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Favela‐Mendoza AF, Martínez‐Cortes G, Romero‐Prado MM, Romero‐Tejeda EM, Islas‐Carbajal MC, Sosa‐Macias M, Lares‐Asseff I, Rangel‐Villalobos H. Correspondence between the CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 genotypes with the inferred metabolizer phenotype by omeprazole administration in Mexican healthy children. J Clin Pharm Ther 2018; 43:656-663. [DOI: 10.1111/jcpt.12699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. F. Favela‐Mendoza
- Centro Universitario de la CienegaInstituto de Investigación en Genética MolecularUniversidad De Guadalajara Ocotlan Mexico
| | - G. Martínez‐Cortes
- Centro Universitario de la CienegaInstituto de Investigación en Genética MolecularUniversidad De Guadalajara Ocotlan Mexico
| | - M. M. Romero‐Prado
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias de SaludInstituto de Terapéutica Experimental y ClínicaUniversidad De Guadalajara Guadalajara Mexico
| | - E. M. Romero‐Tejeda
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo FarmacéuticoCentro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e IngenieríasUniversidad De Guadalajara Guadalajara Mexico
| | - M. C. Islas‐Carbajal
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias de SaludUnidad de Investigación CardiovascularUniversidad De Guadalajara Guadalajara Mexico
| | - M. Sosa‐Macias
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional del IPN CIIDIR‐IPNUnidad Durango Durango Mexico
| | - I. Lares‐Asseff
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional del IPN CIIDIR‐IPNUnidad Durango Durango Mexico
| | - H. Rangel‐Villalobos
- Centro Universitario de la CienegaInstituto de Investigación en Genética MolecularUniversidad De Guadalajara Ocotlan Mexico
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Gao C, Liao MZ, Han LW, Thummel KE, Mao Q. Hepatic Transport of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D 3 Conjugates: A Mechanism of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D 3 Delivery to the Intestinal Tract. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:581-591. [PMID: 29467214 PMCID: PMC5896369 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.117.078881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D3 is an important prohormone critical for maintaining calcium and phosphate homeostasis in the body and regulating drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 (25OHD3), the most abundant circulating metabolite of vitamin D3, is further transformed to the biologically active metabolite 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1α,25-(OH)2D3) by CYP27B1 in the kidney and extrarenal tissues, and to nonactive metabolites by other cytochrome P450 enzymes. In addition, 25OHD3 undergoes sulfation and glucuronidation in the liver, forming two major conjugative metabolites, 25OHD3-3-O-sulfate (25OHD3-S) and 25OHD3-3-O-glucuronide (25OHD3-G), both of which were detected in human blood and bile. Considering that the conjugates excreted into the bile may be circulated to and reabsorbed from the intestinal lumen, deconjugated to 25OHD3, and then converted to 1α,25-(OH)2D3, exerting local intestinal cellular effects, it is crucial to characterize enterohepatic transport mechanisms of 25OHD3-S and 25OHD3-G, and thereby understand and predict mechanisms of interindividual variability in mineral homeostasis. In the present study, with plasma membrane vesicle and cell-based transport studies, we showed that 25OHD3-G is a substrate of multidrug resistance proteins 2 and 3, OATP1B1, and OATP1B3, and that 25OHD3-S is probably a substrate of breast cancer resistance protein, OATP2B1, and OATP1B3. We also demonstrated sinusoidal and canalicular efflux of both conjugates using sandwich-cultured human hepatocytes. Given substantial expression of these transporters in liver hepatocytes and intestinal enterocytes, this study demonstrates for the first time that transporters could play important roles in the enterohepatic circulation of 25OHD3 conjugates, providing an alternative pathway of 25OHD3 delivery to the intestinal tract, which could be critical for vitamin D receptor-dependent gene regulation in enterocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunying Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Michael Z Liao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Lyrialle W Han
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Kenneth E Thummel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Qingcheng Mao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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53
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Pang X, Zhang B, Mu G, Xia J, Xiang Q, Zhao X, Liu A, Du G, Cui Y. Screening of cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibitors via in silico and in vitro approaches. RSC Adv 2018; 8:34783-34792. [PMID: 35547066 PMCID: PMC9086869 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra06311g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) is an important member of the CYP family and responsible for metabolizing a broad range of drugs. It is necessary to establish virtual screening models for predicting CYP3A4 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocong Pang
- Department of Pharmacy
- Peking University First Hospital
- Beijing
- China
| | - Baoyue Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy
- Peking University First Hospital
- Beijing
- China
| | - Guangyan Mu
- Department of Pharmacy
- Peking University First Hospital
- Beijing
- China
| | - Jie Xia
- Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
- Peking Union Medical College
- Beijing 100050
- China
| | - Qian Xiang
- Department of Pharmacy
- Peking University First Hospital
- Beijing
- China
| | - Xia Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy
- Peking University First Hospital
- Beijing
- China
| | - Ailin Liu
- Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
- Peking Union Medical College
- Beijing 100050
- China
| | - Guanhua Du
- Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
- Peking Union Medical College
- Beijing 100050
- China
| | - Yimin Cui
- Department of Pharmacy
- Peking University First Hospital
- Beijing
- China
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54
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Markowitz JS, Patrick KS. The Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Amphetamines Utilized in the Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2017; 27:678-689. [PMID: 28910145 DOI: 10.1089/cap.2017.0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Amphetamine (AMP), an indirectly acting psychostimulant approved for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children, adolescents, and adults, is among the most long-standing therapeutic agents in all of clinical psychopharmacology. This review focuses on AMP absorption, metabolism, and elimination brought to bear on comparative pharmacokinetics in its various formulations. A comprehensive search of the published literature was conducted using MEDLINE (PubMed) and Google Scholar databases through April 2017 to retrieve all pertinent in vitro and human studies for review and synthesis. Additionally, Food and Drug Administration (FDA) databases were accessed for otherwise unavailable data when possible. Initially available as racemic (dl)-AMP, this drug was later supplanted by enantiopure (d)-AMPH or enantioenriched (75:25 dl)-AMP formulations; although racemic AMP returned as an approved drug to treat ADHD in 2014. Presently, there are several immediate-release (IR) formulations available, including d-AMP, dl-AMP, and mixed amphetamine salts, which are neither racemic nor the pure d-enantiomer (i.e., a 3:1 mixture of d-AMP and l-AMP). Furthermore, new modified-release AMP formulations, including an oral suspension and an orally disintegrating tablet, are now available. A lysine-bonded prodrug form of d-AMP also serves as a treatment option. Oral AMP is rapidly absorbed, with high absolute bioavailability, followed by extensive metabolism involving multiple enzymes. Some metabolic pathways exhibit stereoselective biotransformations favoring the l-isomer substrate. Drug exposure exhibits dose-proportional pharmacokinetics. Body weight is a fundamental determinant of differences in observed AMP plasma concentrations. IR formulations typically provide a Tmax from 2 to 3 hours. In replicated studies, children exhibit a shorter plasma T1/2 (∼7 hours) relative to adults (∼10 to 12 hours). There are few documented pharmacokinetic drug interactions of clinical significance beyond influences of drug-induced alteration of urinary pH. The array of AMP formulations addressed in this review offer flexibility in dosing, drug onset, and offset to assist in individualized pharmacotherapy of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Markowitz
