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Barragan AM, Ghaby K, Pond MP, Roux B. Computational Investigation of the Covalent Inhibition Mechanism of Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase by Ibrutinib. J Chem Inf Model 2024; 64:3488-3502. [PMID: 38546820 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.4c00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Covalent inhibitors represent a promising class of therapeutic compounds. Nonetheless, rationally designing covalent inhibitors to achieve a right balance between selectivity and reactivity remains extremely challenging. To better understand the covalent binding mechanism, a computational study is carried out using the irreversible covalent inhibitor of Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) ibrutinib as an example. A multi-μs classical molecular dynamics trajectory of the unlinked inhibitor is generated to explore the fluctuations of the compound associated with the kinase binding pocket. Then, the reaction pathway leading to the formation of the covalent bond with the cysteine residue at position 481 via a Michael addition is determined using the string method in collective variables on the basis of hybrid quantum mechanical-molecular mechanical (QM/MM) simulations. The reaction pathway shows a strong correlation between the covalent bond formation and the protonation/deprotonation events taking place sequentially in the covalent inhibition reaction, consistent with a 3-step reaction with transient thiolate and enolates intermediate states. Two possible atomistic mechanisms affecting deprotonation/protonation events from the thiolate to the enolate intermediate were observed: a highly correlated direct pathway involving proton transfer to the Cα of the acrylamide warhead from the cysteine involving one or a few water molecules and a more indirect pathway involving a long-lived enolate intermediate state following the escape of the proton to the bulk solution. The results are compared with experiments by simulating the long-time kinetics of the reaction using kinetic modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Barragan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, 929 E 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Kyle Ghaby
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, 929 E 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Matthew P Pond
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, 929 E 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Benoît Roux
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, 929 E 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 5735 S Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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Schwelm HM, Persson M, Pulver B, Huß MV, Gréen H, Auwärter V. Pharmacological profile, phase I metabolism, and excretion time profile of the new synthetic cathinone 3,4-Pr-PipVP. Drug Test Anal 2024; 16:277-288. [PMID: 37431186 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
1-(2,3-Dihydro-1H-inden-5-yl)-2-(piperidin-1-yl)pentan-1-one (3,4-Pr-PipVP), a novel synthetic cathinone (SCat), was first identified in 2022 in Germany. The product was marketed as 1-(bicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-trien-3-yl)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)pentan-1-one (3,4-EtPV), a substance not covered by the German New Psychoactive Substances Act (NpSG). Although originally intended to be an exploratory new synthetic cathinone containing the novel bicyclo[4.2.0]octatrienyl function, the compound was subsequently confirmed to contain an indanyl ring system scheduled under generic legislation like the NpSG. However, it is one of only a few marketed SCats carrying a piperidine ring. Inhibition experiments involving norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin transporters showed that 3,4-Pr-PipVP was a low potency blocker at all three monoamine transporters compared to related substances such as MDPV. Additionally, pharmacokinetic data were collected from pooled human liver microsomes incubations and from the analysis of authentic urine samples received after oral administration of 5 mg 3,4-Pr-PipVP hydrochloride. Phase I metabolites were tentatively identified in vitro and in vivo using liquid chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Main metabolites were formed by metabolic reduction of the carbonyl function with and without additional hydroxylations at the propylene bridge of the molecule. Keto-reduced H2 -3,4-Pr-PipVP and H2 -piperidine-OH-3,4-Pr-PipVP as well as aryl-OH-3,4-Pr-PipVP, and indanyl-OH-piperidine-OH-3,4-Pr-PipVP are suggested as most suitable biomarkers for the detection of 3,4-Pr-PipVP since they were detected for much longer than the parent compound. 3,4-Pr-PipVP could be detected for up to 21 h whereas its metabolites were detectable for up to about 4 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Max Schwelm
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Hermann Staudinger Graduate School, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mattias Persson
- Department of Forensic Genetics and Forensic Toxicology, National Board of Forensic Medicine, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Benedikt Pulver
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Hermann Staudinger Graduate School, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- State Bureau of Criminal Investigation Schleswig-Holstein, Forensic Science Institute, Kiel, Germany
| | - Max Vincent Huß
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Henrik Gréen
- Department of Forensic Genetics and Forensic Toxicology, National Board of Forensic Medicine, Linköping, Sweden
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Volker Auwärter
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Davighi MG, Matassini C, Clemente F, Paoli P, Morrone A, Cacciarini M, Goti A, Cardona F. pH-Responsive Trihydroxylated Piperidines Rescue The Glucocerebrosidase Activity in Human Fibroblasts Bearing The Neuronopathic Gaucher-Related L444P/L444P Mutations in GBA1 Gene. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202300730. [PMID: 37877519 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Engineering bioactive iminosugars with pH-responsive groups is an emerging approach to develop pharmacological chaperones (PCs) able to improve lysosomal trafficking and enzymatic activity rescue of mutated enzymes. The use of inexpensive l-malic acid allowed introduction of orthoester units into the lipophilic chain of an enantiomerically pure iminosugar affording only two diastereoisomers contrary to previous related studies. The iminosugar was prepared stereoselectively from the chiral pool (d-mannose) and chosen as the lead bioactive compound, to develop novel candidates for restoring the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase (GCase) activity. The stability of orthoester-appended iminosugars was studied by 1 H NMR spectroscopy both in neutral and acidic environments, and the loss of inhibitory activity with time in acid medium was demonstrated on cell lysates. Moreover, the ability to rescue GCase activity in the lysosomes as the result of a chaperoning effect was explored. A remarkable pharmacological chaperone activity was measured in fibroblasts hosting the homozygous L444P/L444P mutation, a cell line resistant to most PCs, besides the more commonly responding N370S mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Giulia Davighi
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff" (DICUS), University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto F.no (FI), Italy
- Current address: BioMedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1470 Madison Ave, New York, 10029, New York, USA
| | - Camilla Matassini
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff" (DICUS), University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto F.no (FI), Italy
| | - Francesca Clemente
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff" (DICUS), University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto F.no (FI), Italy
| | - Paolo Paoli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134, Firenze, Italy
| | - Amelia Morrone
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Neurometabolic Diseases, Meyer Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Viale Pieraccini 24, 50139, Firenze, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 24, 50139, Firenze, Italy
| | - Martina Cacciarini
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff" (DICUS), University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto F.no (FI), Italy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Andrea Goti
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff" (DICUS), University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto F.no (FI), Italy
| | - Francesca Cardona
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff" (DICUS), University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto F.no (FI), Italy
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Sousa LB, Albuquerque Pereira ML, de Oliveira Silva HG, Sousa LB, E Silva LS, Machado FS, Tomich TR, Oss DB, Ferreira AL, Campos MM, Costa IC, Ribeiro Pereira LG. Prosopis juliflora piperidine alkaloid extract levels in diet for sheep change energy and nitrogen metabolism and affect enteric methane yield. J Sci Food Agric 2022; 102:5132-5140. [PMID: 35279834 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ionophore antibiotics improve the efficiency of energy metabolism, which has driven their use as a feed additive in ruminants for decades. Currently, they have not been approved in many countries, generating a challenge for the immediate search for plant extracts with a similar mode of action on rumen metabolism. This study evaluated the effects of enriched Prosopis juliflora (mesquite) piperidine alkaloid extract (MPA) levels as an alternative phytoadditive to sodium monensin (MON) in sheep. RESULTS The MPA diet did not differ from MON with regard to nutrient intake. A quadratic effect (P < 0.05) was observed for organic matter and neutral detergent fibre digestibility, with respective maximum point at 25.40 and minimum point at 0.95 mg kg-1 MPA. The MPA levels linearly decreased (P < 0.05) faecal nitrogen loss. MPA did not differ from MON with regard to nutrient digestibility, and MPA levels increased (P < 0.05) the proportion of digestible energy and metabolizability from dietary gross energy. The MPA levels linearly decreased (P < 0.05) enteric CH4 production, the yield showing lower (P < 0.05) energy loss as CH4 than MON. CONCLUSION The results show that MPA levels of 17.3 and 27.8 mg kg-1 are enteric CH4 inhibitors and enhance energy and protein utilization, indicating a promising alternative to MON for ruminants. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisse Borges Sousa
- Postgraduate Program in Zootechny, State University of Southwest Bahia, Itapetinga, Brazil
| | | | | | - Leandro Borges Sousa
- Postgraduate Program in Zootechny, State University of Southwest Bahia, Itapetinga, Brazil
| | - Leandro Santos E Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Zootechny, State University of Southwest Bahia, Itapetinga, Brazil
| | | | | | - Daniela Batista Oss
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Dairy Cattle, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
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Ran F, Liu Y, Wang C, Xu Z, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Zhao G, Ling Y. Review of the development of BTK inhibitors in overcoming the clinical limitations of ibrutinib. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 229:114009. [PMID: 34839996 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.114009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) regulates multiple important signaling pathways and plays a key role in the proliferation, survival, and differentiation of B-lineage cells and myeloid cells. BTK is a promising target for the treatment of hematologic malignancies. Ibrutinib, the first-generation BTK inhibitor, was approved to treat several B-cell malignancies. Despite the remarkable potency and efficacy of ibrutinib against various lymphomas and leukemias in the clinics, there are also some clinical limitations, such as off-target toxicities and primary/acquired drug resistance. As strategies to overcome these challenges, second- and third-generation BTK inhibitors, BTK-PROTACs, as well as combination therapies have been explored. In this review, we summarize clinical developments of the first-, second- and third-generation BTK inhibitors, as well as recent advances in BTK-PROTACs and ibrutinib-based combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fansheng Ran
- School of Pharmacy and Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, PR China
| | - Yun Liu
- School of Pharmacy and Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Chen Wang
- School of Pharmacy and Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Zhongyuan Xu
- School of Pharmacy and Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy and Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Guisen Zhao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, PR China.
| | - Yong Ling
- School of Pharmacy and Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
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Scheible H, Dyroff M, Seithel‐Keuth A, Harrison‐Moench E, Mammasse N, Port A, Bachmann A, Dong J, van Lier JJ, Tracewell W, Mitchell D. Evobrutinib, a covalent Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor: Mass balance, elimination route, and metabolism in healthy participants. Clin Transl Sci 2021; 14:2420-2430. [PMID: 34374206 PMCID: PMC8604242 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly selective, covalent Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor evobrutinib is under investigation for treatment of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Early clinical studies in healthy participants and patients with relapsing MS indicated that evobrutinib is well-tolerated and effective. We undertook a mass balance study in six men who received a single 75-mg oral dose of evobrutinib containing ~ 3.6 MBq (100 μCi) 14 C-evobrutinib, to determine the absorption, metabolic pathways, and routes of excretion of evobrutinib. The primary objectives of this phase I study (NCT03725072) were to (1) determine the rates and routes of total radioactivity excretion, including the mass balance of total drug-related radioactivity in urine and feces, (2) assess the pharmacokinetics (PKs) of total radioactivity in blood and plasma, and (3) characterize the plasma PKs of evobrutinib. Exploratory end points included identifying and quantifying evobrutinib and its metabolites in plasma and excreta (urine and feces) and exploring key biotransformation pathways and clearance mechanisms. Evobrutinib was primarily eliminated in feces (arithmetic mean percentage, SD, 71.0, 2.1) and, to a lesser extent, in urine (20.6, 2.0), with most of the total radioactivity (85.3%) excreted in the first 72 h after administration. No unchanged evobrutinib was detected in excreta. Evobrutinib was rapidly absorbed and substantially metabolized upon absorption. Only one major metabolite M463-2 (MSC2430422) was identified in plasma above the 10% of total drug exposure threshold, which classifies M463-2 (MSC2430422) as a major metabolite according to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA; metabolites in safety testing [MIST]) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA; International Conference on Harmonization [ICH] M3). These results support further development of evobrutinib and may help inform subsequent investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Andreas Port
- The healthcare business of Merck KGaADarmstadtGermany
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Koike T, Yoshikawa M, Ando HK, Farnaby W, Nishi T, Watanabe E, Yano J, Miyamoto M, Kondo S, Ishii T, Kuroita T. Discovery of Soticlestat, a Potent and Selective Inhibitor for Cholesterol 24-Hydroxylase (CH24H). J Med Chem 2021; 64:12228-12244. [PMID: 34387987 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol 24-hydroxylase (CH24H, CYP46A1), a brain-specific cytochrome P450 (CYP) family enzyme, plays a role in the homeostasis of brain cholesterol by converting cholesterol to 24S-hydroxycholesterol (24HC). Despite a wide range of potential of CH24H as a drug target, no potent and selective inhibitors have been identified. Here, we report on the structure-based drug design (SBDD) of novel 4-arylpyridine derivatives based on the X-ray co-crystal structure of hit derivative 1b. Optimization of 4-arylpyridine derivatives led us to identify 3v ((4-benzyl-4-hydroxypiperidin-1-yl)(2,4'-bipyridin-3-yl)methanone, IC50 = 7.4 nM) as a highly potent, selective, and brain-penetrant CH24H inhibitor. Following oral administration to mice, 3v resulted in a dose-dependent reduction of 24HC levels in the brain (1, 3, and 10 mg/kg). Compound 3v (soticlestat, also known as TAK-935) is currently under clinical investigation for the treatment of Dravet syndrome and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome as a novel drug class for epilepsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuki Koike
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi, 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Masato Yoshikawa
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi, 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Haruhi Kamisaki Ando
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi, 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - William Farnaby
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi, 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Toshiya Nishi
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi, 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Etsurou Watanabe
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi, 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Jason Yano
- Takeda California Inc., 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Maki Miyamoto
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi, 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kondo
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi, 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Ishii
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi, 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Takanobu Kuroita
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi, 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
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Kelly AD, Wiklund T, Kononen J, Creeden J. STRN-ALK Fusion-Positive Case of Breast Cancer With Response to Alectinib. JCO Precis Oncol 2021; 5:PO.21.00142. [PMID: 34423228 PMCID: PMC8373546 DOI: 10.1200/po.21.00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Kaliamurthi S, Selvaraj G, Selvaraj C, Singh SK, Wei DQ, Peslherbe GH. Structure-Based Virtual Screening Reveals Ibrutinib and Zanubrutinib as Potential Repurposed Drugs against COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22137071. [PMID: 34209188 PMCID: PMC8267665 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease (COVID)-19 is the leading global health threat to date caused by a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). Recent clinical trials reported that the use of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors to treat COVID-19 patients could reduce dyspnea and hypoxia, thromboinflammation, hypercoagulability and improve oxygenation. However, the mechanism of action remains unclear. Thus, this study employs structure-based virtual screening (SBVS) to repurpose BTK inhibitors acalabrutinib, dasatinib, evobrutinib, fostamatinib, ibrutinib, inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate, spebrutinib, XL418 and zanubrutinib against SARS-CoV-2. Molecular docking is conducted with BTK inhibitors against structural and nonstructural proteins of SARS-CoV-2 and host targets (ACE2, TMPRSS2 and BTK). Molecular mechanics-generalized Born surface area (MM/GBSA) calculations and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are then carried out on the selected complexes with high binding energy. Ibrutinib and zanubrutinib are found to be the most potent of the drugs screened based on the results of computational studies. Results further show that ibrutinib and zanubrutinib could exploit different mechanisms at the viral entry and replication stage and could be repurposed as potential inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyavani Kaliamurthi
- Centre for Research in Molecular Modeling & Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, Montreal, QC H3G 1M8, Canada; (S.K.); (G.S.)
