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Psilodimitrakopoulos S, Santos SICO, Amat-Roldan I, Thayil AKN, Artigas D, Loza-Alvarez P. In vivo, pixel-resolution mapping of thick filaments' orientation in nonfibrilar muscle using polarization-sensitive second harmonic generation microscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2009; 14:014001. [PMID: 19256689 DOI: 10.1117/1.3059627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The polarization dependence of second harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy is used to uncover structural information in different muscle cells in a living Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) nematode. This is done by using a generalized biophysical model in which element ratios for the associated second-order nonlinear tensor and angular orientations for thick filaments are retrieved using a pixel-by-pixel fitting algorithm. As a result, multiple arbitrary orientations of thick filaments, at the pixel-resolution level, are revealed in the same image. The validity of our method is first corroborated in well-organized thick filaments such as the nonfibrilar body wall muscles. Next, a region of the nonstriated muscular cells of the pharynx is analyzed by showing different regions with homogenous orientations of thick filament as well as their radial distribution. As a result, different sets of the nonstriated muscle cell groups in the pharynx of this nematode were exposed. This methodology is presented as a filtering mechanism to uncover biological information unreachable by common intensity SHG microscopy. Finally, a method to experimentally retrieve the distribution of the effective orientation of active SHG molecules is proposed and tested.
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52
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Bianchini P, Diaspro A. Three-dimensional (3D) backward and forward second harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy of biological tissues. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2008; 1:443-50. [PMID: 19343670 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.200810060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In this work we aim to show how it is possible to exploit the second harmonic generation (SHG) signal for producing multimodal microscopic images of biological tissues. SHG microscopy constitutes an important tool for high-resolution, high-contrast, three-dimensional studies of live cell and tissue architectures. The physical origins of SHG within these tissues are addressed and reported in a comprehensive image gallery. Although SHG is a coherent process, the multiple scattering of tissue samples determines the ability to acquire signal in both backward and forward direction. We discuss here some key elements related to the backward and forward SHG signal in terms of acquisition architecture and related microscopic imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Bianchini
- LAMBS, MicroScoBiO Research Center and Department of Physics, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genoa, Italy
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53
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Stoothoff WH, Bacskai BJ, Hyman BT. Monitoring tau-tubulin interactions utilizing second harmonic generation in living neurons. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2008; 13:064039. [PMID: 19123685 PMCID: PMC3004129 DOI: 10.1117/1.3050422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Tau is a microtubule associated protein that is localized to the axon in neurons. During pathological conditions, including frontotemporal dementia (FTD), a shift in tau isoforms occurs that leads to enhanced expression of a form of tau with four (rather than three) microtubule binding repeats; this has been postulated to alter microtubule structure. Second harmonic generation (SHG) is a technique that allows the visualization of intact microtubules in axons of living neurons without the need for labeling or fixing. We examined how the presence of exogenous tau influences SHG in living neurons. Our results show that the presence of tau significantly enhances SHG, specifically in neuronal axons, despite the presence of tau throughout the entire cell. Our data also suggest that the presence or absence of the fourth microtubule binding repeat does not significantly alter tau's ability to enhance SHG. These results provide evidence that SHG is a useful, noninvasive tool to study tau-microtubule interactions in axons; further, it appears that tau overexpression, rather than specific isoforms, is the major contributor to tau-induced changes in axonal microtubule SHG signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Stoothoff
- Massachusetts General Hospital-Harvard Medical School, Department of Neurology, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
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54