- 1 Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida.,2 Center for Pharmacogenomics, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida
| | - Kennerly S Patrick
- 3 Deparment of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, South Carolina
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55
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Polymorphisms in cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase and its effect on drug metabolism and efficacy. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2017; 27:337-346. [DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0000000000000297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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56
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Jing J, Nelson C, Paik J, Shirasaka Y, Amory JK, Isoherranen N. Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model of All- trans-Retinoic Acid with Application to Cancer Populations and Drug Interactions. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2017; 361:246-258. [PMID: 28275201 PMCID: PMC5399637 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.240523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
All-trans retinoic acid (atRA) is a front-line treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Due to its activity in regulating the cell cycle, it has also been evaluated for the treatment of other cancers. However, the efficacy of atRA has been limited by atRA inducing its own metabolism during therapy, resulting in a decrease of atRA exposure during continuous dosing. Frequent relapse occurs in patients receiving atRA monotherapy. In an attempt to combat therapy resistance, inhibitors of atRA metabolism have been developed. Of these, ketoconazole and liarozole have shown some benefits, but their usage is limited by side effects and low potency toward the cytochrome P450 26A1 isoform (CYP26A1), the main atRA hydroxylase. We determined the pharmacokinetic basis of therapy resistance to atRA and tested whether the complex disposition kinetics of atRA could be predicted in healthy subjects and in cancer patients in the presence and absence of inhibitors of atRA metabolism using physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling. A PBPK model of atRA disposition was developed and verified in healthy individuals and in cancer patients. The population-based PBPK model of atRA disposition incorporated saturable metabolic clearance of atRA, induction of CYP26A1 by atRA, and the absorption and distribution kinetics of atRA. It accurately predicted the changes in atRA exposure after continuous dosing and when coadministered with ketoconazole and liarozole. The developed model will be useful in interpretation of atRA disposition and efficacy, design of novel dosing strategies, and development of next-generation atRA metabolism inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jing
- Department of Pharmaceutics (J.J., C.N., Y.S., N.I.), Department of Medicine (J.A.), and Department of Comparative Medicine (J.P.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Cara Nelson
- Department of Pharmaceutics (J.J., C.N., Y.S., N.I.), Department of Medicine (J.A.), and Department of Comparative Medicine (J.P.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jisun Paik
- Department of Pharmaceutics (J.J., C.N., Y.S., N.I.), Department of Medicine (J.A.), and Department of Comparative Medicine (J.P.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Yoshiyuki Shirasaka
- Department of Pharmaceutics (J.J., C.N., Y.S., N.I.), Department of Medicine (J.A.), and Department of Comparative Medicine (J.P.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - John K Amory
- Department of Pharmaceutics (J.J., C.N., Y.S., N.I.), Department of Medicine (J.A.), and Department of Comparative Medicine (J.P.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Nina Isoherranen
- Department of Pharmaceutics (J.J., C.N., Y.S., N.I.), Department of Medicine (J.A.), and Department of Comparative Medicine (J.P.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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57
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Stevison F, Hogarth C, Tripathy S, Kent T, Isoherranen N. Inhibition of the all-trans Retinoic Acid ( atRA) Hydroxylases CYP26A1 and CYP26B1 Results in Dynamic, Tissue-Specific Changes in Endogenous atRA Signaling. Drug Metab Dispos 2017; 45:846-854. [PMID: 28446509 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.117.075341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
All-trans retinoic acid (atRA), the active metabolite of vitamin A, is a ligand for several nuclear receptors and acts as a critical regulator of many physiologic processes. The cytochrome P450 family 26 (CYP26) enzymes are responsible for atRA clearance, and are potential drug targets to increase concentrations of endogenous atRA in a tissue-specific manner. Talarozole is a potent inhibitor of CYP26A1 and CYP26B1, and has shown some success in clinical trials. However, it is not known what magnitude of change is needed in tissue atRA concentrations to promote atRA signaling changes. The aim of this study was to quantify the increase in endogenous atRA concentrations necessary to alter atRA signaling in target organs, and to establish the relationship between CYP26 inhibition and altered atRA concentrations in tissues. Following a single 2.5-mg/kg dose of talarozole to mice, atRA concentrations increased up to 5.7-, 2.7-, and 2.5-fold in serum, liver, and testis, respectively, resulting in induction of Cyp26a1 in the liver and testis and Rar β and Pgc 1β in liver. The increase in atRA concentrations was well predicted from talarozole pharmacokinetics and in vitro data of CYP26 inhibition. After multiple doses of talarozole, a significant increase in atRA concentrations was observed in serum but not in liver or testis. This lack of increase in atRA concentrations correlated with an increase in CYP26A1 expression in the liver. The increased atRA concentrations in serum without a change in liver suggest that CYP26B1 in extrahepatic sites plays a key role in regulating systemic atRA exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith Stevison
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (F.S., S.T., N.I.); and School of Molecular Biosciences and the Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (C.H., T.K.)
| | - Cathryn Hogarth
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (F.S., S.T., N.I.); and School of Molecular Biosciences and the Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (C.H., T.K.)
| | - Sasmita Tripathy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (F.S., S.T., N.I.); and School of Molecular Biosciences and the Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (C.H., T.K.)
| | - Travis Kent
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (F.S., S.T., N.I.); and School of Molecular Biosciences and the Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (C.H., T.K.)
| | - Nina Isoherranen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (F.S., S.T., N.I.); and School of Molecular Biosciences and the Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (C.H., T.K.)
