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Srinivasan S, Simms JA, Nielsen CK, Lieske SP, Bito-Onon JJ, Yi H, Hopf FW, Bonci A, Bartlett SE. The dual orexin/hypocretin receptor antagonist, almorexant, in the ventral tegmental area attenuates ethanol self-administration. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44726. [PMID: 23028593 PMCID: PMC3448615 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have implicated the hypocretin/orexinergic system in reward-seeking behavior. Almorexant, a dual orexin/hypocretin R1 and R2 receptor antagonist, has proven effective in preclinical studies in promoting sleep in animal models and was in Phase III clinical trials for sleep disorders. The present study combines behavioral assays with in vitro biochemical and electrophysiological techniques to elucidate the role of almorexant in ethanol and sucrose intake. Using an operant self-administration paradigm, we demonstrate that systemic administration of almorexant decreased operant self-administration of both 20% ethanol and 5% sucrose. We further demonstrate that intra-ventral tegmental area (VTA) infusions, but not intra-substantia nigra infusions, of almorexant reduced ethanol self-administration. Extracellular recordings performed in VTA neurons revealed that orexin-A increased firing and this enhancement of firing was blocked by almorexant. The results demonstrate that orexin/hypocretin receptors in distinct brain regions regulate ethanol and sucrose mediated behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhashini Srinivasan
- Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, University of California San Francisco, Emeryville, California, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey A. Simms
- Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, University of California San Francisco, Emeryville, California, United States of America
| | - Carsten K. Nielsen
- Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, University of California San Francisco, Emeryville, California, United States of America
| | - Steven P. Lieske
- Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, University of California San Francisco, Emeryville, California, United States of America
- Department of Mental Health, San Francisco Veteran Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jade J. Bito-Onon
- Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, University of California San Francisco, Emeryville, California, United States of America
| | - Henry Yi
- Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, University of California San Francisco, Emeryville, California, United States of America
| | - Frederic Woodward Hopf
- Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, University of California San Francisco, Emeryville, California, United States of America
| | - Antonello Bonci
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Solomon Snyder Department of Neuroscience, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Selena E. Bartlett
- Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, University of California San Francisco, Emeryville, California, United States of America
- Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Piccoli L, Micioni Di Bonaventura MV, Cifani C, Costantini VJA, Massagrande M, Montanari D, Martinelli P, Antolini M, Ciccocioppo R, Massi M, Merlo-Pich E, Di Fabio R, Corsi M. Role of orexin-1 receptor mechanisms on compulsive food consumption in a model of binge eating in female rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 2012; 37:1999-2011. [PMID: 22569505 PMCID: PMC3398727 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2012.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Orexins (OX) and their receptors (OXR) modulate feeding, arousal, stress, and drug abuse. Neural systems that motivate and reinforce drug abuse may also underlie compulsive food seeking and intake. Therefore, the effects of GSK1059865 (5-bromo-N-[(2S,5S)-1-(3-fluoro-2-methoxybenzoyl)-5-methylpiperidin-2-yl]methyl-pyridin-2-amine), a selective OX(1)R antagonist, JNJ-10397049 (N-(2,4-dibromophenyl)-N'-[(4S,5S)-2,2-dimethyl-4-phenyl-1,3-dioxan-5-yl]urea), a selective OX(2)R antagonist, and SB-649868 (N-[((2S)-1-{[5-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-methyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl]carbonyl}-2-piperidinyl)methyl]-1-benzofuran-4-carboxamide), a dual OX(1)/OX(2)R antagonist were evaluated in a binge eating (BE) model in female rats. BE of highly palatable food (HPF) was evoked by three cycles of food restriction followed by stress, elicited by exposing rats to HPF, but preventing them from having access to it for 15 min. Pharmacokinetic assessments of all compounds were obtained under the same experimental conditions used for the behavioral experiments. Topiramate was used as the reference compound as it selectively blocks BE in rats and humans. Dose-related thresholds for sleep-inducing effects of the OXR antagonists were measured using polysomnography in parallel experiments. SB-649868 and GSK1059865, but not JNJ-10397049, selectively reduced BE for HPF without affecting standard food pellet intake, at doses that did not induce sleep. These results indicate, for the first time, a major role of OX(1)R mechanisms in BE, suggesting that selective antagonism at OX(1)R could represent a novel pharmacological treatment for BE and possibly other eating disorders with a compulsive component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Piccoli
