51
|
Smith DA, Hammond T, Baillie TA. Safety Assessment of Acyl Glucuronides-A Simplified Paradigm. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:908-912. [PMID: 29559442 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.080515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
While simple O- (ether-linked) and N-glucuronide drug conjugates generally are unreactive and considered benign from a safety perspective, the acyl glucuronides that derive from metabolism of carboxylic acid-containing xenobiotics can exhibit a degree of chemical reactivity that is dependent upon their molecular structure. As a result, concerns have arisen over the safety of acyl glucuronides as a class, several members of which have been implicated in the toxicity of their respective parent drugs. However, direct evidence in support of these claims remains sparse, and due to frequently encountered species differences in the systemic exposure to acyl glucuronides (both of the parent drug and oxidized derivatives thereof), coupled with their instability in aqueous media and potential to undergo chemical rearrangement (acyl migration), qualification of these conjugates by traditional safety assessment methods can be very challenging. In this Commentary, we discuss alternative (non-acyl glucuronide) mechanisms by which carboxylic acids may cause serious adverse reactions, and propose a novel, practical approach to compare systemic exposure to acyl glucuronide metabolites in humans to that in animal species used in preclinical safety assessment based on relative estimates of the total body burden of these circulating conjugates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis A Smith
- 4 The Maltings, Walmer, Kent, United Kingdom (D.A.S.); Preclinical Safety Consulting Ltd., Loughborough, Leicestershire, United Kingdom (T.H.); and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (T.A.B.)
| | - Timothy Hammond
- 4 The Maltings, Walmer, Kent, United Kingdom (D.A.S.); Preclinical Safety Consulting Ltd., Loughborough, Leicestershire, United Kingdom (T.H.); and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (T.A.B.)
| | - Thomas A Baillie
- 4 The Maltings, Walmer, Kent, United Kingdom (D.A.S.); Preclinical Safety Consulting Ltd., Loughborough, Leicestershire, United Kingdom (T.H.); and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (T.A.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Lee CA, Yang C, Shah V, Shen Z, Wilson DM, Ostertag TM, Girardet JL, Hall J, Gillen M. Metabolism and Disposition of Verinurad, a Uric Acid Reabsorption Inhibitor, in Humans. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:532-541. [PMID: 29490903 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.117.078220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Verinurad (RDEA3170) is a second generation selective uric acid reabsorption inhibitor for the treatment of gout and asymptomatic hyperuricemia. Following a single oral solution of 10-mg dose of [14C]verinurad (500 μCi), verinurad was rapidly absorbed with a median time to occurrence of maximum observed concentration (Tmax) of 0.5 hours and terminal half-life of 15 hours. In plasma, verinurad constituted 21% of total radioactivity. Recovery of radioactivity in urine and feces was 97.1%. Unchanged verinurad was the predominant component in the feces (29.9%), whereas levels were low in the urine (1.2% excreted). Acylglucuronide metabolites M1 (direct glucuronidation) and M8 (glucuronidation of N-oxide) were formed rapidly after absorption of verinurad with terminal half-life values of approximately 13 and 18 hours, respectively. M1 and M8 constituted 32% and 31% of total radioactivity in plasma and were equimolar to verinurad on the basis of AUC ratios. M1 and M8 formed in the liver were biliary cleared with complete hydrolysis in the GI tract, as metabolites were not detected in the feces and/or efflux across the sinusoidal membrane; M1 and M8 accounted for 29.2% and 32.5% of the radioactive dose in urine, respectively. In vitro studies demonstrated that CYP3A4 mediated the formation of the N-oxide metabolite (M4), which was further metabolized by glucuronyl transferases (UGTs) to form M8, as M4 was absent in plasma and only trace levels were present in the urine. Several UGTs mediated the formation of M1, which could also be further metabolized by CYP2C8. Overall, the major clearance route of verinurad is metabolism via UGTs and CYP3A4 and CYP2C8.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline A Lee
- Preclinical and Clinical DMPK (C.A.L., C.Y.,V.S., Z.S.), Bioanalytical (D.M.W.), Biology (T.M.O.), Chemistry (J.-L.G.), and Clinical Development (J.H.) Ardea Biosciences, Inc., San Diego, California; and Early Clinical Development, IMED Biotech Unit, Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology (M.G.) AstraZeneca LP, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Chun Yang
- Preclinical and Clinical DMPK (C.A.L., C.Y.,V.S., Z.S.), Bioanalytical (D.M.W.), Biology (T.M.O.), Chemistry (J.-L.G.), and Clinical Development (J.H.) Ardea Biosciences, Inc., San Diego, California; and Early Clinical Development, IMED Biotech Unit, Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology (M.G.) AstraZeneca LP, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Vishal Shah
- Preclinical and Clinical DMPK (C.A.L., C.Y.,V.S., Z.S.), Bioanalytical (D.M.W.), Biology (T.M.O.), Chemistry (J.-L.G.), and Clinical Development (J.H.) Ardea Biosciences, Inc., San Diego, California; and Early Clinical Development, IMED Biotech Unit, Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology (M.G.) AstraZeneca LP, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Zancong Shen
- Preclinical and Clinical DMPK (C.A.L., C.Y.,V.S., Z.S.), Bioanalytical (D.M.W.), Biology (T.M.O.), Chemistry (J.-L.G.), and Clinical Development (J.H.) Ardea Biosciences, Inc., San Diego, California; and Early Clinical Development, IMED Biotech Unit, Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology (M.G.) AstraZeneca LP, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - David M Wilson
- Preclinical and Clinical DMPK (C.A.L., C.Y.,V.S., Z.S.), Bioanalytical (D.M.W.), Biology (T.M.O.), Chemistry (J.-L.G.), and Clinical Development (J.H.) Ardea Biosciences, Inc., San Diego, California; and Early Clinical Development, IMED Biotech Unit, Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology (M.G.) AstraZeneca LP, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Traci M Ostertag
- Preclinical and Clinical DMPK (C.A.L., C.Y.,V.S., Z.S.), Bioanalytical (D.M.W.), Biology (T.M.O.), Chemistry (J.-L.G.), and Clinical Development (J.H.) Ardea Biosciences, Inc., San Diego, California; and Early Clinical Development, IMED Biotech Unit, Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology (M.G.) AstraZeneca LP, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Jean-Luc Girardet
- Preclinical and Clinical DMPK (C.A.L., C.Y.,V.S., Z.S.), Bioanalytical (D.M.W.), Biology (T.M.O.), Chemistry (J.-L.G.), and Clinical Development (J.H.) Ardea Biosciences, Inc., San Diego, California; and Early Clinical Development, IMED Biotech Unit, Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology (M.G.) AstraZeneca LP, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Jesse Hall
- Preclinical and Clinical DMPK (C.A.L., C.Y.,V.S., Z.S.), Bioanalytical (D.M.W.), Biology (T.M.O.), Chemistry (J.-L.G.), and Clinical Development (J.H.) Ardea Biosciences, Inc., San Diego, California; and Early Clinical Development, IMED Biotech Unit, Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology (M.G.) AstraZeneca LP, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Michael Gillen
- Preclinical and Clinical DMPK (C.A.L., C.Y.,V.S., Z.S.), Bioanalytical (D.M.W.), Biology (T.M.O.), Chemistry (J.-L.G.), and Clinical Development (J.H.) Ardea Biosciences, Inc., San Diego, California; and Early Clinical Development, IMED Biotech Unit, Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology (M.G.) AstraZeneca LP, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Kratochwil NA, Triyatni M, Mueller MB, Klammers F, Leonard B, Turley D, Schmaler J, Ekiciler A, Molitor B, Walter I, Gonsard PA, Tournillac CA, Durrwell A, Marschmann M, Jones R, Ullah M, Boess F, Ottaviani G, Jin Y, Parrott NJ, Fowler S. Simultaneous Assessment of Clearance, Metabolism, Induction, and Drug-Drug Interaction Potential Using a Long-Term In Vitro Liver Model for a Novel Hepatitis B Virus Inhibitor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 365:237-248. [PMID: 29453199 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.245712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term in vitro liver models are now widely explored for human hepatic metabolic clearance prediction, enzyme phenotyping, cross-species metabolism, comparison of low clearance drugs, and induction studies. Here, we present studies using a long-term liver model, which show how metabolism and active transport, drug-drug interactions, and enzyme induction in healthy and diseased states, such as hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, may be assessed in a single test system to enable effective data integration for physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling. The approach is exemplified in the case of (3S)-4-[[(4R)-4-(2-Chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-5-methoxycarbonyl-2-thiazol-2-yl-1,4-dihydropyrimidin-6-yl]methyl]morpholine-3-carboxylic acid RO6889678, a novel inhibitor of HBV with a complex absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) profile. RO6889678 showed an intracellular enrichment of 78-fold in hepatocytes, with an apparent intrinsic clearance of 5.2 µl/min per mg protein and uptake and biliary clearances of 2.6 and 1.6 µl/min per mg protein, respectively. When apparent intrinsic clearance was incorporated into a PBPK model, the simulated oral human profiles were in good agreement with observed data at low doses but were underestimated at high doses due to unexpected overproportional increases in exposure with dose. In addition, the induction potential of RO6889678 on cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes and transporters at steady state was assessed and cotreatment with ritonavir revealed a complex drug-drug interaction with concurrent P450 inhibition and moderate UDP-glucuronosyltransferase induction. Furthermore, we report on the first evaluation of in vitro pharmacokinetics studies using HBV-infected HepatoPac cocultures. Thus, long-term liver models have great potential as translational research tools exploring pharmacokinetics of novel drugs in vitro in health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Kratochwil
- Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.A.K., M.B.M., F.K., A.E., B.M., I.W., P.-A.G., C.A.T., A.D., M.M., R.J., M.U., F.B., N.J.P., S.F.) and Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Areas (M.T., B.L., D.T., J.S.), Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai, China (G.O., Y.Y.)