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58
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Merlier F, Jellali R, Leclerc E. Online monitoring of hepatic rat metabolism by coupling a liver biochip and a mass spectrometer. Analyst 2017; 142:3747-3757. [DOI: 10.1039/c7an00973a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A microfluidic liver biochip was coupled with a mass spectrometer to detect in real time the drug metabolism of hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Merlier
- Sorbonne Universités
- FRE CNRS 3580
- Génie Enzymatique et Cellulaire
- Université de Technologie de Compiègne
- 60205 Compiègne Cedex
| | - Rachid Jellali
- Sorbonne Universités
- CNRS UMR 7338
- Laboratoire de Biomécanique et Bio ingénierie
- Université de Technologie de Compiègne
- Centre de Recherche de Royallieu
| | - Eric Leclerc
- Sorbonne Universités
- CNRS UMR 7338
- Laboratoire de Biomécanique et Bio ingénierie
- Université de Technologie de Compiègne
- Centre de Recherche de Royallieu
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59
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Jana K, Bandyopadhyay T, Ganguly B. Revealing the Mechanistic Pathway of Acid Activation of Proton Pump Inhibitors To Inhibit the Gastric Proton Pump: A DFT Study. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:13031-13038. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b09334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kalyanashis Jana
- Computation
and Simulation Unit (Analytical Discipline and Centralized Instrument
Facility), CSIR−Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar 364002, Gujarat India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR−CSMCRI, Bhavnagar 364002, Gujarat India
| | - Tusar Bandyopadhyay
- Theorectical
Chemistry Section, Chemistry Group MOD LAB, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400 085, India
| | - Bishwajit Ganguly
- Computation
and Simulation Unit (Analytical Discipline and Centralized Instrument
Facility), CSIR−Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar 364002, Gujarat India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR−CSMCRI, Bhavnagar 364002, Gujarat India
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60
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Sager JE, Tripathy S, Price LSL, Nath A, Chang J, Stephenson-Famy A, Isoherranen N. In vitro to in vivo extrapolation of the complex drug-drug interaction of bupropion and its metabolites with CYP2D6; simultaneous reversible inhibition and CYP2D6 downregulation. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 123:85-96. [PMID: 27836670 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Bupropion is a widely used antidepressant and smoking cessation aid and a strong inhibitor of CYP2D6 in vivo. Bupropion is administered as a racemic mixture of R- and S-bupropion and has stereoselective pharmacokinetics. Four primary metabolites of bupropion, threo- and erythro-hydrobupropion and R,R- and S,S-OH-bupropion, circulate at higher concentrations than the parent drug and are believed to contribute to the efficacy and side effects of bupropion as well as to the CYP2D6 inhibition. However, bupropion and its metabolites are only weak inhibitors of CYP2D6 in vitro, and the magnitude of the in vivo drug-drug interactions (DDI) caused by bupropion cannot be explained by the in vitro data even when CYP2D6 inhibition by the metabolites is accounted for. The aim of this study was to quantitatively explain the in vivo CYP2D6 DDI magnitude by in vitro DDI data. Bupropion and its metabolites were found to inhibit CYP2D6 stereoselectively with up to 10-fold difference in inhibition potency between enantiomers. However, the reversible inhibition or active uptake into hepatocytes did not explain the in vivo DDIs. In HepG2 cells and in plated human hepatocytes bupropion and its metabolites were found to significantly downregulate CYP2D6 mRNA in a concentration dependent manner. The in vivo DDI was quantitatively predicted by significant down-regulation of CYP2D6 mRNA and reversible inhibition of CYP2D6 by bupropion and its metabolites. This study is the first example of a clinical DDI resulting from CYP down-regulation and first demonstration of a CYP2D6 interaction resulting from transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Sager
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sasmita Tripathy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lauren S L Price
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Abhinav Nath
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Justine Chang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alyssa Stephenson-Famy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nina Isoherranen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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61
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Williams D, Tao X, Zhu L, Stonier M, Lutz JD, Masson E, Zhang S, Ganguly B, Tzogas Z, Lubin S, Murthy B. Use of a cocktail probe to assess potential drug interactions with cytochrome P450 after administration of belatacept, a costimulatory immunomodulator. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2016; 83:370-380. [PMID: 27552251 PMCID: PMC5237687 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.13097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim This open‐label study investigated the effect of belatacept on cytokine levels and on the pharmacokinetics of caffeine, losartan, omeprazole, dextromethorphan and midazolam, as CYP probe substrates after oral administration of the Inje cocktail in healthy volunteers. Methods Twenty‐two evaluable subjects received the Inje cocktail on Days 1, 4, 7 and 11 and belatacept infusion on Day 4. Results Since belatacept caused no major alterations to cytokine levels, there were no major effects on CYP‐substrate pharmacokinetics, except for a slight (16–30%) increase in omeprazole exposure, which was probably due to omeprazole‐mediated, time‐dependent CYP inhibition. Belatacept did not cause major alterations in the pharmacokinetics, as measured by the geometric mean ratios and associated 90% confidence interval for area under the plasma concentration ‐time curve from time zero to infinity on Day 7 comparing administration with and without belatacept for caffeine (1.002 [0.914, 1.098]), dextromethorphan (1.031 [0.885, 1.200]), losartan (1.016 [0.938, 1.101)], midazolam (0.968 [0.892, 1.049]) or their respective metabolites. Conclusions Therefore, no dose adjustments of CYP substrates are indicated with belatacept coadministration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne Williams
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Pennington, New Jersey, USA
| | - Xiaolu Tao
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Pennington, New Jersey, USA.,Sandoz, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Lili Zhu
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Pennington, New Jersey, USA
| | - Michele Stonier
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Pennington, New Jersey, USA
| | - Justin D Lutz
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Pennington, New Jersey, USA.,Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, California, USA
| | - Eric Masson
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Pennington, New Jersey, USA.,AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sean Zhang
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Pennington, New Jersey, USA.,GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bishu Ganguly
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Pennington, New Jersey, USA.,Rinat, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Zoe Tzogas
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Pennington, New Jersey, USA
| | - Susan Lubin
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Pennington, New Jersey, USA
| | - Bindu Murthy
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Pennington, New Jersey, USA
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62