| | - Gurudeeban Selvaraj
- Centre for Research in Molecular Modeling & Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, Montreal, QC H3G 1M8, Canada; (S.K.); (G.S.)
| | - Chandrabose Selvaraj
- Computer Aided Drug Design and Molecular Modeling Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630003, India; (C.S.); (S.K.S.)
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Singh
- Computer Aided Drug Design and Molecular Modeling Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630003, India; (C.S.); (S.K.S.)
| | - Dong-Qing Wei
- The State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Correspondence: (D.-Q.W.); (G.H.P.)
| | - Gilles H. Peslherbe
- Centre for Research in Molecular Modeling & Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, Montreal, QC H3G 1M8, Canada; (S.K.); (G.S.)
- Correspondence: (D.-Q.W.); (G.H.P.)
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Hagenow S, Affini A, Pioli EY, Hinz S, Zhao Y, Porras G, Namasivayam V, Müller CE, Lin JS, Bezard E, Stark H. Adenosine A 2AR/A 1R Antagonists Enabling Additional H 3R Antagonism for the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease. J Med Chem 2021; 64:8246-8262. [PMID: 34107215 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine A1/A2A receptors (A1R/A2AR) represent targets in nondopaminergic treatment of motor disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD). As an innovative strategy, multitargeting ligands (MTLs) were developed to achieve comprehensive PD therapies simultaneously addressing comorbid symptoms such as sleep disruption. Recognizing the wake-promoting capacity of histamine H3 receptor (H3R) antagonists in combination with the "caffeine-like effects" of A1R/A2AR antagonists, we designed A1R/A2AR/H3R MTLs, where a piperidino-/pyrrolidino(propyloxy)phenyl H3R pharmacophore was introduced with overlap into an adenosine antagonist arylindenopyrimidine core. These MTLs showed distinct receptor binding profiles with overall nanomolar H3R affinities (Ki < 55 nM). Compound 4 (ST-2001, Ki (A1R) = 11.5 nM, Ki (A2AR) = 7.25 nM) and 12 (ST-1992, Ki (A1R) = 11.2 nM, Ki (A2AR) = 4.01 nM) were evaluated in vivo. l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia was improved after administration of compound 4 (1 mg kg-1, i.p. rats). Compound 12 (2 mg kg-1, p.o. mice) increased wakefulness representing novel pharmacological tools for PD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Hagenow
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Universitaets street 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Anna Affini
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Universitaets street 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Elsa Y Pioli
- Motac Neuroscience Limited, SK10 4TF Macclesfield, U.K
| | - Sonja Hinz
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121 Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Witten/Herdecke, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Faculty of Health, Alfred-Herrhausen-Street 50, 58448 Witten, Germany
| | - Yan Zhao
- Laboratory of Integrative Physiology of the Brain Arousal Systems, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM UI028, CNRS UMR 5292, Claude Bernard University, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, 69373 Lyon, France
| | | | - Vigneshwaran Namasivayam
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Christa E Müller
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jian-Sheng Lin
- Laboratory of Integrative Physiology of the Brain Arousal Systems, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM UI028, CNRS UMR 5292, Claude Bernard University, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, 69373 Lyon, France
| | - Erwan Bezard
- Motac Neuroscience Limited, SK10 4TF Macclesfield, U.K
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France
- CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Holger Stark
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Universitaets street 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
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11
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Belliere J, Casemayou A, Colliou E, El Hachem H, Kounde C, Piedrafita A, Feuillet G, Schanstra JP, Faguer S. Ibrutinib does not prevent kidney fibrosis following acute and chronic injury. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11985. [PMID: 34099830 PMCID: PMC8184891 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91491-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggested that ibrutinib, a Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor, developed for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia, may prevent NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophages, IL-1β secretion and subsequent development of inflammation and organ fibrosis. The role of NLRP3 has been underlined in the various causes of acute kidney injury (AKI), a pathology characterized by high morbimortality and risk of transition toward chronic kidney disease (CKD). We therefore hypothesized that the BTK-inhibitor ibrutinib could be a candidate drug for AKI treatment. Here, we observed in both an AKI model (glycerol-induced rhabdomyolysis) and a model of rapidly progressive kidney fibrosis (unilateral ureteral obstruction), that ibrutinib did not prevent inflammatory cell recruitment in the kidney and fibrosis. Moreover, ibrutinib pre-exposure led to high mortality rate owing to severer rhabdomyolysis and AKI. In vitro, ibrutinib potentiated or had no effect on the secretion of IL-1β by monocytes exposed to uromodulin or myoglobin, two danger-associated molecule patterns proteins involved in the AKI to CKD transition. According to these results, ibrutinib should not be considered a candidate drug for patients developing AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Belliere
- UMR 1297, Institut Des Maladies Métaboliques Et Cardiovasculaires, Institut National de La Santé Et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Toulouse, France
- Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France
- Département de Néphrologie Et Transplantation D'organes, Centre de Référence Des Maladies Rénales Rares, INSERM U1048 (I2MC, équipe 12), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, 1, avenue du Pr Jean Poulhes, 31059, Toulouse, France
| | - Audrey Casemayou
- UMR 1297, Institut Des Maladies Métaboliques Et Cardiovasculaires, Institut National de La Santé Et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Toulouse, France
- Département de Néphrologie Et Transplantation D'organes, Centre de Référence Des Maladies Rénales Rares, INSERM U1048 (I2MC, équipe 12), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, 1, avenue du Pr Jean Poulhes, 31059, Toulouse, France
| | - Eloïse Colliou
- UMR 1297, Institut Des Maladies Métaboliques Et Cardiovasculaires, Institut National de La Santé Et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Toulouse, France
- Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France
- Département de Néphrologie Et Transplantation D'organes, Centre de Référence Des Maladies Rénales Rares, INSERM U1048 (I2MC, équipe 12), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, 1, avenue du Pr Jean Poulhes, 31059, Toulouse, France
| | - Hélène El Hachem
- UMR 1297, Institut Des Maladies Métaboliques Et Cardiovasculaires, Institut National de La Santé Et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Toulouse, France
- Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France
- Département de Néphrologie Et Transplantation D'organes, Centre de Référence Des Maladies Rénales Rares, INSERM U1048 (I2MC, équipe 12), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, 1, avenue du Pr Jean Poulhes, 31059, Toulouse, France
| | - Clément Kounde
- UMR 1297, Institut Des Maladies Métaboliques Et Cardiovasculaires, Institut National de La Santé Et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Toulouse, France
- Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France
- Département de Néphrologie Et Transplantation D'organes, Centre de Référence Des Maladies Rénales Rares, INSERM U1048 (I2MC, équipe 12), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, 1, avenue du Pr Jean Poulhes, 31059, Toulouse, France
| | - Alexis Piedrafita
- UMR 1297, Institut Des Maladies Métaboliques Et Cardiovasculaires, Institut National de La Santé Et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Toulouse, France
- Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France
- Département de Néphrologie Et Transplantation D'organes, Centre de Référence Des Maladies Rénales Rares, INSERM U1048 (I2MC, équipe 12), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, 1, avenue du Pr Jean Poulhes, 31059, Toulouse, France
| | - Guylène Feuillet
- UMR 1297, Institut Des Maladies Métaboliques Et Cardiovasculaires, Institut National de La Santé Et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Toulouse, France
- Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France
| | - Joost P Schanstra
- UMR 1297, Institut Des Maladies Métaboliques Et Cardiovasculaires, Institut National de La Santé Et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Toulouse, France
- Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France
| | - Stanislas Faguer
- UMR 1297, Institut Des Maladies Métaboliques Et Cardiovasculaires, Institut National de La Santé Et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Toulouse, France.
- Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France.
- Département de Néphrologie Et Transplantation D'organes, Centre de Référence Des Maladies Rénales Rares, INSERM U1048 (I2MC, équipe 12), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, 1, avenue du Pr Jean Poulhes, 31059, Toulouse, France.