| | - Miriam Triyatni
- Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.A.K., M.B.M., F.K., A.E., B.M., I.W., P.-A.G., C.A.T., A.D., M.M., R.J., M.U., F.B., N.J.P., S.F.) and Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Areas (M.T., B.L., D.T., J.S.), Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai, China (G.O., Y.Y.)
| | - Martina B Mueller
- Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.A.K., M.B.M., F.K., A.E., B.M., I.W., P.-A.G., C.A.T., A.D., M.M., R.J., M.U., F.B., N.J.P., S.F.) and Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Areas (M.T., B.L., D.T., J.S.), Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai, China (G.O., Y.Y.)
| | - Florian Klammers
- Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.A.K., M.B.M., F.K., A.E., B.M., I.W., P.-A.G., C.A.T., A.D., M.M., R.J., M.U., F.B., N.J.P., S.F.) and Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Areas (M.T., B.L., D.T., J.S.), Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai, China (G.O., Y.Y.)
| | - Brian Leonard
- Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.A.K., M.B.M., F.K., A.E., B.M., I.W., P.-A.G., C.A.T., A.D., M.M., R.J., M.U., F.B., N.J.P., S.F.) and Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Areas (M.T., B.L., D.T., J.S.), Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai, China (G.O., Y.Y.)
| | - Dan Turley
- Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.A.K., M.B.M., F.K., A.E., B.M., I.W., P.-A.G., C.A.T., A.D., M.M., R.J., M.U., F.B., N.J.P., S.F.) and Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Areas (M.T., B.L., D.T., J.S.), Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai, China (G.O., Y.Y.)
| | - Josephine Schmaler
- Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.A.K., M.B.M., F.K., A.E., B.M., I.W., P.-A.G., C.A.T., A.D., M.M., R.J., M.U., F.B., N.J.P., S.F.) and Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Areas (M.T., B.L., D.T., J.S.), Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai, China (G.O., Y.Y.)
| | - Aynur Ekiciler
- Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.A.K., M.B.M., F.K., A.E., B.M., I.W., P.-A.G., C.A.T., A.D., M.M., R.J., M.U., F.B., N.J.P., S.F.) and Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Areas (M.T., B.L., D.T., J.S.), Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai, China (G.O., Y.Y.)
| | - Birgit Molitor
- Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.A.K., M.B.M., F.K., A.E., B.M., I.W., P.-A.G., C.A.T., A.D., M.M., R.J., M.U., F.B., N.J.P., S.F.) and Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Areas (M.T., B.L., D.T., J.S.), Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai, China (G.O., Y.Y.)
| | - Isabelle Walter
- Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.A.K., M.B.M., F.K., A.E., B.M., I.W., P.-A.G., C.A.T., A.D., M.M., R.J., M.U., F.B., N.J.P., S.F.) and Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Areas (M.T., B.L., D.T., J.S.), Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai, China (G.O., Y.Y.)
| | - Pierre-Alexis Gonsard
- Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.A.K., M.B.M., F.K., A.E., B.M., I.W., P.-A.G., C.A.T., A.D., M.M., R.J., M.U., F.B., N.J.P., S.F.) and Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Areas (M.T., B.L., D.T., J.S.), Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai, China (G.O., Y.Y.)
| | - Charles A Tournillac
- Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.A.K., M.B.M., F.K., A.E., B.M., I.W., P.-A.G., C.A.T., A.D., M.M., R.J., M.U., F.B., N.J.P., S.F.) and Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Areas (M.T., B.L., D.T., J.S.), Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai, China (G.O., Y.Y.)
| | - Alexandre Durrwell
- Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.A.K., M.B.M., F.K., A.E., B.M., I.W., P.-A.G., C.A.T., A.D., M.M., R.J., M.U., F.B., N.J.P., S.F.) and Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Areas (M.T., B.L., D.T., J.S.), Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai, China (G.O., Y.Y.)
| | - Michaela Marschmann
- Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.A.K., M.B.M., F.K., A.E., B.M., I.W., P.-A.G., C.A.T., A.D., M.M., R.J., M.U., F.B., N.J.P., S.F.) and Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Areas (M.T., B.L., D.T., J.S.), Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai, China (G.O., Y.Y.)
| | - Russell Jones
- Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.A.K., M.B.M., F.K., A.E., B.M., I.W., P.-A.G., C.A.T., A.D., M.M., R.J., M.U., F.B., N.J.P., S.F.) and Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Areas (M.T., B.L., D.T., J.S.), Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai, China (G.O., Y.Y.)
| | - Mohammed Ullah
- Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.A.K., M.B.M., F.K., A.E., B.M., I.W., P.-A.G., C.A.T., A.D., M.M., R.J., M.U., F.B., N.J.P., S.F.) and Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Areas (M.T., B.L., D.T., J.S.), Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai, China (G.O., Y.Y.)
| | - Franziska Boess
- Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.A.K., M.B.M., F.K., A.E., B.M., I.W., P.-A.G., C.A.T., A.D., M.M., R.J., M.U., F.B., N.J.P., S.F.) and Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Areas (M.T., B.L., D.T., J.S.), Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai, China (G.O., Y.Y.)
| | - Giorgio Ottaviani
- Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.A.K., M.B.M., F.K., A.E., B.M., I.W., P.-A.G., C.A.T., A.D., M.M., R.J., M.U., F.B., N.J.P., S.F.) and Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Areas (M.T., B.L., D.T., J.S.), Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai, China (G.O., Y.Y.)
| | - Yuyan Jin
- Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.A.K., M.B.M., F.K., A.E., B.M., I.W., P.-A.G., C.A.T., A.D., M.M., R.J., M.U., F.B., N.J.P., S.F.) and Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Areas (M.T., B.L., D.T., J.S.), Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai, China (G.O., Y.Y.)
| | - Neil J Parrott
- Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.A.K., M.B.M., F.K., A.E., B.M., I.W., P.-A.G., C.A.T., A.D., M.M., R.J., M.U., F.B., N.J.P., S.F.) and Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Areas (M.T., B.L., D.T., J.S.), Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai, China (G.O., Y.Y.)
| | - Stephen Fowler
- Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.A.K., M.B.M., F.K., A.E., B.M., I.W., P.-A.G., C.A.T., A.D., M.M., R.J., M.U., F.B., N.J.P., S.F.) and Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Areas (M.T., B.L., D.T., J.S.), Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai, China (G.O., Y.Y.)
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Neutrophil depletion protects against zomepirac-induced acute kidney injury in mice. Chem Biol Interact 2018; 279:102-110. [PMID: 29154782 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Acyl glucuronide (AG) metabolites of carboxylic acid-containing drugs have been implicated in drug toxicity. Zomepirac (ZP) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that was withdrawn from the market because of anaphylactic reactions and renal injury. We recently established a novel mouse model of ZP-induced kidney injury by increasing zomepirac acyl-glucuronide (ZP-AG) concentration via pretreatment with tri-O-tolyl phosphate, a nonselective esterase inhibitor, and l-buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine, a glutathione synthesis inhibitor. Although we have shown that ZP-AG is responsible for ZP-induced kidney injury in mice, the exact pathogenic mechanisms of ZP-induced kidney injury have not been investigated yet. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of immune cells in the pathogenesis of ZP-induced kidney injury, as a representative of AG toxicity. We found that the counts of neutrophils and inflammatory monocytes increased in the blood of mice with ZP-induced kidney injury. However, clodronate liposome- or GdCl3-induced monocyte and/or macrophage depletion did not affect blood urea nitrogen and plasma creatinine levels in mice with ZP-induced kidney injury. Neutrophil infiltration into the kidneys was observed in mice with ZP-induced kidney injury, whereas anti-lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, locus G (Ly6G) antibody pretreatment prevented the renal neutrophil infiltration and partially protected against ZP-induced kidney injury. The mRNA expression of neutrophil-infiltrating cytokines and chemokines, interleukin-1α and macrophage inflammatory protein-2α, increased in mice with ZP-induced kidney injury, whereas pretreatment with anti-Ly6G antibody resulted in a marked reduction of their expression. These results suggest that ZP-AG might be involved in kidney injury, partly via induction of neutrophil infiltration. Therefore, this study may provide an important understanding on toxicological role of ZP-AG in vivo that helps to understand toxicity of AG metabolites.