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Grime K, Pehrson R, Nordell P, Gillen M, Kühn W, Mant T, Brännström M, Svanberg P, Jones B, Brealey C. An S-warfarin and AZD1981 interaction: in vitro and clinical pilot data suggest the N-deacetylated amino acid metabolite as the primary perpetrator. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2016; 83:381-392. [PMID: 27558866 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.13102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM AZD1981 is an orally bioavailable chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on Th2 cells (CRTh2) receptor antagonist progressed to phase II trials for the treatment of allergic asthma. Previously performed in vitro human hepatocyte incubations identified N-deacetylated AZD1981 as a primary metabolite. We report on metabolite exposure from a clinical excretion balance, on in vitro studies performed to determine the likelihood of a metabolite-dependent drug-drug interaction (DDI) and on a clinical warfarin DDI study. The aim was to demonstrate that N-deacetylated AZD1981 is responsible for the observed interaction. METHODS The excretion and biotransformation of [14 C]-AZD1981 were studied in healthy male volunteers, and subsequently in vitro cytochrome P450 (CYP) inhibition and hepatocyte uptake investigations were carried out with metabolites and the parent drug. A clinical DDI study using coadministered twice-daily 100 mg and 400 mg AZD1981 with 25 mg warfarin was performed. RESULTS The excretion balance study showed N-deacetylated AZD1981 to be the most abundant metabolite present in plasma. In vitro data revealed the metabolite to be a weak CYP2C9 time-dependent inhibitor, subject to more active hepatic uptake than the parent molecule. Clinically, the S-warfarin area under the plasma concentration-time curve increased, on average, 1.4-fold [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.22, 1.50] and 2.4-fold (95% CI 2.11, 2.64) after 100 mg (n = 13) and 400 mg (n = 11) AZD1981 administration, respectively. In vitro CYP inhibition and hepatocyte uptake data were used to explain the interaction. CONCLUSIONS N-deacetylated AZD1981 can be added to the small list of drug metabolites reported as sole contributors to clinical drug-drug interactions, with weak time-dependent inhibition exacerbated by efficient hepatic uptake being the cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Grime
- Respiratory, Inflammation & Autoimmune Disease Department of DMPK, AstraZeneca R&D, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rikard Pehrson
- Respiratory, Inflammation & Autoimmune Disease Department of DMPK, AstraZeneca R&D, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pär Nordell
- Drug Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca R&D, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Michael Gillen
- AstraZeneca Early Clinical Development, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Wolfgang Kühn
- Quintiles Allergy, Respiratory, Infectious Diseases & Vaccines Therapeutic Science & Strategy Unit, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Timothy Mant
- Quintiles Drug Research Unit at Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Marie Brännström
- Respiratory, Inflammation & Autoimmune Disease Department of DMPK, AstraZeneca R&D, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Petter Svanberg
- Respiratory, Inflammation & Autoimmune Disease Department of DMPK, AstraZeneca R&D, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Barry Jones
- Drug Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca R&D, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Higuchi Y, Kawai K, Kanaki T, Yamazaki H, Chesné C, Guguen-Guillouzo C, Suemizu H. Functional polymer-dependent 3D culture accelerates the differentiation of HepaRG cells into mature hepatocytes. Hepatol Res 2016; 46:1045-57. [PMID: 26724677 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM The hepatoma-derived cell line HepaRG is regarded as an in vitro model of drug metabolism because fully differentiated HepaRG cells demonstrate functional metabolic responses comparable to those of primary human hepatocytes. Recently, it was demonstrated that the 3D culture of HepaRG cells enhanced their metabolic functions and toxicological responses. We approached the mechanisms underlying these enhancement effects. METHODS We compared 2D-cultured HepaRG cells with 3D-cultured HepaRG spheroids in the gene expression patterns and the metabolic functions. In the present study, we performed 3D culture of HepaRG cells using functional polymers (FP). To reveal the in vivo differentiation ability, we transplanted the 3D-cultured HepaRG spheroids into TK-NOG mice. RESULTS A comparison between 2D and 3D cultures revealed that 3D-cultured HepaRG spheroids demonstrated reductions in bile duct marker expression, accelerated expression of cytochrome P450 3A4, and increases in the ratio of albumin-expressing hepatocytes. Furthermore, catalytic activities of cytochrome P450 3A4 were modified by omeprazole and rifampicin in the 3D-cultured HepaRG spheroids. Transplantation analysis revealed that 3D-cultured HepaRG spheroids formed hepatocyte-like colonies rather than cholangiocytes in vivo. CONCLUSION Our results indicated that the enhancement of hepatic functions in 3D-cultured HepaRG cells was induced by selective hepatocyte differentiation and accelerated hepatocyte maturation. HepaRG spheroids reproduced the metabolic responses of human hepatocytes. Therefore, FP-dependent 3D-cultured HepaRG cells may serve as an excellent in vitro model for evaluating the hepatic metabolism and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kenji Kawai
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan
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Sager JE, Price LSL, Isoherranen N. Stereoselective Metabolism of Bupropion to OH-bupropion, Threohydrobupropion, Erythrohydrobupropion, and 4'-OH-bupropion in vitro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 44:1709-19. [PMID: 27495292 PMCID: PMC5034696 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.072363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Bupropion is a widely used antidepressant, smoking cessation aid, and weight-loss therapy. It is administered as a racemic mixture, but the pharmacokinetics and activity of bupropion are stereoselective. The activity and side effects of bupropion are attributed to bupropion and its metabolites S,S- and R,R-OH-bupropion, threohydrobupropion, and erythrohydrobupropion. Yet the stereoselective metabolism in vitro and the enzymes contributing to the stereoselective disposition of bupropion have not been characterized. In humans, the fraction of bupropion metabolized (fm) to the CYP2B6 probe metabolite OH-bupropion is 5-16%, but ticlopidine increases bupropion exposure by 61%, suggesting a 40% CYP2B6 and/or CYP2C19 fm for bupropion. Yet, the CYP2C19 contribution to bupropion clearance has not been defined, and the enzymes contributing to overall bupropion metabolite formation have not been fully characterized. The aim of this study was to characterize the stereoselective metabolism of bupropion in vitro to explain the stereoselective pharmacokinetics and the effect of drug-drug interactions (DDIs) and CYP2C19 pharmacogenetics on bupropion exposure. The data predict that threohydrobupropion accounts for 50 and 82%, OH-bupropion for 34 and 12%, erythrohydrobupropion for 8 and 4%, and 4'-OH-bupropion for 8 and 2% of overall R- and S-bupropion clearance, respectively. The fm,CYP2B6 was predicted to be 21%, and the fm,CYP2C19, 6% for racemic bupropion. Importantly, ticlopidine was found to inhibit all metabolic pathways of bupropion in vitro, including threohydrobupropion, erythrohydrobupropion, and 4'OH-bupropion formation, explaining the in vivo DDI. The stereoselective pharmacokinetics of bupropion were quantitatively explained by the in vitro metabolic clearances and in vivo interconversion between bupropion stereoisomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Sager
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Lauren S L Price
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Nina Isoherranen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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65
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Vogl S, Steinfath M, Lutz WK, Schönfelder G. Effect of Omeprazole and Dextromethorphan on the Urinary Metabolic Ratio of Flurbiprofen. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2016; 118:496-8. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Vogl
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology; University of Würzburg; Würzburg Germany
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | | | - Werner K. Lutz
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology; University of Würzburg; Würzburg Germany
| | - Gilbert Schönfelder
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR); Berlin Germany
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66