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12
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Smart K, Naganawa M, Baldassarri SR, Nabulsi N, Ropchan J, Najafzadeh S, Gao H, Navarro A, Barth V, Esterlis I, Cosgrove KP, Huang Y, Carson RE, Hillmer AT. PET Imaging Estimates of Regional Acetylcholine Concentration Variation in Living Human Brain. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:2787-2798. [PMID: 33442731 PMCID: PMC8355478 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholine (ACh) has distinct functional roles in striatum compared with cortex, and imbalance between these systems may contribute to neuropsychiatric disease. Preclinical studies indicate markedly higher ACh concentrations in the striatum. The goal of this work was to leverage positron emission tomography (PET) imaging estimates of drug occupancy at cholinergic receptors to explore ACh variation across the human brain, because these measures can be influenced by competition with endogenous neurotransmitter. PET scans were analyzed from healthy human volunteers (n = 4) and nonhuman primates (n = 2) scanned with the M1-selective radiotracer [11C]LSN3172176 in the presence of muscarinic antagonist scopolamine, and human volunteers (n = 10) scanned with the α4β2* nicotinic ligand (-)-[18F]flubatine during nicotine challenge. In all cases, occupancy estimates within striatal regions were consistently lower (M1/scopolamine human scans, 31 ± 3.4% occupancy in striatum, 43 ± 2.9% in extrastriatal regions, p = 0.0094; nonhuman primate scans, 42 ± 26% vs. 69 ± 28%, p < 0.0001; α4β2*/nicotine scans, 67 ± 15% vs. 74 ± 16%, p = 0.0065), indicating higher striatal ACh concentration. Subject-level measures of these concentration differences were estimated, and whole-brain images of regional ACh concentration gradients were generated. These results constitute the first in vivo estimates of regional variation in ACh concentration in the living brain and offer a novel experimental method to assess potential ACh imbalances in clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Smart
- Yale PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Mika Naganawa
- Yale PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Stephen R Baldassarri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Nabeel Nabulsi
- Yale PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jim Ropchan
- Yale PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | | | - Hong Gao
- Yale PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | | | | | - Irina Esterlis
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Kelly P Cosgrove
- Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Yiyun Huang
- Yale PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Richard E Carson
- Yale PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Ansel T Hillmer
- Yale PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
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13
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Talibov VO, Fabini E, FitzGerald EA, Tedesco D, Cederfeldt D, Talu MJ, Rachman MM, Mihalic F, Manoni E, Naldi M, Sanese P, Forte G, Lepore Signorile M, Barril X, Simone C, Bartolini M, Dobritzsch D, Del Rio A, Danielson UH. Discovery of an Allosteric Ligand Binding Site in SMYD3 Lysine Methyltransferase. Chembiochem 2021; 22:1597-1608. [PMID: 33400854 PMCID: PMC8248052 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
SMYD3 is a multifunctional epigenetic enzyme with lysine methyltransferase activity and various interaction partners. It is implicated in the pathophysiology of cancers but with an unclear mechanism. To discover tool compounds for clarifying its biochemistry and potential as a therapeutic target, a set of drug-like compounds was screened in a biosensor-based competition assay. Diperodon was identified as an allosteric ligand; its R and S enantiomers were isolated, and their affinities to SMYD3 were determined (KD =42 and 84 μM, respectively). Co-crystallization revealed that both enantiomers bind to a previously unidentified allosteric site in the C-terminal protein binding domain, consistent with its weak inhibitory effect. No competition between diperodon and HSP90 (a known SMYD3 interaction partner) was observed although SMYD3-HSP90 binding was confirmed (KD =13 μM). Diperodon clearly represents a novel starting point for the design of tool compounds interacting with a druggable allosteric site, suitable for the exploration of noncatalytic SMYD3 functions and therapeutics with new mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir O. Talibov
- Department of Chemistry–BMCUppsala UniversityHusargatan 3754 24UppsalaSweden
| | - Edoardo Fabini
- Department of Pharmacy and BiotechnologyAlma Mater Studiorum University of BolognaVia Belmeloro 640126BolognaItaly
- Institute for Organic Synthesis and PhotoreactivityNational Research CouncilVia P. Gobetti 10140129BolognaItaly
| | - Edward A. FitzGerald
- Department of Chemistry–BMCUppsala UniversityHusargatan 3754 24UppsalaSweden
- Beactica Therapeutics ABVirdings allé 2754 50UppsalaSweden
| | - Daniele Tedesco
- Department of Pharmacy and BiotechnologyAlma Mater Studiorum University of BolognaVia Belmeloro 640126BolognaItaly
- Institute for Organic Synthesis and PhotoreactivityNational Research CouncilVia P. Gobetti 10140129BolognaItaly
| | - Daniela Cederfeldt
- Department of Chemistry–BMCUppsala UniversityHusargatan 3754 24UppsalaSweden
| | - Martin J. Talu
- Department of Chemistry–BMCUppsala UniversityHusargatan 3754 24UppsalaSweden
| | - Moira M. Rachman
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB) and Facultat de FarmaciaUniversitat de BarcelonaAv. Joan XXIII 27–3108028BarcelonaSpain
| | - Filip Mihalic
- Department of Chemistry–BMCUppsala UniversityHusargatan 3754 24UppsalaSweden
| | - Elisabetta Manoni
- Institute for Organic Synthesis and PhotoreactivityNational Research CouncilVia P. Gobetti 10140129BolognaItaly
| | - Marina Naldi
- Department of Pharmacy and BiotechnologyAlma Mater Studiorum University of BolognaVia Belmeloro 640126BolognaItaly
- Centre for Applied Biomedical ResearchAlma Mater Studiorum University of BolognaVia Zamboni, 33Bologna40126Italy
| | - Paola Sanese
- Medical Genetics, National Institute for GastroenterologyIRCCS ‘S. de Bellis' Research Hospital70013BariItaly
| | - Giovanna Forte
- Medical Genetics, National Institute for GastroenterologyIRCCS ‘S. de Bellis' Research Hospital70013BariItaly
| | - Martina Lepore Signorile
- Medical Genetics, National Institute for GastroenterologyIRCCS ‘S. de Bellis' Research Hospital70013BariItaly
| | - Xavier Barril
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB) and Facultat de FarmaciaUniversitat de BarcelonaAv. Joan XXIII 27–3108028BarcelonaSpain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA)Passeig Lluis Companys 2308010BarcelonaSpain
| | - Cristiano Simone
- Medical Genetics, National Institute for GastroenterologyIRCCS ‘S. de Bellis' Research Hospital70013BariItaly
- Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (DIMO)University of Bari Aldo Moro70124BariItaly
| | - Manuela Bartolini
- Department of Pharmacy and BiotechnologyAlma Mater Studiorum University of BolognaVia Belmeloro 640126BolognaItaly
| | - Doreen Dobritzsch
- Department of Chemistry–BMCUppsala UniversityHusargatan 3754 24UppsalaSweden
| | - Alberto Del Rio
- Institute for Organic Synthesis and PhotoreactivityNational Research CouncilVia P. Gobetti 10140129BolognaItaly
- Innovamol Consulting SrlVia Giardini 470/H41124ModenaItaly
| | - U. Helena Danielson
- Department of Chemistry–BMCUppsala UniversityHusargatan 3754 24UppsalaSweden
- Science for Life LaboratoryUppsala UniversityUppsala752 37Sweden
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14
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Ahmed A, Akhtar S, Mushtaq N, Haider S, Munawar R, Siddique HA, Akram A, Saify ZS, Arif M. 1,3-di-4-piperidylpropane derivatives as potential acetyl cholinesterase antagonists: Molecular docking, synthesis, and biological evaluation. Pak J Pharm Sci 2021; 34:855-860. [PMID: 34602406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Acetylcholine esterase (AChE) is a key biological target responsible for the management of cholinergic transmission, and its inhibitors are used for the therapy of Alzheimer's disease. In the present study, a small library of molecules with 1,3-di-4-piperidylpropane nucleus were docked on AChE. The selected compounds were synthesized and evaluated for their enzyme inhibition. P25 and P17 expressed significantly higher AChE inhibition than standards with IC50 values of 0.591μM and 0.625μM, respectively. Binding mode of derivatives in the active site of AChE revealed dual binding of molecules in peripheral anionic site (PAS) and catalytic anionic site (CAS) of enzyme cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahsaan Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Karachi, Pakistan/ Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Shamim Akhtar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Nousheen Mushtaq
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Shazia Haider
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Rabya Munawar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Dow College of Pharmacy, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Hassaan Ahmed Siddique
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Karachi, Pakistan/ Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Arifa Akram
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal Urdu University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Zafar Saeed Saify
- ICCBS, HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Arif
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, Karachi, Pakistan
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15
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Jung YH, Salmaso V, Wen Z, Bennett JM, Phung NB, Lieberman DI, Gopinatth V, Randle JCR, Chen Z, Salvemini D, Karcz TP, Cook DN, Jacobson KA. Structure-Activity Relationship of Heterocyclic P2Y 14 Receptor Antagonists: Removal of the Zwitterionic Character with Piperidine Bioisosteres. J Med Chem 2021; 64:5099-5122. [PMID: 33787273 PMCID: PMC8317135 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A known zwitterionic, heterocyclic P2Y14R antagonist 3a was substituted with diverse groups on the central phenyl and terminal piperidine moieties, following a computational selection process. The most potent analogues contained an uncharged piperidine bioisostere, prescreened in silico, while an aza-scan (central phenyl ring) reduced P2Y14R affinity. Piperidine amide 11, 3-aminopropynyl 19, and 5-(hydroxymethyl)isoxazol-3-yl) 29 congeners in the triazole series maintained moderate receptor affinity. Adaption of 5-(hydroxymethyl)isoxazol-3-yl gave the most potent naphthalene-containing (32; MRS4654; IC50, 15 nM) and less active phenylamide-containing (33) scaffolds. Thus, a zwitterion was nonessential for receptor binding, and molecular docking and dynamics probed the hydroxymethylisoxazole interaction with extracellular loops. Also, amidomethyl ester prodrugs were explored to reversibly block the conserved carboxylate group to provide neutral analogues, which were cleavable by liver esterase, and in vivo efficacy demonstrated. We have, in stages, converted zwitterionic antagonists into neutral molecules designed to produce potent P2Y14R antagonists for in vivo application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Hwan Jung
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Veronica Salmaso
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Zhiwei Wen
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - John M Bennett
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Ngan B Phung
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - David I Lieberman
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Varun Gopinatth
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - John C R Randle
- Random Walk Ventures, LLC, 108 Lincoln Street Unit 6B, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, United States
| | - Zhoumou Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology and the Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 South Grand Blvd., St. Louis, Missouri 63104, United States
| | - Daniela Salvemini
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology and the Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 South Grand Blvd., St. Louis, Missouri 63104, United States
| | - Tadeusz P Karcz
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Donald N Cook
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Kenneth A Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
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16
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Bures J, Tacheci I, Kvetina J, Radochova V, Prchal L, Kohoutova D, Valis M, Novak M, Dolezal R, Kopacova M, Rejchrt S, Sestak V, Knoblochova V, Peterova E, Zdarova Karasova J. The Impact of Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Gastrointestinal Injury on the Pharmacokinetic Parameters of Donepezil and Its Active Metabolite 6- O-desmethyldonepezil, and Gastric Myoelectric Activity in Experimental Pigs. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26082160. [PMID: 33918638 PMCID: PMC8070437 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal side effects of donepezil, including dyspepsia, nausea, vomiting or diarrhea, occur in 20–30% of patients. The pathogenesis of these dysmotility associated disorders has not been fully clarified yet. Pharmacokinetic parameters of donepezil and its active metabolite 6-O-desmethyldonepezil were investigated in experimental pigs with and without small intestinal injury induced by dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). Morphological features of this injury were evaluated by a video capsule endoscopy. The effect of a single and repeated doses of donepezil on gastric myoelectric activity was assessed. Both DSS-induced small intestinal injury and prolonged small intestinal transit time caused higher plasma concentrations of donepezil in experimental pigs. This has an important implication for clinical practice in humans, with a need to reduce doses of the drug if an underlying gastrointestinal disease is present. Donepezil had an undesirable impact on porcine myoelectric activity. This effect was further aggravated by DSS-induced small intestinal injury. These findings can explain donepezil-associated dyspepsia in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Bures
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, Charles University Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove and University Hospital, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (I.T.); (J.K.); (D.K.); (M.K.); (S.R.); (V.K.); (E.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Ilja Tacheci
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, Charles University Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove and University Hospital, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (I.T.); (J.K.); (D.K.); (M.K.); (S.R.); (V.K.); (E.P.)
| | - Jaroslav Kvetina
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, Charles University Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove and University Hospital, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (I.T.); (J.K.); (D.K.); (M.K.); (S.R.); (V.K.); (E.P.)
| | - Vera Radochova
- Animal Laboratory, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic;
| | - Lukas Prchal
- Centre of Biomedical Research, University Hospital, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (L.P.); (M.N.); (R.D.); (J.Z.K.)
| | - Darina Kohoutova
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, Charles University Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove and University Hospital, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (I.T.); (J.K.); (D.K.); (M.K.); (S.R.); (V.K.); (E.P.)
- The Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6JJ, UK
| | - Martin Valis
- Department of Neurology, Charles University Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove and University Hospital, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic;
| | - Martin Novak
- Centre of Biomedical Research, University Hospital, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (L.P.); (M.N.); (R.D.); (J.Z.K.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Charles University Faculty of Pharmacy, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Rafael Dolezal
- Centre of Biomedical Research, University Hospital, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (L.P.); (M.N.); (R.D.); (J.Z.K.)
| | - Marcela Kopacova
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, Charles University Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove and University Hospital, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (I.T.); (J.K.); (D.K.); (M.K.); (S.R.); (V.K.); (E.P.)
| | - Stanislav Rejchrt
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, Charles University Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove and University Hospital, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (I.T.); (J.K.); (D.K.); (M.K.); (S.R.); (V.K.); (E.P.)
| | - Vit Sestak
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic;
| | - Veronika Knoblochova
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, Charles University Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove and University Hospital, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (I.T.); (J.K.); (D.K.); (M.K.); (S.R.); (V.K.); (E.P.)
| | - Eva Peterova
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, Charles University Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove and University Hospital, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (I.T.); (J.K.); (D.K.); (M.K.); (S.R.); (V.K.); (E.P.)
| | - Jana Zdarova Karasova
- Centre of Biomedical Research, University Hospital, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (L.P.); (M.N.); (R.D.); (J.Z.K.)