Collapse
|
55
|
Shimada H, Kobayashi Y, Tanahashi S, Kawase A, Ogiso T, Iwaki M. Correlation between glucuronidation and covalent adducts formation with proteins of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 112:132-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
56
|
Camilleri P, Buch A, Soldo B, Hutt AJ. The influence of physicochemical properties on the reactivity and stability of acyl glucuronides. Xenobiotica 2017; 48:958-972. [DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2017.1384967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Akshay Buch
- Aerpio Therapeutics, Inc., Cincinnati, OH, USA, and
| | - Brandi Soldo
- Aerpio Therapeutics, Inc., Cincinnati, OH, USA, and
| | - Andrew J. Hutt
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Postgraduate Medicine, University of Hertfordshire, College Lane, Hatfield, UK
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Choi JY, Fuerst R, Knapinska AM, Taylor AB, Smith L, Cao X, Hart PJ, Fields GB, Roush WR. Structure-Based Design and Synthesis of Potent and Selective Matrix Metalloproteinase 13 Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2017; 60:5816-5825. [PMID: 28653849 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We describe the use of comparative structural analysis and structure-guided molecular design to develop potent and selective inhibitors (10d and (S)-17b) of matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP-13). We applied a three-step process, starting with a comparative analysis of the X-ray crystallographic structure of compound 5 in complex with MMP-13 with published structures of known MMP-13·inhibitor complexes followed by molecular design and synthesis of potent but nonselective zinc-chelating MMP inhibitors (e.g., 10a and 10b). After demonstrating that the pharmacophores of the chelating inhibitors (S)-10a, (R)-10a, and 10b were binding within the MMP-13 active site, the Zn2+ chelating unit was replaced with nonchelating polar residues that bridged over the Zn2+ binding site and reached into a solvent accessible area. After two rounds of structural optimization, these design approaches led to small molecule MMP-13 inhibitors 10d and (S)-17b, which bind within the substrate-binding site of MMP-13 and surround the catalytically active Zn2+ ion without chelating to the metal. These compounds exhibit at least 500-fold selectivity versus other MMPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yong Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Florida , 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Rita Fuerst
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Florida , 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Anna M Knapinska
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University , Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Alexander B Taylor
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology and the X-ray Crystallography Core Laboratory, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas 78229, United States
| | - Lyndsay Smith
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University , Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Xiaohang Cao
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology and the X-ray Crystallography Core Laboratory, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas 78229, United States
| | - P John Hart
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology and the X-ray Crystallography Core Laboratory, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas 78229, United States
| | - Gregg B Fields
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University , Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - William R Roush
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Florida , 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Kawase A, Hashimoto R, Shibata M, Shimada H, Iwaki M. Involvement of Reactive Metabolites of Diclofenac in Cytotoxicity in Sandwich-Cultured Rat Hepatocytes. Int J Toxicol 2017; 36:260-267. [DOI: 10.1177/1091581817700584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Diclofenac (DIC) is metabolized to reactive metabolites such as diclofenac acyl-β-d-glucuronide (DIC-AG). It is possible that such reactive metabolites could cause tissue damage by formation of covalent protein adducts and other modification of cellular proteins or by induction of immune responses against its covalent protein adducts. However, the detailed mechanisms of idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (DILI) have been unclear. The objective is to clarify the involvement of DIC-AG and 4′hydroxydiclofenac (4′OH-DIC) in acute DILI. Methods: We examined the effects of inhibiting DIC-AG and 4′OH-DIC production on covalent protein adduct formation and lactate dehydrogenase leakage using sandwich-cultured rat hepatocytes (SCRHs). Results: After pretreatment of SCRH with (−)-borneol (BOR, a uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glucuronosyltransferase inhibitor) or sulfaphenazole (SUL, a cytochrome P450 2C9 inhibitor) for 30 minutes, intracellular concentrations of DIC, DIC-AG, and 4′OH-DIC were determined after further treating cells with 300 μM DIC for 3 hours. The decreased levels of reactive metabolites caused by BOR or SUL pretreatment resulted in decreased lactate dehydrogenase leakage from SCRH, although the formation of covalent protein adducts was not affected. Conclusion: These results suggested that both DIC-AG and 4′OH-DIC may be involved in acute cytotoxicity by DIC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kawase
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Higashi-osaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryota Hashimoto
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Higashi-osaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mai Shibata
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Higashi-osaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Shimada
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Higashi-osaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Iwaki
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Higashi-osaka, Osaka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Van Vleet TR, Liu H, Lee A, Blomme EAG. Acyl glucuronide metabolites: Implications for drug safety assessment. Toxicol Lett 2017; 272:1-7. [PMID: 28286018 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Acyl glucuronides are important metabolites of compounds with carboxylic acid moieties and have unique properties that distinguish them from other phase 2 metabolites. In particular, in addition to being often unstable, acyl glucuronide metabolites can be chemically reactive leading to covalent binding with macromolecules and toxicity. While there is circumstantial evidence that drugs forming acyl glucuronide metabolites can be associated with rare, but severe idiosyncratic toxic reactions, many widely prescribed drugs with good safety records are also metabolized through acyl glucuronidation. Therefore, there is a need to understand the various factors that can affect the safety of acyl glucuronide-producing drugs including the rate of acyl glucuronide formation, the relative reactivity of the acyl glucuronide metabolite formed, the rate of elimination, potential proteins being targeted, and the rate of aglucuronidation. In this review, these factors are discussed and various approaches to de-risk the safety liabilities of acyl glucuronide metabolites are evaluated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Terry R Van Vleet
- Abbvie, Development Sciences, Department of Preclinical Safety, United States.
| | - Hong Liu
- Abbvie, Development Sciences, Biomeasure and Metabolism, United States
| | - Anthony Lee
- Abbvie, Development Sciences, Biomeasure and Metabolism, United States
| | - Eric A G Blomme
- Abbvie, Development Sciences, Department of Preclinical Safety, United States
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Otieno MA, Snoeys J, Lam W, Ghosh A, Player MR, Pocai A, Salter R, Simic D, Skaggs H, Singh B, Lim HK. Fasiglifam (TAK-875): Mechanistic Investigation and Retrospective Identification of Hazards for Drug Induced Liver Injury. Toxicol Sci 2017; 163:374-384. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Monicah A Otieno
- Preclinical Development and Safety, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477
| | - Jan Snoeys
- Preclinical Development & Safety, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Antwerpen BE 2340, Belgium
| | - Wing Lam
- Preclinical Development and Safety, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477
| | - Avi Ghosh
- Preclinical Development and Safety, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477
| | - Mark R Player
- Cardiovascular & Metabolism, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477
| | - Alessandro Pocai
- Cardiovascular & Metabolism, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477
| | - Rhys Salter
- Preclinical Development and Safety, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477
| | - Damir Simic
- Preclinical Development and Safety, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477
| | - Hollie Skaggs
- Preclinical Development and Safety, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477
| | - Bhanu Singh
- Preclinical Development and Safety, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477
| | - Heng-Keang Lim
- Preclinical Development and Safety, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Toxicological potential of acyl glucuronides and its assessment. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2017; 32:2-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
62
|
Upthagrove A, Chen J, Meyers CD, Kulmatycki K, Bretz A, Wang L, Peng L, Palamar S, Lin M, Majumdar T, Tran P, Einolf HJ. Pradigastat disposition in humans: in vivo and in vitro investigations. Xenobiotica 2016; 47:1077-1089. [PMID: 27855567 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2016.1263405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
1. Pradigastat is a potent and specific diacylglycerol acyltransferase-1 (DGAT1) inhibitor effective in lowering postprandial triglycerides (TG) in healthy human subjects and fasting TG in familial chylomicronemia syndrome (FCS) patients. 2. Here we present the results of human oral absorption, metabolism and excretion (AME), intravenous pharmacokinetic (PK), and in vitro studies which together provide an overall understanding of the disposition of pradigastat in humans. 3. In human in vitro systems, pradigastat is metabolized slowly to a stable acyl glucuronide (M18.4), catalyzed mainly by UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGT) 1A1, UGT1A3 and UGT2B7. M18.4 was observed at very low levels in human plasma. 4. In the human AME study, pradigastat was recovered in the feces as parent drug, confounding the assessment of pradigastat absorption and the important routes of elimination. However, considering pradigastat exposure after oral and intravenous dosing, this data suggests that pradigastat was completely bioavailable in the radiolabeled AME study and therefore completely absorbed. 5. Pradigastat is eliminated very slowly into the feces, presumably via the bile. Renal excretion is negligible. Oxidative metabolism is minimal. The extent to which pradigastat is eliminated via metabolism to M18.4 could not be established from these studies due to the inherent instability of glucuronides in the gastrointestinal tract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alana Upthagrove
- a Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research , East Hanover , NJ , USA
| | - Jin Chen
- a Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research , East Hanover , NJ , USA
| | - Charles D Meyers
- b Translational Medicine, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research , Cambridge , MA , USA
| | - Kenneth Kulmatycki
- a Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research , East Hanover , NJ , USA
| | - Angela Bretz
- c The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research , San Diego , CA , USA , and
| | - Lai Wang
- a Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research , East Hanover , NJ , USA
| | - Lana Peng
- a Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research , East Hanover , NJ , USA
| | - Safet Palamar
- a Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research , East Hanover , NJ , USA
| | - Melissa Lin
- d Technical Research and Development, Novartis Pharmaceuticals , East Hanover , NJ , USA
| | - Tapan Majumdar
- a Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research , East Hanover , NJ , USA
| | - Phi Tran
- a Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research , East Hanover , NJ , USA
| | - Heidi J Einolf
- a Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research , East Hanover , NJ , USA
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Gan J, Zhang H, Humphreys WG. Drug–Protein Adducts: Chemistry, Mechanisms of Toxicity, and Methods of Characterization. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:2040-2057. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinping Gan
- Department of Biotransformation, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Haiying Zhang
- Department of Biotransformation, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - W. Griffith Humphreys
- Department of Biotransformation, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Cardoso JDO, Oliveira RV, Lu JBL, Desta Z. In Vitro Metabolism of Montelukast by Cytochrome P450s and UDP-Glucuronosyltransferases. Drug Metab Dispos 2016; 43:1905-16. [PMID: 26374173 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.065763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Montelukast has been recommended as a selective in vitro and in vivo probe of cytochrome P450 (P450) CYP2C8 activity, but its selectivity toward this enzyme remains unclear. We performed detailed characterization of montelukast metabolism in vitro using human liver microsomes (HLMs), expressed P450s, and uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs). Kinetic and inhibition experiments performed at therapeutically relevant concentrations reveal that CYP2C8 and CYP2C9 are the principal enzymes responsible for montelukast 36-hydroxylation to 1,2-diol. CYP3A4 was the main catalyst of montelukast sulfoxidation and stereoselective 21-hydroxylation, and multiple P450s participated in montelukast 25-hydroxylation. We confirmed direct glucuronidation of montelukast to an acyl-glucuronide. We also identified a novel peak that appears consistent with an ether-glucuronide. Kinetic analysis in HLMs and experiments in expressed UGTs indicate that both metabolites were exclusively formed by UGT1A3. Comparison of in vitro intrinsic clearance in HLMs suggest that direct glucuronidation may play a greater role in the overall metabolism of montelukast than does P450-mediated oxidation, but the in vivo contribution of UGT1A3 needs further testing. In conclusion, our in vitro findings provide new insight toward montelukast metabolism. The utility of montelukast as a probe of CYP2C8 activity may be compromised owing to involvement of multiple P450s and UGT1A3 in its metabolism.