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Farooq M, Kelly EJ, Unadkat JD. CYP2D6 Is Inducible by Endogenous and Exogenous Corticosteroids. Drug Metab Dispos 2016; 44:750-7. [PMID: 26965986 PMCID: PMC4851303 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.069229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6 has been widely considered to be noninducible on the basis of human hepatocyte studies, in vivo data suggests that it is inducible by endo- and xenobiotics. Therefore, we investigated if the experimental conditions routinely used in human hepatocyte studies may be a confounding factor in the lack of in vitro induction of CYP2D6. Sandwich cultured human hepatocytes (SCHH) were preincubated with or without dexamethasone (100 nM) for 72 hours before incubation with 1μM endogenous (cortisol or corticosterone) or exogenous (dexamethasone or prednisolone) corticosteroids. At 72 hours, CYP2D6 mRNA, protein, and activity were quantified by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, quantitative proteomics, and formation of dextrorphan from dextromethorphan, respectively. In the absence of supplemental dexamethasone, CYP2D6 activity, mRNA, and protein were significantly and robustly (>10-fold) induced by all four corticosteroids. However, this CYP2D6 induction was abolished in cells preincubated with supplemental dexamethasone. These data show, for the first time, that CYP2D6 is inducible in vitro but the routine presence of 100 nM dexamethasone in the culture medium masks this induction. Our cortisol data are in agreement with the clinical observation that CYP2D6 is inducible during the third trimester of pregnancy when the plasma concentrations of cortisol increase to ∼1μM. These findings, if confirmed in vivo, have implications for predicting CYP2D6-mediated drug-drug interactions and call for re-evaluation of regulatory guidelines on screening for CYP2D6 induction by xenobiotics. Our findings also suggest that cortisol may be a causative factor in the in vivo induction of CYP2D6 during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Farooq
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Edward J Kelly
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jashvant D Unadkat
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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67
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Diaz P, Huang W, Keyari CM, Buttrick B, Price L, Guilloteau N, Tripathy S, Sperandio VG, Fronczek FR, Astruc-Diaz F, Isoherranen N. Development and Characterization of Novel and Selective Inhibitors of Cytochrome P450 CYP26A1, the Human Liver Retinoic Acid Hydroxylase. J Med Chem 2016; 59:2579-95. [PMID: 26918322 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 CYP26 enzymes are responsible for all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) clearance. Inhibition of CYP26 enzymes will increase endogenous atRA concentrations and is an attractive therapeutic target. However, the selectivity and potency of the existing atRA metabolism inhibitors toward CYP26A1 and CYP26B1 is unknown, and no selective CYP26A1 or CYP26B1 inhibitors have been developed. Here the synthesis and potent inhibitory activity of the first CYP26A1 selective inhibitors is reported. A series of nonazole CYP26A1 selective inhibitors was identified with low nM potency. The lead compound 3-{4-[2-(5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)-1,3-dioxolan-2-yl] phenyl}4-propanoic acid (24) had 43-fold selectivity toward CYP26A1 with an IC50 of 340 nM. Compound 24 and its two structural analogues also inhibited atRA metabolism in HepG2 cells, resulting in increased potency of atRA toward RAR activation. The identified compounds have potential to become novel treatments aiming to elevate endogenous atRA concentrations and may be useful as cotreatment with atRA to combat therapy resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Diaz
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Montana , 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, Montana 59812, United States.,DermaXon LLC , 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, Montana 59812, United States
| | - Weize Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington , 1959 NE Pacific Street, Health Sciences Building, Box 357610, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Charles M Keyari
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Montana , 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, Montana 59812, United States
| | - Brian Buttrick
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington , 1959 NE Pacific Street, Health Sciences Building, Box 357610, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Lauren Price
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington , 1959 NE Pacific Street, Health Sciences Building, Box 357610, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | | | - Sasmita Tripathy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington , 1959 NE Pacific Street, Health Sciences Building, Box 357610, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Vanessa G Sperandio
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Montana , 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, Montana 59812, United States
| | - Frank R Fronczek
- Chemistry Department, Louisiana State University , 232 Choppin Hall, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Fanny Astruc-Diaz
- DermaXon LLC , 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, Montana 59812, United States
| | - Nina Isoherranen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington , 1959 NE Pacific Street, Health Sciences Building, Box 357610, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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Goswami SK, Inceoglu B, Yang J, Wan D, Kodani SD, da Silva CAT, Morisseau C, Hammock BD. Omeprazole increases the efficacy of a soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitor in a PGE₂ induced pain model. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 289:419-27. [PMID: 26522832 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) are potent endogenous analgesic metabolites produced from arachidonic acid by cytochrome P450s (P450s). Metabolism of EETs by soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) reduces their activity, while their stabilization by sEH inhibition decreases both inflammatory and neuropathic pain. Here, we tested the complementary hypothesis that increasing the level of EETs through induction of P450s by omeprazole (OME), can influence pain related signaling by itself, and potentiate the anti-hyperalgesic effect of sEH inhibitor. Rats were treated with OME (100mg/kg/day, p.o., 7 days), sEH inhibitor TPPU (3mg/kg/day, p.o.) and OME (100mg/kg/day, p.o., 7 days)+TPPU (3mg/kg/day, p.o., last 3 days of OME dose) dissolved in vehicle PEG400, and their effect on hyperalgesia (increased sensitivity to pain) induced by PGE2 was monitored. While OME treatment by itself exhibited variable effects on PGE2 induced hyperalgesia, it strongly potentiated the effect of TPPU in the same assay. The significant decrease in pain with OME+TPPU treatment correlated with the increased levels of EETs in plasma and increased activities of P450 1A1 and P450 1A2 in liver microsomes. The results show that reducing catabolism of EETs with a sEH inhibitor yielded a stronger analgesic effect than increasing generation of EETs by OME, and combination of both yielded the strongest pain reducing effect under the condition of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumanta Kumar Goswami
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Bora Inceoglu
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Debin Wan
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Sean D Kodani
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Carlos Antonio Trindade da Silva
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
| | - Christophe Morisseau
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Bruce D Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
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Interindividual variability of CYP2C19-catalyzed drug metabolism due to differences in gene diplotypes and cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase content. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2015; 16:375-87. [PMID: 26323597 PMCID: PMC4775436 DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2015.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Large interindividual variability has been observed in the metabolism of CYP2C19 substrates in vivo. The study aimed to evaluate sources of this variability in CYP2C19 activity, focusing on CYP2C19 diplotypes and the cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (POR). CYP2C19 gene analysis was carried out on 347 human liver samples. CYP2C19 activity assayed using human liver microsomes confirmed a significant a priori predicted rank order for (S)-mephenytoin hydroxylase activity of CYP2C19*17/*17 > *1B/*17 > *1B/*1B > *2A/*17 > *1B/*2A > *2A/*2A diplotypes. In a multivariate analysis, the CYP2C19*2A allele and POR protein content were associated with CYP2C19 activity. Further analysis indicated a strong effect of the CYP2C19*2A, but not the *17, allele on both metabolic steps in the conversion of clopidogrel to its active metabolite. The present study demonstrates that interindividual variability in CYP2C19 activity is due to differences in both CYP2C19 protein content associated with gene diplotypes and the POR concentration.