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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17
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Zhou Y, Fu Y, Yin W, Li J, Wang W, Bai F, Xu S, Gong Q, Peng T, Hong Y, Zhang D, Zhang D, Liu Q, Xu Y, Xu HE, Zhang H, Jiang H, Liu H. Kinetics-Driven Drug Design Strategy for Next-Generation Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors to Clinical Candidate. J Med Chem 2021; 64:1844-1855. [PMID: 33570950 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors remain key therapeutic drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the low-safety window limits their maximum therapeutic benefits. Here, a novel kinetics-driven drug design strategy was employed to discover new-generation AChE inhibitors that possess a longer drug-target residence time and exhibit a larger safety window. After detailed investigations, compound 12 was identified as a highly potent, highly selective, orally bioavailable, and brain preferentially distributed AChE inhibitor. Moreover, it significantly ameliorated cognitive impairments in different mouse models with a lower effective dose than donepezil. The X-ray structure of the cocrystal complex provided a precise binding mode between 12 and AChE. Besides, the data from the phase I trials demonstrated that 12 had good safety, tolerance, and pharmacokinetic profiles at all preset doses in healthy volunteers, providing a solid basis for its further investigation in phase II trials for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Fu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanchao Yin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Qixia District, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Bai
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengtao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Gong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiufeng Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Yechun Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - H Eric Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Hualiang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
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18
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Pitolisant (Wakix) for narcolepsy. Med Lett Drugs Ther 2021; 63:19-21. [PMID: 33647004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
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19
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Yadav S, Pandey V, Kumar Tiwari R, Ojha RP, Dubey KD. Does Antibody Stabilize the Ligand Binding in GP120 of HIV-1 Envelope Protein? Evidence from MD Simulation. Molecules 2021; 26:E239. [PMID: 33466381 PMCID: PMC7796314 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26010239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4-mimetic HIV-1 entry inhibitors are small sized molecules which imitate similar conformational flexibility, in gp120, to the CD4 receptor. However, the mechanism of the conformational flexibility instigated by these small sized inhibitors is little known. Likewise, the effect of the antibody on the function of these inhibitors is also less studied. In this study, we present a thorough inspection of the mechanism of the conformational flexibility induced by a CD4-mimetic inhibitor, NBD-557, using Molecular Dynamics Simulations and free energy calculations. Our result shows the functional importance of Asn425 in substrate induced conformational dynamics in gp120. The MD simulations of Asn425Gly mutant provide a less dynamic gp120 in the presence of NBD-557 without incapacitating the binding enthalpy of NBD-557. The MD simulations of complexes with the antibody clearly show the enhanced affinity of NBD-557 due to the presence of the antibody, which is in good agreement with experimental Isothermal Titration Calorimetry results (Biochemistry2006, 45, 10973-10980).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Yadav
- Center of Informatics and Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India;
| | - Vishnudatt Pandey
- Department of Physics, Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University, Uttar Pradesh 273009, India; (V.P.); (R.K.T.); (R.P.O.)
| | - Rakesh Kumar Tiwari
- Department of Physics, Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University, Uttar Pradesh 273009, India; (V.P.); (R.K.T.); (R.P.O.)
| | - Rajendra Prasad Ojha
- Department of Physics, Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University, Uttar Pradesh 273009, India; (V.P.); (R.K.T.); (R.P.O.)
| | - Kshatresh Dutta Dubey
- Center of Informatics and Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India;
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20
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Giancola JB, Bonifazi A, Cao J, Ku T, Haraczy AJ, Lam J, Rais R, Coggiano MA, Tanda G, Newman AH. Structure-activity relationships for a series of (Bis(4-fluorophenyl)methyl)sulfinylethyl-aminopiperidines and -piperidine amines at the dopamine transporter: Bioisosteric replacement of the piperazine improves metabolic stability. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 208:112674. [PMID: 32947229 PMCID: PMC7680422 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite considerable efforts to develop medications to treat psychostimulant use disorders, none have proven effective, leaving an underserved patient population and unanswered questions as to what mechanism(s) of action should be targeted for developing pharmacotherapies. Atypical dopamine transporter (DAT) inhibitors, based on (±)modafinil, have shown therapeutic potential in preclinical models of psychostimulant abuse. However, metabolic instability among other limitations to piperazine analogues 1-3 have impeded further development. Herein, bioisosteric substitutions of the piperazine ring were explored with a series of aminopiperidines (A) and piperidine amines (B) wherein compounds with either a terminal tertiary amine or amide were synthesized. Several lead compounds showed high to moderate DAT affinities and metabolic stability in rat liver microsomes. Aminopiperidines 7 (DAT Ki = 50.6 nM), 21b (DAT Ki = 77.2 nM) and 33 (DAT Ki = 30.0 nM) produced only minimal stimulation of ambulatory activity in mice, compared to cocaine, suggesting an atypical DAT inhibitor profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- JoLynn B Giancola
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse - Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, MD, 21224, United States
| | - Alessandro Bonifazi
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse - Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, MD, 21224, United States
| | - Jianjing Cao
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse - Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, MD, 21224, United States
| | - Therese Ku
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse - Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, MD, 21224, United States
| | - Alexandra J Haraczy
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse - Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, MD, 21224, United States; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States
| | - Jenny Lam
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse - Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, MD, 21224, United States; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States
| | - Rana Rais
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States
| | - Mark A Coggiano
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse - Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, MD, 21224, United States
| | - Gianluigi Tanda
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse - Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, MD, 21224, United States
| | - Amy Hauck Newman
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse - Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, MD, 21224, United States.
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21
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Li Y, Li M, Wang Z, Wen M, Tang J. Identification of the metabolites of piperine via hepatocyte incubation and liquid chromatography combined with diode-array detection and high-resolution mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2020; 34:e8947. [PMID: 32929805 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Piperine, an alkaloid isolated from Piper nigrum L., has been demonstrated to have many pharmacological effects and several health benefits. The aim of this work was to study the metabolic profiles of piperine in mouse, rat, dog and human hepatocytes. METHODS The biotransformation was carried out by incubating piperine with hepatocytes at 37°C. After incubation for 2 h, the samples were pretreated and analyzed using liquid chromatography combined with diode-array detection and high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC/DAD-HRMS). The structures of the metabolites were assigned through a comparison of their accurate masses and product ions with those of the parent compound. RESULTS A total of 20 metabolites were detected, and the structures were proposed. Piperine was metabolized through the following pathways: (a) oxidation to form a catechol derivative, which further underwent methylation, glucuronidation, glutathione (GSH) conjugation, and hydroxylation followed by opening of the piperidine ring; (b) hydroxylation to form a carbinolamine intermediate followed by opening of the piperidine ring and the formation of alcohol and acid derivatives; and (c) hydroxylation to form stable hydroxylated metabolites. In mouse, the formation of the catechol derivative (M12) and hydroxylation (M11) were the major metabolic pathways; in rat, the formation of the catechol derivative (M12) and glucuronidation (M9) were the main pathways; and in dog and human, the formation of the catechol derivative (M12) was the predominant pathway. No human-specific metabolite was observed. CONCLUSIONS This study provided some new information on the metabolic profiles of piperine, which should be of great importance in the study of the pharmacology and toxicity of this compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Li
- Chemistry Biology and Environment, Yuxi Normal University, Yuxi, 653100, China
| | - Ming Li
- Chemistry Biology and Environment, Yuxi Normal University, Yuxi, 653100, China
| | - Zhandi Wang
- Chemistry Biology and Environment, Yuxi Normal University, Yuxi, 653100, China
| | - Min Wen
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650504, China
| | - Jie Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
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Abdelhameed AS, Attwa MW, Kadi AA. Identification of Iminium Intermediates Generation in the Metabolism of Tepotinib Using LC-MS/MS: In Silico and Practical Approaches to Bioactivation Pathway Elucidation. Molecules 2020; 25:E5004. [PMID: 33126762 PMCID: PMC7663698 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25215004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tepotinib (Tepmetko™, Merck) is a potent inhibitor of c-Met (mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor). In March 2020, tepotinib (TEP) was approved for use in Japan for the treatment of patients who suffered from non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) harboring an MET exon 14 skipping alteration and have progressed after platinum-based therapy. Practical and in silico experiments were used to screen for the metabolic profile and reactive intermediates of TEP. Knowing the bioactive center and structural alerts in the TEP structure helped in making targeted modifications to improve its safety. First, the prediction of metabolism vulnerable sites and reactivity metabolic pathways was performed using the StarDrop WhichP450™ module and the online Xenosite reactivity predictor tool, respectively. Subsequently, in silico data were used as a guide for the in vitro practical work. Second, in vitro phase I metabolites of TEP were generated from human liver microsome (HLM) incubations. Testing for the generation of unstable reactive intermediates was performed using potassium cyanide as a capturing agent forming stable cyano adduct that can be characterized and identified using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Third, in silico toxicity assessment of TEP metabolites was performed, and structural modification was proposed to decrease their side effects and to validate the proposed bioactivation pathway using the DEREK software. Four TEP phase I metabolites and four cyano adducts were characterized. The reactive intermediate generation mechanism of TEP may provide an explanation of its adverse reactions. The piperidine ring is considered a structural alert for toxicity as proposed by the DEREK software and a Xenosite reactivity model, which was confirmed by practical experiments. Steric hindrance or isosteric replacement at α-carbon of the piperidine ring stop the bioactivation sequence that was confirmed using the DEREK software. More drug discovery studies can be performed using this perception permitting the design of new drugs with an increased safety profile. To our knowledge, this is the first study for the identification of in vitro phase I metabolites and reactive intermediates in addition to toxicological properties of the metabolites for TEP that will be helpful for the evaluation of TEP side effects and drug-drug interactions in TEP-treated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali S. Abdelhameed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.W.A.); (A.A.K.)
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Zazeri G, Povinelli APR, de Freitas Lima M, Cornélio ML. The Cytokine IL-1β and Piperine Complex Surveyed by Experimental and Computational Molecular Biophysics. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10091337. [PMID: 32962126 PMCID: PMC7563551 DOI: 10.3390/biom10091337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The bioactive piperine, a compound found in some pepper species, has been widely studied because of its therapeutic properties that include the inhibition of an important inflammation pathway triggered by interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β). However, investigation into the molecular interactions between IL-1β and piperine is not reported in the literature. Here, we present for the first time the characterisation of the complex formed by IL-1β and piperine through experimental and computational molecular biophysical analyses. Fluorescence spectroscopy unveiled the presence of one binding site for piperine with an affinity constant of 14.3 × 104 M−1 at 298 K. The thermodynamic analysis indicated that the interaction with IL-1β was spontaneous (∆G = −25 kJ/mol) and, when split into enthalpic and entropic contributions, the latter was more significant. Circular dichroism spectroscopy showed that piperine did not affect IL-1β secondary structure (~2%) and therefore its stability. The set of experimental data parameterized the computational biophysical approach. Through molecular docking, the binding site micro-environment was revealed to be composed mostly by non-polar amino acids. Furthermore, molecular dynamics, along with umbrella sampling, are in agreement with the thermodynamic parameters obtained by fluorescence assays and showed that large protein movements are not present in IL-1β, corroborating the circular dichroism data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Zazeri
- Departamento de Física, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas (IBILCE), UNESP, Rua Cristovão Colombo 2265, São José do Rio Preto CEP 15054-000, Brazil; (G.Z.); (A.P.R.P.)
| | - Ana Paula Ribeiro Povinelli
- Departamento de Física, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas (IBILCE), UNESP, Rua Cristovão Colombo 2265, São José do Rio Preto CEP 15054-000, Brazil; (G.Z.); (A.P.R.P.)
| | - Marcelo de Freitas Lima
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas (IBILCE), UNESP, Rua Cristovão Colombo 2265, São José do Rio Preto CEP 15054-000, Brazil;
| | - Marinônio Lopes Cornélio
- Departamento de Física, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas (IBILCE), UNESP, Rua Cristovão Colombo 2265, São José do Rio Preto CEP 15054-000, Brazil; (G.Z.); (A.P.R.P.)
- Correspondence:
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Toussaint M, Deuther-Conrad W, Kranz M, Fischer S, Ludwig FA, Juratli TA, Patt M, Wünsch B, Schackert G, Sabri O, Brust P. Sigma-1 Receptor Positron Emission Tomography: A New Molecular Imaging Approach Using ( S)-(-)-[ 18F]Fluspidine in Glioblastoma. Molecules 2020; 25:E2170. [PMID: 32384802 PMCID: PMC7248975 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most devastating primary brain tumour characterised by infiltrative growth and resistance to therapies. According to recent research, the sigma-1 receptor (sig1R), an endoplasmic reticulum chaperone protein, is involved in signaling pathways assumed to control the proliferation of cancer cells and thus could serve as candidate for molecular characterisation of GBM. To test this hypothesis, we used the clinically applied sig1R-ligand (S)-(-)-[18F]fluspidine in imaging studies in an orthotopic mouse model of GBM (U87-MG) as well as in human GBM tissue. A tumour-specific overexpression of sig1R in the U87-MG model was revealed in vitro by autoradiography. The binding parameters demonstrated target-selective binding according to identical KD values in the tumour area and the contralateral side, but a higher density of sig1R in the tumour. Different kinetic profiles were observed in both areas, with a slower washout in the tumour tissue compared to the contralateral side. The translational relevance of sig1R imaging in oncology is reflected by the autoradiographic detection of tumour-specific expression of sig1R in samples obtained from patients with glioblastoma. Thus, the herein presented data support further research on sig1R in neuro-oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Toussaint
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Research site Leipzig, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (W.D.-C.); (M.K.); (S.F.); (F.-A.L.); (P.B.)
| | - Winnie Deuther-Conrad
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Research site Leipzig, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (W.D.-C.); (M.K.); (S.F.); (F.-A.L.); (P.B.)
| | - Mathias Kranz
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Research site Leipzig, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (W.D.-C.); (M.K.); (S.F.); (F.-A.L.); (P.B.)
- PET Imaging Center, University Hospital of North Norway (UNN), 9009 Tromsø, Norway
- Nuclear Medicine and Radiation Biology Research Group, The Arctic University of Norway, 9009 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Steffen Fischer
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Research site Leipzig, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (W.D.-C.); (M.K.); (S.F.); (F.-A.L.); (P.B.)
| | - Friedrich-Alexander Ludwig
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Research site Leipzig, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (W.D.-C.); (M.K.); (S.F.); (F.-A.L.); (P.B.)
| | - Tareq A. Juratli
- Department of Neurosurgery, Technische Universität Dresden (TUD), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (T.A.J.); (G.S.)
| | - Marianne Patt
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Leipzig, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (M.P.); (O.S.)
| | - Bernhard Wünsch
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany;
| | - Gabriele Schackert
- Department of Neurosurgery, Technische Universität Dresden (TUD), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (T.A.J.); (G.S.)
| | - Osama Sabri
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Leipzig, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (M.P.); (O.S.)
| | - Peter Brust
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Research site Leipzig, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (W.D.-C.); (M.K.); (S.F.); (F.-A.L.); (P.B.)