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Gaige TA, Kwon HS, Dai G, Cabral VC, Wang R, Nam YS, Engelward BP, Wedeen VJ, So PTC, Gilbert RJ. Multiscale structural analysis of mouse lingual myoarchitecture employing diffusion spectrum magnetic resonance imaging and multiphoton microscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2008; 13:064005. [PMID: 19123652 DOI: 10.1117/1.3046724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The tongue consists of a complex, multiscale array of myofibers that comprise the anatomical underpinning of lingual mechanical function. 3-D myoarchitecture was imaged in mouse tongues with diffusion spectrum magnetic resonance imaging (DSI) at 9.4 T (b(max) 7000 smm, 150-microm isotropic voxels), a method that derives the preferential diffusion of water/voxel, and high-throughput (10 fps) two-photon microscope (TPM). Net fiber alignment was represented for each method in terms of the local maxima of an orientational distribution function (ODF) derived from the local diffusion (DSI) and 3-D structural autocorrelation (TPM), respectively. Mesoscale myofiber tracts were generated by alignment of the principal orientation vectors of the ODFs. These data revealed a consistent relationship between the properties of the respective ODFs and the virtual superimposition of the distributed mesoscale myofiber tracts. The identification of a mesoscale anatomical construct, which specifically links the microscopic and macroscopic spatial scales, provides a method for relating the orientation and distribution of cells and subcellular components with overall tissue morphology, thus contributing to the development of multiscale methods for mechanical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry A Gaige
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical and Biological Engineering, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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55
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Prent N, Green C, Greenhalgh C, Cisek R, Major A, Stewart B, Barzda V. Intermyofilament dynamics of myocytes revealed by second harmonic generation microscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2008; 13:041318. [PMID: 19021326 DOI: 10.1117/1.2950316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster larva myocytes are imaged with second harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy undergoing forced stretching and rhythmic contractions to determine the nature of the SHG signal. During stretching, double peaked SHG profiles of the anisotropic (A-) bands evolve into single peaks with a higher SHG intensity. The dip in the intensity profile at the center of the A-band is attributed to destructive interference from out-of-phase second harmonic radiating myosin molecules that, in the central region of myofilaments, are arranged antiparallel. An intensity increase at the center of the A-band appears during forced stretching due to a small, less than 100 nm, intermyofilament separation of the antiparallel myosin molecules leading to constructive interference of the SHG radiation. In addition, the same phenomenon occurs during periodic contractions of the myocyte, where an SHG intensity increase with the lengthening of sarcomeres is observed. The SHG intensity dependence on sarcomere length can be used for imaging myocyte contractions with low resolution microscopy, and can be applied for the development of diagnostic tools where monitoring of muscle contraction dynamics is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Prent
- University of Toronto, Department of Physics, Institute for Optical Sciences, 3359 Mississauga Road North, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
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56
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Ralston E, Swaim B, Czapiga M, Hwu WL, Chien YH, Pittis MG, Bembi B, Schwartz O, Plotz P, Raben N. Detection and imaging of non-contractile inclusions and sarcomeric anomalies in skeletal muscle by second harmonic generation combined with two-photon excited fluorescence. J Struct Biol 2008; 162:500-8. [PMID: 18468456 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2008.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2008] [Accepted: 03/19/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The large size of the multinucleated muscle fibers of skeletal muscle makes their examination for structural and pathological defects a challenge. Sections and single fibers are accessible to antibodies and other markers but imaging of such samples does not provide a three-dimensional view of the muscle. Regrettably, bundles of fibers cannot be stained or imaged easily. Two-photon microscopy techniques overcome these obstacles. Second harmonic generation (SHG) by myosin filaments and two-photon excited fluorescence (2PEF) of mitochondrial and lysosomal components provides detailed structural information on unstained tissue. Furthermore, the infrared exciting light can penetrate several layers of muscle fibers and the minimal processing is particularly valuable for fragile biopsies. Here we demonstrate the usefulness of SHG, combined with 2PEF, to reveal enlarged lysosomes and accumulations of non-contractile material in muscles from the mouse model for the lysosomal storage disorder Pompe disease (PD), and in biopsies from adult and infant PD patients. SHG and 2PEF also detect sarcomeric defects that may presage the loss of myofibrils in atrophying muscle and signify loss of elasticity. The combination of SHG and 2PEF should be useful in the analysis and diagnosis of a wide range of skeletal muscle pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ralston
- Light Imaging Section, Office of Science and Technology, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 50, Room 1535, Bethesda, MD 20892-8023, USA.