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Chaudhry AS, Prasad B, Shirasaka Y, Fohner A, Finkelstein D, Fan Y, Wang S, Wu G, Aklillu E, Sim SC, Thummel KE, Schuetz EG. The CYP2C19 Intron 2 Branch Point SNP is the Ancestral Polymorphism Contributing to the Poor Metabolizer Phenotype in Livers with CYP2C19*35 and CYP2C19*2 Alleles. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:1226-35. [PMID: 26021325 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.064428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CYP2C19 rs12769205 alters an intron 2 branch point adenine leading to an alternative mRNA in human liver with complete inclusion of intron 2 (exon 2B). rs12769205 changes the mRNA reading frame, introduces 87 amino acids, and leads to a premature stop codon. The 1000 Genomes project (http://browser.1000genomes.org/index.html) indicated rs12769205 is in linkage disequilibrium with rs4244285 on CYP2C19*2, but found alone on CYP2C19*35 in Blacks. Minigenes containing rs12769205 transfected into HepG2 cells demonstrated this single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) alone leads to exon 2B and decreases CYP2C19 canonical mRNA. A residual amount of CYP2C19 protein was detectable by quantitative proteomics with tandem mass spectrometry in CYP2C19*2/*2 and *1/*35 liver microsomes with an exon 2 probe. However, an exon 4 probe, downstream from rs12769205, but upstream of rs4244285, failed to detect CYP2C19 protein in livers homozygous for rs12769205, demonstrating rs12769205 alone can lead to complete loss of CYP2C19 protein. CYP2C19 genotypes and mephenytoin phenotype were compared in 104 Ethiopians. Poor metabolism of mephenytoin was seen in persons homozygous for both rs12769205 and rs4244285 (CYP2C19*2/*2), but with little effect on mephenytoin disposition of CYP2C19*1/*2, CYP2C19*1/*3, or CYP2C19*1/*35 heterozygous alleles. Extended haplotype homozygosity tests of the HapMap Yorubans (YRI) showed both haplotypes carrying rs12769205 (CYP2C19*35 and CYP2C19*2) are under significant natural selection, with CYP2C19*35 having a higher relative extended haplotype homozygosity score. The phylogenetic tree of the YRI CYP2C19 haplotypes revealed rs12769205 arose first on CYP2C19*35 and that rs4244285 was added later, creating CYP2C19*2. In conclusion, rs12769205 is the ancestral polymorphism leading to aberrant splicing of CYP2C19*35 and CYP2C19*2 alleles in liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amarjit S Chaudhry
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (A.S.C., E.G.S.); Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (B.P., Y.S., A.F., K.E.T.); Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (D.F., Y.F., S.W., G.W.); Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (E.A.); and Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.C.S.)
| | - Bhagwat Prasad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (A.S.C., E.G.S.); Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (B.P., Y.S., A.F., K.E.T.); Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (D.F., Y.F., S.W., G.W.); Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (E.A.); and Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.C.S.)
| | - Yoshiyuki Shirasaka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (A.S.C., E.G.S.); Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (B.P., Y.S., A.F., K.E.T.); Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (D.F., Y.F., S.W., G.W.); Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (E.A.); and Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.C.S.)
| | - Alison Fohner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (A.S.C., E.G.S.); Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (B.P., Y.S., A.F., K.E.T.); Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (D.F., Y.F., S.W., G.W.); Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (E.A.); and Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.C.S.)
| | - David Finkelstein
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (A.S.C., E.G.S.); Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (B.P., Y.S., A.F., K.E.T.); Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (D.F., Y.F., S.W., G.W.); Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (E.A.); and Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.C.S.)
| | - Yiping Fan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (A.S.C., E.G.S.); Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (B.P., Y.S., A.F., K.E.T.); Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (D.F., Y.F., S.W., G.W.); Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (E.A.); and Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.C.S.)
| | - Shuoguo Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (A.S.C., E.G.S.); Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (B.P., Y.S., A.F., K.E.T.); Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (D.F., Y.F., S.W., G.W.); Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (E.A.); and Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.C.S.)
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (A.S.C., E.G.S.); Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (B.P., Y.S., A.F., K.E.T.); Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (D.F., Y.F., S.W., G.W.); Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (E.A.); and Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.C.S.)
| | - Eleni Aklillu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (A.S.C., E.G.S.); Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (B.P., Y.S., A.F., K.E.T.); Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (D.F., Y.F., S.W., G.W.); Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (E.A.); and Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.C.S.)
| | - Sarah C Sim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (A.S.C., E.G.S.); Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (B.P., Y.S., A.F., K.E.T.); Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (D.F., Y.F., S.W., G.W.); Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (E.A.); and Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.C.S.)
| | - Kenneth E Thummel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (A.S.C., E.G.S.); Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (B.P., Y.S., A.F., K.E.T.); Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (D.F., Y.F., S.W., G.W.); Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (E.A.); and Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.C.S.)
| | - Erin G Schuetz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (A.S.C., E.G.S.); Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (B.P., Y.S., A.F., K.E.T.); Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (D.F., Y.F., S.W., G.W.); Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (E.A.); and Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.C.S.)