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25
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Schnabel A, Cotinguiba F, Athmer B, Yang C, Westermann B, Schaks A, Porzel A, Brandt W, Schumacher F, Vogt T. A piperic acid CoA ligase produces a putative precursor of piperine, the pungent principle from black pepper fruits. Plant J 2020; 102:569-581. [PMID: 31837062 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) is known for its high content of piperine, a cinnamoyl amide derivative regarded as largely responsible for the pungent taste of this widely used spice. Despite its long history and worldwide use, the biosynthesis of piperine and related amides has been enigmatic up to now. In this report we describe a specific piperic acid CoA ligase from immature green fruits of P. nigrum. The corresponding enzyme was cloned and functionally expressed in E. coli. The recombinant enzyme displays a high specificity for piperic acid and does not accept the structurally related feruperic acid characterized by a similar C-2 extension of the general C6-C3 phenylpropanoid structure. The enzyme is also inactive with the standard set of hydroxycinnamic acids tested including caffeic acid, 4-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, and sinapic acid. Substrate specificity is corroborated by in silico modelling that suggests a perfect fit for the substrate piperic acid to the active site of the piperic acid CoA ligase. The CoA ligase gene shows its highest expression levels in immature green fruits, is also expressed in leaves and flowers, but not in roots. Virus-induced gene silencing provided some preliminary indications that the production of piperoyl-CoA is required for the biosynthesis of piperine in black pepper fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianne Schnabel
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Fernando Cotinguiba
- Instituto de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais (IPPN), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brasil
| | - Benedikt Athmer
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Changqing Yang
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Bernhard Westermann
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Angela Schaks
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Andrea Porzel
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Brandt
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Frank Schumacher
- Core Facility Vienna Botanical Gardens, Rennweg 14/2, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Vogt
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120, Halle, Germany
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Xu JH, Eberhardt J, Hill-Payne B, González-Páez GE, Castellón JO, Cravatt BF, Forli S, Wolan DW, Backus KM. Integrative X-ray Structure and Molecular Modeling for the Rationalization of Procaspase-8 Inhibitor Potency and Selectivity. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:575-586. [PMID: 31927936 PMCID: PMC7370820 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Caspases are a critical class of proteases involved in regulating programmed cell death and other biological processes. Selective inhibitors of individual caspases, however, are lacking, due in large part to the high structural similarity found in the active sites of these enzymes. We recently discovered a small-molecule inhibitor, 63-R, that covalently binds the zymogen, or inactive precursor (pro-form), of caspase-8, but not other caspases, pointing to an untapped potential of procaspases as targets for chemical probes. Realizing this goal would benefit from a structural understanding of how small molecules bind to and inhibit caspase zymogens. There have, however, been very few reported procaspase structures. Here, we employ X-ray crystallography to elucidate a procaspase-8 crystal structure in complex with 63-R, which reveals large conformational changes in active-site loops that accommodate the intramolecular cleavage events required for protease activation. Combining these structural insights with molecular modeling and mutagenesis-based biochemical assays, we elucidate key interactions required for 63-R inhibition of procaspase-8. Our findings inform the mechanism of caspase activation and its disruption by small molecules and, more generally, have implications for the development of small molecule inhibitors and/or activators that target alternative (e.g., inactive precursor) protein states to ultimately expand the druggable proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice H. Xu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
- Department of Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Jerome Eberhardt
- Department of Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Brianna Hill-Payne
- Departments of Biological Chemistry and Chemistry and Biochemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Gonzalo E. González-Páez
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
- Department of Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - José Omar Castellón
- Departments of Biological Chemistry and Chemistry and Biochemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Benjamin F. Cravatt
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Stefano Forli
- Department of Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Dennis W. Wolan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
- Department of Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Keriann M. Backus
- Departments of Biological Chemistry and Chemistry and Biochemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095
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Indra R, Pompach P, Vavrová K, Jáklová K, Heger Z, Adam V, Eckschlager T, Kopečková K, Arlt VM, Stiborová M. Cytochrome P450 and flavin-containing monooxygenase enzymes are responsible for differential oxidation of the anti-thyroid-cancer drug vandetanib by human and rat hepatic microsomal systems. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 74:103310. [PMID: 31837525 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2019.103310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We studied the in vitro metabolism of the anti-thyroid-cancer drug vandetanib in a rat animal model and demonstrated that N-desmethylvandetanib and vandetanib N-oxide are formed by NADPH- or NADH-mediated reactions catalyzed by rat hepatic microsomes and pure biotransformation enzymes. In addition to the structural characterization of vandetanib metabolites, individual rat enzymes [cytochrome P450 (CYP) and flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO)] capable of oxidizing vandetanib were identified. Generation of N-desmethylvandetanib, but not that of vandetanib N-oxide, was attenuated by CYP3A and 2C inhibitors while inhibition of FMO decreased formation of vandetanib N-oxide. These results indicate that liver microsomal CYP2C/3A and FMO1 are major enzymes participating in the formation of N-desmethylvandetanib and vandetanib N-oxide, respectively. Rat recombinant CYP2C11 > >3A1 > 3A2 > 1A1 > 1A2 > 2D1 > 2D2 were effective in catalyzing the formation of N-desmethylvandetanib. Results of the present study explain differences between the CYP- and FMO-catalyzed vandetanib oxidation in rat and human liver reported previously and the enzymatic mechanisms underlying this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radek Indra
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov, 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Pompach
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov, 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Katarína Vavrová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov, 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Jáklová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov, 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Zbyněk Heger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Eckschlager
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, 2nd Medical Faculty, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, 150 06 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Kopečková
- Department of Oncology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, 150 06 Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Volker Manfred Arlt
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Marie Stiborová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov, 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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Yang T, He M, Zhang H, Barrett PQ, Hu C. L- and T-type calcium channels control aldosterone production from human adrenals. J Endocrinol 2020; 244:237-247. [PMID: 31652415 PMCID: PMC7108971 DOI: 10.1530/joe-19-0259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Aldosterone, which plays a key role in the regulation of blood pressure, is produced by zona glomerulosa (ZG) cells of the adrenal cortex. Exaggerated overproduction of aldosterone from ZG cells causes primary hyperaldosteronism. In ZG cells, calcium entry through voltage-gated calcium channels plays a central role in the regulation of aldosterone secretion. Previous studies in animal adrenals and human adrenal adrenocortical cell lines suggest that the T-type but not the L-type calcium channel activity drives aldosterone production. However, recent clinical studies show that somatic mutations in L-type calcium channels are the second most prevalent cause of aldosterone-producing adenoma. Our objective was to define the roles of T and L-type calcium channels in regulating aldosterone secretion from human adrenals. We find that human adrenal ZG cells mainly express T-type CaV3.2/3.3 and L-type CaV1.2/1.3 calcium channels. TTA-P2, a specific inhibitor of T-type calcium channel subtypes, reduced basal aldosterone secretion from acutely prepared slices of human adrenals. Surprisingly, nifedipine, the prototypic inhibitor of L-type calcium channels, also decreased basal aldosterone secretion, suggesting that L-type calcium channels are active under basal conditions. In addition, TTA-P2 or nifedipine also inhibited aldosterone secretion stimulated by angiotensin II- or elevations in extracellular K+. Remarkably, blockade of either L- or T-type calcium channels inhibits basal and stimulated aldosterone production to a similar extent. Low concentrations of TTA-P2 and nifedipine showed additive inhibitory effect on aldosterone secretion. We conclude that T- and L-type calcium channels play equally important roles in controlling aldosterone production from human adrenals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Yang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min He
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hailiang Zhang
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan university, shanghai, China
- corresponding author and person to whom reprint requests should be addressed: Changlong Hu (), or Hailiang Zhang (), Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China. Tel:(86)-21-31246652
| | - Paula Q. Barrett
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Changlong Hu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- corresponding author and person to whom reprint requests should be addressed: Changlong Hu (), or Hailiang Zhang (), Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China. Tel:(86)-21-31246652
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Chu FF, Esworthy RS, Shen B, Gao Q, Doroshow JH. Dexamethasone and Tofacitinib suppress NADPH oxidase expression and alleviate very-early-onset ileocolitis in mice deficient in GSH peroxidase 1 and 2. Life Sci 2019; 239:116884. [PMID: 31689440 PMCID: PMC6898790 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
C57BL6/J (B6) mice lacking Se-dependent GSH peroxidase 1 and 2 (GPx1/2-DKO) develop mild to moderate ileocolitis around weaning. These DKO mice have a disease resembling human very-early-onset inflammatory bowel disease (VEOIBD), which is associated with mutations in NADPH oxidase genes. Drugs including dexamethasone (Dex), Tofacitinib (Tofa; a Janus kinase/JAK inhibitor) and anti-TNF antibody are effective to treat adult, but not pediatric IBD. AIMS To test the efficacy of hydrophobic Dex and hydrophilic Dex phosphate (Dex phos), Tofa, anti-Tnf Ab, Noxa1ds-TAT and gp91ds-TAT peptides (inhibiting NOX1 and NOX2 assembly respectively), antioxidant MJ33 and ML090, and pifithrin-α (p53 inhibitor) on alleviation of gut inflammation in DKO weanlings. MAIN METHODS All treatments began on 22-day-old GPx1/2-DKO mice. The mouse intestine pathology was compared between the drug- and vehicle-treated groups after six or thirteen days of treatment. KEY FINDINGS Among all drugs tested, Dex, Dex phos and Tofa were the strongest to suppress ileocolitis in the DKO weanlings. Dex, Dex phos and Tofa inhibited crypt apoptosis and increased crypt density. Dex or Dex phos alone also inhibited cell proliferation, exfoliation and crypt abscess in the ileum. Dex, but not Tofa, retarded mouse growth. Both Dex and Tofa inhibited ileum Nox1, Nox4 and Duox2, but not Nox2 gene expression. Noxa1ds-TAT and gp91ds-TAT peptides as well as MJ33 had subtle effect on suppressing pathology, while others had negligible effect. SIGNIFICANCE These findings suggest that NADPH oxidases can be novel drug targets for pediatric IBD therapy, and Tofa may be considered for treating VEOIBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fong-Fong Chu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, 471003, China; Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA.
| | - R Steven Esworthy
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA.
| | - Binghui Shen
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA.
| | - Qiang Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, 471003, China; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100144, China.
