph, on Nicotiana benthamiana infected with a Tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-Eph recombinant virus, or on in vitro-synthesized Eph-targeting dsRNA. These experiments showed that the silencing efficiency may differ greatly between genes and that aphid gut cells seem to be preferentially affected by the silencing mechanism after oral acquisition of dsRNA. In addition, the use of plants infected with recombinant TRV proved to be a promising technique to silence aphid genes as it does not require plant transformation. This work highlights the need to pursue development of innovative strategies to reproducibly achieve reduction of expression of aphid genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaël Mulot
- Université de Strasbourg, INRA, SVQV UMR-A 1131, 28 rue de Herrlisheim, Colmar, 68021 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Sylvaine Boissinot
- Université de Strasbourg, INRA, SVQV UMR-A 1131, 28 rue de Herrlisheim, Colmar, 68021 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Baptiste Monsion
- Université de Strasbourg, INRA, SVQV UMR-A 1131, 28 rue de Herrlisheim, Colmar, 68021 Strasbourg, France.
- INRA, UMR BGPI INRA-CIRAD-SupAgro, CIRAD TA-A54/K, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier, France.
| | - Maryam Rastegar
- Université de Strasbourg, INRA, SVQV UMR-A 1131, 28 rue de Herrlisheim, Colmar, 68021 Strasbourg, France.
- Plant Protection Department, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Gabriel Clavijo
- Université de Strasbourg, INRA, SVQV UMR-A 1131, 28 rue de Herrlisheim, Colmar, 68021 Strasbourg, France.
| | - David Halter
- Université de Strasbourg, INRA, SVQV UMR-A 1131, 28 rue de Herrlisheim, Colmar, 68021 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Nicole Bochet
- Université de Strasbourg, INRA, SVQV UMR-A 1131, 28 rue de Herrlisheim, Colmar, 68021 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Monique Erdinger
- Université de Strasbourg, INRA, SVQV UMR-A 1131, 28 rue de Herrlisheim, Colmar, 68021 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Véronique Brault
- Université de Strasbourg, INRA, SVQV UMR-A 1131, 28 rue de Herrlisheim, Colmar, 68021 Strasbourg, France.
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Will T, Schmidtberg H, Skaljac M, Vilcinskas A. Heat shock protein 83 plays pleiotropic roles in embryogenesis, longevity, and fecundity of the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum. Dev Genes Evol 2016; 227:1-9. [PMID: 27743033 PMCID: PMC5203865 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-016-0564-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock protein 83 (HSP83) is homologous to the chaperone HSP90. It has pleiotropic functions in Drosophila melanogaster, including the control of longevity and fecundity, and facilitates morphological evolution by buffering cryptic deleterious mutations in wild populations. In the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum, HSP83 expression is moderately induced by bacterial infection but upregulated more strongly in response to heat stress and fungal infection. Stress-inducible heat shock proteins are of considerable evolutionary and ecological importance because they are known to buffer environmental variation and to influence fitness under non-optimal conditions. To investigate the functions of HSP83 in viviparous aphids, we used RNA interference to attenuate its expression and studied the impact on complex parameters. The RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated depletion of HSP83 expression in A. pisum reduced both longevity and fecundity, suggesting this chaperone has an evolutionarily conserved function in insects. Surprisingly, HSP83 depletion reduced the number of viviparous offspring while simultaneously increasing the number of premature nymphs developing in the ovaries, suggesting an unexpected role in aphid embryogenesis and eclosion. The present study indicates that reduced HSP83 expression in A. pisum reveals both functional similarities and differences compared with its reported roles in holometabolous insects. Its impact on aphid lifespan, fecundity, and embryogenesis suggests a function that determines their fitness. This could be achieved by targeting different client proteins, recruiting distinct co-chaperones or transposon activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Will
- Institute of Insect Biotechnology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany.,Institute of Phytopathology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Henrike Schmidtberg
- Institute of Insect Biotechnology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Marisa Skaljac
- Fraunhofer-Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME) Project Group 'Bioresources', Winchesterstraße 2, 35394, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Vilcinskas
- Institute of Insect Biotechnology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany. .,Fraunhofer-Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME) Project Group 'Bioresources', Winchesterstraße 2, 35394, Giessen, Germany.