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L-type Ca2+ channel function is linked to dystrophin expression in mammalian muscle. PLoS One 2008; 3:e1762. [PMID: 18516256 PMCID: PMC2408559 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2007] [Accepted: 02/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In dystrophic mdx skeletal muscle, aberrant Ca2+ homeostasis and fibre degeneration are found. The absence of dystrophin in models of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) has been connected to altered ion channel properties e.g. impaired L-type Ca2+ currents. In regenerating mdx muscle, ‘revertant’ fibres restore dystrophin expression. Their functionality involving DHPR-Ca2+-channels is elusive. Methods and Results We developed a novel ‘in-situ’ confocal immuno-fluorescence and imaging technique that allows, for the first time, quantitative subcellular dystrophin-DHPR colocalization in individual, non-fixed, muscle fibres. Tubular DHPR signals alternated with second harmonic generation signals originating from myosin. Dystrophin-DHPR colocalization was substantial in wt fibres, but diminished in most mdx fibres. Mini-dystrophin (MinD) expressing fibres successfully restored colocalization. Interestingly, in some aged mdx fibres, colocalization was similar to wt fibres. Most mdx fibres showed very weak membrane dystrophin staining and were classified ‘mdx-like’. Some mdx fibres, however, had strong ‘wt-like’ dystrophin signals and were identified as ‘revertants’. Split mdx fibres were mostly ‘mdx-like’ and are not generally ‘revertants’. Correlations between membrane dystrophin and DHPR colocalization suggest a restored putative link in ‘revertants’. Using the two-micro-electrode-voltage clamp technique, Ca2+-current amplitudes (imax) showed very similar behaviours: reduced amplitudes in most aged mdx fibres (as seen exclusively in young mdx mice) and a few mdx fibres, most likely ‘revertants’, with amplitudes similar to wt or MinD fibres. Ca2+ current activation curves were similar in ‘wt-like’ and ‘mdx-like’ aged mdx fibres and are not the cause for the differences in current amplitudes. imax amplitudes were fully restored in MinD fibres. Conclusions We present evidence for a direct/indirect DHPR-dystrophin interaction present in wt, MinD and ‘revertant’ mdx fibres but absent in remaining mdx fibres. Our imaging technique reliably detects single isolated ‘revertant’ fibres that could be used for subsequent physiological experiments to study mechanisms and therapy concepts in DMD.
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Friedl P, Wolf K, von Andrian UH, Harms G. Biological second and third harmonic generation microscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; Chapter 4:Unit 4.15. [PMID: 18228516 DOI: 10.1002/0471143030.cb0415s34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Multiphoton microscopy has become a standard method for noninvasive imaging of thick specimens with subcellular resolution. Higher harmonic generation microscopy (HHGM), based on nonlinear multiphoton excitation, is a contrast mechanism for the structural and molecular imaging of native samples in cell culture and in fixed and live tissues, for both, three-dimensional and four-dimensional reconstructions. HHGM comprises second and third harmonic generation (SHG, THG) of ordered molecules, can be obtained without exogenous labels, and provides detailed real-time optical reconstruction of fibrillar collagen, myosin, microtubules, and membrane potential, as well as cell depolarization. This unit presents the principles of SHG and THG and the basic setup of a HHGM system, and summarizes current applications in cell biology. Multimodal multiphoton microscopy using HHGM together with two-photon excited fluorescence will develop into a key approach to real-time imaging of cell dynamics in the context of live tissues.
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Greenhalgh C, Prent N, Green C, Cisek R, Major A, Stewart B, Barzda V. Influence of semicrystalline order on the second-harmonic generation efficiency in the anisotropic bands of myocytes. APPLIED OPTICS 2007; 46:1852-9. [PMID: 17356630 DOI: 10.1364/ao.46.001852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The influence of semicrystalline order on the second-harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency in the anisotropic bands of Drosophila melanogaster sarcomeres from larval and adult muscle has been investigated. Differences in the semicrystalline order were obtained by using wild-type and mutant strains containing different amounts of headless myosin. The reduction in semicrystalline order without altering the chemical composition of myofibrils was achieved by observing highly stretched sarcomeres and by inducing a loss of viability in myocytes. In all cases the reduction of semicrystalline order in anisotropic bands of myocytes resulted in a substantial decrease in SHG. Second-harmonic imaging during periodic contractions of myocytes revealed higher intensities when sarcomeres were in the relaxed state compared with the contracted state. This study demonstrates that an ordered semicrystalline arrangement of anisotropic bands plays a determining role in the efficiency of SHG in myocytes.