| | - James H Doroshow
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Bunse P, Schlepphorst C, Glorius F, Kitamura M, Wünsch B. Short and Atom-Economic Enantioselective Synthesis of the σ 1-Receptor Ligands ( S)- and ( R)-Fluspidine-Important Tools for Positron Emission Tomography Studies. J Org Chem 2019; 84:13744-13754. [PMID: 31523971 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b01882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aryl bromides 2a and 2b bearing an alkynyl substituent in the o-position reacted with n-butyllithium and 1-benzylpiperidin-4-one in a one-pot Domino reaction to form ester 3 and aldehyde 5, respectively. Enantiomeric alcohols (R)-8 and (S)-8 were obtained by conjugate NaBH4 reduction of α,β-unsaturated ester 3 in the presence of chiral cocomplexes (R,R)-10 and (S,S)-10. Starting from orthoester 2a, the precursors (R)-8 and (S)-8 for the synthesis of fluspidine enantiomers (R)-1/[18F](R)-1 and (S)-1/[18F](S)-1 were obtained in only two reaction steps without additional steps for N-protection in an atom-economic manner in 95.6% ee and 97.2% ee, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Bunse
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Corrensstraße 48 , D-48149 Münster , Germany
| | - Christoph Schlepphorst
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Corrensstraße 40 , D-48149 Münster , Germany
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Corrensstraße 40 , D-48149 Münster , Germany
| | - Masato Kitamura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research Center for Materials Science , Nagoya University , Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601 , Japan
| | - Bernhard Wünsch
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Corrensstraße 48 , D-48149 Münster , Germany
- Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003-CiM) , Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , D-48149 Münster , Germany
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31
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Pawlikowska E, James SA, Breierova E, Antolak H, Kregiel D. Biocontrol capability of local Metschnikowia sp. isolates. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 2019; 112:1425-1445. [PMID: 31111331 PMCID: PMC6748895 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-019-01272-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This study set out to isolate and identify epiphytic yeasts producing pulcherrimin, and to evaluate their potential as biological control agents (BCAs). We isolated Metschnikowia sp. strains from flowers and fruits collected in Poland. The plant material had been collected between April to September 2017 from two small orchards where traditional organic management is employed. We identified the essential phenotypic features of the yeast, including assimilation and enzymatic profiles, stress resistance, adhesion properties, and antimicrobial activity against various fungi involved in crop and/or food spoilage. Yeast screening was performed using YPD agar supplemented with chloramphenicol and Fe(III) ions. Taxonomic classification was determined by sequence analysis of the D1/D2 domains of the large subunit rRNA gene. The isolates were identified as Metschnikowia andauensis and Metschnikowia sinensis. The yeast isolates were further characterized based on their enzymatic and assimilation profiles, as well as their growth under various stress conditions. In addition, the hydrophobicity and adhesive abilities of the Metschnikowia isolates were determined using a MATH test and luminometry. Their antagonistic action against molds representing typical crop spoiling microflora was also evaluated. The assimilation profiles of the wild isolates were similar to those displayed by collection strains of M. pulcherrima. However, some of the isolates displayed more beneficial phenotypic properties, especially good growth under stress conditions. Several of the epiphytes grew well over a wider range of temperatures (8-30 °C) and pH levels (3-9), and additionally showed elevated tolerance to ethanol (8%), glucose (30%), and peroxides (50 mM). The hydrophobicity and adhesion of the yeast cells were strain- and surface-dependent. The tested yeasts showed potential for use as BCAs, with some exhibiting strong antagonism against molds belonging to the genera Alternaria, Botrytis, Fusarium, Rhizopus, and Verticillium, as well as against yeasts isolated as food spoilage microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Pawlikowska
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 171/173, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Steve A. James
- Gut Microbes and Health, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Colney Lane, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UA UK
| | - Emilia Breierova
- Culture Collection of Yeasts (CCY), Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravskácesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Hubert Antolak
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 171/173, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Dorota Kregiel
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 171/173, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
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Praneetha P, Balhara A, Ladumor MK, Singh DK, Patil A, Preethi J, Pokharkar S, Deshpande AY, Giri S, Singh S. Characterization of stable and reactive metabolites of piperine formed on incubation with human liver microsomes. J Mass Spectrom 2019; 54:738-749. [PMID: 31368246 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Black pepper, though commonly employed as a spice, has many medicinal properties. It consists of volatile oils, alkaloids, pungent resins, etc., of which piperine is a major constituent. Though safe at low doses, piperine causes alteration in the activity of drug metabolising enzymes and transporters at high dose and is known to precipitate liver toxicity. It has a potential to form reactive metabolite(s) (RM) owing to the presence of structural alerts, such as methylenedioxyphenyl (MDP), α, β-unsaturated carbonyl group (Michael acceptor), and piperidine. The present study was designed to detect and characterize stable and RM(s) of piperine formed on in vitro incubation with human liver microsomes. The investigation of RMs was done with the aid of trapping agents, viz, glutathione (GSH) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC). The samples were analysed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) using Thermo Scientific Q Exactive Plus Orbitrap. Full scan MS followed by data-dependent MS2 (Full MS-ddMS2 ) mode was used to establish mass spectrometric fragmentation pathways of protonated piperine and its metabolites. In total, four stable metabolites and their isomers (M1a-c, M2a-b, M3a-c, and M4a-b) were detected. Their formation involved removal of carbon (3, M1a-c), hydroxylation (2, M2a-b), hydroxylation with hydrogenation (3, M3a-c), and dehydrogenation (2, M4a-b). Out of these metabolites, M1, M2, and M3 are reported earlier in the literature, but their isomers and two M4 variants are novel. In addition, six novel conjugates of RMs, including three GSH conjugates of m/z 579 and three NAC conjugates of m/z 435, were also observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pammi Praneetha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, 160 062, India
| | - Ankit Balhara
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, 160 062, India
| | - Mayur K Ladumor
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, 160 062, India
| | - Dilip Kumar Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, 160 062, India
| | - Amol Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, 160 062, India
| | - Jalvadi Preethi
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Aurigene Discovery Technologies Limited, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500 090, India
| | - Sunil Pokharkar
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Aurigene Discovery Technologies Limited, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500 090, India
| | | | - Sanjeev Giri
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Aurigene Discovery Technologies Limited, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500 090, India
| | - Saranjit Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, 160 062, India
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Zazeri G, Povinelli APR, Lima MDF, Cornélio ML. Experimental Approaches and Computational Modeling of Rat Serum Albumin and Its Interaction with Piperine. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20122856. [PMID: 31212743 PMCID: PMC6627779 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20122856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The bioactive piperine (1-piperoyl piperidine) compound found in some pepper species (Piper nigrum linn and Piper sarmentosum Roxb) has been shown to have therapeutic properties and to be useful for well-being. The tests used to validate these properties were performed in vitro or with small rats. However, in all these assays, the molecular approach was absent. Although the first therapeutic trials relied on the use of rats, no proposal was mentioned either experimentally or computationally at the molecular level regarding the interaction between piperine and rat serum albumin (RSA). In the present study, several spectroscopic techniques were employed to characterize rat serum albumin and, aided by computational techniques, the protein modeling was proposed. From the spectroscopic results, it was possible to estimate the binding constant (3.9 × 104 M-1 at 288 K) using the Stern-Volmer model and the number of ligands (three) associated with the protein applying interaction density function model. The Gibbs free energy, an important thermodynamic parameter, was determined (-25 kJ/mol), indicating that the interaction was spontaneous. This important set of experimental results served to parameterize the computational simulations. The results of molecular docking and molecular dynamics matched appropriately made it possible to have detailed microenvironments of RSA accessed by piperine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Zazeri
- Departamento de Física, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas (IBILCE), UNESP, Rua Cristovão Colombo 2265, São José do Rio Preto CEP 15054-000, SP, Brazil.
| | - Ana Paula Ribeiro Povinelli
- Departamento de Física, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas (IBILCE), UNESP, Rua Cristovão Colombo 2265, São José do Rio Preto CEP 15054-000, SP, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo de Freitas Lima
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas (IBILCE), UNESP, Rua Cristovão Colombo 2265, São José do Rio Preto CEP 15054-000, SP, Brazil.
| | - Marinônio Lopes Cornélio
- Departamento de Física, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas (IBILCE), UNESP, Rua Cristovão Colombo 2265, São José do Rio Preto CEP 15054-000, SP, Brazil.
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Ogawa K, Masuda R, Mishiro K, Wang M, Kozaka T, Shiba K, Kinuya S, Odani A. Syntheses and evaluation of a homologous series of aza-vesamicol as improved radioiodine-labeled probes for sigma-1 receptor imaging. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:1990-1996. [PMID: 30975500 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Sigma-1 receptor imaging probes for determining the expression levels are desirable for diagnoses of various diseases and companion diagnoses of therapeutic agents targeting the sigma-1 receptor. In this study, we aimed to develop probes with higher affinity for the sigma-1 receptor. For this purpose, we synthesized and evaluated compounds, namely, vesamicol derivatives, in which alkyl chains of varying chain length were introduced between a piperazine ring and a benzene ring. The binding affinity of the vesamicol derivatives for the sigma-1 receptor tended to increase depending on the length of the alkyl chain between the benzene ring and the piperazine ring. The sigma-1 receptor of 2-(4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazin-1-yl)cyclohexan-1-ol (5) (Ki = 5.8 nM) exhibited the highest binding affinity; therefore, we introduced radioiodine into the benzene ring in 5. The radioiodine labeled probe [125I]2-(4-(3-(4-iodophenyl)propyl)piperazin-1-yl)cyclohexan-1-ol ([125I]10) showed high accumulation in the sigma-1 receptor expressing DU-145 cells both in vitro and in vivo. Co-injection of [125I]10 with an excess level of a sigma receptor ligand, haloperidol, resulted in a significant decrease in the tumor accumulation in vitro and in vivo, indicating sigma receptor-mediated tumor uptake. These results provide useful information for developing sigma-1 receptor imaging probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuma Ogawa
- Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan; Graduate School of medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Ryohei Masuda
- Graduate School of medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Kenji Mishiro
- Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Mengfei Wang
- Graduate School of medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Takashi Kozaka
- Advanced Science Research Centre, Kanazawa University, Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Shiba
- Advanced Science Research Centre, Kanazawa University, Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Seigo Kinuya
- Graduate School of medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Akira Odani
- Graduate School of medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
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Khames A. Hexyl alginate derivative, an amphiphilic innovative buccal film-forming material of promising mechanical and release characteristics for the improvement of repaglinide bioavailability. Drug Des Devel Ther 2019; 13:925-940. [PMID: 30962675 PMCID: PMC6432887 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s196425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Association of long hydrocarbon chain with alginate molecule imparts surface active properties and increases chain flexibility. PURPOSE This work studied the efficacy of synthesized hexyl alginate derivative as a film-forming material with unique amphiphilic and mechanical properties for the preparation of rapidly disintegrating repaglinide oral films with higher drug release rate and improved bioavailability. METHODS Alginate hexyl amide derivative was prepared and used in the formulation of oral films by solvent casting technique. Using Box-Behnken experimental design, formulations were optimized at different polymer, plasticizer, and disintegrant levels as independent variables for maximum drug release rate, higher tensile strength, and shortest disintegration time as responses. Optimized film formulae were fully evaluated and subjected to further in vivo bioavailability studies in rabbits. RESULTS Higher dependency of response results on the selected variables was observed. Optimized formula showed satisfactory tensile strength (145.862 g/cm2), rapid disintegration (22.2 seconds), and higher drug release rate (97.799% within 30 minutes). The drug bioavailability was significantly improved in comparison with plain drug and conventional alginate oral films, where the AUC and Cmax values reached 296.072 μg.h/mL and 116.932 μg/mL in comparison with 164.917 μg.h/mL and 56.568 μg/mL for alginate film and 95.368 μg.h/mL and 31.925 μg/mL for plain drug, respectively. Tmax also showed significant reduction to be only 30 minutes in comparison with 60 minutes for other forms. CONCLUSION This led to the final conclusion that the synthesized alginate derivative is an innovative promising film-forming material with unique mechanical and drug release properties for application in buccal drug delivery especially of Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) class II drugs to increase solubility and improve bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Khames
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt,
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif 21974, Saudi Arabia,
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Parida M, Nilson KA, Li M, Ball CB, Fuchs HA, Lawson CK, Luse DS, Meier JL, Price DH. Nucleotide Resolution Comparison of Transcription of Human Cytomegalovirus and Host Genomes Reveals Universal Use of RNA Polymerase II Elongation Control Driven by Dissimilar Core Promoter Elements. mBio 2019; 10:e02047-18. [PMID: 30755505 PMCID: PMC6372792 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02047-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The large genome of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is transcribed by RNA polymerase II (Pol II). However, it is not known how closely this betaherpesvirus follows host transcriptional paradigms. We applied PRO-Seq and PRO-Cap methods to profile and quantify transcription initiation and productive elongation across the host and virus genomes in late infection. A major similarity between host transcription and viral transcription is that treatment of cells with the P-TEFb inhibitor flavopiridol preempts virtually all productive elongation, which otherwise covers most of the HCMV genome. The deep, nucleotide resolution identification of transcription start sites (TSSs) enabled an extensive analysis of core promoter elements. An important difference between host and viral transcription is that initiation is much more pervasive on the HCMV genome. The sequence preferences in the initiator region around the TSS and the utilization of upstream T/A-rich elements are different. Upstream TATA positions the TSS and boosts initiation in both the host and the virus, but upstream TATT has a significant stimulatory impact only on the viral template. The major immediate early (MIE) promoter remained active during late infection and was accompanied by transcription of both strands of the MIE enhancer from promoters within the enhancer. Surprisingly, we found that the long noncoding RNA4.9 is intimately associated with the viral origin of replication (oriLyt) and was transcribed to a higher level than any other viral or host promoter. Finally, our results significantly contribute to the idea that late in infection, transcription takes place on viral genomes that are not highly chromatinized.IMPORTANCE Human cytomegalovirus infects more than half of humans, persists silently in virtually all tissues, and produces life-threatening disease in immunocompromised individuals. HCMV is also the most common infectious cause of birth defects and the leading nongenetic cause of sensorineural hearing loss in the United States. Because there is no vaccine and current drugs have problems with potency, toxicity, and antiviral drug resistance, alternative treatment strategies that target different points of viral control are needed. Our current study contributes to this goal by applying newly developed methods to examine transcription of the HCMV and host genomes at nucleotide resolution in an attempt to find targetable differences between the two. After a thorough analysis of productive elongation and of core promoter element usage, we found that some mechanisms of regulating transcription are shared between the host and HCMV but that others are distinctly different. This suggests that HCMV transcription may be a legitimate target for future antiviral therapies and this might translate to other herpesviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrutyunjaya Parida
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Kyle A Nilson
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine and Epidemiology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Christopher B Ball
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Harrison A Fuchs
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Christine K Lawson
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Donal S Luse
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Jeffery L Meier
- Department of Internal Medicine and Epidemiology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - David H Price
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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Gan N, Sun Q, Tang P, Wu D, Xie T, Zhang Y, Li H. Determination of interactions between human serum albumin and niraparib through multi-spectroscopic and computational methods. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2019; 206:126-134. [PMID: 30096696 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.07.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The interactions between 2-{4-[(3S)-piperidin-3-yl] phenyl}-2H-indazole-7-carboxamide (niraparib) and human serum albumin (HSA) were investigated through fluorescence and computational studies. Fluorescence experiments showed that the static quenching mechanism and the binding constant of the HSA-niraparib system at a single binding site was approximately 4 × 104 L mol-1. Thermodynamic constants indicated that the binding of niraparib to HSA was mainly driven by electrostatic interactions. Competition experiments and molecular docking simulations revealed that niraparib bound to site III of HSA. Synchronous fluorescence and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) results suggested that interactions between niraparib and HSA could affect the conformation and microenvironment of HSA. Circular dichroism (CD) measurements revealed that the α-helix contents of HSA negligibly increased after binding with niraparib. Molecular dynamics simulations demonstrated the stability of the binary HSA-niraparib system and confirmed that electrostatic forces accounted for the dominant contribution to system energy between HSA and niraparib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Gan
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiaomei Sun
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Peixiao Tang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China.