Collapse
|
65
|
Ikushiro S, Nishikawa M, Masuyama Y, Shouji T, Fujii M, Hamada M, Nakajima N, Finel M, Yasuda K, Kamakura M, Sakaki T. Biosynthesis of Drug Glucuronide Metabolites in the Budding Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:2274-82. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Ikushiro
- Department
of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
| | - Miyu Nishikawa
- Department
of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
- Imizu
Institute, TOPU BIO RESEARCH Co., Ltd, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
| | - Yuuka Masuyama
- Department
of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
| | - Tadashi Shouji
- Department
of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
| | - Miharu Fujii
- Imizu
Institute, TOPU BIO RESEARCH Co., Ltd, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hamada
- Department
of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Nakajima
- Department
of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
| | - Moshe Finel
- Division
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kaori Yasuda
- Department
of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
| | - Masaki Kamakura
- Department
of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Sakaki
- Department
of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
- Imizu
Institute, TOPU BIO RESEARCH Co., Ltd, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Iwamura A, Watanabe K, Akai S, Nishinosono T, Tsuneyama K, Oda S, Kume T, Yokoi T. Zomepirac Acyl Glucuronide Is Responsible for Zomepirac-Induced Acute Kidney Injury in Mice. Drug Metab Dispos 2016; 44:888-96. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.069575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
|
67
|
Thompson RA, Isin EM, Ogese MO, Mettetal JT, Williams DP. Reactive Metabolites: Current and Emerging Risk and Hazard Assessments. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:505-33. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard A. Thompson
- DMPK, Respiratory, Inflammation & Autoimmunity iMed, AstraZeneca R&D, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Emre M. Isin
- DMPK, Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases iMed, AstraZeneca R&D, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Monday O. Ogese
- Translational Safety, Drug Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca R&D, Darwin Building 310, Cambridge Science Park, Milton Rd, Cambridge CB4 0FZ, United Kingdom
| | - Jerome T. Mettetal
- Translational Safety, Drug Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca R&D, 35 Gatehouse Dr, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Dominic P. Williams
- Translational Safety, Drug Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca R&D, Darwin Building 310, Cambridge Science Park, Milton Rd, Cambridge CB4 0FZ, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Kawase A, Yamamoto T, Egashira S, Iwaki M. Stereoselective Inhibition of Methotrexate Excretion by Glucuronides of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs via Multidrug Resistance Proteins 2 and 4. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 356:366-74. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.229104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
69
|
Iwamura A, Ito M, Mitsui H, Hasegawa J, Kosaka K, Kino I, Tsuda M, Nakajima M, Yokoi T, Kume T. Toxicological evaluation of acyl glucuronides utilizing half-lives, peptide adducts, and immunostimulation assays. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 30:241-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
70
|
Lassila T, Hokkanen J, Aatsinki SM, Mattila S, Turpeinen M, Tolonen A. Toxicity of Carboxylic Acid-Containing Drugs: The Role of Acyl Migration and CoA Conjugation Investigated. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:2292-303. [PMID: 26558897 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Many carboxylic acid-containing drugs are associated with idiosyncratic drug toxicity (IDT), which may be caused by reactive acyl glucuronide metabolites. The rate of acyl migration has been earlier suggested as a predictor of acyl glucuronide reactivity. Additionally, acyl Coenzyme A (CoA) conjugates are known to be reactive. Here, 13 drugs with a carboxylic acid moiety were incubated with human liver microsomes to produce acyl glucuronide conjugates for the determination of acyl glucuronide half-lives by acyl migration and with HepaRG cells to monitor the formation of acyl CoA conjugates, their further conjugate metabolites, and trans-acylation products with glutathione. Additionally, in vitro cytotoxicity and mitochondrial toxicity experiments were performed with HepaRG cells to compare the predictability of toxicity. Clearly, longer acyl glucuronide half-lives were observed for safe drugs compared to drugs that can cause IDT. Correlation between half-lives and toxicity classification increased when "relative half-lives," taking into account the formation of isomeric AG-forms due to acyl migration and eliminating the effect of hydrolysis, were used instead of plain disappearance of the initial 1-O-β-AG-form. Correlation was improved further when a daily dose of the drug was taken into account. CoA and related conjugates were detected primarily for the drugs that have the capability to cause IDT, although some exceptions to this were observed. Cytotoxicity and mitochondrial toxicity did not correlate to drug safety. On the basis of the results, the short relative half-life of the acyl glucuronide (high acyl migration rate), high daily dose and detection of acyl CoA conjugates, or further metabolites derived from acyl CoA together seem to indicate that carboxylic acid-containing drugs have a higher probability to cause drug-induced liver injury (DILI).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toni Lassila
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oulu , P.O. Box 3000, 90014 Oulu, Finland.,Research Unit of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu , P.O. Box 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | | | | | - Sampo Mattila
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oulu , P.O. Box 3000, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Miia Turpeinen
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu , P.O. Box 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland.,Administration Center, Oulu University Hospital , P.O. Box 10, 90029 OYS, Oulu, Finland
| | - Ari Tolonen
- Admescope Ltd. , Typpitie 1, 90620 Oulu, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Yamaoka T, Kitamura Y. Characterization of a highly sensitive and selective novel trapping reagent, stable isotope labeled glutathione ethyl ester, for the detection of reactive metabolites. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2015; 76:83-95. [PMID: 26314789 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2015.08.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glutathione (GSH) trapping assays are widely used to predict the post-marketing risk for idiosyncratic drug reactions (IDRs) in the pharmaceutical industry. Although several GSH derivatives have been introduced as trapping reagents for reactive intermediates, more sensitive and selective reagents are desired to prevent the generation of erroneous results. In this study, stable isotope labeled GSH ethyl ester (GSHEE-d5) was designed and its detection capability was evaluated. METHODS GSHEE-d5 was synthesized and its detection potential was compared with stable isotope labeled GSH ([(13)C2,(15)N]GSH) as a reference trapping reagent. The trapping reagents were added to human liver microsomes as a 1:1 mixture with GSHEE or GSH, respectively, and incubated with seven IDR positive drugs and three IDR negative drugs. The adducts formed between the reagents and reactive metabolites were analyzed by unit resolution mass spectrometer (MS) using isotope pattern-dependent scan with neutral loss filtering. RESULTS A single-step reaction of GSH and ethanol-d6 produced GSHEE-d5 with a yield of 85%. The GSHEE-d5 assay detected adducts with all seven IDR positive drugs, and no adducts were detected with the three IDR negative drugs. In contrast, the [(13)C2,(15)N]GSH assay failed to detect adducts with three of the IDR positive drugs. In the case of diclofenac, the GSHEE-d5 assay showed a 4-times greater signal intensity than the [(13)C2,(15)N]GSH assay. DISCUSSION GSHEE-d5 enabled the detection of reactive metabolites with greater sensitivity and selectivity than [(13)C2,(15)N]GSH. These results demonstrate that GSHEE-d5 would be a useful trapping reagent for evaluating the risk of IDRs with unit resolution MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshikazu Yamaoka
- DMPK Research Laboratory, Watarase Research Center, Kyorin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1848, Nogi, Nogi-machi, Shimotsuga-gun, Tochigi 329-0114, Japan.