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67
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Koch A, Biedenkopf D, Furch A, Weber L, Rossbach O, Abdellatef E, Linicus L, Johannsmeier J, Jelonek L, Goesmann A, Cardoza V, McMillan J, Mentzel T, Kogel KH. An RNAi-Based Control of Fusarium graminearum Infections Through Spraying of Long dsRNAs Involves a Plant Passage and Is Controlled by the Fungal Silencing Machinery. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005901. [PMID: 27737019 PMCID: PMC5063301 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Meeting the increasing food and energy demands of a growing population will require the development of ground-breaking strategies that promote sustainable plant production. Host-induced gene silencing has shown great potential for controlling pest and diseases in crop plants. However, while delivery of inhibitory noncoding double-stranded (ds)RNA by transgenic expression is a promising concept, it requires the generation of transgenic crop plants which may cause substantial delay for application strategies depending on the transformability and genetic stability of the crop plant species. Using the agronomically important barley—Fusarium graminearum pathosystem, we alternatively demonstrate that a spray application of a long noncoding dsRNA (791 nt CYP3-dsRNA), which targets the three fungal cytochrome P450 lanosterol C-14α-demethylases, required for biosynthesis of fungal ergosterol, inhibits fungal growth in the directly sprayed (local) as well as the non-sprayed (distal) parts of detached leaves. Unexpectedly, efficient spray-induced control of fungal infections in the distal tissue involved passage of CYP3-dsRNA via the plant vascular system and processing into small interfering (si)RNAs by fungal DICER-LIKE 1 (FgDCL-1) after uptake by the pathogen. We discuss important consequences of this new finding on future RNA-based disease control strategies. Given the ease of design, high specificity, and applicability to diverse pathogens, the use of target-specific dsRNA as an anti-fungal agent offers unprecedented potential as a new plant protection strategy. RNA interference has emerged as a powerful genetic tool for scientific research. The demonstration that agricultural pests, such as insects and nematodes, are killed by exogenously supplied RNA targeting their essential genes has raised the possibility that plant predation can be controlled by lethal RNA signals. We show that spraying barley with a 791 nt long dsRNA (CYP3-dsRNA) targeting the three fungal ergosterol biosynthesis genes (CYP51A, CYP51B, CYP51C), whose respective proteins also are known as azole fungicide targets, efficiently inhibited the necrotrophic fungus Fusarium graminearum in directly sprayed and systemic leaf tissue. Strong inhibition of fungal growth required an operational fungal RNA interference mechanism as demonstrated by the fact that a Fusarium DICER-LIKE-1 mutant was insensitive to CYP3-dsRNA in systemic, non-sprayed leaf areas. Our findings will help in the efficient design of RNAi-based plant disease control. We provide essential information on a fundamentally new plant protection strategy, thereby opening novel avenues for improving crop yields in an environmentally friendly and sustainable manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Koch
- Institute for Phytopathology, Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Dagmar Biedenkopf
- Institute for Phytopathology, Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Furch
- Institute of General Botany and Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
| | - Lennart Weber
- Institute for Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Oliver Rossbach
- Institute of Biochemistry, Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Eltayb Abdellatef
- Institute for Phytopathology, Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Lukas Linicus
- Institute for Phytopathology, Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jan Johannsmeier
- Institute for Phytopathology, Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Lukas Jelonek
- Institute for Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Alexander Goesmann
- Institute for Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Vinitha Cardoza
- BASF Plant Science LP, Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - John McMillan
- BASF Plant Science LP, Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | | | - Karl-Heinz Kogel
- Institute for Phytopathology, Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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68
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Wu XM, Yang CQ, Mao YB, Wang LJ, Shangguan XX, Chen XY. Targeting insect mitochondrial complex I for plant protection. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 14:1925-1935. [PMID: 26914579 PMCID: PMC5069633 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Plant engineered to express double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) can target the herbivorous insect gene for silencing. Although mounting evidence has emerged to support feasibility of this new pest control technology, field application is slow largely due to lack of potent targets. Here, we show that suppression of the gene encoding NDUFV2, a subunit of mitochondrial complex I that catalyses NADH dehydrogenation in respiratory chain, was highly lethal to insects. Feeding cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) larvae with transgenic cotton tissues expressing NDUFV2 dsRNA led to mortality up to 80% within 5 days, and almost no larvae survived after 7 days of feeding, due to the altered mitochondrial structure and activity. Transcriptome comparisons showed a drastic repression of dopa decarboxylase genes. Reciprocal assays with Asian corn borer (Ostrinia furnacalis), another lepidopteran species, revealed the sequence-specific effect of NDUFV2 suppression. Furthermore, the hemipteran lugus Apolygus lucorum was also liable to NDUFV2 repression. These data demonstrate that the mitochondrial complex I is a promising target with both sequence specificity and wide applicability for the development of new-generation insect-proof crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Ming Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Plant Gene Research Center (Shanghai), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chang-Qing Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Plant Gene Research Center (Shanghai), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying-Bo Mao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Plant Gene Research Center (Shanghai), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling-Jian Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Plant Gene Research Center (Shanghai), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Xia Shangguan