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Akinseye OA, Alfishawy M, Radparvar F, Bakshi S. Trazodone and omeprazole interaction causing frequent second-degree Mobitz type 1 atrioventricular (AV) block (Wenckebach phenomenon) and syncope: a case report and literature review. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CASE REPORTS 2015; 16:319-21. [PMID: 26017199 PMCID: PMC4456984 DOI: 10.12659/ajcr.893427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This case report highlights serious cardiovascular adverse effects with a conventional dose of trazodone as a result of its potential interaction with omeprazole. CASE REPORT A 54-year-old man who was a former smoker, with dyslipidemia, coronary artery disease, and anxiety disorder developed lightheadedness and syncope the morning of admission. He was taking trazodone 50 mg daily, omeprazole 20 mg daily, and simvastatin 20 mg at bedtime. He doubled the dose of trazodone 50 mg on the night prior to presentation to calm his anxiety. An electrocardiogram revealed sinus rhythm at 60 beats per minute and second-degree Mobitz type 1 atrioventricular (AV) block with 5:4 AV conduction. Results of basic metabolic panel, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and chest radiograph were normal. A transthoracic echocardiogram revealed aortic valve sclerosis. We tested for Lyme disease given his history of hunting in the woods 8 months prior to presentation, but the titer was negative. Trazodone and omeprazole were discontinued. By the 3rd day of medication discontinuation, all symptoms had resolved and the frequency of second-degree AV Mobitz type 1 AV block had decreased to once per hour. CONCLUSIONS Due diligence and meticulous attention to detail needs to be exercised to uncover drug interactions as potential causes of lethal and nonlethal patient symptomatology, as in this case of syncope caused by concomitant use of trazodone and a widely prescribed medication, omeprazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwaseun A Akinseye
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Queens Hospital Center, Jamaica, NY, USA
| | - Mostafa Alfishawy
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Queens Hospital Center, Jamaica, NY, USA
| | - Farshid Radparvar
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Queens Hospital Center, Jamaica, NY, USA
| | - Sanjiv Bakshi
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Queens Hospital Center, Jamaica, NY, USA
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72
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Feng S, Cleary Y, Parrott N, Hu P, Weber C, Wang Y, Yin OQP, Shi J. Evaluating a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for prediction of omeprazole clearance and assessing ethnic sensitivity in CYP2C19 metabolic pathway. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2015; 71:617-24. [PMID: 25801493 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-015-1834-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to evaluate the ethnicity-specific population models in the SimCYP Simulator® for prediction of omeprazole clearance with attention to differences in the CYP2C19 metabolic pathway. METHODS The SimCYP® models incorporating Caucasian, Chinese, and Japanese population-specific demographic, physiological, and enzyme data were applied to simulate omeprazole pharmacokinetics. Published pharmacokinetic data of omeprazole after intravenous or oral administration in Caucasian, Chinese, and Japanese were used for the evaluation. RESULTS Following oral administration, the ratio of the predicted to observed geometric mean of omeprazole clearance in Caucasian extensive metabolizers (EMs) was 0.88. The ratios in Chinese EMs were 1.16 and 0.99 after intravenous and oral administration, respectively. The ratios in Japanese EMs were 0.88 and 0.71 after intravenous and oral administration, respectively. Significant differences (2-fold) in the observed oral clearance of omeprazole were identified between Caucasian and Asian (Chinese and Japanese) EMs while the observed oral and intravenous clearances of omeprazole were similar between Chinese and Japanese EMs. Physiologically based pharmacokinetics (PBPK) models within SimCYP accurately predicted the difference in the observed oral clearance between Caucasian and Chinese EMs but overpredicted the difference between Caucasians and Japanese EMs due to under-prediction of oral clearance in Japanese EMs. CONCLUSIONS The PBPK model within SimCYP adequately predicted omeprazole clearance in Caucasian, Chinese, and Japanese EMs and the 2-fold differences in clearance of omeprazole between Caucasian and Asian EMs. This may lead to early identification of ethnic sensitivity in clearance and the need for different dosing regimens in a specific ethnic group for substrates of CYP2C19 which can support the rational design of bridging clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Feng
- Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Building 6, Lane 917, Ha Lei Road, Pudong, Shanghai, China
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73
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Zhang Z, Farooq M, Prasad B, Grepper S, Unadkat JD. Prediction of gestational age-dependent induction of in vivo hepatic CYP3A activity based on HepaRG cells and human hepatocytes. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:836-42. [PMID: 25802327 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.062984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In pregnant women, CYP3A activity increases by 100% during the third trimester (T3). Due to logistical and ethical constraints, little is known about the magnitude of CYP3A induction during the first trimester (T1) and second trimester (T2). Our laboratory has shown that sandwich-cultured human hepatocytes (SCHH) and HepaRG cells have the potential to predict the magnitude of in vivo induction of CYP3A activity likely to be observed in T1 and T2. Therefore, we incubated SCHH and HepaRG cells with plasma concentrations of various pregnancy-related hormones (PRHs)-individually or in combination-observed during T1, T2, or T3 in pregnant women. Then, CYP3A activity was measured by 1'-OH-midazolam formation. In all three trimesters, only cortisol (C) consistently and significantly induced CYP3A activity, while other individual hormones (progesterone, estradiol, or growth hormones) failed to induce CYP3A activity. At physiologically relevant 1× plasma concentrations, the magnitude of CYP3A induction by C or the combination of all PRHs did not change significantly with gestational age. The pattern of induction of CYP3A activity in SCHH by the hormones was similar to that in HepaRG cells. Based on these data, we conclude that C remains the major inducer of CYP3A activity earlier in gestation. Moreover, we predict that the magnitude of CYP3A induction during T1 and T2 will be similar to that observed during T3 (∼100% increase versus postpartum). This prediction is consistent with the observation of similar increases in T2 and T3 oral clearance of indinavir (a CYP3A cleared drug) versus postpartum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zufei Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (Z.Z., M.F., B.P., J.D.U.); and Life Technologies, Carlsbad, California (S.G.)
| | - Muhammad Farooq
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (Z.Z., M.F., B.P., J.D.U.); and Life Technologies, Carlsbad, California (S.G.)
| | - Bhagwat Prasad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (Z.Z., M.F., B.P., J.D.U.); and Life Technologies, Carlsbad, California (S.G.)
| | - Sue Grepper
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (Z.Z., M.F., B.P., J.D.U.); and Life Technologies, Carlsbad, California (S.G.)
| | - Jashvant D Unadkat
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (Z.Z., M.F., B.P., J.D.U.); and Life Technologies, Carlsbad, California (S.G.)