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Verona, Italy
| | - Maria Vittoria Micioni Di Bonaventura
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Macerata, Italy,Pharmacology Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, via Madonna delle Carceri, 9, Camerino, Macerata 62032, Italy, Tel: +39 3287041244, Fax: +39 0737403325, E-mail:
| | - Carlo Cifani
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Macerata, Italy
| | | | | | - Dino Montanari
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Verona, Italy
| | | | | | - Roberto Ciccocioppo
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Macerata, Italy
| | - Maurizio Massi
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Macerata, Italy
| | - Emilio Merlo-Pich
- Neuronal Target Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA, USA
| | | | - Mauro Corsi
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Verona, Italy
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53
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Effects of orexins A and B on expression of orexin receptors and progesterone release in luteal and granulosa ovarian cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 178:56-63. [PMID: 22749989 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2012.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Revised: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Orexin-A and orexin-B are neuropeptides controlling sleep-wakefulness, feeding and neuroendocrine functions via their G protein-coupled receptors, orexin-1R and orexin-2R. They are synthesized in the lateral hypothalamus and project throughout the brain. Orexins and orexin receptors have also been described outside the brain. Previously we demonstrated the presence of both receptors in the ovary, their increased expression during proestrous afternoon and the dependence on the gonadotropins. Here we studied the effects of orexins on the mRNA expression of both receptors, by quantitative real-time PCR, on luteal cells from superovulated rat ovaries and granulosa cells from diethylstilbestrol-treated rat ovaries. Effects on progesterone secretion were also measured. In luteal cells, 1 nM of either orexin-A or orexin-B decreased progesterone secretion. Orexin-A treatment increased expression of both orexin-1R and orexin-2R mRNA. The effect on orexin-1R mRNA expression was abolished by an orexin-1R selective receptor antagonist SB-334867 and the effect on orexin-2R mRNA expression was abolished by a selective orexin-2R antagonist JNJ-10397049. Orexin-B did not modify orexin-1R mRNA expression, but increased orexin-2R mRNA expression. The effect of orexin-B on orexin-2R was abolished by a selective orexin-2R antagonist. Neither the expression of orexin receptors nor progesterone secretions by granulosa cells were affected by orexins. FSH, as positive control, increased both steroid hormones secretion, but did not induce the expression of OX receptors in granulosa cells isolated from late preantral/early antral follicles. Finally in ovaries obtained immediately after sacrifice, the expression of orexin-1R and orexin-2R was higher in superovulated rat ovaries compared to control or diethylstilbestrol treated rat ovaries. A selective presence and function of both orexinergic receptors in luteal and granulosa cells is described, suggesting that the orexinergic system may have a functional role in the ovary.
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54
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Heifetz A, Morris GB, Biggin PC, Barker O, Fryatt T, Bentley J, Hallett D, Manikowski D, Pal S, Reifegerste R, Slack M, Law R. Study of Human Orexin-1 and -2 G-Protein-Coupled Receptors with Novel and Published Antagonists by Modeling, Molecular Dynamics Simulations, and Site-Directed Mutagenesis. Biochemistry 2012; 51:3178-97. [DOI: 10.1021/bi300136h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Heifetz
- Evotec (U.K.) Ltd., 114 Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4SA, United Kingdom
| | - G. Benjamin Morris
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Philip C. Biggin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Barker
- Evotec (U.K.) Ltd., 114 Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4SA, United Kingdom
| | - Tara Fryatt
- Evotec (U.K.) Ltd., 114 Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4SA, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Bentley
- Evotec (U.K.) Ltd., 114 Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4SA, United Kingdom
| | - David Hallett
- Evotec (U.K.) Ltd., 114 Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4SA, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sandeep Pal
- Evotec (U.K.) Ltd., 114 Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4SA, United Kingdom
| | - Rita Reifegerste
- Evotec AG, Manfred Eigen Campus, Essener Bogen 7, 22419 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mark Slack