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Plant Gene Research Center (Shanghai), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Ya Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Plant Gene Research Center (Shanghai), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, China
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69
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Yu XD, Liu ZC, Huang SL, Chen ZQ, Sun YW, Duan PF, Ma YZ, Xia LQ. RNAi-mediated plant protection against aphids. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2016; 72:1090-8. [PMID: 26888776 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Aphids (Aphididae) are major agricultural pests that cause significant yield losses of crop plants each year by inflicting damage both through the direct effects of feeding and by vectoring harmful plant viruses. Expression of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) directed against suitable insect target genes in transgenic plants has been shown to give protection against pests through plant-mediated RNA interference (RNAi). Thus, as a potential alternative and effective strategy for insect pest management in agricultural practice, plant-mediated RNAi for aphid control has received close attention in recent years. In this review, the mechanism of RNAi in insects and the so far explored effective RNAi target genes in aphids, their potential applications in the development of transgenic plants for aphid control and the major challenges in this regard are reviewed, and the future prospects of using plant-mediated RNAi for aphid control are discussed. This review is intended to be a helpful insight into the generation of aphid-resistant plants through plant-mediated RNAi strategy. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Dao Yu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, Henan, China
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zong-Cai Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, Henan, China
| | - Si-Liang Huang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, Henan, China
| | - Zhi-Qin Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, Henan, China
| | - Yong-Wei Sun
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peng-Fei Duan
- School of Life Science and Technology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, Henan, China
| | - You-Zhi Ma
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lan-Qin Xia
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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70
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Kaloshian I, Walling LL. Hemipteran and dipteran pests: Effectors and plant host immune regulators. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 58:350-61. [PMID: 26467026 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Hemipteran and dipteran insects have behavioral, cellular and chemical strategies for evading or coping with the host plant defenses making these insects particularly destructive pests worldwide. A critical component of a host plant's defense to herbivory is innate immunity. Here we review the status of our understanding of the receptors that contribute to perception of hemipteran and dipteran pests and highlight the gaps in our knowledge in these early events in immune signaling. We also highlight recent advances in identification of the effectors that activate pattern-triggered immunity and those involved in effector-triggered immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isgouhi Kaloshian
- Institute of Integrative Genome Biology and Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
- Department of Nematology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
| | - Linda L Walling
- Institute of Integrative Genome Biology and Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
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Amiri A, Bandani AR, Alizadeh H. MOLECULAR IDENTIFICATION OF CYSTEINE AND TRYPSIN PROTEASE, EFFECT OF DIFFERENT HOSTS ON PROTEASE EXPRESSION, AND RNAI MEDIATED SILENCING OF CYSTEINE PROTEASE GENE IN THE SUNN PEST. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 91:189-209. [PMID: 26609789 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Sunn pest, Eurygaster integriceps, is a serious pest of cereals in the wide area of the globe from Near and Middle East to East and South Europe and North Africa. This study described for the first time, identification of E. integriceps trypsin serine protease and cathepsin-L cysteine, transcripts involved in digestion, which might serve as targets for pest control management. A total of 478 and 500 base pair long putative trypsin and cysteine gene sequences were characterized and named Tryp and Cys, respectively. In addition, the tissue-specific relative gene expression levels of these genes as well as gluten hydrolase (Gl) were determined under different host kernels feeding conditions. Result showed that mRNA expression of Cys, Tryp, and Gl was significantly affected after feeding on various host plant species. Transcript levels of these genes were most abundant in the wheat-fed E. integriceps larvae compared to other hosts. The Cys transcript was detected exclusively in the gut, whereas the Gl and Tryp transcripts were detectable in both salivary glands and gut. Also possibility of Sunn pest gene silencing was studied by topical application of cysteine double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). The results indicated that topically applied dsRNA on fifth nymphal stage can penetrate the cuticle of the insect and induce RNA interference. The Cys gene mRNA transcript in the gut was reduced to 83.8% 2 days posttreatment. Also, it was found that dsRNA of Cys gene affected fifth nymphal stage development suggesting the involvement of this protease in the insect growth, development, and molting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Amiri