| | - Di Wu
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing of Sichuan, College of Pharmacy and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Tonghui Xie
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yongkui Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Hui Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
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Abstract
Sleep paralysis is a state of involuntary immobility occurring at sleep onset or offset, often accompanied by uncanny "ghost-like" hallucinations and extreme fear reactions. I provide here a neuropharmacological account for these hallucinatory experiences by evoking the role of the serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2AR). Research has shown that 5-HT2AR activation can induce visual hallucinations, "mystical" subjective states, and out-of-body experiences (OBEs), and modulate fear circuits. Hallucinatory experiences triggered by serotonin-serotonergic ("pseudo") hallucinations, induced by hallucinogenic drugs-tend to be "dream-like" with the experiencer having insight ("meta-awareness") that he is hallucinating, unlike dopaminergic ("psychotic" and "life-like") hallucinations where such insight is lost. Indeed, hallucinatory experiences during sleep paralysis have the classic features of serotonergic hallucinations, and are strikingly similar to perceptual and subjective states induced by hallucinogenic drugs (e.g., lysergic acid diethylamide [LSD] and psilocybin), i.e., they entail visual hallucinations, mystical experiences, OBEs, and extreme fear reactions. I propose a possible mechanism whereby serotonin could be functionally implicated in generating sleep paralysis hallucinations and fear reactions through 5-HT2AR activity. Moreover, I speculate on the role of 5-HT2C receptors vis-à-vis anxiety and panic during sleep paralysis, and the orbitofrontal cortex-rich with 5-HT2A receptors-in influencing visual pathways during sleep paralysis, and, in effect, hallucinations. Finally, I propose, for the first time, a drug to target sleep paralysis hallucinations and fear reactions, namely the selective 5-HT2AR inverse agonist, pimavanserin. This account implicates gene HTR2A on chromosome 13q as the underlying cause of sleep paralysis hallucinations and could be explored using positron emission tomography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baland Jalal
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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Yue X, Luo Z, Liu H, Kaneshige K, Parsons SM, Perlmutter JS, Tu Z. Radiosynthesis and evaluation of a fluorine-18 labeled radioligand targeting vesicular acetylcholine transporter. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:3425-3430. [PMID: 30274694 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) is a reliable biomarker for assessing the loss of cholinergic neurons in the brain that is associated with cognitive impairment of patients. 5-Hydrotetralin compound (±)-5-OH-VAT is potent (Ki = 4.64 ± 0.32 nM) and selective for VAChT (>1800-fold and 398-fold for σ1 and σ2 receptor, respectively) with favorable hydrophilicity (LogD = 1.78), while (-)-5-OH-VAT originally serves as the radiolabeling precursor of (-)-[18F]VAT, a promising VAChT radiotracer with a logD value of 2.56. To evaluate (-)-5-OH-[18F]VAT as a radiotracer for VAChT, we performed in vitro binding assay to determine the potency of the minus enantiomer (-)-5-OH-VAT and plus enantiomer (+)-5-OH-VAT, indicating that (-)-5-OH-VAT is a more potent VAChT enantiomer. Radiosynthesis of (-)-5-OH-[18F]VAT was explored using three strategies. (-)-5-OH-[18F]VAT was achieved with a good yield (24 ± 6%) and high molar activity (∼37 GBq/µmol, at the end of synthesis) using a microwave assisted two-step one-pot procedure that started with di-MOM protected nitro-containing precursor (-)-6. MicroPET studies in the brain of nonhuman primate (NHP) suggest that (-)-5-OH-[18F]VAT readily penetrated the blood brain barrier and specifically accumulated in the VAChT-enriched striatum with improved washout kinetics from striatum compared to [18F]VAT. Nevertheless, the lower target to non-target ratio may limit its use for in vivo measurement of the VAChT level in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyi Yue
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Zonghua Luo
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Kota Kaneshige
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, United States
| | - Stanley M Parsons
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, United States
| | - Joel S Perlmutter
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, United States; Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Zhude Tu
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, United States.
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Freitas TR, Danuello A, Viegas Júnior C, Bolzani VS, Pivatto M. Mass spectrometry for characterization of homologous piperidine alkaloids and their activity as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2018; 32:1303-1310. [PMID: 29785738 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Piperidine alkaloids from Senna spectabilis constitute a rare class of natural products with several biological activities. However, the absence of chromophores makes their structural elucidation by conventional methods a great challenge. In this context, mass spectrometry emerges as a powerful tool for metabolomics studies. METHODS The piperidine alkaloids (-)-cassine and (-)-spectaline and the semisynthetic derivatives (-)-3-O-acetylcassine and (-)-3-O-acetylspectaline were investigated by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) in the positive mode and electron ionization mass spectrometry (EI-MS). ESI fragmentation studies were performed with a quadrupole time-of-flight instrument; N2 was used as collision gas. The acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of the investigated compounds was evaluated by bioautography and microplate screening assays. RESULTS ESI-MS/MS and EI-MS provided valuable and complementary information about the structure of the piperidine compounds. Collision-induced dissociation experiments (MS/MS) revealed that neutral elimination of water or acetic acid is the major fragmentation pathway, which agrees with the stereochemistry proposed for (-)-cassine and (-)-spectaline and the semisynthetic derivatives (-)-3-O-acetylcassine and (-)-3-O-acetylspectaline. CONCLUSIONS The ESI-MS/MS and EI-MS studies allowed us to propose fragmentation mechanisms for piperidine alkaloids and derivatives. Therefore, mass spectrometry is an important tool for characterizing the structure of these compounds and for supporting further metabolomics studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thamires R Freitas
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Núcleo de Pesquisa em Produtos Naturais (NuPPeN), 38400-902, Uberlândia-MG, Brazil
| | - Amanda Danuello
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Naturais e Educação, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Núcleo de Desenvolvimento de Compostos Bioativos (NDCBio), Departamento de Química, 38064-200, Uberaba-MG, Brazil
| | - Claudio Viegas Júnior
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Química Medicinal (PeQuiM), 37133-840, Alfenas-MG, Brazil
| | - Vanderlan S Bolzani
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Núcleo de Bioensaios, Biossíntese e Ecofisiologia de Produtos Naturais (NuBBE), Departamento de Química Orgânica, PO Box 355, 14801-970, Araraquara-SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos Pivatto
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Núcleo de Pesquisa em Produtos Naturais (NuPPeN), 38400-902, Uberlândia-MG, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Naturais e Educação, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Núcleo de Desenvolvimento de Compostos Bioativos (NDCBio), Departamento de Química, 38064-200, Uberaba-MG, Brazil
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Lafite P, André F, Graves JP, Zeldin DC, Dansette PM, Mansuy D. Role of Arginine 117 in Substrate Recognition by Human Cytochrome P450 2J2. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19072066. [PMID: 30012976 PMCID: PMC6073854 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19072066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The influence of Arginine 117 of human cytochrome P450 2J2 in the recognition of ebastine and a series of terfenadone derivatives was studied by site-directed mutagenesis. R117K, R117E, and R117L mutants were produced, and the behavior of these mutants in the hydroxylation of ebastine and terfenadone derivatives was compared to that of wild-type CYP2J2. The data clearly showed the importance of the formation of a hydrogen bond between R117 and the keto group of these substrates. The data were interpreted on the basis of 3D homology models of the mutants and of dynamic docking of the substrates in their active site. These modeling studies also suggested the existence of a R117-E222 salt bridge between helices B’ and F that would be important for maintaining the overall folding of CYP2J2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Lafite
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, CNRS UMR8601, Université Paris Descartes, 75270 Paris CEDEX 06, France.
| | - François André
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), DRF/Joliot/SB2SM, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette CEDEX, France.
| | - Joan P Graves
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Darryl C Zeldin
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Patrick M Dansette
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, CNRS UMR8601, Université Paris Descartes, 75270 Paris CEDEX 06, France.
| | - Daniel Mansuy
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, CNRS UMR8601, Université Paris Descartes, 75270 Paris CEDEX 06, France.
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Ogawa K, Masuda R, Mizuno Y, Makino A, Kozaka T, Kitamura Y, Kiyono Y, Shiba K, Odani A. Development of a novel radiobromine-labeled sigma-1 receptor imaging probe. Nucl Med Biol 2018; 61:28-35. [PMID: 29704822 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sigma-1 receptor is a target for tumor imaging. In a previous study, we synthesized a vesamicol analog, (+)-2-[4-(4-bromophenyl)piperidino]cyclohexanol [(+)-pBrV], with a high affinity for sigma-1 receptor, and synthesized radiobrominated (+)-pBrV. This radiobrominated (+)-pBrV showed high tumor uptake in tumor-bearing mice; however, radioactivity accumulation in normal tissues, such as the liver, was high. We assumed that the accumulation of (+)-pBrV in the non-target tissues was partially derived from its high lipophilicity; therefore, we synthesized and evaluated (+)-4-[1-(2-hydroxycyclohexyl)piperidine-4-yl]-2-bromophenol [(+)-BrV-OH], which is a more hydrophilic compound. Although we aimed to develop a PET tracer using 76Br, in these initial studies, we used 77Br because of its longer half-life. METHODS (+)-[77Br]BrV-OH was synthesized using the chloramine-T method with a radiochemical purity of 95%. Lipophilicity and affinity for sigma-1 receptor of (+)-[77Br]BrV-OH were determined, and biodistribution experiments were performed. We also performed an in vivo blocking study by co-injecting excess amounts of the sigma-1 receptor ligand, SA4503, into mice. RESULTS The lipophilicity and affinity for sigma-1 receptor of (+)-[77Br]BrV-OH were lower than those of (+)-[77Br]pBrV. (+)-[77Br]BrV-OH also showed high tumor uptake in biodistribution experiments in DU-145 tumor-bearing mice,. Although (+)-[77Br]pBrV was retained in most tissues, (+)-[77Br]BrV-OH was cleared from these tissues. In blocking studies, the co-injection of SA4503 significantly decreased the tumor uptake of (+)-[77Br]BrV-OH. CONCLUSION These results indicate that (+)-[76Br]BrV-OH has potential as a PET probe for sigma-1 receptor imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuma Ogawa
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Ryohei Masuda
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Mizuno
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Akira Makino
- Biomedical Imaging Research Center, University of Fukui, Yoshida 910-1193, Japan
| | - Takashi Kozaka
- Advanced Science Research Center, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Yoji Kitamura
- Advanced Science Research Center, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Yasushi Kiyono
- Biomedical Imaging Research Center, University of Fukui, Yoshida 910-1193, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Shiba
- Advanced Science Research Center, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Akira Odani
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
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Park SH, Lee J, Shon JC, Phuc NM, Jee JG, Liu KH. The inhibitory potential of Broussochalcone A for the human cytochrome P450 2J2 isoform and its anti-cancer effects via FOXO3 activation. Phytomedicine 2018; 42:199-206. [PMID: 29655687 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) Ventenat, a traditional medicinal herb, has been applied as a folk medicine to treat various diseases. Broussochalcone A (BCA), a chalcone compound isolated from the cortex of Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) Ventenat, exhibits several biological activities including potent anti-oxidant, antiplatelet, and cytotoxic effects. PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to elucidate the inhibitory effect of BCA against CYP2J2 enzyme which is predominantly expressed in human tumor tissues and carcinoma cell lines. STUDY DESIGN The inhibitory effect of BCA on the activities of CYP2J2-mediated metabolism were investigated using human liver microsomes (HLMs), and its anti-cancer effect against human hepatoma HepG2 cells was also evaluated. METHODS Two representative CYP2J2-specific probe substrates, astemizole and ebastine, were incubated in HLMs with BCA. After incubation, the samples were analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. To investigate the binding model between BCA and CYP2J2, we carried out structure-based docking simulations by using software and scripts written in-house. RESULTS BCA inhibited CYP2J2-mediated astemizole O-demethylation and ebastine hydroxylase activities in a concentration dependent manner with Ki values of 2.3 and 3.7 µM, respectively. It also showed cytotoxic effects against human hepatoma HepG2 cells in a dose-dependent manner with activation of apoptosis related proteins. CONCLUSION Overall, this was the first report of the inhibitory effects of BCA on CYP2J2 in HLMs. The present data suggest that BCA is a potential candidate for further evaluation for its CYP2J2 targeting anti-cancer activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- See-Hyoung Park
- Department of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Sejong 30016, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongsung Lee
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Cheol Shon
- BK21 Plus KNU Multi-Omics based Creative Drug Research Team, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Nguyen Minh Phuc
- BK21 Plus KNU Multi-Omics based Creative Drug Research Team, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; Saokim Pharmaceutical Company, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Jun Goo Jee
- BK21 Plus KNU Multi-Omics based Creative Drug Research Team, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kwang-Hyeon Liu
- BK21 Plus KNU Multi-Omics based Creative Drug Research Team, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