| | - Yoshiaki Kitamura
- DMPK Research Laboratory, Watarase Research Center, Kyorin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1848, Nogi, Nogi-machi, Shimotsuga-gun, Tochigi 329-0114, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Zhong S, Jones R, Lu W, Schadt S, Ottaviani G. A New Rapid In Vitro Assay for Assessing Reactivity of Acyl Glucuronides. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:1711-7. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.066159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
|
73
|
Oda S, Fukami T, Yokoi T, Nakajima M. A comprehensive review of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase and esterases for drug development. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2015; 30:30-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
74
|
Ito Y, Fukami T, Yokoi T, Nakajima M. An orphan esterase ABHD10 modulates probenecid acyl glucuronidation in human liver. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:2109-16. [PMID: 25217485 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.059485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Probenecid, a widely used uricosuric agent, is mainly metabolized to probenecid acyl glucuronide (PRAG), which is considered a causal substance of severe allergic or anaphylactoid reactions. PRAG can be hydrolyzed (deglucuronidated) to probenecid. The purpose of this study was to identify enzymes responsible for probenecid acyl glucuronidation and PRAG deglucuronidation in human livers and to examine the effect of deglucuronidation in PRAG formation. In human liver homogenates (HLHs), the intrinsic clearance (CLint) of PRAG deglucuronidation was much greater (497-fold) than that of probenecid acyl glucuronidation. Evaluation of PRAG formation by recombinant UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) isoforms and an inhibition study using HLHs as an enzyme source demonstrated that multiple UGT isoforms, including UGT1A1, UGT1A9, and UGT2B7, catalyzed probenecid acyl glucuronidation. We found that recombinant α/β hydrolase domain containing 10 (ABHD10) substantially catalyzed PRAG deglucuronidation activity, whereas carboxylesterases did not. Similar inhibitory patterns by chemicals between HLHs and recombinant ABHD10 supported the major contribution of ABHD10 to PRAG deglucuronidation in human liver. Interestingly, it was demonstrated that the CLint value of probenecid acyl glucuronidation in HLHs was increased by 1.7-fold in the presence of phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, which potently inhibited ABHD10 activity. In conclusion, we found that PRAG deglucuronidation catalyzed by ABHD10 suppressively regulates PRAG formation via multiple UGT enzymes in human liver. The balance of activities by these enzymes is important for the formation of PRAG, which may be associated with the adverse reactions observed after probenecid administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Ito
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Fukami
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Yokoi
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Miki Nakajima
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Hammond TG, Meng X, Jenkins RE, Maggs JL, Castelazo AS, Regan SL, Bennett SNL, Earnshaw CJ, Aithal GP, Pande I, Kenna JG, Stachulski AV, Park BK, Williams DP. Mass spectrometric characterization of circulating covalent protein adducts derived from a drug acyl glucuronide metabolite: multiple albumin adductions in diclofenac patients. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014; 350:387-402. [PMID: 24902585 PMCID: PMC4109494 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.215079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Covalent protein modifications by electrophilic acyl glucuronide (AG) metabolites are hypothetical causes of hypersensitivity reactions associated with certain carboxylate drugs. The complex rearrangements and reactivities of drug AG have been defined in great detail, and protein adducts of carboxylate drugs, such as diclofenac, have been found in liver and plasma of experimental animals and humans. However, in the absence of definitive molecular characterization, and specifically, identification of signature glycation conjugates retaining the glucuronyl and carboxyl residues, it cannot be assumed any of these adducts is derived uniquely or even fractionally from AG metabolites. We have therefore undertaken targeted mass spectrometric analyses of human serum albumin (HSA) isolated from diclofenac patients to characterize drug-: derived structures and, thereby, for the first time, have deconstructed conclusively the pathways of adduct formation from a drug AG and its isomeric rearrangement products in vivo. These analyses were informed by a thorough understanding of the reactions of HSA with diclofenac AG in vitro. HSA from six patients without drug-: related hypersensitivities had either a single drug-: derived adduct or one of five combinations of 2-8 adducts from among seven diclofenac N-acylations and three AG glycations on seven of the protein's 59 lysines. Only acylations were found in every patient. We present evidence that HSA modifications by diclofenac in vivo are complicated and variable, that at least a fraction of these modifications are derived from the drug's AG metabolite, and that albumin adduction is not inevitably a causation of hypersensitivity to carboxylate drugs or a coincidental association.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G Hammond
- Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, (T.G.H., X.M., R.E.J., J.L.M., A.S.C., S.L.R., C.J.E., B.K.P., D.P.W.) and Department of Chemistry (A.V.S.), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, NIHR Nottingham Digestive Diseases-Biomedical Research Unit, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham (G.P.A.) and Department of Rheumatology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust (I.P.), Nottingham, United Kingdom; and AstraZeneca U.K. Ltd (S.N.L.B.) and Safety Assessment, AstraZeneca U.K. Ltd (J.G.K.), Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaoli Meng
- Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, (T.G.H., X.M., R.E.J., J.L.M., A.S.C., S.L.R., C.J.E., B.K.P., D.P.W.) and Department of Chemistry (A.V.S.), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, NIHR Nottingham Digestive Diseases-Biomedical Research Unit, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham (G.P.A.) and Department of Rheumatology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust (I.P.), Nottingham, United Kingdom; and AstraZeneca U.K. Ltd (S.N.L.B.) and Safety Assessment, AstraZeneca U.K. Ltd (J.G.K.), Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, United Kingdom
| | - Rosalind E Jenkins
- Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, (T.G.H., X.M., R.E.J., J.L.M., A.S.C., S.L.R., C.J.E., B.K.P., D.P.W.) and Department of Chemistry (A.V.S.), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, NIHR Nottingham Digestive Diseases-Biomedical Research Unit, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham (G.P.A.) and Department of Rheumatology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust (I.P.), Nottingham, United Kingdom; and AstraZeneca U.K. Ltd (S.N.L.B.) and Safety Assessment, AstraZeneca U.K. Ltd (J.G.K.), Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, United Kingdom
| | - James L Maggs
- Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, (T.G.H., X.M., R.E.J., J.L.M., A.S.C., S.L.R., C.J.E., B.K.P., D.P.W.) and Department of Chemistry (A.V.S.), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, NIHR Nottingham Digestive Diseases-Biomedical Research Unit, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham (G.P.A.) and Department of Rheumatology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust (I.P.), Nottingham, United Kingdom; and AstraZeneca U.K. Ltd (S.N.L.B.) and Safety Assessment, AstraZeneca U.K. Ltd (J.G.K.), Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, United Kingdom
| | - Anahi Santoyo Castelazo
- Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, (T.G.H., X.M., R.E.J., J.L.M., A.S.C., S.L.R., C.J.E., B.K.P., D.P.W.) and Department of Chemistry (A.V.S.), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, NIHR Nottingham Digestive Diseases-Biomedical Research Unit, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham (G.P.A.) and Department of Rheumatology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust (I.P.), Nottingham, United Kingdom; and AstraZeneca U.K. Ltd (S.N.L.B.) and Safety Assessment, AstraZeneca U.K. Ltd (J.G.K.), Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie L Regan
- Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, (T.G.H., X.M., R.E.J., J.L.M., A.S.C., S.L.R., C.J.E., B.K.P., D.P.W.) and Department of Chemistry (A.V.S.), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, NIHR Nottingham Digestive Diseases-Biomedical Research Unit, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham (G.P.A.) and Department of Rheumatology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust (I.P.), Nottingham, United Kingdom; and AstraZeneca U.K. Ltd (S.N.L.B.) and Safety Assessment, AstraZeneca U.K. Ltd (J.G.K.), Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart N L Bennett
- Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, (T.G.H., X.M., R.E.J., J.L.M., A.S.C., S.L.R., C.J.E., B.K.P., D.P.W.) and Department of Chemistry (A.V.S.), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, NIHR Nottingham Digestive Diseases-Biomedical Research Unit, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham (G.P.A.) and Department of Rheumatology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust (I.P.), Nottingham, United Kingdom; and AstraZeneca U.K. Ltd (S.N.L.B.) and Safety Assessment, AstraZeneca U.K. Ltd (J.G.K.), Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline J Earnshaw
- Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, (T.G.H., X.M., R.E.J., J.L.M., A.S.C., S.L.R., C.J.E., B.K.P., D.P.W.) and Department of Chemistry (A.V.S.), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, NIHR Nottingham Digestive Diseases-Biomedical Research Unit, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham (G.P.A.) and Department of Rheumatology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust (I.P.), Nottingham, United Kingdom; and AstraZeneca U.K. Ltd (S.N.L.B.) and Safety Assessment, AstraZeneca U.K. Ltd (J.G.K.), Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, United Kingdom
| | - Guruprasad P Aithal
- Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, (T.G.H., X.M., R.E.J., J.L.M., A.S.C., S.L.R., C.J.E., B.K.P., D.P.W.) and Department of Chemistry (A.V.S.), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, NIHR Nottingham Digestive Diseases-Biomedical Research Unit, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham (G.P.A.) and Department of Rheumatology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust (I.P.), Nottingham, United Kingdom; and AstraZeneca U.K. Ltd (S.N.L.B.) and Safety Assessment, AstraZeneca U.K. Ltd (J.G.K.), Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, United Kingdom
| | - Ira Pande
- Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, (T.G.H., X.M., R.E.J., J.L.M., A.S.C., S.L.R., C.J.E., B.K.P., D.P.W.) and Department of Chemistry (A.V.S.), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, NIHR Nottingham Digestive Diseases-Biomedical Research Unit, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham (G.P.A.) and Department of Rheumatology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust (I.P.), Nottingham, United Kingdom; and AstraZeneca U.K. Ltd (S.N.L.B.) and Safety Assessment, AstraZeneca U.K. Ltd (J.G.K.), Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, United Kingdom
| | - J Gerry Kenna
- Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, (T.G.H., X.M., R.E.J., J.L.M., A.S.C., S.L.R., C.J.E., B.K.P., D.P.W.) and Department of Chemistry (A.V.S.), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, NIHR Nottingham Digestive Diseases-Biomedical Research Unit, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham (G.P.A.) and Department of Rheumatology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust (I.P.), Nottingham, United Kingdom; and AstraZeneca U.K. Ltd (S.N.L.B.) and Safety Assessment, AstraZeneca U.K. Ltd (J.G.K.), Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew V Stachulski
- Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, (T.G.H., X.M., R.E.J., J.L.M., A.S.C., S.L.R., C.J.E., B.K.P., D.P.W.) and Department of Chemistry (A.V.S.), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, NIHR Nottingham Digestive Diseases-Biomedical Research Unit, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham (G.P.A.) and Department of Rheumatology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust (I.P.), Nottingham, United Kingdom; and AstraZeneca U.K. Ltd (S.N.L.B.) and Safety Assessment, AstraZeneca U.K. Ltd (J.G.K.), Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, United Kingdom
| | - B Kevin Park
- Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, (T.G.H., X.M., R.E.J., J.L.M., A.S.C., S.L.R., C.J.E., B.K.P., D.P.W.) and Department of Chemistry (A.V.S.), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, NIHR Nottingham Digestive Diseases-Biomedical Research Unit, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham (G.P.A.) and Department of Rheumatology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust (I.P.), Nottingham, United Kingdom; and AstraZeneca U.K. Ltd (S.N.L.B.) and Safety Assessment, AstraZeneca U.K. Ltd (J.G.K.), Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, United Kingdom
| | - Dominic P Williams
- Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, (T.G.H., X.M., R.E.J., J.L.M., A.S.C., S.L.R., C.J.E., B.K.P., D.P.W.) and Department of Chemistry (A.V.S.), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, NIHR Nottingham Digestive Diseases-Biomedical Research Unit, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham (G.P.A.) and Department of Rheumatology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust (I.P.), Nottingham, United Kingdom; and AstraZeneca U.K. Ltd (S.N.L.B.) and Safety Assessment, AstraZeneca U.K. Ltd (J.G.K.), Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
5-alkyl-1,3-oxazole derivatives of 6-amino-nicotinic acids as alkyl ester bioisosteres are antagonists of the P2Y12 receptor. Future Med Chem 2014; 5:2037-56. [PMID: 24215345 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.13.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, we reported ethyl nicotinates as antagonists of the P2Y12 receptor, which is an important target in antiplatelet therapies. A potential liability of these compounds was their generally high in vivo clearance due to ethyl ester hydrolysis. RESULTS Shape and electrostatic similarity matching was used to select five-membered heterocycles to replace the ethyl ester functionality. The 5-methyl and 5-ethyl-oxazole bioisosteres retained the sub-micromolar potency levels of the parent ethyl esters. Many oxazoles showed a higher CYP450 dependent microsomal metabolism than the corresponding ethyl esters. Structure activity relationship investigations supported by ab initio calculations suggested that a correctly positioned alkyl substituent and a strong hydrogen bond acceptor were necessary structural motifs for binding. In rat pharmacokinetics, the low clearance was retained upon replacement of an ethyl ester with a 5-ethyl-oxazole. CONCLUSION The use of shape and electrostatic similarity led to the successful replacement of a metabolically labile ethyl ester functionality with 5-alkyl-oxazole bioisosteres.
Collapse
|
77
|
Wang H, Fang ZZ, Zheng Y, Zhou K, Hu C, Krausz KW, Sun D, Idle JR, Gonzalez FJ. Metabolic profiling of praziquantel enantiomers. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 90:166-78. [PMID: 24821110 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Praziquantel (PZQ), prescribed as a racemic mixture, is the most readily available drug to treat schistosomiasis. In the present study, ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-QTOFMS) based metabolomics was employed to decipher the metabolic pathways and enantioselective metabolic differences of PZQ. Many phase I and four new phase II metabolites were found in urine and feces samples of mice 24h after dosing, indicating that the major metabolic reactions encompassed oxidation, dehydrogenation, and glucuronidation. Differences in the formation of all these metabolites were observed between (R)-PZQ and (S)-PZQ. In an in vitro phase I incubation system, the major involvement of CYP3A, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19 in the metabolism of PZQ, and CYP3A, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19 exhibited different catalytic activity toward the PZQ enantiomers. Apparent Km and Vmax differences were observed in the catalytic formation of three mono-oxidized metabolites by CYP2C9 and CYP3A4 further supporting the metabolic differences for PZQ enantiomers. Molecular docking showed that chirality resulted in differences in substrate location and conformation, which likely accounts for the metabolic differences. In conclusion, in silico, in vitro, and in vivo methods revealed the enantioselective metabolic profile of praziquantel.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haina Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, PR China; Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Zhong-Ze Fang
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States; Joint Center for Translational Medicine, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yang Zheng
- Marine College, Shandong University at Weihai, Weihai 264209, PR China
| | - Kun Zhou
- Joint Center for Translational Medicine, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Dalian 116023, China; Department of Basic Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian 116600, PR China
| | - Changyan Hu
- Marine College, Shandong University at Weihai, Weihai 264209, PR China
| | - Kristopher W Krausz
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Dequn Sun
- Marine College, Shandong University at Weihai, Weihai 264209, PR China.
| | - Jeffrey R Idle
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States; Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern 3010, Switzerland
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Abstract
The last 10 years have witnessed robust debate within the bioanalytical community and regulatory authorities on the topic of metabolite monitoring and safety assessment. Of particular interest to regulated bioanalytical laboratories was the acceptance by the US FDA and other major regulatory bodies of a tiered approach to bioanalytical assay validation. The tiered approach defines a sliding scale of regulatory rigor for the evaluation of significant human metabolites that encompasses a range of assessments from semi-quantitative assays to fully validated assays, all of which can be used in support of regulatory submissions. This article describes the utilization of a tiered approach at Bristol-Myers Squibb and the decision trees guiding the selection of the appropriate level of assay qualification. Case studies illustrate how decisions are made, how different scientific situations influence the assay choice, and what criteria may be set to continue or discontinue metabolite monitoring in later drug development.
Collapse
|
79
|
Jinno N, Tagashira M, Tsurui K, Yamada S. Contribution of cytochrome P450 and UDT-glucuronosyltransferase to the metabolism of drugs containing carboxylic acid groups: risk assessment of acylglucuronides using human hepatocytes. Xenobiotica 2014; 44:677-86. [PMID: 24575896 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2014.894219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
1. In order to evaluate the inhibition activity of 1-aminobenzotriazole (ABT) and (-)-borneol (borneol) against cytochrome P450 (CYP) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT), the substrates of these metabolic enzymes were incubated with ABT and borneol in human hepatocytes. We found that 3 mM ABT and 300 μM borneol were the most suitable experimental levels to specifically inhibit CYP and UGT. 2. Montelukast, mefenamic acid, flufenamic acid, diclofenac, tienilic acid, gemfibrozil, ibufenac and repaglinide were markedly metabolized in human hepatocytes, and the metabolism of gemfibrozil, mefenamic acid and flufenamic acid was inhibited by borneol. With regard to repaglinide, montelukast, diclofenac and tienilic acid, metabolism was inhibited by ABT. Ibufenac was partly inhibited by both inhibitors. Zomepirac, tolmetin, ibuprofen, indomethacin and levofloxacin were moderately metabolized by human hepatocytes, and the metabolism of zomepirac, ibuprofen and indomethacin was equally inhibited by both ABT and borneol. The metabolism of tolmetin was strongly inhibited by ABT, and was also inhibited weakly by borneol. Residual drugs, telmisartan, valsartan, furosemide, naproxen and probenecid were scarcely metabolized. 3. Although we attempted to predict the toxicological risks of drugs containing carboxylic groups from the combination chemical stability and CLint via UGT, the results indicated that this combination was not sufficient and that clinical daily dose is important.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norimasa Jinno
- Laboratory for Safety Assessment and ADME, Pharmaceuticals Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation , Mifuku Izunokuni, Shizuoka , Japan and
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
80
|
Meanwell NA. The Influence of Bioisosteres in Drug Design: Tactical Applications to Address Developability Problems. TACTICS IN CONTEMPORARY DRUG DESIGN 2014; 9. [PMCID: PMC7416817 DOI: 10.1007/7355_2013_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The application of bioisosteres in drug discovery is a well-established design concept that has demonstrated utility as an approach to solving a range of problems that affect candidate optimization, progression, and durability. In this chapter, the application of isosteric substitution is explored in a fashion that focuses on the development of practical solutions to problems that are encountered in typical optimization campaigns. The role of bioisosteres to affect intrinsic potency and selectivity, influence conformation, solve problems associated with drug developability, including P-glycoprotein recognition, modulating basicity, solubility, and lipophilicity, and to address issues associated with metabolism and toxicity is used as the underlying theme to capture a spectrum of creative applications of structural emulation in the design of drug candidates.