- Evotec AG, Manfred Eigen Campus, Essener Bogen 7, 22419 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Richard Law
- Evotec (U.K.) Ltd., 114 Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4SA, United Kingdom
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55
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Assisi L, Tafuri S, Liguori G, Paino S, Pavone LM, Staiano N, Vittoria A. Expression and role of receptor 1 for orexins in seminiferous tubules of rat testis. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 348:601-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-012-1394-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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56
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Kis GK, Molnár AH, Daruka L, Gardi J, Rákosi K, László F, László FA, Varga C. The osmotically and histamine-induced enhancement of the plasma vasopressin level is diminished by intracerebroventricularly administered orexin in rats. Pflugers Arch 2012; 463:531-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-012-1080-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Revised: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Adeghate E. Orexins: tissue localization, functions, and its relation to insulin secretion and diabetes mellitus. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2012; 89:111-33. [PMID: 22640611 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394623-2.00007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Orexins play a role in many biological functions include sleep, feeding, and energy balance. They also regulate circadian rhythms and the way that we feel pain. Orexins have been identified in a variety of tissues including the cerebrospinal fluid, blood, hypothalamus, spinal cord, sensory ganglion, enteric nervous system, pituitary, adrenal, salivary and lacrimal glands, testis, vestibular gland, and skin. Orexins play a role in a variety of biological functions including arousal, sleeping, food and fluid intake, pain, memory, perception of odor, and sexual activity. Orexins have also been implicated in the regulation of glucose metabolism. The expression of orexin is induced by hypoglycemia, low food, pregnancy, and hemodialysis. In contrast, factors that inhibit the expression of orexins include obstructive sleep apnea, aging, depression, obesity, traumatic brain injury, and inflammatory molecules such as liposaccharide. In conclusion, orexins are widely distributed and involved in a large variety of biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Adeghate
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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58
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A food restriction protocol that increases drug reward decreases tropomyosin receptor kinase B in the ventral tegmental area, with no effect on brain-derived neurotrophic factor or tropomyosin receptor kinase B protein levels in dopaminergic forebrain regions. Neuroscience 2011; 197:330-8. [PMID: 21945647 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.08.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Food restriction (FR) decreases brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression in hypothalamic and hindbrain regions that regulate feeding and metabolic efficiency, while increasing expression in hippocampal and neocortical regions. Drugs of abuse alter BDNF expression within the mesocorticolimbic dopamine (DA) pathway, and modifications of BDNF expression within this pathway alter drug-directed behavior. Although FR produces a variety of striatal neuroadaptations and potentiates the rewarding effects of abused drugs, the effects of FR on BDNF expression and function within the DA pathway are unknown. The primary purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of FR on protein levels of BDNF and its tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) receptor in component structures of the mesocorticolimbic pathway. Three to four weeks of FR, with stabilization of rats at 80% of initial body weight, did not alter BDNF or TrkB levels in nucleus accumbens, caudate-putamen, or medial prefrontal cortex. However, FR decreased TrkB levels in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), without change in levels of BDNF protein or mRNA. The finding that FR also decreased TrkB levels in substantia nigra, with elevation of BDNF protein, suggests that decreased TrkB in VTA could be a residual effect of increased BDNF during an earlier phase of FR. Voltage-clamp recordings in VTA DA neurons indicated decreased glutamate receptor transmission. These data might predict lower average firing rates in FR relative to ad libitum fed subjects, which would be consistent with previous evidence of decreased striatal DA transmission and upregulation of postsynaptic DA receptor signaling. However, FR subjects also displayed elevated VTA levels of phospho-ERK1/2, which is an established mediator of synaptic plasticity. Because VTA neurons are heterogeneous with regard to neurochemistry, function, and target projections, the relationship(s) between the three changes observed in VTA, and their involvement in the augmented striatal and behavioral responsiveness of FR subjects to drugs of abuse, remains speculative.