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Débarre D, Pena AM, Supatto W, Boulesteix T, Strupler M, Sauviat MP, Martin JL, Schanne-Klein MC, Beaurepaire E. [Second- and third-harmonic generation microscopies for the structural imaging of intact tissues]. Med Sci (Paris) 2007; 22:845-50. [PMID: 17026938 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20062210845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
One principal advantage of multiphoton excitation microscopy is that it preserves its three-dimensional micrometer resolution when imaging inside light-scattering samples. For that reason two-photon-excited fluorescence microscopy has become an invaluable tool for cellular imaging in intact tissue, with applications in many fields of physiology. This success has driven increasing interest in other forms of nonlinear microscopy that can provide additional information on cells and tissues, such as second- (SHG) and third- (THG) harmonic generation microscopies. In recent years, significant progress has been made in understanding the contrast mechanisms of these recent methodologies, and high-resolution imaging based on intrinsic sources of signal has been demonstrated in cells and tissues. Harmonic generation exhibits structural rather than chemical specificity and can be obtained from a variety of non-fluorescent samples. SHG is observed specifically in dense, non-centrosymmetric arrangements of polarizable molecules, such as collagen fibrils, myofilaments, and polarized microtubule bundles. SHG imaging is therefore emerging as a novel approach for studying processes such as the physiopathological remodelling of the collagen matrix and myofibrillogenesis in intact tissue. THG does not require a non-centrosymmetric system ; however no signal can be obtained from a homogeneous medium. THG imaging therefore provides maps of sub-micrometer heterogeneities (interfaces, inclusions) in unstained samples, and can be used as a general purpose structural imaging tool. Recent studies showed that this technique can be used to image embryo development in small organisms and to characterize the accumulation of large lipid bodies in specialized cells. SHG and THG microscopy both rely on femtosecond laser technology and are easily combined with two-photon microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Débarre
- Laboratoire d'optique et biosciences, CNRS UMR 7645, Inserm U696, Ecole Polytechnique,91128 Palaiseau, France
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Xu J, Bao J, Guo BH, Ma H, Yun TL, Gao L, Chen GQ, Iwata T. Imaging of nonlinear optical response in biopolyesters via second harmonic generation microscopy and its dependence on the crystalline structures. POLYMER 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2006.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Vanzi F, Capitanio M, Sacconi L, Stringari C, Cicchi R, Canepari M, Maffei M, Piroddi N, Poggesi C, Nucciotti V, Linari M, Piazzesi G, Tesi C, Antolini R, Lombardi V, Bottinelli R, Pavone FS. New techniques in linear and non-linear laser optics in muscle research. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2006; 27:469-79. [PMID: 16933024 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-006-9084-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2006] [Accepted: 06/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This review proposes a brief summary of two applications of lasers to muscle research. The first application (laser tweezers), is now a well-established technique in the field, adopted by several laboratories in the world and producing a constant stream of original data, fundamental for our improved understanding of muscle contraction at the level of detail that only single molecule measurements can provide. As an example of the power of this technique, here we focus on some recent results, revealing the performance of the working stroke in at least two distinct steps also in skeletal muscle myosin. A second laser-based technique described here is second-harmonic generation; the application of this technique to muscle research is very recent. We describe the main results obtained thus far in this area and the potentially remarkable impact that this technology may have in muscle research.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Vanzi
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy), University of Florence, Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
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Boulesteix T, Pena AM, Pagès N, Godeau G, Sauviat MP, Beaurepaire E, Schanne-Klein MC. Micrometer scaleEx Vivo multiphoton imaging of unstained arterial wall structure. Cytometry A 2005; 69:20-6. [PMID: 16342114 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We characterize the application of multiphoton microscopy to the observation of the extracellular matrix of fresh unstained vessels. METHOD Combined two-photon-excited fluorescence (2PEF) and second harmonic generation (SHG) imaging of large arteries reveals the architecture of elastin and collagen fibers in the vessel wall with remarkable specificity. RESULTS We present elastin/collagen imaging in unstained rat vessels at both micrometer and whole vessel scales, and we characterize the optical properties of rat carotid artery and aorta walls. We apply this method to evidence deleterious effects of residual doses of a pesticide on the vessel wall. CONCLUSION This study illustrates the potential of 2PEF/SHG microscopy for pharmacological studies in unlabeled arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Boulesteix
- Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences, CNRS/INSERM, Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau, France
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