- Plant Protection Department, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Ali Reza Bandani
- Plant Protection Department, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Houshang Alizadeh
- Department of Agronomy & Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
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72
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Lombardo L, Coppola G, Zelasco S. New Technologies for Insect-Resistant and Herbicide-Tolerant Plants. Trends Biotechnol 2016; 34:49-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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73
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van Bel AJE, Will T. Functional Evaluation of Proteins in Watery and Gel Saliva of Aphids. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1840. [PMID: 28018380 PMCID: PMC5156713 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Gel and watery saliva are regarded as key players in aphid-pIant interactions. The salivary composition seems to be influenced by the variable environment encountered by the stylet tip. Milieu sensing has been postulated to provide information needed for proper stylet navigation and for the required switches between gel and watery saliva secretion during stylet progress. Both the chemical and physical factors involved in sensing of the stylet's environment are discussed. To investigate the salivary proteome, proteins were collected from dissected gland extracts or artificial diets in a range of studies. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of either collection method. Several proteins were identified by functional assays or by use of proteomic tools, while most of their functions still remain unknown. These studies disclosed the presence of at least two proteins carrying numerous sulfhydryl groups that may act as the structural backbone of the salivary sheath. Furthermore, cell-wall degrading proteins such a pectinases, pectin methylesterases, polygalacturonases, and cellulases as well as diverse Ca2+-binding proteins (e.g., regucalcin, ARMET proteins) were detected. Suppression of the plant defense may be a common goal of salivary proteins. Salivary proteases are likely involved in the breakdown of sieve-element proteins to invalidate plant defense or to increase the availability of organic N compounds. Salivary polyphenoloxidases, peroxidases and oxidoreductases were suggested to detoxify, e.g., plant phenols. During the last years, an increasing number of salivary proteins have been categorized under the term 'effector'. Effectors may act in the suppression (C002 or MIF cytokine) or the induction (e.g., Mp10 or Mp 42) of plant defense, respectively. A remarkable component of watery saliva seems the protein GroEL that originates from Buchnera aphidicola, the obligate symbiont of aphids and probably reflects an excretory product that induces plant defense responses. Furthermore, chitin fragments in the saliva may trigger defense reactions (e.g., callose deposition). The functions of identified proteins and protein classes are discussed with regard to physical and chemical characteristics of apoplasmic and symplasmic plant compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aart J. E. van Bel
- Institute of General Botany, Justus-Liebig-UniversityGiessen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Aart J. E. van Bel,
| | - Torsten Will
- Institute of Phytopathology, Justus-Liebig-UniversityGiessen, Germany
- Institute for Resistance Research and Stress Tolerance, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Julius-Kühn InstituteQuedlinburg, Germany
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Zhu YC, Yao J, Luttrell R. Identification of Genes Potentially Responsible for extra-Oral Digestion and Overcoming Plant Defense from Salivary Glands of the Tarnished Plant Bug (Hemiptera: Miridae) Using cDNA Sequencing. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2016; 16:iew041. [PMID: 27324587 PMCID: PMC4913459 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iew041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Saliva is known to play a crucial role in tarnished plant bug (TPB, Lygus lineolaris [Palisot de Beauvois]) feeding. By facilitating the piercing, the enzyme-rich saliva may be used for extra-oral digestion and for overcoming plant defense before the plant fluids are ingested by TPBs. To identify salivary gland genes, mRNA was extracted from salivary glands and cDNA library clones were sequenced. A de novo-assembling of 7,000 Sanger sequences revealed 666 high-quality unique cDNAs with an average size of 624 bp, in which the identities of 347 cDNAs were determined using Blast2GO. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis indicated that these genes participate in eighteen metabolic pathways. Identifications of large number of enzyme genes in TPB salivary glands evidenced functions for extra-oral digestion and feeding damage mechanism, including 45 polygalacturonase, two α- amylase, one glucosidase, one glycan enzyme, one aminopeptidase, four lipase, and many serine protease cDNAs. The presence of multiple transcripts, multigene members, and high abundance of cell wall degradation enzymes (polygalacturonases) indicated that the enzyme-rich saliva may cause damage to plants by breaking down plant cell walls to make nutrients available for feeding. We also identified genes potentially involved in insect adaptation and detoxifying xenobiotics that may allow insects to overcome plant defense responses, including four glutathione S-transferases, three esterases, one cytochrome P450, and several serine proteases. The gene profiles of TPB salivary glands revealed in this study provides a foundation for further understanding and potential development of novel enzymatic inhibitors, or other RNAi approaches that may interrupt or minimize TPB feeding damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Cheng Zhu
- USDA-ARS Southern Insect Management Research Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA
| | - Jianxiu Yao
- USDA-ARS Southern Insect Management Research Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA
| | - Randall Luttrell
- USDA-ARS Southern Insect Management Research Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA
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