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59
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Di Fabio R, Pellacani A, Faedo S, Roth A, Piccoli L, Gerrard P, Porter RA, Johnson CN, Thewlis K, Donati D, Stasi L, Spada S, Stemp G, Nash D, Branch C, Kindon L, Massagrande M, Poffe A, Braggio S, Chiarparin E, Marchioro C, Ratti E, Corsi M. Discovery process and pharmacological characterization of a novel dual orexin 1 and orexin 2 receptor antagonist useful for treatment of sleep disorders. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:5562-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.06.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Revised: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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60
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Orexin Receptor Targets for Anti-Relapse Medication Development in Drug Addiction. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2011; 4:804-821. [PMID: 23997653 PMCID: PMC3755900 DOI: 10.3390/ph4060804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug addiction is a chronic illness characterized by high rates of relapse. Relapse to drug use can be triggered by re-exposure to drug-associated cues, stressful events, or the drug itself after a period of abstinence. Pharmacological intervention to reduce the impact of relapse-instigating factors offers a promising target for addiction treatment. Growing evidence has implicated an important role of the orexin/hypocretin system in drug reward and drug-seeking, including animal models of relapse. Here, we review the evidence for the role of orexins in modulating reward and drug-seeking in animal models of addiction and the potential for orexin receptors as specific targets for anti-relapse medication approaches.
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61
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Selective blockade of the orexin-2 receptor attenuates ethanol self-administration, place preference, and reinstatement. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2011; 215:191-203. [PMID: 21181123 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-010-2127-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Orexin-1 receptor antagonists have been shown to block the reinforcing effects of drugs of abuse and food. However, whether blockade of orexin-2 receptor has similar effects has not been determined. We have recently described the in vitro and in vivo effects of JNJ-10397049, a selective and brain penetrant orexin-2 receptor antagonist. OBJECTIVE The goal of these studies was to evaluate whether systemic administration of JNJ-10397049 blocks the rewarding effects of ethanol and reverses ethanol withdrawal in rodents. As a comparison, SB-408124, a selective orexin-1 receptor antagonist, was also evaluated. METHODS Rats were trained to orally self-administer ethanol (8% v/v) or saccharin (0.1% v/v) under a fixed-ratio 3 schedule of reinforcement. A separate group of rats received a liquid diet of ethanol (8% v/v) and withdrawal signs were evaluated 4 h after ethanol discontinuation. In addition, ethanol-induced increases in extracellular dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens were tested. In separate experiments, the acquisition, expression, and reinstatement of conditioned place preference (CPP) were evaluated in mice. RESULTS Our results indicate that JNJ-10397049 (1, 3, and 10 mg/kg, sc) dose-dependently reduced ethanol self-administration without changing saccharin self-administration, dopamine levels, or withdrawal signs in rats. Treatment with JNJ-10397049 (10 mg/kg, sc) attenuated the acquisition, expression, and reinstatement of ethanol CPP and ethanol-induced hyperactivity in mice. Surprisingly, SB-408124 (3, 10 and 30 mg/kg, sc) did not have any effect in these procedures. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these results indicate, for the first time, that blockade of orexin-2 receptors is effective in reducing the reinforcing effects of ethanol.
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Abstract
Orexin-A and -B (also known as hypocretin-1 and -2) are neuropeptides produced in the lateral hypothalamus that promote many aspects of arousal through the OX1 and OX2 receptors. In fact, they are necessary for normal wakefulness, as loss of the orexin-producing neurons causes narcolepsy in humans and rodents. This has generated considerable interest in developing small-molecule orexin receptor antagonists as a novel therapy for the treatment of insomnia. Orexin antagonists, especially those that block OX2 or both OX1 and OX2 receptors, clearly promote sleep in animals, and clinical results are encouraging: Several compounds are in Phase III trials. As the orexin system mainly promotes arousal, these new compounds will likely improve insomnia without incurring many of the side effects encountered with current medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Scammell
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
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63
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Ward RJ, Pediani JD, Milligan G. Ligand-induced internalization of the orexin OX(1) and cannabinoid CB(1) receptors assessed via N-terminal SNAP and CLIP-tagging. Br J Pharmacol 2011; 162:1439-52. [PMID: 21175569 PMCID: PMC3058174 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.01156.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Revised: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Many G protein-coupled receptors internalize following agonist binding. The studies were designed to identify novel means to effectively quantify this process using the orexin OX(1) receptor and the cannabinoid CB(1) receptor as exemplars. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The human OX(1) and CB(1) receptors were modified to incorporate both epitope tags and variants (SNAP and CLIP) of the enzyme O(6)-alkylguanine-DNA-alkyltransferase within their extracellular, N-terminal domain. Cells able to regulate expression of differing amounts of these constructs upon addition of an antibiotic were developed and analysed. KEY RESULTS Cell surface forms of each receptor construct were detected by both antibody recognition of the epitope tags and covalent binding of fluorophores to the O(6)-alkylguanine-DNA-alkyltransferase variants. Receptor internalization in response to agonists but not antagonists could be monitored by each approach but sensitivity was up to six- to 10-fold greater than other approaches when employing a novel, time-resolved fluorescence probe for the SNAP tag. Sensitivity was not enhanced, however, for the CLIP tag, possibly due to higher levels of nonspecific binding. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These studies demonstrate that highly sensitive and quantitative assays that monitor cell surface CB(1) and OX(1) receptors and their internalization by agonists can be developed based on introduction of variants of O(6)-alkylguanine-DNA-alkyltransferase into the N-terminal domain of the receptor. This should be equally suitable for other G protein-coupled receptors.