Collapse
|
81
|
Monrad RN, Errey JC, Barry CS, Iqbal M, Meng X, Iddon L, Perrie JA, Harding JR, Wilson ID, Stachulski AV, Davis BG. Dissecting the reaction of Phase II metabolites of ibuprofen and other NSAIDS with human plasma protein. Chem Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4sc01329h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood-protein transacylation/glycosylation reactivity of glucuronides may distinguish beneficial (e.g., ibuprofen) and toxic (e.g., ibufenac) drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rune Nygaard Monrad
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oxford
- Oxford, UK
| | - James C. Errey
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oxford
- Oxford, UK
| | - Conor S. Barry
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oxford
- Oxford, UK
| | - Mazhar Iqbal
- The Robert Robinson Laboratories
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool, UK
| | - Xiaoli Meng
- The Robert Robinson Laboratories
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool, UK
| | - Lisa Iddon
- The Robert Robinson Laboratories
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool, UK
| | - Jennifer A. Perrie
- The Robert Robinson Laboratories
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool, UK
| | - John R. Harding
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics
- Astra Zeneca
- Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Ian D. Wilson
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics
- Astra Zeneca
- Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Andrew V. Stachulski
- The Robert Robinson Laboratories
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool, UK
| | - Benjamin G. Davis
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oxford
- Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Miyashita T, Kimura K, Fukami T, Nakajima M, Yokoi T. Evaluation and mechanistic analysis of the cytotoxicity of the acyl glucuronide of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 42:1-8. [PMID: 24104198 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.054478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemical reactivity of acyl glucuronide (AG) has been thought to be associated with the toxic properties of drugs containing carboxylic acid moieties, but there has been no direct evidence showing that AG formation is related to the observed toxicity. In the present study, the cytotoxicity of AGs, especially that associated with the inflammatory response, was investigated. The changes in the mRNA and protein expression levels of interleukin 8 (IL-8) and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 induced by the treatment of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with diclofenac (Dic), probenecid (Pro), tolmetin (Tol), ibuprofen (Ibu), naproxen (Nap), and their AGs were investigated by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and the viabilities of CD3+, CD14+, and CD19+ cells were measured by flow cytometry. Treatment with Dic-AG, Pro-AG, and Tol-AG significantly increased the expression levels of IL-8 and MCP-1. In addition, Dic-AG, Pro-AG, and Tol-AG significantly decreased the viability of CD14+ cells. Of these three AGs, Dic-AG showed the most potent changes, followed by Tol-AG and Pro-AG. Treatment with Ibu-AG and Nap-AG affected neither the expression levels of IL-8 and MCP-1 nor the viability of CD14+ cells. None of the drugs affected the CD3+ and CD19+ cell populations. Dic-AG increased the phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)1/2. The pretreatment of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with SB203580 (p38 inhibitor) significantly suppressed the Dic-AG-induced expression of inflammatory factors and cytotoxicity of CD14+ cells. In conclusion, AGs induce inflammatory responses and cytotoxicity against CD14+ cells via the p38 MAPK pathway. These factors may be useful biomarkers for evaluating the toxicity of AGs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taishi Miyashita
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
83
|
Jinno N, Ohashi S, Tagashira M, Kohira T, Yamada S. A Simple Method to Evaluate Reactivity of Acylglucuronides Optimized for Early Stage Drug Discovery. Biol Pharm Bull 2013; 36:1509-13. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b13-00329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Norimasa Jinno
- Laboratory for Safety Assessment and ADME, Pharmaceuticals Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Shigeki Ohashi
- Laboratory for Safety Assessment and ADME, Pharmaceuticals Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation
| | - Mizuka Tagashira
- Laboratory for Safety Assessment and ADME, Pharmaceuticals Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation
| | - Terutomo Kohira
- Laboratory for Safety Assessment and ADME, Pharmaceuticals Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation
| | - Shizuo Yamada
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Stachulski AV, Baillie TA, Kevin Park B, Scott Obach R, Dalvie DK, Williams DP, Srivastava A, Regan SL, Antoine DJ, Goldring CEP, Chia AJL, Kitteringham NR, Randle LE, Callan H, Castrejon JL, Farrell J, Naisbitt DJ, Lennard MS. The Generation, Detection, and Effects of Reactive Drug Metabolites. Med Res Rev 2012; 33:985-1080. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew V. Stachulski
- Department of Chemistry, Robert Robinson Laboratories; University of Liverpool; Liverpool; L69 7ZD; UK
| | - Thomas A. Baillie
- School of Pharmacy; University of Washington; Box 357631; Seattle; Washington; 98195-7631
| | - B. Kevin Park
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology; MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science; Institute of Translational Medicine; University of Liverpool; Sherrington Buildings, Ashton Street; Liverpool L69 3GE; UK
| | - R. Scott Obach
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism; Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development; Groton; Connecticut 06340
| | - Deepak K. Dalvie
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism; Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development; La Jolla; California 94121
| | - Dominic P. Williams
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology; MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science; Institute of Translational Medicine; University of Liverpool; Sherrington Buildings, Ashton Street; Liverpool L69 3GE; UK
| | - Abhishek Srivastava
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology; MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science; Institute of Translational Medicine; University of Liverpool; Sherrington Buildings, Ashton Street; Liverpool L69 3GE; UK
| | - Sophie L. Regan
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology; MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science; Institute of Translational Medicine; University of Liverpool; Sherrington Buildings, Ashton Street; Liverpool L69 3GE; UK
| | - Daniel J. Antoine
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology; MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science; Institute of Translational Medicine; University of Liverpool; Sherrington Buildings, Ashton Street; Liverpool L69 3GE; UK
| | - Christopher E. P. Goldring
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology; MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science; Institute of Translational Medicine; University of Liverpool; Sherrington Buildings, Ashton Street; Liverpool L69 3GE; UK
| | - Alvin J. L. Chia
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology; MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science; Institute of Translational Medicine; University of Liverpool; Sherrington Buildings, Ashton Street; Liverpool L69 3GE; UK
| | - Neil R. Kitteringham
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology; MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science; Institute of Translational Medicine; University of Liverpool; Sherrington Buildings, Ashton Street; Liverpool L69 3GE; UK
| | - Laura E. Randle
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science; Liverpool John Moores University; James Parsons Building, Byrom Street; Liverpool L3 3AF; UK
| | - Hayley Callan
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology; MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science; Institute of Translational Medicine; University of Liverpool; Sherrington Buildings, Ashton Street; Liverpool L69 3GE; UK
| | - J. Luis Castrejon
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology; MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science; Institute of Translational Medicine; University of Liverpool; Sherrington Buildings, Ashton Street; Liverpool L69 3GE; UK
| | - John Farrell
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology; MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science; Institute of Translational Medicine; University of Liverpool; Sherrington Buildings, Ashton Street; Liverpool L69 3GE; UK
| | - Dean J. Naisbitt
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology; MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science; Institute of Translational Medicine; University of Liverpool; Sherrington Buildings, Ashton Street; Liverpool L69 3GE; UK
| | - Martin S. Lennard
- Academic Unit of Medical Education; University of Sheffield; 85 Wilkinson Street; Sheffield S10 2GJ; UK
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Sakatis MZ, Reese MJ, Harrell AW, Taylor MA, Baines IA, Chen L, Bloomer JC, Yang EY, Ellens HM, Ambroso JL, Lovatt CA, Ayrton AD, Clarke SE. Preclinical strategy to reduce clinical hepatotoxicity using in vitro bioactivation data for >200 compounds. Chem Res Toxicol 2012; 25:2067-82. [PMID: 22931300 DOI: 10.1021/tx300075j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury is the most common cause of market withdrawal of pharmaceuticals, and thus, there is considerable need for better prediction models for DILI early in drug discovery. We present a study involving 223 marketed drugs (51% associated with clinical hepatotoxicity; 49% non-hepatotoxic) to assess the concordance of in vitro bioactivation data with clinical hepatotoxicity and have used these data to develop a decision tree to help reduce late-stage candidate attrition. Data to assess P450 metabolism-dependent inhibition (MDI) for all common drug-metabolizing P450 enzymes were generated for 179 of these compounds, GSH adduct data generated for 190 compounds, covalent binding data obtained for 53 compounds, and clinical dose data obtained for all compounds. Individual data for all 223 compounds are presented here and interrogated to determine what level of an alert to consider termination of a compound. The analysis showed that 76% of drugs with a daily dose of <100 mg were non-hepatotoxic (p < 0.0001). Drugs with a daily dose of ≥100 mg or with GSH adduct formation, marked P450 MDI, or covalent binding ≥200 pmol eq/mg protein tended to be hepatotoxic (∼ 65% in each case). Combining dose with each bioactivation assay increased this association significantly (80-100%, p < 0.0001). These analyses were then used to develop the decision tree and the tree tested using 196 of the compounds with sufficient data (49% hepatotoxic; 51% non-hepatotoxic). The results of these outcome analyses demonstrated the utility of the tree in selectively terminating hepatotoxic compounds early; 45% of the hepatotoxic compounds evaluated using the tree were recommended for termination before candidate selection, whereas only 10% of the non-hepatotoxic compounds were recommended for termination. An independent set of 10 GSK compounds with known clinical hepatotoxicity status were also assessed using the tree, with similar results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Z Sakatis