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74
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Varma MV, Pang KS, Isoherranen N, Zhao P. Dealing with the complex drug-drug interactions: Towards mechanistic models. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2015; 36:71-92. [DOI: 10.1002/bdd.1934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manthena V. Varma
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism; Pfizer Inc; Groton Connecticut USA
| | - K. Sandy Pang
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Toronto; M5S 3M2 Canada
| | - Nina Isoherranen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy; University of Washington; Seattle WA USA
| | - Ping Zhao
- Division of Pharmacometrics, Office of Clinical Pharmacology/Office of Translational Sciences; Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration; Silver Spring MD USA
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75
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Yu H, Balani SK, Chen W, Cui D, He L, Humphreys WG, Mao J, Lai WG, Lee AJ, Lim HK, MacLauchlin C, Prakash C, Surapaneni S, Tse S, Upthagrove A, Walsky RL, Wen B, Zeng Z. Contribution of Metabolites to P450 Inhibition–Based Drug–Drug Interactions: Scholarship from the Drug Metabolism Leadership Group of the Innovation and Quality Consortium Metabolite Group. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:620-30. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.059345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
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76
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Safety and pharmacokinetics of the CIME combination of drugs and their metabolites after a single oral dosing in healthy volunteers. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2014; 41:125-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s13318-014-0239-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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77
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Koe XF, Tengku Muhammad TS, Chong ASC, Wahab HA, Tan ML. Cytochrome P450 induction properties of food and herbal-derived compounds using a novel multiplex RT-qPCR in vitro assay, a drug-food interaction prediction tool. Food Sci Nutr 2014; 2:500-20. [PMID: 25473508 PMCID: PMC4237480 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A multiplex RT-qPCR was developed to examine CYP1A2, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4 induction properties of compounds from food and herbal sources. The induction of drug metabolizing enzymes is an important pharmacokinetic interaction with unique features in comparison with inhibition of metabolizing enzymes. Cytochrome induction can lead to serious drug-drug or drug-food interactions, especially if the coadministered drug plasma level is critical as it can reduce therapeutic effects and cause complications. Using this optimized multiplex RT-qPCR, cytochrome induction properties of andrographolide, curcumin, lycopene, bergamottin, and resveratrol were determined. Andrographolide, curcumin, and lycopene produced no significant induction effects on CYP1A2, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4. However, bergamottin appeared to be a significant in vitro CYP1A2 inducer starting from 5 to 50 μmol/L with induction ranging from 60 to 100-fold changes. On the other hand, resveratrol is a weak in vitro CYP1A2 inducer. Examining the cytochrome induction properties of food and herbal compounds help complement CYP inhibition studies and provide labeling and safety caution for such products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Fen Koe
- Malaysian Institute of Pharmaceuticals & Nutraceuticals, Ministry of Science, Technology & Innovation (MOSTI) Halaman Bukit Gambir, 11700, Georgetown, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | | | - Alexander Shu-Chien Chong
- Malaysian Institute of Pharmaceuticals & Nutraceuticals, Ministry of Science, Technology & Innovation (MOSTI) Halaman Bukit Gambir, 11700, Georgetown, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia ; The Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia Georgetown, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Habibah Abdul Wahab
- Malaysian Institute of Pharmaceuticals & Nutraceuticals, Ministry of Science, Technology & Innovation (MOSTI) Halaman Bukit Gambir, 11700, Georgetown, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia ; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia Georgetown, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Mei Lan Tan
- Malaysian Institute of Pharmaceuticals & Nutraceuticals, Ministry of Science, Technology & Innovation (MOSTI) Halaman Bukit Gambir, 11700, Georgetown, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia ; Advanced Medical & Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia Georgetown, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
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78
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Wu F, Gaohua L, Zhao P, Jamei M, Huang SM, Bashaw ED, Lee SC. Predicting nonlinear pharmacokinetics of omeprazole enantiomers and racemic drug using physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling and simulation: application to predict drug/genetic interactions. Pharm Res 2014; 31:1919-29. [PMID: 24590877 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-1293-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of this study is to develop a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for each omeprazole enantiomer that accounts for nonlinear PK of the two enantiomers as well as omeprazole racemic drug. METHODS By integrating in vitro, in silico and human PK data, we first developed PBPK models for each enantiomer. Simulation of racemic omeprazole PK was accomplished by combining enantiomer models that allow mutual drug interactions to occur. RESULTS The established PBPK models for the first time satisfactorily predicted the nonlinear PK of esomeprazole, R-omeprazole and the racemic drug. The modeling exercises revealed that the strong time-dependent inhibition of CYP2C19 by esomeprazole greatly altered the R-omeprazole PK following administration of racemic omeprazole as in contrast to R-omeprazole given alone. When PBPK models incorporated both autoinhibition of each enantiomer and mutual interactions, the ratios between predicted and observed AUC following single and multiple dosing of omeprazole were 0.97 and 0.94, respectively. CONCLUSIONS PBPK models of omeprazole enantiomers and racemic drug were developed. These models can be utilized to assess CYP2C19-mediated drug and genetic interaction potential for omeprazole and esomeprazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wu
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
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79
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Sager JE, Lutz JD, Foti RS, Davis C, Kunze KL, Isoherranen N. Fluoxetine- and norfluoxetine-mediated complex drug-drug interactions: in vitro to in vivo correlation of effects on CYP2D6, CYP2C19, and CYP3A4. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2014; 95:653-62. [PMID: 24569517 PMCID: PMC4029899 DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2014.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Fluoxetine and its circulating metabolite norfluoxetine comprise a complex multiple-inhibitor system that causes reversible or time-dependent inhibition of the cytochrome P450 (CYP) family members CYP2D6, CYP3A4, and CYP2C19 in vitro. Although significant inhibition of all three enzymes in vivo was predicted, the areas under the concentration-time curve (AUCs) for midazolam and lovastatin were unaffected by 2-week dosing of fluoxetine, whereas the AUCs of dextromethorphan and omeprazole were increased by 27- and 7.1-fold, respectively. This observed discrepancy between in vitro risk assessment and in vivo drug-drug interaction (DDI) profile was rationalized by time-varying dynamic pharmacokinetic models that incorporated circulating concentrations of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine enantiomers, mutual inhibitor-inhibitor interactions, and CYP3A4 induction. The dynamic models predicted all DDIs with less than twofold error. This study demonstrates that complex DDIs that involve multiple mechanisms, pathways, and inhibitors with their metabolites can be predicted and rationalized via characterization of all the inhibitory species in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Sager
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - J D Lutz
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - R S Foti
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - C Davis
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - K L Kunze
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - N Isoherranen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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