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MESH Headings
- Alkyl and Aryl Transferases/chemistry
- Alkyl and Aryl Transferases/metabolism
- Benzoxazoles/metabolism
- Benzoxazoles/pharmacology
- Cell Line
- Cell Membrane/drug effects
- Cloning, Molecular
- Cyclohexanols/metabolism
- Cyclohexanols/pharmacology
- Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/metabolism
- Humans
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/pharmacology
- Ligands
- Naphthyridines
- Neuropeptides/metabolism
- Neuropeptides/pharmacology
- Orexin Receptors
- Orexins
- Phenylurea Compounds/metabolism
- Phenylurea Compounds/pharmacology
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Piperidines/metabolism
- Piperidines/pharmacology
- Plasmids
- Pyrazoles/metabolism
- Pyrazoles/pharmacology
- Pyrrolidines/metabolism
- Pyrrolidines/pharmacology
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/agonists
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/chemistry
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/metabolism
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/agonists
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/chemistry
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Receptors, Neuropeptide/agonists
- Receptors, Neuropeptide/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Neuropeptide/chemistry
- Receptors, Neuropeptide/metabolism
- Rimonabant
- Thiazoles/metabolism
- Thiazoles/pharmacology
- Urea/analogs & derivatives
- Urea/metabolism
- Urea/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Ward
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Neuroscience and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK
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64
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Sukys-Claudino L, Moraes WADS, Tufik S, Poyares D. [The newer sedative-hypnotics]. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 2010; 32:288-93. [PMID: 20945020 DOI: 10.1590/s1516-44462010000300014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2010] [Accepted: 05/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
There has been a search for more effective and safe hypnotic drugs in the last decades. Zolpidem, zaleplon, zopiclone, eszopiclone (the z-drugs) and indiplon are GABA-A modulators which bind selectively α1 subunits, thus, exhibiting similar mechanisms of action, although recent evidence suggests that eszopiclone is not as selective for α1 subunit as zolpidem is. Ramelteon and tasimelteon are new chrono-hypnotic agents, selective for melatonin MT1 and MT2 receptors. On the other hand, the consumption of sedative antidepressant drugs is significantly increasing for the treatment of insomnia, in the last years. As an experimental drug, eplivanserin is being tested as a potent antagonist of serotonin 2-A receptors (ASTAR) with a potential use in sleep maintenance difficulty. Another recent pharmacological agent for insomnia is almorexant, which new mechanism of action involves antagonism of hypocretinergic system, thus inducing sleep. Finally we also discuss the potential role of other gabaergic drugs for insomnia.
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65
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Malherbe P, Roche O, Marcuz A, Kratzeisen C, Wettstein JG, Bissantz C. Mapping the Binding Pocket of Dual Antagonist Almorexant to Human Orexin 1 and Orexin 2 Receptors: Comparison with the Selective OX1 Antagonist SB-674042 and the Selective OX2 Antagonist N-Ethyl-2-[(6-methoxy-pyridin-3-yl)-(toluene-2-sulfonyl)-amino]-N-pyridin-3-ylmethyl-acetamide (EMPA). Mol Pharmacol 2010; 78:81-93. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.110.064584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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