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline , Park Road, Ware, Hertfordshire SG12 0DP, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
86
|
Crosignani S, Jorand-Lebrun C, Campbell G, Prêtre A, Grippi-Vallotton T, Quattropani A, Bouscary-Desforges G, Bombrun A, Missotten M, Humbert Y, Frémaux C, Pâquet M, El Harkani K, Bradshaw CG, Cleva C, Abla N, Daff H, Schott O, Pittet PA, Arrighi JF, Gaudet M, Johnson Z. Discovery of a Novel Series of CRTH2 (DP2) Receptor Antagonists Devoid of Carboxylic Acids. ACS Med Chem Lett 2011; 2:938-42. [PMID: 24900284 DOI: 10.1021/ml200223s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Antagonism of the CRTH2 receptor represents a very attractive target for a variety of allergic diseases. Most CRTH2 antagonists known to date possess a carboxylic acid moiety, which is essential for binding. However, potential acid metabolites O-acyl glucuronides might be linked to idiosynchratic toxicity in humans. In this communication, we describe a new series of compounds that lack the carboxylic acid moiety. Compounds with high affinity (K i < 10 nM) for the receptor have been identified. Subsequent optimization succeeded in reducing the high metabolic clearance of the first compounds in human and rat liver microsomes. At the same time, inhibition of the CYP isoforms was optimized, giving rise to stable compounds with an acceptable CYP inhibition profile (IC50 CYP2C9 and 2C19 > 1 μM). Taken together, these data show that compounds devoid of carboxylic acid groups could represent an interesting alternative to current CRTH2 antagonists in development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gordon Campbell
- Merck Serono S.A., 9 chemin
des Mines, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Adeline Prêtre
- Merck Serono S.A., 9 chemin
des Mines, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Anna Quattropani
- Merck Serono S.A., 9 chemin
des Mines, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Agnes Bombrun
- Merck Serono S.A., 9 chemin
des Mines, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marc Missotten
- Merck Serono S.A., 9 chemin
des Mines, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yves Humbert
- Merck Serono S.A., 9 chemin
des Mines, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Mikaël Pâquet
- Merck Serono S.A., 9 chemin
des Mines, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Kamel El Harkani
- Merck Serono S.A., 9 chemin
des Mines, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Christophe Cleva
- Merck Serono S.A., 9 chemin
des Mines, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nada Abla
- Merck Serono S.A., 9 chemin
des Mines, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hamina Daff
- Merck Serono S.A., 9 chemin
des Mines, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Schott
- Merck Serono S.A., 9 chemin
des Mines, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Marilène Gaudet
- Merck Serono S.A., 9 chemin
des Mines, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Zoë Johnson
- Merck Serono S.A., 9 chemin
des Mines, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Assessment of reactive metabolites in drug-induced liver injury. Arch Pharm Res 2011; 34:1879-86. [PMID: 22139687 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-011-1108-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Revised: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the current review is to summarize present methods used for the determination of reactive metabolites, which can predict drug-induced liver injury (DILI) in drug discovery and development. DILI is one of the most frequent reasons for the withdrawal of an approved drug from the market, and it accounts for up to 50% of acute liver failure cases. This review is structured into three sections. The first section is a general overview of the relationship between drug metabolism and liver injury. The second section introduces in vitro methods for the assessment of reactive metabolites for drug discovery and development. In the third section, limitations and future directions for the development of methods for predicting DILI are described.
Collapse
|
88
|
Differential involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction, cytochrome P450 activity, and active transport in the toxicity of structurally related NSAIDs. Toxicol In Vitro 2011; 26:197-205. [PMID: 22138569 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2011.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Revised: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely used in the treatment of pain and inflammation. However, this group of drugs is associated with serious adverse drug reactions. Previously, we studied the mechanisms underlying toxicity of the NSAID diclofenac using Saccharomycescerevisiae as model system. We identified the involvement of several mitochondrial proteins, a transporter and cytochrome P450 activity in diclofenac toxicity. In this study, we investigated if these processes are also involved in the toxicity of other NSAIDs. We divided the NSAIDs into three classes based on their toxicity mechanisms. Class I consists of diclofenac, indomethacin and ketoprofen. Mitochondrial respiration and reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a major role in the toxicity of this class. Metabolism by cytochrome P450s further increases their toxicity, while ABC-transporters decrease the toxicity. Mitochondria and oxidative metabolism also contribute to toxicity of class II drugs ibuprofen and naproxen, but another cellular target dominates their toxicity. Interestingly, ibuprofen was the only NSAID that was unable to induce upregulation of the multidrug resistance response. The class III NSAIDs sulindac, ketorolac and zomepirac were relatively non-toxic in yeast. In conclusion, we demonstrate the use of yeast to investigate the mechanisms underlying the toxicity of structurally related drugs.
Collapse
|
89
|
In silico prediction of acyl glucuronide reactivity. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2011; 25:997-1005. [DOI: 10.1007/s10822-011-9479-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
90
|
Wang H, Ji J, Zeng S. Biosynthesis and stereoselective analysis of (-)- and (+)-zaltoprofen glucuronide in rat hepatic microsomes and its application to the kinetic analysis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:2430-6. [PMID: 21775222 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Revised: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Zaltoprofen, available commercially as a racemic mixture, is a propionic acid derivative of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Firstly, (+)- and (-)-zaltoprofen glucuronide was biosynthesized and purified. Then a simple and rapid RP-HPLC analysis method for direct determination of (+)- and (-)-zaltoprofen glucuronide in rat hepatic microsomes was developed and validated. The calibration curves of (+)- and (-)-zaltoprofen glucuronide both showed good linearity in the concentration range from 0.15 to 31.13 μM. The lower limit of quantification was 0.15 μM. Finally, this method was used to investigate the enantioselectivity of zaltoprofen glucuronidation in rat hepatic microsomes. The kinetics of zaltoprofen glucuronidation in rat hepatic microsomes for 40 min incubation fit the Michaelis-Menten model. Kinetic analysis indicated that (-)-zaltoprofen had a higher glucuronidation rate in rat liver microsome than that of (+)-zaltoprofen. The catalyzing efficiency (V(max)/K(m)) ratio of (+)-zaltoprofen to (-)-enantiomer is 0.8 times in rat liver microsomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haina Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang Province, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
91
|
Humphreys WG. Overview of strategies for addressing BRIs in drug discovery: Impact on optimization and design. Chem Biol Interact 2011; 192:56-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2011.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2010] [Revised: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
92
|
Deguchi T, Watanabe N, Kurihara A, Igeta K, Ikenaga H, Fusegawa K, Suzuki N, Murata S, Hirouchi M, Furuta Y, Iwasaki M, Okazaki O, Izumi T. Human Pharmacokinetic Prediction of UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase Substrates with an Animal Scale-Up Approach. Drug Metab Dispos 2011; 39:820-9. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.110.037457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
|
93
|
Wang L, Munsick C, Chen S, Bonacorsi S, Cheng PT, Humphreys WG, Zhang D. Metabolism and Disposition of 14C-Labeled Peliglitazar in Humans. Drug Metab Dispos 2010; 39:228-38. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.110.035089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|
94
|
Baillie TA, Rettie AE. Role of biotransformation in drug-induced toxicity: influence of intra- and inter-species differences in drug metabolism. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2010; 26:15-29. [PMID: 20978360 DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.dmpk-10-rv-089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
It is now widely appreciated that drug metabolites, in addition to the parent drugs themselves, can mediate the serious adverse effects exhibited by some new therapeutic agents, and as a result, there has been heightened interest in the field of drug metabolism from researchers in academia, the pharmaceutical industry, and regulatory agencies. Much progress has been made in recent years in understanding mechanisms of toxicities caused by drug metabolites, and in understanding the numerous factors that influence individual exposure to products of drug biotransformation. This review addresses some of these factors, including the role of drug-drug interactions, reactive metabolite formation, individual susceptibility, and species differences in drug disposition caused by genetic polymorphisms in drug-metabolizing enzymes. Examples are provided of adverse reactions that are linked to drug metabolism, and the mechanisms underlying variability in toxic response are discussed. Finally, some future directions for research in this field are highlighted in the context of the discovery and development of new therapeutic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Baillie
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7631, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|