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Wu W, Chu Y, Wang S, Sun X, Zhang J, Wang Y, Chen X. Investigation of metabolic profile of pimavanserin in rats by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography combined with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2018; 32:269-276. [PMID: 29105858 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Pimavanserin, a selective serotonin 2A receptor inverse agonist, is a promising candidate for treating Parkinson's disease psychosis. Our previous study revealed that there might be the presence of extensive metabolites of pimavanserin in rats. However, the metabolic fate of pimavanserin in vivo remains unknown. Thus, it is essential to develop an efficient method to investigate the metabolic profile of pimavanserin in rats. Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS) to date has the highest mass measurement accuracy and resolution of any mass spectrometry platform. METHODS After a single intragastric administration of pimavanserin at a dose of 50 mg kg-1 , plasma, bile, urine and feces were collected from rats. A novel and efficient strategy was developed to analyze the metabolic profile of pimavanserin in vivo based on ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled with FT-ICR-MS. RESULTS A total of 23 metabolites were detected and tentatively identified through comparing their mass spectrometry profiles with those of pimavanserin. These metabolites were found in feces (22), bile (21), rat urine (16) and plasma (15). Results demonstrated that metabolic pathways of pimavanserin in rats included dehydrogenation, demethylation, deethylation, depropylation, debutylation, hydroxylation, dihydroxylation and trihydroxylation. CONCLUSIONS A total of 22 phase I metabolites of pimavanserin were detected and tentatively identified. This report presents the first study of screening and identification of the metabolites of pimavanserin. The UHPLC/FT-ICR-MS method is a powerful tool for exploring and identifying metabolites in complex biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenying Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Yanjie Chu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Shixiao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Xiaoyang Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Yannian Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Xiaohui Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
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Yang JH, Mao KJ, Huang P, Ye YJ, Guo HS, Cai BC. Effect of piperine on the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of rosmarinic acid in rat plasma using UPLC-MS/MS. Xenobiotica 2018; 48:178-185. [PMID: 28669317 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2017.1292564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
1. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of piperine (PP) on the pharmacokinetics of rosmarinic acid (RA) in rat plasma and to determine whether PP could enhance the oral bioavailability of RA via inhibition of its glucuronidation. 2. The pharmacokinetic profiles of RA between oral administration of RA (50 mg/kg) alone and in combination with different oral dose PP (20, 40, 60, and 80 mg/kg) to rats were investigated via a validated UPLC/MS/MS method. 3. The AUC and Cmax of RA were significantly increased in combination with different dose PP dose dependently, especially in the presence of 60 and 80 mg/kg PP (p < 0.01). The relative bioavailability of RA in the presence of 20, 40, 60, and 80 mg/kg PP was 1.24-, 1.32-, 2.02-, and 2.26-folds higher, respectively, compared with the control group given RA alone. Compared with RA, the pharmacokinetic modulations of RA glucuronide were even more apparent, and the glucuronidation of RA was remarkedly inhibited. 4. This study demonstrated that PP significantly improved the in vivo bioavailability of RA partly attributing to the inhibition of gut and hepatic metabolism enzymes of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hui Yang
- a Department of Pharmacy, Jiangyin Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Jiangyin , China
| | - Kun-Jun Mao
- b College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Medicine College , Shangrao , China , and
| | - Ping Huang
- b College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Medicine College , Shangrao , China , and
| | - Yin-Jun Ye
- b College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Medicine College , Shangrao , China , and
| | - Hua-Shan Guo
- b College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Medicine College , Shangrao , China , and
| | - Bao-Chang Cai
- c School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nannjing , China
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Kabir MZ, Hamzah NAB, Ghani H, Mohamad SB, Alias Z, Tayyab S. Biophysical and computational characterization of vandetanib-lysozyme interaction. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2018; 189:485-494. [PMID: 28843881 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2017.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Interaction of an anticancer drug, vandetanib (VDB) with a ligand transporter, lysozyme (LYZ) was explored using multispectroscopic techniques, such as fluorescence, absorption and circular dichroism along with computational analysis. Fluorescence data and absorption results confirmed VDB-LYZ complexation. VDB-induced quenching was characterized as static quenching based on inverse correlation of KSV with temperature as well as kq values. The complex was characterized by the weak binding constant (Ka=4.96-3.14×103M-1). Thermodynamic data (ΔS=+12.82Jmol-1K-1; ΔH=-16.73kJmol-1) of VDB-LYZ interaction revealed participation of hydrophobic and van der Waals forces along with hydrogen bonds in VDB-LYZ complexation. Microenvironmental perturbations around tryptophan and tyrosine residues as well as secondary and tertiary structural alterations in LYZ upon addition of VDB were evident from the 3-D fluorescence, far- and near-UV CD spectral analyses, respectively. Interestingly, addition of VDB to LYZ significantly increased protein's thermostability. Molecular docking results suggested the location of VDB binding site near the LYZ active site while molecular dynamics simulation results suggested stability of VDB-LYZ complex. Presence of Mg2+, Ba2+ and Zn2+ was found to interfere with VDB-LYZ interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Zahirul Kabir
- Biomolecular Research Group, Biochemistry Programme, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nur Aziean Binti Hamzah
- Biomolecular Research Group, Biochemistry Programme, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hamidah Ghani
- Bioinformatics Programme, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Saharuddin B Mohamad
- Bioinformatics Programme, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Centre of Research for Computational Sciences and Informatics for Biology, Bioindustry, Environment, Agriculture and Healthcare, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Zazali Alias
- Biomolecular Research Group, Biochemistry Programme, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Saad Tayyab
- Biomolecular Research Group, Biochemistry Programme, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Centre of Research for Computational Sciences and Informatics for Biology, Bioindustry, Environment, Agriculture and Healthcare, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Hotti H, Rischer H. The killer of Socrates: Coniine and Related Alkaloids in the Plant Kingdom. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22111962. [PMID: 29135964 PMCID: PMC6150177 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22111962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Coniine, a polyketide-derived alkaloid, is poisonous to humans and animals. It is a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist, which leads to inhibition of the nervous system, eventually causing death by suffocation in mammals. Coniine’s most famous victim is Socrates who was sentenced to death by poison chalice containing poison hemlock in 399 BC. In chemistry, coniine holds two historical records: It is the first alkaloid the chemical structure of which was established (in 1881), and that was chemically synthesized (in 1886). In plants, coniine and twelve closely related alkaloids are known from poison hemlock (Conium maculatum L.), and several Sarracenia and Aloe species. Recent work confirmed its biosynthetic polyketide origin. Biosynthesis commences by carbon backbone formation from butyryl-CoA and two malonyl-CoA building blocks catalyzed by polyketide synthase. A transamination reaction incorporates nitrogen from l-alanine and non-enzymatic cyclization leads to γ-coniceine, the first hemlock alkaloid in the pathway. Ultimately, reduction of γ-coniceine to coniine is facilitated by NADPH-dependent γ-coniceine reductase. Although coniine is notorious for its toxicity, there is no consensus on its ecological roles, especially in the carnivorous pitcher plants where it occurs. Lately there has been renewed interest in coniine’s medical uses particularly for pain relief without an addictive side effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannu Hotti
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., P.O. Box 1000, 02044 Espoo, Finland.
| | - Heiko Rischer
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., P.O. Box 1000, 02044 Espoo, Finland.
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Genovese RF, Dobre S. Mitigation of adverse behavioral impact from predator exposure by the nociceptin/orphanin FQ peptide antagonist J-113397 in rats. Behav Pharmacol 2017; 28:521-530. [PMID: 28704271 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The nociceptin/orphanin FQ peptide (NOP) receptor is believed to have an integral modulatory function in the stress response system. We evaluated the highly selective NOP antagonist J-113397 (7.5 and 20.0 mg/kg), using a predator exposure in which rats were exposed to predator cats as a stressor. A single dose of J-113397 or vehicle was administered (intraperitoneally) shortly before exposure to the predators or a sham exposure. Behavioral impact was measured using elevated plus maze (EPM), open field activity (OFA), and an olfactory discrimination (OD). The predator exposure produced a relatively long-lasting deficit (decreased time in open arms, decreased basic activity) on the EPM while having little effect on performance on the OFA or OD. J-113397 mitigated the performance deficits on the EPM in a dose-dependent manner while having little effect on performance on the OFA or OD. The largest dose of J-113397, administered with a sham exposure, was essentially devoid of effects on the EPM, OFA, and OD. These results demonstrate that J-113397 can significantly and selectively mitigate the effects of a stressor typically used in a preclinical model of post-traumatic stress disorder. Furthermore, these results are consistent with and extend previous results showing that the NOP receptor has an important role in the response to stress and that NOP antagonism may, potentially, have therapeutic benefit in stress disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond F Genovese
- Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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Brejc K, Bian Q, Uzawa S, Wheeler BS, Anderson EC, King DS, Kranzusch PJ, Preston CG, Meyer BJ. Dynamic Control of X Chromosome Conformation and Repression by a Histone H4K20 Demethylase. Cell 2017; 171:85-102.e23. [PMID: 28867287 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chromatin modification and higher-order chromosome structure play key roles in gene regulation, but their functional interplay in controlling gene expression is elusive. We have discovered the machinery and mechanism underlying the dynamic enrichment of histone modification H4K20me1 on hermaphrodite X chromosomes during C. elegans dosage compensation and demonstrated H4K20me1's pivotal role in regulating higher-order chromosome structure and X-chromosome-wide gene expression. The structure and the activity of the dosage compensation complex (DCC) subunit DPY-21 define a Jumonji demethylase subfamily that converts H4K20me2 to H4K20me1 in worms and mammals. Selective inactivation of demethylase activity eliminates H4K20me1 enrichment in somatic cells, elevates X-linked gene expression, reduces X chromosome compaction, and disrupts X chromosome conformation by diminishing the formation of topologically associating domains (TADs). Unexpectedly, DPY-21 also associates with autosomes of germ cells in a DCC-independent manner to enrich H4K20me1 and trigger chromosome compaction. Our findings demonstrate the direct link between chromatin modification and higher-order chromosome structure in long-range regulation of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katjuša Brejc
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3204, USA
| | - Qian Bian
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3204, USA
| | - Satoru Uzawa
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3204, USA
| | - Bayly S Wheeler
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3204, USA
| | - Erika C Anderson
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3204, USA
| | - David S King
- HHMI Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-3204, USA
| | - Philip J Kranzusch
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3204, USA
| | - Christine G Preston
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3204, USA
| | - Barbara J Meyer
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3204, USA.
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Hruba L, McMahon LR. Apparent Affinity Estimates and Reversal of the Effects of Synthetic Cannabinoids AM-2201, CP-47,497, JWH-122, and JWH-250 by Rimonabant in Rhesus Monkeys. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2017; 362:278-286. [PMID: 28533288 PMCID: PMC5502382 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.240572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoids have been prohibited due to abuse liability and toxicity. Four such synthetic cannabinoids, AM-2201 ([1-(5-fluoropentyl)indol-3-yl]-naphthalen-1-ylmethanone), CP-47,497 (2-[(1R,3S)-3-hydroxycyclohexyl]-5-(2-methyloctan-2-yl)phenol), JWH-122 [(4-methylnaphthalen-1-yl)-(1-pentylindol-3-yl)methanone], and JWH-250 [2-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1-(1-pentylindol-3-yl)ethanone], were tested for their capacity to produce CB1 receptor-mediated discriminative stimulus effects in two groups of rhesus monkeys. One group (n = 4) discriminated Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (∆9-THC; 0.1 mg/kg i.v.), and a second group (n = 4) discriminated the cannabinoid antagonist rimonabant (1 mg/kg i.v.) while receiving 1 mg/kg/12 hours of ∆9-THC. AM-2201, JWH-122, CP-47,497, JWH-250, and ∆9-THC increased ∆9-THC lever responding. Duration of action was 1-2 hours for AM-2201, JWH-122, and JWH-250 and 4-5 hours for CP-47,497 and ∆9-THC. Rimonabant (1 mg/kg) surmountably antagonized the discriminative stimulus effects of all cannabinoid agonists; the magnitude of rightward shift was 10.6-fold for AM-2201, 10.7-fold for JWH-122, 11.0-fold for CP-47,497, and 15.7-fold for JWH-250. The respective pKB values were not significantly different: 6.61, 6.65, 6.66, and 6.83. In ∆9-THC-treated monkeys discriminating rimonabant, AM-2201 (0.1 and 0.32 mg/kg), JWH-122 (0.32 and 1 mg/kg), JWH-250 (1 and 3.2 mg/kg), and CP-47,497 (0.32, 1, and 3.2 mg/kg) produced not only rate-decreasing effects that were reversed by rimonabant, but also dose-dependent, rightward shifts in the rimonabant discrimination dose-effect function. These results show striking similarity in the CB1 receptor mechanism mediating the subjective effects of AM-2201, JWH-122, JWH-250, and CP-47,497. For products containing AM-2201 and JWH-122, a short duration of action could lead to more frequent use; moreover, inattention to differences in potency among synthetic cannabinoids could underlie unexpected toxicity. Rapid reversal of effects by intravenous rimonabant has potential value in emergency situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Hruba
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Lance R McMahon
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
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